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further: we may consider all of the states of the same character as "homologous" parts of a single, unspecified, transformation series. This has been referred to as topographical correspondence. For example, in an aligned DNA sequence matrix, all of the A, G, C, T or implied gaps at a given nucleotide site are homologous in this way. Character state identity is the hypothesis that the particular condition in two or more taxa is "the same" as far as our character coding scheme is concerned. Thus, two
Adenines at the same aligned nucleotide site are hypothesized to be homologous unless that hypothesis is subsequently contradicted by other evidence. Secondary homology is implied by
711:
holometabolous insects. Absence of wings in non-pterygote insects and other organisms is a complementary symplesiomorphy that unites no group (for example, absence of wings provides no evidence of common ancestry of silverfish, spiders and annelid worms). On the other hand, absence (or secondary loss) of wings is a synapomorphy for fleas. Patterns such as these lead many cladists to consider the concept of homology and the concept of synapomorphy to be equivalent. Some cladists follow the pre-cladistic definition of homology of Haas and
Simpson, and view both synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies as homologous character states.
853:
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33:
428:
5017:
413:
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1563:. Each of the four types of flower parts is serially repeated in concentric whorls, controlled by a small number of genes acting in various combinations. Thus, A genes working alone result in sepal formation; A and B together produce petals; B and C together create stamens; C alone produces carpels. When none of the genes are active, leaves are formed. Two more groups of genes, D to form
1340:
253:
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686:
Specialised terms are used in taxonomic research. Primary homology is a researcher's initial hypothesis based on similar structure or anatomical connections, suggesting that a character state in two or more taxa share is shared due to common ancestry. Primary homology may be conceptually broken down
1841:
As with morphological features or DNA, shared similarity in behavior provides evidence for common ancestry. The hypothesis that a behavioral character is not homologous should be based on an incongruent distribution of that character with respect to other features that are presumed to reflect the
710:
Shared ancestral character states, symplesiomorphies, represent either synapomorphies of a more inclusive group, or complementary states (often absences) that unite no natural group of organisms. For example, the presence of wings is a synapomorphy for pterygote insects, but a symplesiomorphy for
3350:
nonhuman primates' behavior in groups, a conjunction of hard human data and hard nonhuman primate data, lends credence to our comparison. Our conclusion is that, based on their agreement in several unusual characteristics, dominance patterns are homologous in primates. This agreement of unusual
366:
and limbs, defining it as the "same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function", and contrasting it with the matching term "analogy" which he used to describe different structures with the same function. Owen codified 3 main criteria for determining if features were
1169:. The malleus and incus develop in the embryo from structures that form jaw bones (the quadrate and the articular) in lizards, and in fossils of lizard-like ancestors of mammals. Both lines of evidence show that these bones are homologous, sharing a common ancestor.
766:
taxa have diverged from a simple body plan with many similar appendages which are serially homologous, into a variety of body plans with fewer segments equipped with specialised appendages. The homologies between these have been discovered by comparing
1806:
might be homologous, based either on sharing across related taxa or on common origins of the behaviour in an individual's development; however, the notion of homologous behavior remains controversial, largely because behavior is more prone to
1862:
The alternative terms "homogeny" and "homogenous" were also used in the late 1800s and early 1900s. However, these terms are now archaic in biology, and the term "homogenous" is now generally found as a misspelling of the term
1876:
If the two pairs of wings are considered as interchangeable, homologous structures, this may be described as a parallel reduction in the number of wings, but otherwise the two changes are each divergent changes in one pair of
2241:
elytra have very little similarity with typical wings, but are clearly homologous to forewings. Hence butterflies, flies, and beetles all have two pairs of dorsal appendages that are homologous among species.
1736:). Homology among proteins or DNA is typically inferred from their sequence similarity. Significant similarity is strong evidence that two sequences are related by divergent evolution of a common ancestor.
1784:
Some sequences are homologous, but they have diverged so much that their sequence similarity is not sufficient to establish homology. However, many proteins have retained very similar structures, and
1765:
events, if a gene in an organism is duplicated, the two copies are paralogous. They can shape the structure of whole genomes and thus explain genome evolution to a large extent. Examples include the
2271:
For example, wing and haltere are homologous, yet widely divergent, organs that normally arise as dorsal appendages of the second thoracic (T2) and third thoracic (T3) segments, respectively.
1199:
from functioning organs when their functions were no longer needed, but make no sense at all if species are considered to be fixed. The tailbone is homologous to the tails of other primates.
742:
genes that control the development of the eyes of vertebrates and arthropods were unexpected, as the organs are anatomically dissimilar and appeared to have evolved entirely independently.
1608:
have no legs, but their early embryos have limb-buds for hind legs, which are soon lost as the embryos develop. The implication that the ancestors of snakes had hind legs is confirmed by
644:
seed and the wings of a bird are analogous but not homologous, as they develop from quite different structures. A structure can be homologous at one level, but only analogous at another.
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331:. Geoffroy stated the principle of connections, namely that what is important is the relative position of different structures and their connections to each other.
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317:("theory of homologues") that structures were shared between fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals. When Geoffroy went further and sought homologies between
221:). Homology among proteins or DNA is inferred from their sequence similarity. Significant similarity is strong evidence that two sequences are related by
660:, and evolved in different ways in the three groups. Thus, in the pterosaurs, the "wing" involves both the forelimb and the hindlimb. Analogy is called
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Kuzniar, A.; van Ham, R.C.; Pongor, S.; Leunissen, J.A. (November 2008). "The quest for orthologs: finding the corresponding gene across genomes".
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Homologies provide the fundamental basis for all biological classification, although some may be highly counter-intuitive. For example,
3081:
2079:
Philosophie anatomique. Vol. 1: Des organes respiratoires sous le rapport de la dÊtermination et de l'identitÊ de leurs piecès osseuses
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are analogous as wings, but homologous as forelimbs because the organ served as a forearm (not a wing) in the last common ancestor of
354:(such as a family) has distinctive shared features, and that embryonic development parallels the taxonomic hierarchy: not the same as
279:, where he systematically compared the skeletons of birds and humans. The pattern of similarity was interpreted as part of the static
455:
The two pairs of wings of ancestral insects are represented by homologous structures in modern insects â elytra, wings, and halteres.
36:
The principle of homology: The biological relationships (shown by colours) of the bones in the forelimbs of vertebrates were used by
1970:
1926:
1358:
2096:
Lectures on the
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Invertebrate Animals, Delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1843
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event: when a species diverges into two separate species, the copies of a single gene in the two resulting species are said to be
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characteristics is found at several levels, including fine motor movement, gross motor movement, and behavior at the group level.
1452:
4827:
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4016:
1781:. As a result, Hox genes in most vertebrates are spread across multiple chromosomes: the HoxAâD clusters are the best studied.
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in 1828, noting that related animals begin their development as similar embryos and then diverge: thus, animals in the same
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691:, where a character state that arises only once on a tree is taken to be homologous. As implied in this definition, many
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than other biological traits. For example, D. W. Rajecki and
Randall C. Flanery, using data on humans and on nonhuman
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599:
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Homologous sequences are orthologous if they are descended from the same ancestral sequence separated by a
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1808:
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129:
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is defined in terms of shared ancestry. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of either a
143:, organs that developed in the embryo in the same manner and from similar origins, such as from matching
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4006:
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3034:
Sattler, R. (1994). "Homology, homeosis, and process morphology in plants". In Hall, Brian Keith (ed.).
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1797:
1697:
1597:
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In many plants, defensive or storage structures are made by modifications of the development of primary
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237:
140:
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1761:
Homologous sequences are paralogous if they were created by a duplication event within the genome. For
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The opposite of homologous organs are analogous organs which do similar jobs in two taxa that were not
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Haas, O. and G. G. Simpson. 1946. Analysis of some phylogenetic terms, with attempts at redefinition.
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Patterson, C. (1982). "Morphological characters and homology". In K. A. Joysey; A. E. Friday (eds.).
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Moore, David S (2013). "Importing the homology concept from biology into developmental psychology".
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Zakany, Jozsef; Duboule, Denis (2007). "The role of Hox genes during vertebrate limb development".
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1988:
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alterations result in similar changes to eye morphology and function across a wide range of taxa.
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176:
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and E for the floral whorls, complete the model. The genes are evidently ancient, as old as the
339:
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in his essay "Metamorphosis of Plants", showing that flower parts are derived from leaves. The
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172:
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4219:
3999:
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3434:
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2786:
2000:
1830:
1755:
1740:
of multiple sequences are used to indicate which regions of each sequence are homologous.
1568:
1552:
812:
347:
306:
148:
2844:
3718:
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2347:
1489:
32:
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2466:
de Pinna, M. C. C. (1991). "Concepts and Tests of homology in the cladistic paradigm".
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603:
587:
491:
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318:
297:
tradition, homology was of special interest as demonstrating unity in nature. In 1790,
125:
120:. The term was first applied to biology in a non-evolutionary context by the anatomist
117:
93:
37:
3699:
3571:
1325:
of flowering plants are partially homologous both to leaves and shoots, because their
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2045:"From leaf to flower: Revisiting Goethe's concepts on the ¨metamorphosis¨ of plants"
2044:
5295:
4970:
4918:
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4696:
4691:
4432:
4043:
3740:
3714:
3525:"Evolution at the nucleotide level: the problem of multiple whole-genome alignment"
3520:
3511:
2511:
Brower, Andrew V. Z.; Schawaroch, V. (1996). "Three steps of homology assessment".
2497:
1843:
1717:
1627:
1623:
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1350:
1308:
1191:, now much reduced from their functional state, are readily understood as signs of
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359:
346:
are more closely related and diverge later than animals which are only in the same
332:
288:
272:
256:
198:
133:
121:
3614:
3480:
DePinna, M.C. (1991). "Concepts and tests of homology in the cladistic paradigm".
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Lentink, D.; Dickson, W. B.; van
Leeuwen, J. L.; Dickinson, M. H. (12 June 2009).
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2555:
371:
explained homologous structures as meaning that the organisms concerned shared a
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1913:. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 222. pp. 5â18, discussion 18â23.
1886:
These are coloured in the lead image: humerus brown, radius pale buff, ulna red.
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829:
649:
629:
73:
3236:
Holm, Liisa; Laiho, Aleksi; TĂśrĂśnen, Petri; Salgado, Marco (23 November 2022).
3150:
Fitch, W. M. (June 1970). "Distinguishing homologous from analogous proteins".
2110:
Sommer, R. J. (July 2008). "Homology and the hierarchy of biological systems".
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3328:
Rajecki, D. W.; Flanery, Randall C. (2013). Lamb, M. E.; Brown, A. L. (eds.).
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2022:
1962:
1918:
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144:
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correctly noted in 1790. The development of these parts through a pattern of
291:
periods: it was not then seen as implying evolutionary change. In the German
5312:
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4992:
4843:
4587:
4407:
4070:
3818:
3558:
Fitch, W.M. (May 2000). "Homology a personal view on some of the problems".
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The making of the fittest: DNA and the ultimate forensic record of evolution
2355:
1773:) genes in animals. These genes not only underwent gene duplications within
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1192:
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1980:
1936:
252:
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1842:
true pattern of relationships. This is an application of Willi Hennig's
1834:
1812:
1803:
1770:
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across all five species analysed are highlighted in grey. Positions with
1556:
1518:
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523:
438:
241:
233:
179:
are homologous if they develop from the same embryonic tissue, as do the
105:
57:
5041:
3331:
Social
Conflict and Dominance in Children: a Case for a Primate Homology
128:'s theory of evolution in 1859, but had been observed before this, from
116:
to different purposes as the result of descent with modification from a
5245:
4537:
4437:
4285:
4280:
3994:
3746:
3171:
3020:
2446:"Homologous structure vs. analogous structure: What is the difference?"
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570:
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519:
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180:
97:
85:
49:
27:
Shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa
17:
3306:
2650:
2210:
2197:
2196:"homogeneous, adj.". OED Online. March 2016. Oxford University Press.
1600:
can identify homologous structures that arose from the same tissue in
309:
of limbs was described late in the 18th century. The French zoologist
5203:
3253:
2209:"homogenous, adj.". OED Online. March 2016. Oxford University Press.
1643:
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2256:
Genes, Development and Cancer: The Life and Work of Edward B. Lewis
2151:
Congress of Arts and
Science: Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904
229:
of multiple sequences are used to discover the homologous regions.
4493:
4302:
4201:
2637:
Brower, Andrew V. Z.; de Pinna, M. C. C. (2014). "About
Nothing".
2385:
Scotland, R. W. (2010). "Deep homology: A view from systematics".
1821:
1679:
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351:
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and have fewer homologies. Von Baer's theory recognises that each
327:, such as vertebrates and molluscs, his claims triggered the 1830
251:
201:
is similarly defined in terms of shared ancestry. Two segments of
89:
61:
3238:"DALI shines a light on remote homologs: one hundred discoveries"
358:. The term "homology" was first used in biology by the anatomist
259:
systematically compared the skeletons of birds and humans in his
5399:
5267:
5080:
4452:
2881:"Homology: From jaws to ears â an unusual example of a homology"
2329:"Leading-Edge Vortices Elevate Lift of Autorotating Plant Seeds"
1477:
1428:
1223:
1215:
768:
738:
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578:
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from a common ancestor, and that taxa were branches of a single
65:
5045:
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5088:
5072:
1957:. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 222. pp. 5â18.
542:
363:
202:
461:
The word homology, coined in about 1656, is derived from the
367:
homologous: position, development, and composition. In 1859,
2585:
Brower, Andrew V. Z.; de Pinna, Mario C. C. (24 May 2012).
1117:, homologous with ovipositors in other insects such as the
3720:
On the archetype and homologies of the vertebrate skeleton
1953:
Panchen, A. L. (1999). "Homology â History of a
Concept".
1909:
Panchen, A. L. (1999). "Homology â History of a
Concept".
421:
have the ancient insect body plan with two pairs of wings.
3382:
Wenzel, John W. 1992. Behavioral homology and phylogeny.
2999:
Sattler, R. (1984). "Homology â a continuing challenge".
2632:
2630:
2099:. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 374, 379.
486:
Similar biological structures or sequences in different
3036:
Homology: the hierarchical basis of comparative biology
2952:
Evolution: The Remarkable History of Scientific Theory
2684:. London and New York: Academic Press. pp. 21â74.
522:
flies the second pair of wings has evolved into small
236:, but there is suggestive evidence that, for example,
514:, the first pair of wings has evolved into a pair of
362:
in 1843 when studying the similarities of vertebrate
1521:, each class of organ identity genes is switched on.
5387:
5326:
5266:
5169:
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4911:
4836:
4740:
4667:
4623:
4478:
4382:
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3817:
2043:Dornelas, Marcelo Carnier; Dornelas, Odair (2005).
1230:structures to form the insect-trapping pitchers of
1195:, the explanation being that they were cut down by
640:, so they are analogous. Similarly, the wings of a
2949:
2764:
1547:, are homologous with and derived from leaves, as
695:consider secondary homology to be synonymous with
2795:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 28, 66â69.
2164:Williams, David Malcolm; Forey, Peter L. (2004).
3113:"Orthologs, Paralogs, and Evolutionary Genomics"
1751:. The term "ortholog" was coined in 1970 by the
636:, and converged functionally to support powered
569:including humans. The same major forearm bones (
3589:Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbelthiere ..
3346:Finally, much recent information on children's
2554:Page, Roderick D.M.; Holmes, Edward C. (2009).
147:in successive segments of the same animal, are
2306:"Secret Found to Flight of 'Helicopter Seeds'"
2229:. Princeton University Press. pp. 53â54.
1904:
1902:
1867:" which refers to the uniformity of a mixture.
5057:
3762:
3195:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
1948:
1946:
205:can have shared ancestry because of either a
8:
2557:Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach
2226:Homology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation
1955:Novartis Foundation Symposium 222 - Homology
1911:Novartis Foundation Symposium 222 - Homology
1161:, are today used to transmit sound from the
622:present in their most recent common ancestor
271:(c. 350 BC), and was explicitly analysed by
3723:. London: John van Voorst, Paternoster Row.
1788:can be used to demonstrate their homology.
132:onwards, and it was explicitly analysed by
5064:
5050:
5042:
3769:
3755:
3747:
3601:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2038:
2036:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
490:are homologous if they are derived from a
5420:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
3633:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3540:
3493:
3269:
2864:
2758:
2756:
2728:
2602:
2479:
2060:
1174:homologies in mammal reproductive systems
124:in 1843. Homology was later explained by
5003:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
3384:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
2076:Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne (1818).
1244:
794:
610:but not homologous to an insect's wings.
533:have evolved into the front flippers of
104:are all derived from the same ancestral
31:
3429:http://embryo.asu.edu/handle/10776/1754
2711:Nixon, K. C.; Carpenter, J. M. (2011).
2682:Problems of Phylogenetic Reconstruction
1898:
1855:
1622:had hind legs complete with hip bones (
1531:The four types of flower parts, namely
1517:. In two specific whorls of the floral
1335:
3622:
3594:
3365:
3355:
3129:10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.114725
2980:. University of California at Berkeley
2845:"Some ultrastructure of the honeybee (
2435:, Academic Press, 2009, pp. 1195â1199.
2082:. Vol. 1. Paris: J. B. Baillière.
1996:
1986:
1833:monkeys, may be homologous across the
1815:, argue that patterns of behaviour in
1704:amino acid replacements are indicated.
529:Similarly, the forelimbs of ancestral
4766:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
2763:Brusca, R. C.; Brusca, G. J. (1990).
2049:Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology
1405:The very large leaves of the banana,
1226:. Leaves are variously modified from
1187:Rudimentary organs such as the human
7:
3616:Generelle Morphologie der Organismen
1819:are homologous across the primates.
3334:. Taylor and Francis. p. 125.
3060:"Homologies: developmental biology"
3038:. Academic Press. pp. 423â75.
2843:Shing, H.; Erickson, E. H. (1982).
2211:http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/88055
2198:http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/88045
2021:Brigandt, Ingo (23 November 2011).
1654:) as in tetrapods with legs today.
1513:, class C genes affect stamens and
632:and birds evolved independently in
4171:Evolutionary developmental biology
3504:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00045.x
3465:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
3443:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
2978:"Homology: Leave it to the plants"
2525:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1996.tb00014.x
2490:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00045.x
1676:Evolutionary developmental biology
773:evolutionary developmental biology
232:Homology remains controversial in
25:
3671:Mindell, D.P.; Meyer, A. (2001).
1149:of mammals including humans, the
151:. Examples include the legs of a
5160:
5025:
5016:
5015:
3734:
2730:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00371.x
2604:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00398.x
2153:. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 64.
1802:It has been suggested that some
1466:
1451:
1436:
1415:
1398:
1373:
1357:
1338:
885:
868:
851:
834:
817:
699:, a shared derived character or
670:convergent or parallel evolution
426:
411:
391:
60:between a pair of structures or
4828:Extended evolutionary synthesis
4017:Gene-centered view of evolution
3680:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
3417:The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
3399:. University of Illinois Press
2956:. Modern Library. p. 112.
2145:Bower, Frederick Orpen (1906).
2062:10.1590/S1677-04202005000400001
2027:The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
1708:As with anatomical structures,
1561:ABC model of flower development
1527:ABC model of flower development
1495:ABC model of flower development
1333:of leaf and shoot development.
112:explains homologous structures
72:structures is the forelimbs of
4956:Hologenome theory of evolution
4823:History of molecular evolution
4049:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3938:Last universal common ancestor
2771:. Sinauer Associates. p.
1234:, the insect-trapping jaws of
506:) possess two pairs of flying
311:Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
187:of mammals including humans.
1:
5453:Evolutionary biology concepts
4750:Renaissance and Enlightenment
3700:10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02206-6
3572:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02005-9
2918:Understanding Human Sexuality
1694:Alignment positions conserved
1145:The three small bones in the
758:The embryonic body segments (
4961:Missing heritability problem
4588:Gamete differentiation/sexes
3440:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
2792:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
2433:Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
2431:In: Squire, Larry R. (Ed.):
2253:Lipshitz, Howard D. (2012).
2213:? (accessed April 09, 2016).
2200:? (accessed April 09, 2016).
479:
473:
467:
56:is similarity due to shared
3295:Developmental Psychobiology
2920:(11th ed.). New York:
2308:. LiveScience. 11 June 2009
703:state that distinguishes a
338:stated what are now called
40:as an argument in favor of
5479:
5276:Flying and gliding animals
5112:Fin and flipper locomotion
4593:Life cycles/nuclear phases
4145:TriversâWillard hypothesis
2822:. John Wiley. p. 29.
2284:"Homology: Legs and Limbs"
2223:Wagner, GĂźnter P. (2014).
1795:
1669:
1663:
1619:Pachyrhachis problematicus
1524:
1473:Food storage leaves in an
1138:
751:
679:
613:
581:) are found in fossils of
541:, the running forelegs of
240:are homologous across the
5158:
5011:
4091:Parentâoffspring conflict
3896:Earliest known life forms
3784:
3656:10.1016/j.tig.2008.08.009
3207:10.1016/j.gde.2007.05.011
3117:Annual Review of Genetics
2259:. Springer. p. 240.
2168:Milestones in Systematics
1963:10.1002/9780470515655.ch2
1919:10.1002/9780470515655.ch2
1779:whole genome duplications
1700:, semi-conservative, and
672:in evolutionary biology.
4944:Cultural group selection
4808:The eclipse of Darwinism
4780:On the Origin of Species
4755:Transmutation of species
3629:: CS1 maint: location (
3529:Human Molecular Genetics
3397:Phylogenetic Systematics
2429:Homology and Homoplasty.
1593:had hind legs (circled).
1458:Insect-trapping leaf of
1443:Insect-trapping leaf of
1210:Leaves, stems, and roots
553:, the short forelegs of
494:. Homology thus implies
445:to form small club-like
267:Homology was noticed by
225:from a common ancestor.
88:, the front flippers of
4949:Dual inheritance theory
4788:History of paleontology
2356:10.1126/science.1174196
1829:behaviour, as in these
1505:, class B genes affect
1497:. Class A genes affect
1327:development has evolved
634:widely separated groups
404:elytra, hard wing-cases
5415:Terrestrial locomotion
5359:Evolution of cetaceans
5354:Origin of avian flight
5339:Evolution of tetrapods
4637:Punctuated equilibrium
3958:Non-adaptive radiation
3906:Evolutionary arms race
3587:Gegenbaur, G. (1898).
3535:(Spec No 1): R51âR56.
3411:Brigandt, Ingo (2011)
3111:Koonin, E. V. (2005).
3082:"Clustal FAQ #Symbols"
2866:10.1051/apido:19820301
2696:Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
2399:10.1002/bies.200900175
2093:Owen, Richard (1843).
1838:
1809:multiple realizability
1753:molecular evolutionist
1705:
1594:
1559:) is described by the
1555:in the growing zones (
1522:
1292:), fleshy stems (e.g.
792:
729:
707:from other organisms.
611:
329:Cuvier-Geoffroy debate
313:showed in 1818 in his
264:
163:of an insect, and the
92:, and the forelegs of
68:. A common example of
45:
5430:Undulatory locomotion
5379:Homologous structures
4929:Evolutionary medicine
4803:Mendelian inheritance
4511:Biological complexity
4499:Programmed cell death
4191:Phenotypic plasticity
3911:Evolutionary pressure
3901:Evidence of evolution
3799:Timeline of evolution
2587:"Homology and errors"
2562:John Wiley & Sons
2172:. CRC Press. p.
1825:
1817:dominance hierarchies
1798:Homology (psychology)
1683:
1670:Further information:
1604:. For example, adult
1598:Developmental biology
1582:
1575:Developmental biology
1525:Further information:
1492:
1267:Swollen leaves (e.g.
1251:Defensive structures
1139:Further information:
781:
752:Further information:
722:
680:Further information:
614:Further information:
602:
356:recapitulation theory
255:
238:dominance hierarchies
141:developmental biology
35:
5374:Analogous structures
5369:Convergent evolution
4903:Teleology in biology
4798:Blending inheritance
4176:Genetic assimilation
4039:Artificial selection
3778:Evolutionary biology
3743:at Wikimedia Commons
2816:Hall, Brian (2008).
1786:structural alignment
1391:Fouquieria splendens
1238:, and the spines of
616:Convergent evolution
595:Homology vs. analogy
498:. For example, many
281:great chain of being
110:Evolutionary biology
5463:Comparative anatomy
5425:Rotating locomotion
5364:Comparative anatomy
4966:Molecular evolution
4924:Ecological genetics
4793:Transitional fossil
4583:Sexual reproduction
4423:endomembrane system
4352:pollinator-mediated
4308:dolphins and whales
4086:Parental investment
3692:2001TEcoE..16..434M
3673:"Homology evolving"
2903:Hyde, Janet Shibley
2427:Cf. Butler, A. B.:
2348:2009Sci...324.1438L
2342:(5933): 1438â1440.
1844:auxiliary principle
1827:Dominance hierarchy
1254:Storage structures
1141:Comparative anatomy
1105:Among insects, the
628:. For example, the
561:, and the grasping
496:divergent evolution
443:evolved divergently
437:flies such as this
398:The front wings of
336:Karl Ernst von Baer
223:divergent evolution
177:reproductive organs
149:serially homologous
5344:Evolution of birds
5097:Aquatic locomotion
4939:Cultural evolution
4054:Fisher's principle
3983:Handicap principle
3973:Parallel evolution
3837:Adaptive radiation
3560:Trends in Genetics
3542:10.1093/hmg/ddl056
3413:"Essay: Homology."
3152:Systematic Zoology
3092:on 24 October 2016
2907:DeLamater, John D.
2147:"Plant Morphology"
2124:10.1002/bies.20776
1839:
1706:
1686:sequence alignment
1646:) and foot bones (
1595:
1523:
1307:Root tubers (e.g.
1288:), rhizomes (e.g.
1242:, all homologous.
1129:without stingers.
793:
730:
689:parsimony analysis
626:evolved separately
612:
606:fruits have wings
526:used for balance.
433:The hind wings of
402:have evolved into
315:theorie d'analogue
265:
175:. Male and female
46:
5438:
5437:
5395:Animal locomotion
5334:Evolution of fish
5214:facultative biped
5039:
5038:
4655:Uniformitarianism
4608:Sex-determination
4113:Sexual dimorphism
4108:Natural selection
4012:Unit of selection
3978:Signalling theory
3739:Media related to
3619:. Bd 1-2. Đerlin.
3472:978-0-393-06163-5
3450:978-0-297-85094-6
3395:Hennig, W. 1966.
3341:978-1-135-83123-3
3307:10.1002/dev.21015
3045:978-0-12-319583-8
3001:Systematic Botany
2963:978-0-679-64288-6
2946:Larson, Edward J.
2931:978-0-07-338282-1
2829:978-0-470-51566-2
2802:978-0-297-85094-6
2651:10.1111/cla.12050
2571:978-1-4443-1336-9
2266:978-1-4419-8981-9
2236:978-1-4008-5146-1
2183:978-0-415-28032-7
2023:"Essay: Homology"
1730:duplication event
1710:sequence homology
1666:Sequence homology
1660:Sequence homology
1319:
1318:
1311:), taproot (e.g.
1197:natural selection
1103:
1102:
1013:collum (no legs)
956:mandibles (jaws)
903:(jaws and fangs)
715:In different taxa
477:'same' and ÎťĎγοĎ
215:duplication event
191:Sequence homology
165:spinous processes
96:vertebrates like
16:(Redirected from
5470:
5405:Robot locomotion
5179:Limb development
5164:
5137:Lobe-finned fish
5066:
5059:
5052:
5043:
5029:
5019:
5018:
4818:Modern synthesis
4578:Multicellularity
4573:Mosaic evolution
4458:auditory ossicle
4140:Social selection
4123:Flowering plants
4118:Sexual selection
3771:
3764:
3757:
3748:
3738:
3724:
3710:
3709:on 27 June 2010.
3708:
3702:. Archived from
3677:
3667:
3638:
3628:
3620:
3606:
3600:
3592:
3583:
3554:
3544:
3515:
3497:
3476:
3459:Carroll, Sean B.
3454:
3435:Carroll, Sean B.
3400:
3393:
3387:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3254:10.1002/pro.4519
3233:
3227:
3226:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3088:. Archived from
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3031:
3025:
3024:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2915:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2787:Carroll, Sean B.
2783:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2732:
2708:
2702:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2606:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2483:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2442:
2436:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2333:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2171:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2018:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1906:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1763:gene duplication
1702:non-conservative
1569:flowering plants
1470:
1455:
1440:
1422:Succulent water
1419:
1402:
1377:
1361:
1342:
1245:
1184:are homologous.
889:
872:
855:
838:
821:
795:
630:wings of insects
583:lobe-finned fish
516:hard wing covers
482:
476:
470:
430:
415:
395:
294:Naturphilosophie
234:animal behaviour
173:vertebral column
21:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5434:
5383:
5349:Origin of birds
5322:
5262:
5184:Limb morphology
5165:
5156:
5142:Ray-finned fish
5107:Fish locomotion
5083:
5070:
5040:
5035:
5007:
4934:Group selection
4907:
4832:
4736:
4663:
4625:Tempo and modes
4619:
4474:
4378:
4195:
4154:
4030:
4023:
4000:Species complex
3813:
3804:History of life
3780:
3775:
3731:
3713:
3706:
3675:
3670:
3650:(11): 539â551.
3641:
3621:
3609:
3593:
3586:
3557:
3518:
3495:10.1.1.487.2259
3479:
3473:
3457:
3451:
3433:
3408:
3406:Further reading
3403:
3394:
3390:
3381:
3377:
3364:
3354:
3342:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3242:Protein Science
3235:
3234:
3230:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3164:10.2307/2412448
3149:
3148:
3144:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3013:10.2307/2418787
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2924:. p. 103.
2913:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2481:10.1.1.487.2259
2465:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2426:
2422:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2020:
2019:
2008:
1995:
1985:
1973:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1929:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1831:weeper capuchin
1800:
1794:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1634:), thigh bone (
1577:
1553:gene expression
1529:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1456:
1447:
1441:
1432:
1420:
1411:
1403:
1394:
1378:
1369:
1362:
1353:
1343:
1323:compound leaves
1248:Primary organs
1212:
1207:
1172:Among the many
1143:
1137:
884:
878:
867:
861:
850:
844:
833:
827:
816:
813:Trilobitomorpha
810:
803:
801:
762:) of different
756:
750:
734:deep homologies
717:
684:
678:
618:
597:
537:, the wings of
492:common ancestor
459:
458:
457:
456:
452:
451:
450:
431:
423:
422:
416:
408:
407:
396:
385:
340:von Baer's laws
307:serial homology
250:
118:common ancestor
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5476:
5474:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5445:
5444:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5313:Pterosaur wing
5310:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5102:Cephalopod fin
5099:
5093:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5046:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5023:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4774:Charles Darwin
4771:
4770:
4769:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4712:Non-ecological
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4629:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4485:
4483:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4463:nervous system
4460:
4455:
4450:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4283:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3963:Origin of life
3960:
3955:
3950:
3948:Microevolution
3945:
3943:Macroevolution
3940:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3881:Common descent
3878:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3861:
3859:Baldwin effect
3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3730:
3729:External links
3727:
3726:
3725:
3711:
3668:
3639:
3611:Haeckel, Đrnst
3607:
3584:
3555:
3523:(April 2006).
3516:
3477:
3471:
3455:
3449:
3431:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3388:
3375:
3340:
3320:
3285:
3228:
3201:(4): 359â366.
3185:
3142:
3103:
3073:
3051:
3044:
3026:
3007:(4): 382â394.
2991:
2969:
2962:
2937:
2930:
2894:
2872:
2859:(3): 203â213.
2847:Apis mellifera
2835:
2828:
2808:
2801:
2778:
2752:
2723:(2): 160â169.
2703:
2687:
2672:
2645:(3): 330â336.
2626:
2597:(5): 529â538.
2577:
2570:
2546:
2519:(3): 265â272.
2503:
2474:(4): 367â394.
2458:
2437:
2420:
2393:(5): 438â449.
2377:
2319:
2297:
2275:
2265:
2245:
2235:
2215:
2202:
2189:
2182:
2156:
2137:
2118:(7): 653â658.
2102:
2085:
2068:
2055:(4): 335â344.
2032:
2006:
1997:|journal=
1971:
1942:
1927:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1869:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1796:Main article:
1793:
1790:
1664:Main article:
1661:
1658:
1638:), leg bones (
1612:evidence: the
1576:
1573:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1408:Musa acuminata
1404:
1397:
1395:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1344:
1337:
1331:genetic mosaic
1317:
1316:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1232:pitcher plants
1228:photosynthetic
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1136:
1133:
1113:is a modified
1109:of the female
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
981:
980:
977:
974:
968:
965:
962:
958:
957:
954:
951:
946:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
929:
926:
921:
918:
914:
913:
910:
907:
904:
898:
895:
891:
890:
873:
856:
839:
822:
805:
749:
746:
716:
713:
677:
674:
642:sycamore maple
604:Sycamore maple
596:
593:
588:Eusthenopteron
454:
453:
432:
425:
424:
417:
410:
409:
397:
390:
389:
388:
387:
386:
384:
381:
369:Charles Darwin
324:embranchements
319:Georges Cuvier
249:
246:
167:of successive
157:maxillary palp
126:Charles Darwin
84:, the arms of
38:Charles Darwin
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5475:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5458:Phylogenetics
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5441:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5147:Pectoral fins
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5062:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5022:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4976:Phylogenetics
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4879:Structuralism
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:Catastrophism
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:Neo-Darwinism
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:Reinforcement
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4659:Catastrophism
4656:
4653:
4651:
4650:Macromutation
4647:
4646:Micromutation
4644:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:Immune system
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4477:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4413:symbiogenesis
4411:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4081:Kin selection
4079:
4077:
4076:Genetic drift
4074:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3715:Owen, Richard
3712:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3686:(8): 434â40.
3685:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3566:(5): 227â31.
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3519:Dewey, C.N.;
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3488:(4): 367â94.
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:(2): 99â113.
3157:
3153:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3062:. UC Berkeley
3061:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2909:(June 2010).
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2883:. UC Berkeley
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:Invertebrates
2759:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2713:"On homology"
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2547:
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2538:
2534:
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2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
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2491:
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2447:
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2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
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2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2286:. UC Berkeley
2285:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1972:9780470515655
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1928:9780470515655
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1870:
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1859:
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1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:DNA sequences
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:of mammalian
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1672:Deep homology
1667:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:embryogenesis
1599:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1460:pitcher plant
1454:
1449:
1446:
1445:Venus flytrap
1439:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:Tubers (e.g.
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:Venus flytrap
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:2nd maxillae
998:
996:2nd maxillae
995:
993:2nd maxillae
992:
989:
986:
983:
982:
979:1st maxillae
978:
976:1st maxillae
975:
973:
969:
966:
963:
960:
959:
955:
952:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
937:
934:2nd antennae
933:
930:
927:
925:
922:
919:
916:
915:
912:1st antennae
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
892:
888:
882:
877:
874:
871:
865:
860:
857:
854:
848:
843:
840:
837:
831:
826:
823:
820:
814:
809:
806:
800:
797:
796:
791:
788:
784:
780:
776:
774:
770:
765:
761:
755:
754:Arthropod leg
748:In arthropods
747:
745:
743:
741:
740:
735:
727:
726:
721:
714:
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
676:In cladistics
675:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
617:
609:
605:
601:
594:
592:
590:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
481:
475:
469:
464:
448:
444:
440:
436:
429:
420:
414:
405:
401:
394:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
330:
326:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:foliar theory
300:
296:
295:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:Book of Birds
274:
270:
262:
261:Book of Birds
258:
254:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:DNA sequences
196:
192:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:wings of bats
75:
71:
67:
64:in different
63:
59:
55:
51:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
5440:
5378:
4988:Polymorphism
4971:Astrobiology
4919:Biogeography
4874:Saltationism
4864:Orthogenesis
4849:Alternatives
4778:
4764:
4697:Cospeciation
4692:Cladogenesis
4641:Saltationism
4598:Mating types
4521:Color vision
4506:Avian flight
4428:mitochondria
4166:Canalisation
4044:Biodiversity
3932:
3789:Introduction
3719:
3704:the original
3683:
3679:
3647:
3644:Trends Genet
3643:
3615:
3588:
3563:
3559:
3532:
3528:
3485:
3481:
3462:
3439:
3416:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3347:
3345:
3330:
3323:
3301:(1): 13â21.
3298:
3294:
3288:
3248:(1): e4519.
3245:
3241:
3231:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3090:the original
3085:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3054:
3035:
3029:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2982:. Retrieved
2972:
2951:
2940:
2917:
2897:
2885:. Retrieved
2875:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2838:
2818:
2811:
2791:
2781:
2766:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2681:
2675:
2642:
2638:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2556:
2549:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2451:27 September
2449:. Retrieved
2440:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2339:
2335:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2278:
2270:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2225:
2218:
2205:
2192:
2167:
2159:
2150:
2140:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2095:
2088:
2078:
2071:
2052:
2048:
2026:
1954:
1910:
1882:
1872:
1858:
1840:
1801:
1792:In behaviour
1783:
1760:
1756:Walter Fitch
1748:
1742:
1707:
1698:conservative
1656:
1617:
1596:
1588:
1571:themselves.
1530:
1485:Flower parts
1427:
1406:
1389:
1351:European ash
1320:
1309:sweet potato
1213:
1201:
1186:
1171:
1144:
1131:
1125:, and those
1104:
790:segmentation
757:
744:
737:
731:
723:
709:
697:synapomorphy
685:
619:
586:
528:
485:
483:'relation'.
460:
377:tree of life
360:Richard Owen
333:Embryologist
322:
314:
292:
289:early modern
283:through the
276:
275:in his 1555
273:Pierre Belon
266:
260:
257:Pierre Belon
231:
189:
138:
134:Pierre Belon
122:Richard Owen
76:, where the
69:
53:
47:
29:
5308:Insect wing
5258:Webbed foot
5199:unguligrade
5194:plantigrade
5189:digitigrade
4998:Systematics
4869:Mutationism
4687:Catagenesis
4615:Snake venom
4548:Eusociality
4526:in primates
4516:Cooperation
4444:In animals
4264:butterflies
4237:Cephalopods
4227:Brachiopods
4159:Development
4133:Mate choice
3886:Convergence
3869:Coevolution
3827:Abiogenesis
3521:Pachter, L.
3366:|work=
3066:15 December
2922:McGraw-Hill
2911:"Chapter 5"
2887:15 December
2290:15 December
1865:homogeneous
1775:chromosomes
1749:orthologous
1684:A multiple
1384:adapted as
1127:Hymenoptera
830:Chelicerata
624:but rather
531:vertebrates
518:, while in
504:dragonflies
419:Dragonflies
301:stated his
161:labial palp
108:structure.
94:four-legged
74:vertebrates
5447:Categories
5236:Cephalopod
5152:Pelvic fin
5122:Dorsal fin
5117:Caudal fin
4859:Lamarckism
4837:Philosophy
4760:David Hume
4722:Peripatric
4717:Parapatric
4702:Ecological
4682:Anagenesis
4677:Allopatric
4669:Speciation
4633:Gradualism
4558:Metabolism
4418:chromosome
4408:Eukaryotes
4186:Modularity
4103:Population
4029:Population
3990:Speciation
3968:Panspermia
3921:Extinction
3916:Exaptation
3891:Divergence
3864:Cladistics
3852:Reciprocal
3832:Adaptation
3591:. Leipzig.
3482:Cladistics
3386:23:361-381
3123:: 309â38.
3096:8 December
2853:Apidologie
2849:L.) sting"
2717:Cladistics
2639:Cladistics
2591:Cladistics
2513:Cladistics
2468:Cladistics
1894:References
1804:behaviours
1745:speciation
1738:Alignments
1722:speciation
1692:proteins.
1690:histone H1
1652:astragalus
1614:Cretaceous
1590:Eupodophis
1585:Cretaceous
1364:Detail of
1269:succulents
1147:middle ear
1135:In mammals
1119:Orthoptera
1115:ovipositor
953:mandibles
901:chelicerae
682:Cladistics
666:cladistics
471:from á˝ÎźĎĎ
383:Definition
227:Alignments
207:speciation
102:crocodiles
70:homologous
5327:Evolution
5286:Bird wing
5231:Arthropod
5224:quadruped
4993:Protocell
4844:Darwinism
4732:Sympatric
4481:processes
4369:Tetrapods
4318:Kangaroos
4244:Dinosaurs
4181:Inversion
4150:Variation
4071:Gene flow
4064:Inclusive
3874:Mutualism
3819:Evolution
3625:cite book
3597:cite book
3490:CiteSeerX
3425:1940-5030
3368:ignored (
3358:cite book
3262:0961-8368
3215:0959-437X
2747:221582887
2701::319-349.
2667:221550586
2476:CiteSeerX
2415:205469918
2387:BioEssays
2112:BioEssays
1999:ignored (
1989:cite book
1777:but also
1726:orthologs
1648:calcaneum
1557:meristems
1205:In plants
1193:evolution
1182:testicles
1167:inner ear
1123:Hemiptera
1111:honey bee
1099:5th legs
1093:4th legs
1087:9th legs
1079:4th legs
1073:3rd legs
1067:8th legs
1059:3rd legs
1056:3rd legs
1053:2nd legs
1047:7th legs
1039:2nd legs
1036:2nd legs
1033:1st legs
1027:6th legs
1019:1st legs
1016:1st legs
1010:4th legs
1007:5th legs
990:3rd legs
987:4th legs
967:2nd legs
964:3rd legs
949:mandibles
945:1st legs
942:2nd legs
924:pedipalps
920:1st legs
909:antennae
906:antennae
897:antennae
881:Crustacea
847:Myriapoda
842:Centipede
808:Trilobite
804:segment)
787:arthropod
783:Hox genes
764:arthropod
736:like the
662:homoplasy
658:tetrapods
654:bat wings
646:Pterosaur
608:analogous
502:(such as
468:homologos
465:á˝ÎźĎΝογοĎ
373:body plan
285:mediaeval
269:Aristotle
211:orthologs
185:testicles
169:vertebrae
153:centipede
145:primordia
136:in 1555.
130:Aristotle
42:evolution
5318:Wingspan
5301:feathers
5296:skeleton
5281:Bat wing
5241:Tetrapod
5127:Fish fin
5021:Category
4896:Vitalism
4891:Theistic
4884:Spandrel
4568:Morality
4563:Monogamy
4438:plastids
4403:Flagella
4359:Reptiles
4340:sea cows
4323:primates
4232:Molluscs
4210:Bacteria
4098:Mutation
4031:genetics
4007:Taxonomy
3953:Mismatch
3933:Homology
3847:Cheating
3842:Altruism
3741:Homology
3717:(1847).
3664:18819722
3613:(1866).
3580:10782117
3551:16651369
3461:(2006).
3437:(2006).
3315:22711075
3280:36419248
3223:17644373
3137:16285863
2948:(2004).
2819:Homology
2789:(2006).
2739:34861754
2659:34788975
2621:86806203
2613:34844384
2541:85385271
2533:34920625
2407:20394064
2372:12216605
2364:19520959
2132:18536034
1981:10332750
1937:10332750
1835:primates
1813:primates
1767:Homeobox
1734:paralogs
1712:between
1519:meristem
1426:leaf of
1382:petioles
1349:leaf of
1321:Certain
1240:cactuses
1189:tailbone
972:maxillae
864:Hexapoda
693:cladists
585:such as
567:primates
524:halteres
520:Dipteran
447:halteres
439:cranefly
435:Dipteran
242:primates
219:paralogs
193:between
106:tetrapod
86:primates
58:ancestry
54:homology
5388:Related
5246:dactyly
5132:Flipper
4912:Related
4742:History
4603:Meiosis
4538:Empathy
4533:Emotion
4433:nucleus
4374:Viruses
4364:Spiders
4276:Mammals
4259:Insects
4059:Fitness
3995:Species
3794:Outline
3688:Bibcode
3512:3551391
3271:9793968
3180:5449325
3172:2412448
3086:Clustal
3021:2418787
2498:3551391
2344:Bibcode
2336:Science
2312:2 March
1728:) or a
1724:event (
1714:protein
1632:ischium
1537:stamens
1533:carpels
1515:carpels
1511:stamens
1424:storage
1347:pinnate
1329:from a
1259:Leaves
1178:ovaries
1165:to the
1163:eardrum
1151:malleus
1107:stinger
760:somites
571:humerus
559:lizards
512:beetles
500:insects
400:beetles
248:History
213:) or a
209:event (
195:protein
181:ovaries
114:adapted
50:biology
18:Homolog
5410:Samara
5219:triped
5204:uniped
5031:Portal
4707:Hybrid
4543:Ethics
4385:organs
4347:Plants
4333:lemurs
4328:humans
4313:horses
4303:hyenas
4291:wolves
4286:canids
4220:origin
3662:
3578:
3549:
3510:
3492:
3469:
3447:
3423:
3338:
3313:
3278:
3268:
3260:
3221:
3213:
3178:
3170:
3135:
3042:
3019:
2960:
2928:
2826:
2799:
2745:
2737:
2665:
2657:
2619:
2611:
2568:
2539:
2531:
2496:
2478:
2413:
2405:
2370:
2362:
2263:
2233:
2180:
2130:
1979:
1969:
1935:
1925:
1877:wings.
1644:fibula
1616:snake
1610:fossil
1606:snakes
1587:snake
1565:ovules
1549:Goethe
1545:sepals
1543:, and
1541:petals
1507:petals
1503:petals
1499:sepals
1386:spines
1313:carrot
1301:Roots
1290:ginger
1286:potato
1280:Thorns
1276:Stems
1263:Spines
1222:, and
1216:leaves
1159:stapes
1157:, and
876:Shrimp
859:Insect
825:Spider
799:Somite
668:, and
638:flight
577:, and
575:radius
551:horses
549:, and
535:whales
344:family
299:Goethe
263:(1555)
155:, the
90:whales
5268:Wings
5253:Digit
5209:biped
5171:Limbs
5081:wings
5077:limbs
4494:Death
4489:Aging
4468:brain
4254:Fungi
4215:Birds
4128:Fungi
3926:Event
3809:Index
3707:(PDF)
3676:(PDF)
3508:S2CID
3168:JSTOR
3017:JSTOR
2984:7 May
2914:(PDF)
2743:S2CID
2663:S2CID
2617:S2CID
2537:S2CID
2494:S2CID
2411:S2CID
2368:S2CID
2332:(PDF)
1850:Notes
1640:tibia
1636:femur
1628:pubis
1624:ilium
1475:onion
1380:Leaf
1294:cacti
1224:roots
1220:stems
1155:incus
802:(body
769:genes
705:clade
701:trait
563:hands
555:frogs
539:birds
510:. In
508:wings
480:logos
474:homos
463:Greek
441:have
352:taxon
348:order
171:in a
82:birds
62:genes
5400:Gait
5291:keel
5089:Fins
5079:and
5073:Fins
4981:Tree
4453:hair
4393:Cell
4296:dogs
4281:cats
4271:Life
4249:Fish
4202:taxa
3660:PMID
3635:link
3631:link
3603:link
3576:PMID
3547:PMID
3467:ISBN
3445:ISBN
3421:ISSN
3415:In:
3370:help
3336:ISBN
3311:PMID
3276:PMID
3258:ISSN
3219:PMID
3211:ISSN
3176:PMID
3133:PMID
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