298:
around
Hitchin, Hertfordshire are associated with lakes caused by the melting of glaciers that settled in holes. When archaeologists dug up the sites they found dense soil full of gravel. The gravel is hypothesized to come from the creation of hand axes. At Marks Tey, Essex the lake soil was rich with pollen spanning all of the Hoxnian and remnants of gravel and artefacts.
288:
The
Hoxnian is an interglacial phase meaning the warm periods in between glacial periods. Interglacial phases are heavily vegetated with woodlands interspersed with open areas. Site deposits are often found over Anglian soil which dates to MIS 12. Most sites have been found in valleys with signs of
297:
Beeches Pit, West Stow, Suffolk is a site dated to MIS 11 and under 40 km from other sites for the Lower
Paleolithic and Middle Paleolithic. Beeches Pit is considered a site of special interest because not only were shells and plant remains found but animal bones that were burnt. The sites
895:
Preece, R.C.; Parfitt, S.A.; Bridgland, D.R.; Lewis, S.G.; Rowe, P.J.; Atkinson, T.C.; Candy, I.; Debenham, N.C.; Penkman, K.E.H.; Rhodes, E.J.; Schwenninger, J.-L. (2005β2007). "Terrestrial environments during MIS 11: evidence from the
Palaeolithic site at West Stow, Suffolk, UK".
224:
where some of the deposits created were first found. It was identified and dated with palynology or pollen evidence in the biostratigraphy and later updated with aminostratigraphic techniques. Based on stratigraphic information the
Hoxnian happened after the
249:. However, there is ambiguity regarding the correlation of these two interglacials to either MIS 11 or MIS 9, which is related to the MIS 12 / MIS 10 ambiguity described in more detail in the article '
268:. At this time, the Hoxnian and Holstein stages are correlated with a brief part of the Pre-Illinoian Stage lying between the Pre-Illinoian A and Pre-Illinoian B glaciations of North America.
204:(MIS 11). Marine Isotope Stage 11 started 424,000 years ago and ended 374,000 years ago. The Hoxnian is divided into sub-stages Ho I to Ho IV. It is likely equivalent to the
264:. However, the Yarmouthian Stage, along with the Kansan, Nebraskan, and Aftonian stages, have been abandoned by North American Quaternary geologists and merged into the
578:"Differentiation of MIS 9 and MIS 11 in the continental record: vegetational, faunal, aminostratigraphic and sea-level evidence from coastal sites in Essex, UK"
576:
Roe, Helen M.; Coope, G. Russell; Devoy, Robert J. N.; Harrison, Colin J. O.; Penkman, Kirsty E. H.; Preece, Richard C.; Schreve, Danielle C. (2009-11-01).
276:
During the
Hoxnian human activity was constrained by the dense forests so humans travelled along rivers and created settlements in valleys. The
955:
936:
560:
355:
1067:
1044:
1021:
992:
974:
413:
714:
Hallberg, G. R. (1986). "Pre-Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy of the
Central Plains region in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri".
257:
702:
752:
Richmond, G. M. & Fullerton, D. S. (1986). "Summation of
Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America".
127:
433:
242:
201:
1130:
322:
703:
BΓΆse et al. (2012), Quaternary
Glaciations of Northern Europe, Quaternary Science Reviews 44, page 17-22.
238:
205:
1068:"Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States"
481:
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river deposits. During the interglacial the valleys would have been surrounded by dense forests.
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Preece, R. C.; Gowlett, J. A. J.; Parfitt, S. A.; Bridgland, D. R.; Lewis, S. G. (2006β2007).
625:
607:
556:
473:
409:
351:
250:
1098:
656:"Humans in the Hoxnian: habitat, context and fire use at Beeches Pit, West Stow, Suffolk, UK"
1090:
905:
864:
845:"Riparian landscapes and human habitat preferences during the Hoxnian (MIS 11) Interglacial"
808:
789:"Riparian landscapes and human habitat preferences during the Hoxnian (MIS 11) Interglacial"
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434:"Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years v. 2007b"
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189:
1045:"Illinoian and Pre-Illinoian stratigraphy of southeast Iowa and adjacent Illinois"
373:"A provisional Quaternary and Neogene lithostratigraphic framework Great Britain"
27:
Interglacial period of history of the
British Isles during the middle Pleistocene
277:
181:
47:
553:
The British Palaeolithic: Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World
460:
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site revealed humans possibly selected sites rich with flint for toolmaking.
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Roy, M.; Clark, P.U.; Barendregt, R.W.; Glasmann, J.R.; Enkin, R.J. (2004).
97:
629:
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519:
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67:
62:
52:
929:
Quaternary geology: a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work
843:
Ashton, Nick; Lewis, Simon G.; Parfitt, Simon; White, Mark (2006β2007).
432:
Gibbard, P. L.; Boreham, S.; Cohen, K. M. & Moscariello, A. (2007).
1015:. Cambridge, England: Department of Geography, University of Cambridge.
443:. Cambridge, England: Department of Geography, University of Cambridge.
307:
221:
102:
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17:
1094:
869:
844:
813:
788:
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787:
Ashton, Nick; Lewis, Simon G.; Parfitt, Simon; White, Mark (2006).
482:"A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic Ξ΄
217:
229:
as Anglian soil is frequently found underneath Hoxnian deposits.
246:
41:
346:
Homo Britannicus: The incredible story of human life in Britain
967:
Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe
1054:. Ames IA: Iowa Geological Survey Bureau. Archived from
1031:. Ames IA: Iowa Geological Survey Bureau. Archived from
995:. Emporia KS: Emporia State University. Archived from
427:
425:
237:The Hoxnian stage has often been correlated to the
164:
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149:
141:
133:
123:
118:
32:
946:Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Rose, J., eds. (1991).
343:
1011:Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (2007).
747:
745:
1022:"Pleistocene stratigraphy in east-central Iowa"
256:The Hoxnian stage has also been equated to the
1013:"Global correlation tables for the Quaternary"
965:Mangerud, J.; Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P. (2004).
948:Glacial deposits in Great Britain and Ireland
8:
993:"Regional Glaciation of Kansas and Nebraska"
868:
812:
679:
619:
601:
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388:
441:Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy
555:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. p. 79.
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241:of northern Continental Europe and the
184:stage of the geological history of the
1075:Geological Society of America Bulletin
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1052:Technical information Series. no. 11
1029:Technical information Series. no. 10
551:Pettitt, Paul; White, Mark (2012).
25:
377:Netherland Journal of Geosciences
216:The Hoxnian Stage is named after
910:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.11.016
603:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.04.017
1:
931:. Oxford UK: Pergamon Press.
849:Journal of Quaternary Science
793:Journal of Quaternary Science
660:Journal of Quaternary Science
463:Boston University, Boston, MA
233:Similarly timed interglacials
1043:Hallberg, G.R., ed. (1980).
1020:Hallberg, G.R., ed. (1980).
774:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8
736:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90169-1
258:Yarmouthian (Yarmouth) Stage
1147:
898:Quaternary Science Reviews
754:Quaternary Science Reviews
716:Quaternary Science Reviews
582:Quaternary Science Reviews
406:Quaternary Dating Methods
390:10.1017/S0016774600022988
253:'. Recent luminenscence
220:in the English county of
37:
408:. Chichester UK: Wiley.
371:McMillan, A. A. (2005).
342:Stringer, Chris (2006).
243:Mindel-Riss Interglacial
969:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
458:Ages of MIS boundaries.
202:Marine Isotope Stage 11
950:. Rotterdam: Balkema.
323:Timeline of glaciation
200:. It is equivalent to
239:Holstein Interglacial
206:Holstein Interglacial
927:Bowen, D.Q. (1978).
520:10.1029/2004PA001071
437:(jpg version 844 KB)
1087:2004GSAB..116...30R
991:Aber, J.S. (2006).
904:(9β10): 1236β1300.
861:2006JQS....21..497A
805:2006JQS....21..497A
766:1986QSRv....5..183R
728:1986QSRv....5...11H
672:2006JQS....21..485P
594:2009QSRv...28.2342R
512:2005PalOc..20.1003L
404:Walker, M. (2005).
350:. London: Penguin.
318:Last glacial period
266:Pre-Illinoian Stage
208:in Central Europe.
192:which preceded the
461:LR04 Benthic Stack
165:Stratigraphic unit
155:Chronological unit
957:978-90-6191-875-2
938:978-0-08-020409-3
588:(23): 2342β2373.
562:978-0-415-67455-3
357:978-0-14-101813-3
251:Elster glaciation
196:and followed the
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119:Usage information
16:(Redirected from
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1081:(1β2): 30β41.
1063:
1061:on 2010-07-13.
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1038:on 2010-07-13.
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1106:. Retrieved
1102:(PDF 1.2 MB)
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190:interglacial
188:. It was an
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1126:Pleistocene
760:: 183β196.
284:Environment
278:Beeches Pit
182:Pleistocene
1120:Categories
1108:2010-03-20
1003:2008-08-21
506:: PA1003.
329:References
150:Definition
879:0267-8179
823:1099-1417
722:: 11β15.
690:0267-8179
612:0277-3791
630:20119485
538:12788441
493:records"
480:(2005).
456:(2005).
302:See also
137:Regional
1083:Bibcode
857:Bibcode
801:Bibcode
762:Bibcode
724:Bibcode
668:Bibcode
621:2806946
590:Bibcode
508:Bibcode
308:Ice age
245:of the
222:Suffolk
212:History
142:Used by
109:↓
33:Hoxnian
18:Hoxnian
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272:Humans
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496:(PDF)
218:Hoxne
169:Stage
128:Earth
971:ISBN
952:ISBN
933:ISBN
875:ISSN
819:ISSN
686:ISSN
626:PMID
608:ISSN
557:ISBN
410:ISBN
352:ISBN
247:Alps
176:The
48:Preκ
1091:doi
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906:doi
865:doi
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770:doi
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676:doi
616:PMC
598:doi
524:hdl
516:doi
385:doi
260:in
159:Age
1122::
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88:J
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73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
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20:)
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