632:, are common among those with hydrocephalus, who tend to score better on verbal IQ than on performance IQ, which is thought to reflect the distribution of nerve damage to the brain. Hydrocephalus that is present from birth can cause long-term complications with speech and language. Children can have issues such as nonverbal learning disorder, difficulty understanding complex and abstract concepts, difficulty retrieving stored information, and spatial/perceptual disorders. Children with hydrocephalus are often known in having the difficulty in understanding the concepts within conversation and tend to use words they know or have heard. However, the severity of hydrocephalus can differ considerably between individuals, and some are of average or above-average intelligence. Someone with hydrocephalus may have coordination and visual problems, or clumsiness. They may reach puberty earlier than the average child (this is called
1044:
1135:
983:(NPH) is a particular form of chronic communicating hydrocephalus, characterized by enlarged cerebral ventricles, with only intermittently elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Characteristic triad of symptoms are; dementia, apraxic gait and urinary incontinence. The diagnosis of NPH can be established only with the help of continuous intraventricular pressure recordings (over 24 hours or even longer), since more often than not instant measurements yield normal pressure values. Dynamic compliance studies may be also helpful. Altered compliance (
1452:
892:
1329:
1383:
478:. With increased levels of CSF, there have been cases of hearing loss due to CSF creating pressure on the auditory pathways or disrupting the communication of inner ear fluid. Elevated ICP of different etiologies have been linked to sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Transient SNHL has been reported after the loss of CSF with shunt surgeries. Hearing loss is a rare but well-known sequela of procedures resulting in CSF loss. Elevated ICP may result in
662:
968:
888:, and is the site of CSF reabsorption back into the venous system. Various neurologic conditions may result in communicating hydrocephalus, including subarachnoid/intraventricular hemorrhage, meningitis, and congenital absence of arachnoid villi. Scarring and fibrosis of the subarachnoid space following infectious, inflammatory, or hemorrhagic events can also prevent reabsorption of CSF, causing diffuse ventricular dilatation.
1027:
423:
431:
1073:. These signs occur sooner in adults, whose skulls are no longer able to expand to accommodate the increasing fluid volume within. Fetuses, infants, and young children with hydrocephalus typically have an abnormally large head, excluding the face, because the pressure of the fluid causes the individual skull bones—which have yet to fuse—to bulge outward at their
1300:
transmitted. Therefore, the reduced CSF pressure could cause a decrease in
Perilymphatic pressure and cause secondary endolymphatic hydrops. In addition to the increased hearing loss, there have also been findings of resolved hearing loss after ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, where there is a release of CSF pressure on the auditory pathways.
1207:, thereby shortcutting any obstruction, as in aqueductal stenosis. This may or may not be appropriate based on individual anatomy. For infants, ETV is sometimes combined with choroid plexus cauterization, which reduces the amount of cerebrospinal fluid produced by the brain. The technique, known as ETV/CPC, was pioneered in
679:. The most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus is aqueductal stenosis, which occurs when the narrow passage between the third and fourth ventricles in the brain is blocked or too narrow to allow sufficient cerebral spinal fluid to drain. Fluid accumulates in the upper ventricles, causing hydrocephalus.
1482:
One case of hydrocephalus was a man whose brain shrank to a thin sheet of tissue, due to a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in his skull. As a child, the man had a shunt, but it was removed when he was 14. In July 2007, at age 44, he went to a hospital due to mild weakness in his left leg. When doctors
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The person was a married father of two children, and worked as a civil servant, leading an at least superficially normal life, despite having enlarged ventricles with a decreased volume of brain tissue. "What I find amazing to this day is how the brain can deal with something which you think should
1377:
The skull of a newborn baby is often full of liquid, either because the matron has compressed it excessively or for other, unknown reasons. The volume of the skull then increases daily, so that the bones of the skull fail to close. In this case, we must open the middle of the skull in three places,
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Following placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt there have been cases of a decrease in post-surgery hearing. It is presumed that the cochlea aqueduct is responsible for the decrease in hearing thresholds. The cochlea aqueduct has been considered as a probable channel where CSF pressure can be
1084:
The elevated ICP may cause compression of the brain, leading to brain damage and other complications. A complication often overlooked is the possibility of hearing loss due to ICP. The mechanism of ICP on hearing loss is presumed that the transmission of CSF pressure to and from the
Perilymphatic
1303:
The diagnosis of CSF buildup is complex and requires specialist expertise. Diagnosis of the particular complication usually depends on when the symptoms appear, that is, whether symptoms occur when the person is upright or in a prone position, with the head at roughly the same level as the feet.
1243:
Examples of possible complications include shunt malfunction, shunt failure, and shunt infection, along with infection of the shunt tract following surgery (the most common reason for shunt failure is infection of the shunt tract). Although a shunt generally works well, it may stop working if it
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CSF can accumulate within the ventricles, this condition is called internal hydrocephalus and may result in increased CSF pressure. The production of CSF continues, even when the passages that normally allow it to exit the brain are blocked. Consequently, fluid builds inside the brain, causing
1319:
while North
America has the fewest number of cases. A systematic review in 2019 estimated that there are 180,000 childhood hydrocephalus cases from the African continent per year, followed by 90,000 cases from Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Latin America also has a high prevalence of
654:
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space through a patent cochlear aqueduct. The cochlear aqueduct connects the
Perilymphatic space of the inner ear with the subarachnoid space of the posterior cranial fossa. A loss of CSF pressure can induce Perilymphatic loss or endolymphatic hydrops resembling the clinical presentation of
62:
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may or may not show any change in ventricle size, particularly if the person has a history of slit-like ventricles. Difficulty in diagnosing over-drainage can make treatment of this complication particularly frustrating for people and their families. Resistance to traditional
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fuse by the end of the third year of life. For head enlargement to occur, hydrocephalus must occur before then. The causes are usually genetic, but can also be acquired and usually occur within the first few months of life, which include intraventricular matrix hemorrhages in
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and is continuously drained away into the circulatory system. Alternatively, the condition may result from an overproduction of the CSF, from a congenital malformation blocking normal drainage of the fluid, or from complications of head injuries or infections.
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875:
Communicating hydrocephalus, also known as nonobstructive hydrocephalus, is caused by impaired CSF reabsorption in the absence of any obstruction of CSF flow between the ventricles and subarachnoid space. This may be due to functional impairment of the
446:
is more likely to manifest with the nonspecific signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). By contrast, chronic dilatation (especially in the elderly population) may have a more insidious onset presenting, for instance, with
4006:
3987:
1252:. The shunt failure rate is also relatively high (of the 40,000 surgeries performed annually to treat hydrocephalus, only 30% are a person's first surgery) and people not uncommonly have multiple shunt revisions within their lifetimes.
1470:. The resolution campaign is due in part to the advocacy work of the Pediatric Hydrocephalus Foundation. Prior to July 2009, no awareness month for this condition had been designated. Many hydrocephalus organizations, such as the
5063:
1052:
Hydrocephalus is usually due to blockage of CSF outflow in the ventricles or in the subarachnoid space over the brain. In a person without hydrocephalus, CSF continuously circulates through the brain, its ventricles and the
1158:) into the cerebral ventricles to bypass the flow obstruction/malfunctioning arachnoidal granulations and drain the excess fluid into other body cavities, from where it can be resorbed. Most shunts drain the fluid into the
3332:
Yang MM, Hader W, Bullivant K, Brindle M, Riva-Cambrin J (February 2019). "Calgary Shunt
Protocol, an adaptation of the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network shunt protocol, reduces shunt infections in children".
5056:
1483:
learned of the man's medical history, they performed a CT and MRI scan, and were astonished to see "massive enlargement" of the lateral ventricles in the skull. Dr. Lionel
Feuillet of Hôpital de la Timone in
1231:, and resolves spontaneously by two years of age and therefore usually does not require insertion of a shunt. Imaging studies and a good medical history can help to differentiate external hydrocephalus from
4591:
2462:
Nimjee SM, Powers CJ, McLendon RE, Grant GA, Fuchs HE (April 2010). "Single-stage bilateral choroid plexectomy for choroid plexus papilloma in a patient presenting with high cerebrospinal fluid output".
741:
sets in, and infants show lack of interest in their surroundings. Later on, their upper eyelids become retracted and their eyes are turned downwards ("sunset eyes") (due to hydrocephalic pressure on the
1981:
Riveros
Gilardi B, Muñoz López JI, Hernández Villegas AC, Garay Mora JA, Rico Rodríguez OC, Chávez Appendini R, et al. (October 2019). "Types of Cerebral Herniation and Their Imaging Features".
1499:. "If something happens very slowly over quite some time, maybe over decades, the different parts of the brain take up functions that would normally be done by the part that is pushed to the side."
1307:
Standardized protocols for inserting cerebral shunts have been shown to reduce shunt infections. There is tentative evidence that preventative antibiotics may decrease the risk of shunt infections.
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disconnects, becomes blocked (clogged) or infected, or it is outgrown. If this happens, the CSF begins to accumulate again and a number of physical symptoms develop (headaches, nausea, vomiting,
1215:
and is now in use in several U.S. hospitals. Hydrocephalus can be successfully treated by placing a drainage tube (shunt) between the brain ventricles and abdominal cavity. Some risk exists of
4989:
4967:
726:
In newborns and toddlers with hydrocephalus, the head circumference is enlarged rapidly and soon surpasses the 97th percentile. Since the skull bones have not yet firmly joined, bulging, firm
3116:"Subdural Hematomas in the Elderly: The Great Neurological Imitator | 2000-03-01 | AHC Media: Continuing Medical Education Publishing | Relias Media - Continuing Medical Education Publishing"
4140:
2821:
Lim HW, Shim BS, Yang CJ, Kim JH, Cho YH, Cho YS, et al. (August 2014). "Hearing loss following ventriculoperitoneal shunt in communicating hydrocephalus patients: a pilot study".
1227:
External hydrocephalus is a condition generally seen in infants which involves enlarged fluid spaces or subarachnoid spaces around the outside of the brain. This condition is generally
3051:
375:, or obstruction. This may require replacement. Outcomes are variable, but many people with shunts live normal lives. Without treatment, permanent disability or death may occur.
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1398:
pioneered sterile ventricular puncture and external drainage of CSF for the treatment of hydrocephalus. It remained an intractable condition until the 20th century, when
3789:
1081:, in infants, is a characteristic fixed downward gaze with whites of the eyes showing above the iris, as though the infant were trying to examine its own lower eyelids.
809:
The cause of hydrocephalus is not known with certainty and is probably multifactorial. It may be caused by impaired CSF flow, reabsorption, or excessive CSF production.
1344:, who coined the word 'hydrocephalus' from the Greek ὕδωρ, hydōr meaning 'water' and κεφαλή, kephalē meaning 'head'. A more accurate description was later given by the
4336:
5344:
3248:
Sammons VJ, Jacobson E, Lawson J (October 2009). "Resolution of hydrocephalus-associated sensorineural hearing loss after insertion of ventriculoperitoneal shunt".
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may be higher. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is estimated to affect about 5 per 100,000 people, with rates increasing with age. Description of hydrocephalus by
3085:
1851:
Gavrilov, Gaspar V.; Gaydar, Boris V.; Svistov, Dmitry V.; Korovin, Alexander E.; Samarcev, Igor N.; Churilov, Leonid P.; Tovpeko, Dmitry V. (December 2019).
4133:
911:
826:
2214:
Cinalli, G.; Sainte-Rose, C.; Kollar, E. M.; Zerah, M.; Brunelle, F.; Chumas, P.; Arnaud, E.; Marchac, D.; Pierre-Kahn, A.; Renier, D. (February 1998).
2700:
1632:
4959:
3201:"Delayed diagnosis of shunt overdrainage following functional hemispherotomy and ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in a hemimegalencephaly patient"
1496:
1340:(large head) or clinical findings of hydrocephalus. The earliest scientific description of hydrocephalus was written by the ancient Greek physician
1146:(EVD), also known as an extraventricular drain or ventriculostomy, provides relief. In the long term, some people will need any of various types of
3378:"A standardized protocol to reduce cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network Quality Improvement Initiative"
5255:
4949:
4126:
1043:
707:, infections, type II Arnold-Chiari malformation, aqueduct atresia and stenosis, and Dandy-Walker malformation. Hydrocephalus can also occur with
264:
Varies throughout the world, from 1 per 256 live births to 1 per 9,000, depending on access to prenatal health care, prenatal tests, and abortion
4929:
4602:
3703:
Peltopuro M, Ahonen T, Kaartinen J, Seppälä H, Närhi V (December 2014). "Borderline intellectual functioning: a systematic literature review".
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said, "The images were most unusual... the brain was virtually absent." Intelligence tests showed the person had an IQ of 75, considered "
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1810:
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Hydrocephalus can be classified into communicating and noncommunicating (obstructive). Both forms can be either congenital or acquired.
5011:
4944:
4499:
2564:"The influence of coughing on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in an in vitro syringomyelia model with spinal subarachnoid space stenosis"
1528:
2043:
Barnes MA, Dennis M (February 1998). "Discourse after early-onset hydrocephalus: core deficits in children of average intelligence".
4714:
4517:
3639:
3095:
2930:
2625:
1835:
1804:
1700:
3740:"Identifying classes of persons with mild intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning: a latent class analysis"
3621:
2781:
Marchbanks RJ, Reid A (June 1990). "Cochlear and cerebrospinal fluid pressure: their inter-relationship and control mechanisms".
1200:
3655:
5207:
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3797:
2336:
1369:, who described the evacuation of superficial intracranial fluid in hydrocephalic children. He described it in his chapter on
695:
4348:
4324:
4154:
4540:
955:
3139:
Ravid, Sarit; Maytal, Joseph (February 2003). "External hydrocephalus: a probable cause for subdural hematoma in infancy".
5027:
4912:
4828:
4770:
4319:
3955:
3631:
3285:"Continuous, noninvasive wireless monitoring of flow of cerebrospinal fluid through shunts in patients with hydrocephalus"
1443:
meaning 'head'. Other names for hydrocephalus include "water on the brain", a historical name, and "water baby syndrome".
980:
353:
1195:
A shunt system can also be placed in the lumbar space of the spine and have the CSF redirected to the peritoneal cavity (
4996:
4370:
3474:
Dewan MC, Rattani A, Mekary R, Glancz LJ, Yunusa I, Baticulon RE, Fieggen G, Wellons JC, Park KB, Warf BC (April 2018).
754:. Papilledema is absent, but vision may be reduced. The head becomes so enlarged that they eventually may be bedridden.
3819:
3674:
3067:"Neurosurgery for Hydrocephalus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy"
1203:(ETV), whereby a surgically created opening in the floor of the third ventricle allows the CSF to flow directly to the
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4506:
1035:
341:
223:
3577:
Aschoff A, Kremer P, Hashemi B, Kunze S (October 1999). "The scientific history of hydrocephalus and its treatment".
881:
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is an option in some people. Complications from shunts may include overdrainage, underdrainage, mechanical failure,
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or symptomatic chronic extra-axial fluid collections which are accompanied by vomiting, headaches, and seizures.
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35:
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4044:
1345:
1134:
1031:
849:
5048:
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2086:
Oi S (1999), "Hydrocephalus
Associated with Spina Bifida: Specific Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Problems",
1931:
Dixon JF, Jones RO (June 2012). "Hydrocephalus-associated hearing loss and resolution after ventriculostomy".
1142:
Hydrocephalus treatment is surgical, creating a way for the excess fluid to drain away. In the short term, an
907:
Noncommunicating hydrocephalus, or obstructive hydrocephalus, is caused by an obstruction to the flow of CSF.
1853:"Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (Hakim-Adams Syndrome): Clinical Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment"
4939:
4695:
4513:
4365:
4355:
4199:
3892:
2708:
2537:
1888:
Satzer D, Guillaume DJ (January 2016). "Hearing loss in hydrocephalus: a review, with focus on mechanisms".
1624:
1366:
1196:
1066:
885:
743:
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Congenital hydrocephalus is present in the infant prior to birth, meaning the fetus developed hydrocephalus
345:
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4818:
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4314:
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also refers to an enlargement of cerebral ventricles and subarachnoid spaces, and is usually due to brain
790:
522:
337:
310:
219:
1013:. As opposed to hydrocephalus, this is a compensatory enlargement of the CSF-spaces in response to brain
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to appear when the person is vertical. If the person lies down, the symptoms usually vanish quickly. A
737:
The infant exhibits fretfulness, poor feeding, and frequent vomiting. As the hydrocephalus progresses,
3376:
Kestle JR, Riva-Cambrin J, Wellons JC, Kulkarni AV, Whitehead WE, Walker ML, et al. (July 2011).
2310:
1542:(1793–1875) became emperor in 1835 despite various health issues including hydrocephalus and epilepsy.
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In the pre-historic area, there were various paintings or artifacts depicting children or adults with
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Compression of the brain by the accumulating fluid eventually may cause neurological symptoms such as
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731:
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being introduced into the brain through these shunts, as they must be replaced as the person grows.
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obstruction leads to dilatation of the aqueduct, as well as the lateral and third ventricles (e.g.,
5354:
5138:
5079:
4752:
4399:
4254:
4194:
4010:
3627:
2651:"Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus"
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not be compatible with life", commented Dr. Max Muenke, a pediatric brain-defect specialist at the
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disease, describing infantile hydrocephalus as being caused by mechanical compression. He wrote:
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164:
74:
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2181:
Du
Plessis, Adré J.; Robinson, Shenandoah; Volpe, Joseph J. (2018). "Congenital Hydrocephalus".
1259:, causing symptoms of listlessness, severe headaches, irritability, light sensitivity, auditory
925:, normally narrow, may be obstructed by a number of genetic or acquired lesions (e.g., atresia,
3918:
536:(soft spot) to bulge and the head to be larger than expected. Early symptoms may also include:
525:
are located). The symptoms depend on the cause of the blockage, the person's age, and how much
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In infants with hydrocephalus, CSF builds up in the central nervous system (CNS), causing the
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1990:
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1519:, born with the condition, wrote about it in his semi-autobiographical junior fiction novel
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936:
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Because hydrocephalus can injure the brain, thought and behavior may be adversely affected.
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is a relatively typical manifestation of the distinct entity normal-pressure hydrocephalus.
479:
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379:
94:
78:
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2405:
2386:
1720:
Kahle KT, Kulkarni AV, Limbrick DD, Warf BC (February 2016). "Hydrocephalus in children".
1355:
The first clinical description of an operative procedure for hydrocephalus appears in the
1026:
951:
930:
877:
357:
236:
24:
3199:
Nagahama Y, Peters D, Kumonda S, Vesole A, Joshi C, J Dlouhy B, Kawasaki H (2017-01-24).
2742:"Hearing loss and cerebrospinal fluid pressure: case report and review of the literature"
2362:"Acquired Hydrocephalus | Conditions & Treatments | UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital"
2110:
301:. In babies, it may be seen as a rapid increase in head size. Other symptoms may include
2740:
Pogodzinski MS, Shallop JK, Sprung J, Weingarten TN, Wong GY, McDonald TJ (March 2008).
929:, hemorrhage, or tumor) and lead to dilation of both lateral ventricles, as well as the
848:
Hydrocephalus can also be caused by overproduction of CSF (relative obstruction) (e.g.,
61:
30:
This article is about the medical condition. For the creature in
American folklore, see
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4564:
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3427:"Route of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of cerebrospinal fluid-shunt infection"
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2726:(7th ed.). New York: William Wood and Company. p. 5 – via Google Books.
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Another complication can occur when CSF drains more rapidly than it is produced by the
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3476:"Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Burton A (August 2015). "Infant hydrocephalus in Africa: spreading some good news".
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1960:
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1462:
September was designated National Hydrocephalus Awareness Month in July 2009 by the
1378:
make the liquid flow out, then close the wound and tighten the skull with a bandage.
1320:
hydrocephalus. However, data on hydrocephalus disease burden in adults are lacking.
1199:). An alternative treatment for obstructive hydrocephalus in selected people is the
1109:
when the hydrocephalus occurs, the pressure may also severely enlarge the head. The
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Obstruction to CSF flow hinders its free passage through the ventricular system and
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Krishnan SR, Arafa HM, Kwon K, Deng Y, Su CJ, Reeder JT, et al. (2020-03-06).
2931:"An American surgeon pioneers surgery for kids in Uganda that helps kids in the US"
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20:
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Nagra, Gurjit; Del Bigio, Marc R. (2018). "Pathology of Pediatric Hydrocephalus".
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A one-year-old girl with hydrocephalus showing "sunset eyes", before shunt surgery
4049:
3849:
Feuillet L, Dufour H, Pelletier J (July 2007). "Brain of a white-collar worker".
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Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury: Mechanisms, Management and the Risks of Practice
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Nouwens PJ, Lucas R, Smulders NB, Embregts PJ, van Nieuwenhuizen C (July 2017).
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853:
762:
683:
467:
426:
Illustration showing different effects of hydrocephalus on the brain and cranium
422:
383:
31:
3716:
3216:
2758:
2741:
2231:
5193:
4379:
4249:
4101:
4060:
3756:
3536:
3346:
3300:
2794:
2476:
1901:
1550:
1532:
1509:
1491:", just above what would be officially classified as intellectually disabled.
1386:
Historical specimen of an infant with severe hydrocephalus, probably untreated
1280:
1190:
1159:
1014:
842:
834:
782:
778:
533:
510:
483:
471:
439:
329:
211:
3492:
3475:
3393:
3261:
2635:
2426:
Otology, Neurotology, and Lateral Skull Base Surgery: An Illustrated Handbook
2239:
1944:
1296:
pharmacological therapy may also be a sign of shunt overdrainage or failure.
5121:
4489:
4440:
4428:
4411:
4343:
4106:
4090:
4000:
3996:
2907:
2890:
1484:
1357:
1293:
1272:
1264:
1216:
1118:
988:
838:
747:
372:
251:
3870:
3775:
3724:
3598:
3501:
3460:
3411:
3354:
3318:
3269:
3234:
3160:
3037:
2980:
2916:
2842:
2767:
2686:
2599:
2580:
2484:
2296:
2215:
2056:
2002:
1952:
1909:
1871:
1741:
430:
3590:
2802:
2667:
2649:
Yadav YR, Mukerji G, Shenoy R, Basoor A, Jain G, Nelson A (January 2007).
2278:
2247:
2064:
1994:
1563:, a professional soccer player, died of hydrocephalus on October 21, 2022.
4669:
4661:
4627:
4481:
4384:
1284:
1276:
1155:
1151:
1106:
1002:
818:
637:
569:
Changes in facial appearance and eye spacing (craniofacial disproportion)
498:
459:
455:
306:
302:
286:
185:
177:
173:
3964:
5116:
3527:. In Cinalli, Giuseppe; Özek, M. Memet; Sainte-Rose, Christian (eds.).
2834:
2406:"Ventricles of the Brain: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy"
2404:
Nelson SL, Murro AM, Espay AJ, Hord ED (2022-03-11). Talavera F (ed.).
1288:
1249:
1189:
Further information on the non-invasive diagnostic medical device:
998:
629:
348:. The four types of hydrocephalus are communicating, noncommunicating,
70:
16:
Abnormal increase in cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
3979:
1557:, the inbred descendants of families of people born with hydrocephaly.
1117:
or may become blocked later in life because of a tumor growing in the
914:
obstruction may lead to dilation of one, or if large enough (e.g., in
4708:
4449:
4416:
3991:
3959:
3065:
Engelhard III HH, Sahrakar K, Pang D (2022-03-03). Talavera F (ed.).
1553:
of Ohio, Michigan, and Connecticut, an urban legend exists about the
1228:
1208:
1175:
860:
798:
751:
738:
671:
463:
378:
About one to two per 1,000 newborns have hydrocephalus. Rates in the
4964:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
2315:
1381:
1349:
1327:
1133:
1114:
1041:
1025:
966:
830:
660:
652:
598:
429:
363:
Hydrocephalus is typically treated by the surgical placement of a
278:
2387:"Hydrocephalus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology"
566:
Changes in personality, memory, or the ability to reason or think
4038:
2385:
Nelson Jr SL, Espay AJ, Hord ED (2022-02-02). Talavera F (ed.).
991:
of the cerebrospinal fluid, may play a role in the pathogenesis.
490:
475:
5052:
4122:
750:
of upward gaze). Movements become weak and the arms may become
734:
may be present even when the person is in an upright position.
320:
or be acquired later in life. Associated birth defects include
73:
of the brain. The black areas in the middle of the brain (the
2538:"Communicating and Non-communicating Hydrocephalus | Helpful"
1402:
and other neurosurgical treatment modalities were developed.
3893:"Oilers forward Colby Cave dies after suffering brain bleed"
3004:"Hydrocephalus and shunts: what the neurologist should know"
2134:
863:
obstruction is a rare, but reported, cause of hydrocephalus.
801:(subarachnoid or intraparenchymal), and is usually painful.
434:
Adult showing cranial deformity from pediatric hydrocephalus
1438:
1426:
409:
397:
133:
127:
121:
112:
103:
2263:"Congenital syphilis: A guide to diagnosis and management"
1512:
had acute obstructive hydrocephalus due to a colloid cyst.
356:. Diagnosis is typically made by physical examination and
2024:
Kaneshiro NK, Zieve D, Black B, A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
1315:
The hydrocephalus disease burden are concentrated in the
1093:
pressure that dilates the ventricles and compresses the
954:
may be obstructed due to congenital malformation (e.g.,
2705:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1097:. Compression of the nervous tissue usually results in
559:
Symptoms that may occur in older children can include:
438:
The clinical presentation of hydrocephalus varies with
3531:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 3.
3790:"Man Lives Normal Life Despite Having Abnormal Brain"
3525:"History of Hydrocephalus and Its Surgical Treatment"
1263:(sound sensitivity), hearing loss, nausea, vomiting,
1248:/light sensitivity), some extremely serious, such as
1017:
loss; it is not the result of increased CSF pressure.
136:
124:
118:
97:
3969:
130:
109:
106:
5302:
5279:
5270:
5147:
5099:
5090:
4885:
4862:
4853:
4846:
4801:
4751:
4723:
4694:
4660:
4622:
4611:
4577:
4555:
4480:
4290:
4281:
4267:
4227:
4170:
4161:
4070:
3973:
3425:Arts SH, Boogaarts HD, van Lindert EJ (June 2019).
1432:
1420:
777:This condition is acquired as a consequence of CNS
403:
391:
260:
250:
242:
229:
203:
163:
151:
115:
100:
85:
51:
46:
3008:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1009:, and even in some psychiatric disorders, such as
3050:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2865:"Hydrocephalus: Causes, symptoms, and treatments"
1390:In 1881, a few years after the landmark study of
987:) of the ventricular walls, as well as increased
715:and frequently seen in syndomic cases (mostly in
682:Other causes of congenital hydrocephalus include
3623:Death, Modernity, and the Body: Sweden 1870-1940
1474:, promote awareness and fundraising activities.
1089:associated hearing loss in the low frequencies.
757:About 80–90% of fetuses or newborn infants with
719:). Hydrocephalus has also been seen in cases of
1766:Ellenbogen RG, Abdulrauf SI, Sekhar LN (2012).
1522:The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian
1375:
895:An adult with congenital hydrocephalus in the
3656:"Man with Almost No Brain Has Led Normal Life"
1048:3D cast of lateral ventricles in hydrocephalus
845:malformations) and can cause increases in ICP.
665:Hydrocephalus in a child with kleeblattschadel
5064:
4134:
1150:. It involves the placement of a ventricular
8:
521:, where the neural centers coordinating the
3705:Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
3431:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1796:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1
1535:at birth, which resulted in this condition.
386:dates back more than 2,000 years. The word
273:is a condition in which an accumulation of
5276:
5096:
5071:
5057:
5049:
4859:
4850:
4619:
4287:
4278:
4167:
4141:
4127:
4119:
3970:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
2526:. Cambridge University Press. p. 106.
2261:Arnold SR, Ford-Jones EL (November 2000).
1677:
1675:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
572:Crossed eyes or uncontrolled eye movements
60:
43:
3765:
3755:
3491:
3450:
3401:
3308:
3224:
3027:
2906:
2757:
2676:
2666:
2589:
2579:
2311:"What You Should Know About Macrocephaly"
2286:
1830:(29th ed.). W.B. Saunders Co. 2000.
1822:
1820:
1799:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 621.
1772:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 105.
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1761:
1759:
1497:National Human Genome Research Institute
1450:
890:
594:Loss of coordination and trouble walking
421:
5256:Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria
2423:Adunka O, Buchman C (11 October 2010).
1828:Dorland's electronic medical dictionary
1573:
880:(also called arachnoid granulations or
5345:Congenital disorders of nervous system
4930:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
4603:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
3965:Guidelines for pediatric hydrocephalus
3658:. Fox News. 2007-07-25. Archived from
3043:
2524:Essentials of Pediatric Anesthesiology
1332:Skull of a hydrocephalic child (1800s)
454:Symptoms of increased ICP may include
2889:Yadav YR, Parihar V, Sinha M (2010).
2816:
2814:
2812:
2735:
2733:
2611:
2609:
2339:. Spinabifidamoms.com. Archived from
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1275:, seizures, a change in personality,
1166:), but alternative sites include the
975:from vascular dementia as seen on MRI
7:
4781:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
3820:"Man with tiny brain shocks doctors"
3667:"Man with tiny brain shocks doctors"
3205:Epilepsy & Behavior Case Reports
2216:"Hydrocephalus and craniosynostosis"
2090:, Springer Japan, pp. 177–184,
1933:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
1883:
1881:
3382:Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics
3335:Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics
3250:Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics
2562:Martin BA, Loth F (December 2009).
2465:Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics
1489:Borderline intellectual functioning
1038:with hydrocephalus shown on CT scan
5082:malformations and deformations of
5012:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
3176:"Pharmacology of Shunt Infections"
2499:"Different Types of Hydrocephalus"
2191:10.1016/B978-0-323-42876-7.00003-X
1769:Principles of Neurological Surgery
1529:Prince William, Duke of Gloucester
1138:Baby recovering from shunt surgery
529:has been damaged by the swelling.
482:, with resulting life-threatening
281:. This typically causes increased
14:
4715:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
4518:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
3830:from the original on 26 July 2013
1635:from the original on 27 July 2016
1531:(1689–1700), probably contracted
584:Irritability, poor temper control
540:Eyes that appear to gaze downward
4735:For more detailed coverage, see
4713:For more detailed coverage, see
4684:For more detailed coverage, see
4650:For more detailed coverage, see
4601:For more detailed coverage, see
3104:from the original on 2023-07-08.
2618:Complications in neuroanesthesia
2503:Advanced Neurosurgery Associates
2443:from the original on 5 July 2014
2183:Volpe's Neurology of the Newborn
1813:from the original on 2016-12-21.
1709:from the original on 2016-12-21.
1201:endoscopic third ventriculostomy
523:conjugated vertical eye movement
93:
5208:Agenesis of the corpus callosum
3925:from the original on 2013-05-20
3796:. July 19, 2007. Archived from
3585:(2–3): 67–93, discussion 94–5.
3174:Benner KW, Spellen S, Jeske A.
2941:from the original on 2016-03-02
2746:Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal
2131:"The Hydrocephalus Association"
884:), which are located along the
563:Brief, shrill, high-pitched cry
316:Hydrocephalus can occur due to
3443:10.1002/14651858.CD012902.pub2
2522:Kaye A, Fox C, Diaz J (2014).
2267:Paediatrics & Child Health
2158:10.1007/978-3-319-31889-9_43-1
1113:may be blocked at the time of
711:, being a constant feature of
636:). About one in four develops
1:
5028:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
4913:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
4771:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
3863:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61127-1
3632:University of Rochester Press
3153:10.1016/s0887-8994(02)00500-3
2973:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00138-6
2707:. August 2005. Archived from
1734:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60694-8
981:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
604:Slow growth (child 0–5 years)
480:uncal or tonsillar herniation
311:downward pointing of the eyes
4997:Progressive muscular atrophy
3688:. 2007-07-24. Archived from
3673:. 2007-07-20. Archived from
2783:British Journal of Audiology
2568:Cerebrospinal Fluid Research
2366:www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org
1439:
1427:
410:
398:
222:, brain bleed during birth,
5174:other reduction deformities
4507:Primary progressive aphasia
3084:Greenberg MS (2010-02-15).
3020:10.1136/jnnp.73.suppl_1.i17
3002:Pople IK (September 2002).
1896:(1): 13–24, discussion 25.
1036:intraventricular hemorrhage
918:), both lateral ventricles.
617:Slow or restricted movement
503:Focal neurological deficits
342:intraventricular hemorrhage
256:Variable, often normal life
224:intraventricular hemorrhage
69:Hydrocephalus as seen on a
5376:
5350:Disorders causing seizures
4829:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
4535:Posterior cortical atrophy
4356:Striatonigral degeneration
4207:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
3717:10.1352/1934-9556-52.6.419
3217:10.1016/j.ebcr.2016.12.003
2935:Public Radio International
2759:10.1177/014556130808700308
2701:"Hydrocephalus Fact Sheet"
2232:10.3171/jns.1998.88.2.0209
1693:Cambridge University Press
1625:"Hydrocephalus Fact Sheet"
1472:One Small Voice Foundation
1433:
1421:
1352:in the second century AD.
1188:
1164:ventriculoperitoneal shunt
1144:external ventricular drain
696:Arnold–Chiari malformation
517:due to compression of the
442:. Acute dilatation of the
404:
392:
297:, personality changes, or
29:
18:
4935:Spinal muscular atrophies
4903:Primary lateral sclerosis
4761:Intracranial hypertension
4541:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3824:New Scientist and Reuters
3757:10.1186/s12888-017-1426-8
3682:"Tiny Brain, Normal Life"
3537:10.1007/978-3-319-27250-4
3347:10.3171/2018.10.PEDS18420
3301:10.1038/s41746-020-0239-1
2891:"Lumbar peritoneal shunt"
2795:10.3109/03005369009076554
2616:Hemanshu P (2016-02-29).
2477:10.3171/2009.10.peds08454
2429:. Thieme. pp. 353–.
1902:10.1007/s10143-015-0650-2
1105:bones are not completely
1099:irreversible brain damage
956:Dandy–Walker malformation
827:interventricular foramina
587:Loss of bladder control (
324:and those that result in
283:pressure inside the skull
68:
59:
36:Hydrocephalus (trilobite)
34:. For the trilobite, see
5160:Congenital hydrocephalus
5002:Progressive bulbar palsy
4793:Intracranial hypotension
4776:Choroid plexus papilloma
4190:Herpesviral encephalitis
3493:10.3171/2017.10.JNS17439
3394:10.3171/2011.4.PEDS10551
3262:10.3171/2009.4.PEDS09103
3087:Handbook of Neurosurgery
2869:www.medicalnewstoday.com
1945:10.1177/0194599811431234
1007:traumatic brain injuries
882:Pacchioni's granulations
878:arachnoidal granulations
850:choroid plexus papilloma
769:—develop hydrocephalus.
505:may also occur, such as
285:. Older people may have
277:(CSF) occurs within the
19:Not to be confused with
4514:Frontotemporal dementia
4200:Encephalitis lethargica
3529:Pediatric Hydrocephalus
3480:Journal of Neurosurgery
3022:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2908:10.4103/0028-3886.63778
2220:Journal of Neurosurgery
2150:Pediatric Hydrocephalus
1197:lumbar-peritoneal shunt
1180:ventriculopleural shunt
1067:intellectual disability
886:superior sagittal sinus
799:intracranial hemorrhage
761:—often associated with
744:mesencephalic tegmentum
367:. A procedure called a
346:subarachnoid hemorrhage
328:. Other causes include
196:, personality changes,
4819:Hepatic encephalopathy
2581:10.1186/1743-8454-6-17
2057:10.1006/brln.1998.1843
1540:Ferdinand I of Austria
1459:
1387:
1380:
1333:
1223:External hydrocephalus
1172:ventriculoatrial shunt
1139:
1049:
1039:
995:Hydrocephalus ex vacuo
976:
899:
825:or obstruction of the
666:
658:
630:short-term memory loss
435:
427:
402:, meaning 'water' and
338:traumatic brain injury
235:Based on symptoms and
220:traumatic brain injury
81:and filled with fluid.
5213:Septo-optic dysplasia
5165:Dandy–Walker syndrome
4877:Ataxia–telangiectasia
4834:Static encephalopathy
4557:Mitochondrial disease
4395:Spasmodic torticollis
4305:Basal ganglia disease
3591:10.1007/s101430050035
2961:The Lancet. Neurology
2668:10.1186/1471-2377-7-1
1995:10.1148/rg.2019190018
1454:
1385:
1331:
1279:in the arms or legs,
1137:
1047:
1029:
970:
894:
732:posterior fontanelles
692:Dandy–Walker syndrome
664:
656:
626:Learning disabilities
433:
425:
369:third ventriculostomy
172:: rapid head growth,
4824:Toxic encephalopathy
4530:Lewy bodies dementia
3919:"Man of many tribes"
3579:Neurosurgical Review
3289:npj Digital Medicine
3180:www.uspharmacist.com
3014:(suppl 1): i17–i22.
2620:. Elsevier Science.
1890:Neurosurgical Review
1866:(Suppl 5): 737–744.
1860:Psychiatria Danubina
1685:, Benitz WE (2003).
1431:meaning 'water' and
1233:subdural hemorrhages
589:urinary incontinence
578:Excessive sleepiness
495:urinary incontinence
295:urinary incontinence
194:urinary incontinence
5139:Chiari malformation
4872:Friedreich's ataxia
4255:Meningoencephalitis
4195:Limbic encephalitis
3628:Rochester, New York
3523:Cinalli, G (2019).
3141:Pediatric Neurology
3120:www.reliasmedia.com
2279:10.1093/pch/5.8.463
1406:Society and culture
1239:Shunt complications
952:foramen of Magendie
948:foramina of Luschka
941:Chiari malformation
923:aqueduct of Sylvius
721:congenital syphilis
597:Muscle spasticity (
519:quadrigeminal plate
509:palsy and vertical
326:aqueductal stenosis
322:neural tube defects
275:cerebrospinal fluid
208:Neural tube defects
5360:Ventricular system
5310:Currarino syndrome
5281:Neural tube defect
5223:Hemimegalencephaly
5189:Microlissencephaly
5101:Neural tube defect
4908:Pseudobulbar palsy
4646:Status epilepticus
4597:Multiple sclerosis
4434:Myoclonic epilepsy
4297:movement disorders
4243:Acute disseminated
4185:Viral encephalitis
4071:External resources
3800:on August 28, 2007
3794:The Globe and Mail
2835:10.1002/lary.24553
2724:Physical diagnosis
2542:www.hydroassoc.org
2185:. pp. 58–72.
2045:Brain and Language
1728:(10020): 788–799.
1508:Ice hockey player
1460:
1447:Awareness campaign
1419:is from the Greek
1388:
1361:(1,000 AD) by the
1334:
1140:
1071:epileptic seizures
1050:
1040:
977:
900:
815:subarachnoid space
667:
659:
634:precocious puberty
608:Delayed milestones
575:Difficulty feeding
444:ventricular system
436:
428:
418:Signs and symptoms
414:, meaning 'head'.
390:is from the Greek
75:lateral ventricles
55:Water on the brain
5332:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5266:
5265:
5179:Holoprosencephaly
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
4842:
4841:
4747:
4746:
4686:Template:Headache
4652:Template:Epilepsy
4573:
4572:
4547:Vascular dementia
4390:Status dystonicus
4263:
4262:
4238:Encephalomyelitis
4116:
4115:
3546:978-3-319-27248-1
2937:. 22 April 2015.
2722:Cabot RC (1919).
2436:978-3-13-149621-8
2200:978-0-323-42876-7
2167:978-3-319-31889-9
2152:. pp. 1–25.
2097:978-4-431-70260-3
1793:Ferri FF (2016).
1779:978-1-4377-0701-4
1631:. April 5, 2016.
1547:American folklore
1160:peritoneal cavity
1111:cerebral aqueduct
1087:Ménière's disease
1001:(as it occurs in
823:cerebral aqueduct
705:premature infants
677:fetal development
613:Failure to thrive
549:Separated sutures
515:Parinaud syndrome
489:Hakim's triad of
299:mental impairment
268:
267:
231:Diagnostic method
198:mental impairment
41:Medical condition
5367:
5315:Diastomatomyelia
5277:
5097:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5050:
4860:
4851:
4809:Brain herniation
4620:
4460:Intention tremor
4455:Essential tremor
4320:Postencephalitic
4288:
4279:
4168:
4149:Diseases of the
4143:
4136:
4129:
4120:
3971:
3943:
3942:Somerset, p. 116
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3921:. Star Tribune.
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3899:. April 11, 2020
3889:
3883:
3882:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3826:. 20 July 2007.
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3769:
3759:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3678:
3663:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3620:Åhrén E (2009).
3617:
3611:
3610:
3574:
3559:
3558:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3495:
3486:(4): 1065–1079.
3471:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3041:
3031:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2829:(8): 1923–1927.
2823:The Laryngoscope
2818:
2807:
2806:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2670:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2133:. Archived from
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1989:(6): 1598–1610.
1978:
1965:
1964:
1939:(6): 1037–1039.
1928:
1922:
1921:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1621:
1478:Exceptional case
1457:awareness ribbon
1442:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1317:developing world
1211:by neurosurgeon
1154:(a tube made of
1046:
937:Fourth ventricle
912:Foramen of Monro
903:Noncommunicating
767:myelomeningocele
717:Crouzon syndrome
713:kleeblattschadel
709:craniosynostosis
451:(Adams' triad).
413:
407:
406:
401:
395:
394:
380:developing world
293:, poor balance,
192:, poor balance,
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
79:abnormally large
64:
44:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5324:
5298:
5262:
5199:Hydranencephaly
5143:
5086:
5077:
5047:
5034:
4960:Congenital DSMA
4881:
4838:
4797:
4743:
4731:Sleep disorders
4719:
4696:Cerebrovascular
4690:
4656:
4613:
4607:
4569:
4551:
4476:
4422:Choreoathetosis
4295:
4272:
4259:
4223:
4157:
4147:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4066:
4065:
3982:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3928:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3680:
3665:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3576:
3575:
3562:
3547:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3437:(6): CD012902.
3424:
3423:
3419:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3098:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3042:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2944:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2895:Neurology India
2888:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2820:
2819:
2810:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2628:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2507:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2111:"Hydrocephalus"
2109:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2026:"Hydrocephalus"
2023:
2022:
2018:
1980:
1979:
1968:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1807:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1703:
1695:. p. 117.
1681:
1680:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1655:"Hydrocephalus"
1653:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1575:
1570:
1505:
1480:
1468:H.Res. 373
1449:
1413:
1408:
1326:
1313:
1241:
1225:
1193:
1132:
1127:
1075:juncture points
1042:
1024:
965:
931:third ventricle
905:
873:
807:
775:
688:arachnoid cysts
651:
646:
420:
358:medical imaging
354:normal pressure
237:medical imaging
180:
147:
96:
92:
42:
39:
28:
25:Hydranencephaly
17:
12:
11:
5:
5373:
5371:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5337:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5285:
5283:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5251:Polymicrogyria
5247:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5242:Schizencephaly
5239:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5218:Megalencephaly
5215:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5105:
5103:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5084:nervous system
5078:
5076:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5053:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5009:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4932:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4857:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4788:Cerebral edema
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4757:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4737:Template:Sleep
4727:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4617:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4565:Leigh syndrome
4561:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4486:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4301:
4299:
4292:Extrapyramidal
4285:
4276:
4274:encephalopathy
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4234:
4232:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4176:
4174:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4151:nervous system
4148:
4146:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4123:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4098:
4087:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4052:
4041:
4030:
4003:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:Classification
3968:
3967:
3962:
3951:
3950:External links
3948:
3945:
3944:
3935:
3910:
3884:
3841:
3811:
3781:
3744:BMC Psychiatry
3730:
3711:(6): 419–443.
3695:
3692:on 2007-10-01.
3677:on 2015-07-12.
3662:on 2007-09-16.
3647:
3640:
3634:. p. 53.
3612:
3560:
3545:
3515:
3466:
3417:
3368:
3341:(5): 559–567.
3324:
3275:
3256:(4): 394–396.
3240:
3191:
3166:
3147:(2): 139–141.
3131:
3107:
3096:
3076:
3057:
2994:
2967:(8): 789–790.
2951:
2922:
2901:(2): 179–184.
2881:
2856:
2808:
2789:(3): 179–187.
2773:
2752:(3): 144–147.
2729:
2714:
2711:on 2016-07-27.
2692:
2641:
2626:
2605:
2554:
2529:
2514:
2490:
2471:(4): 342–345.
2454:
2435:
2415:
2396:
2377:
2353:
2337:"Spina Bifida"
2328:
2302:
2273:(8): 463–469.
2253:
2226:(2): 209–214.
2206:
2199:
2173:
2166:
2140:
2137:on 2006-08-20.
2122:
2102:
2096:
2078:
2051:(3): 309–334.
2035:
2016:
1966:
1923:
1877:
1843:
1836:
1816:
1805:
1785:
1778:
1755:
1712:
1701:
1671:
1646:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1543:
1536:
1526:
1517:Sherman Alexie
1513:
1504:
1501:
1479:
1476:
1455:Hydrocephalus
1448:
1445:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1400:cerebral shunt
1325:
1322:
1312:
1309:
1257:choroid plexus
1240:
1237:
1224:
1221:
1205:basal cisterns
1176:pleural cavity
1148:cerebral shunt
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1095:nervous tissue
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
992:
971:Hydrocephalus
964:
961:
960:
959:
944:
934:
919:
904:
901:
872:
869:
865:
864:
857:
846:
806:
803:
774:
771:
650:
647:
645:
642:
622:
621:
618:
615:
610:
605:
602:
595:
592:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
507:abducens nerve
419:
416:
305:, sleepiness,
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
254:
248:
247:
244:
240:
239:
233:
227:
226:
205:
201:
200:
176:, sleepiness,
167:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
146:
145:
89:
87:
83:
82:
66:
65:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5372:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5321:
5320:Syringomyelia
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5184:Lissencephaly
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5134:Encephalocele
5132:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5069:
5067:
5062:
5060:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:Reye syndrome
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4766:Hydrocephalus
4764:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4579:Demyelinating
4576:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Restless legs
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4405:Blepharospasm
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:Hemiballismus
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4212:Brain abscess
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4108:
4107:Hydrocephalus
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:Hydrocephalus
3954:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3936:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3857:(9583): 262.
3856:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3672:
3671:New Scientist
3668:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3641:9781580463126
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3097:9781604063264
3093:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:BMC Neurology
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2627:9780128040751
2623:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2455:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2343:on 2013-11-01
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:Radiographics
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1837:9780721694931
1833:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1806:9780323448383
1802:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1702:9780521806916
1698:
1694:
1691:. Cambridge:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1503:Notable cases
1502:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:U.S. Congress
1458:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1429:
1418:
1417:hydrocephalus
1410:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:Carl Wernicke
1393:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1371:neurosurgical
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1285:double vision
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:hyperesthesia
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:Benjamin Warf
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1032:intracerebral
1028:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1011:schizophrenia
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
986:
982:
979:
978:
974:
969:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
942:
938:
935:
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:
913:
910:
909:
908:
902:
898:
893:
889:
887:
883:
879:
871:Communicating
870:
868:
862:
858:
855:
851:
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:secondary to
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:
810:
804:
802:
800:
796:
795:toxoplasmosis
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
735:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
700:cranial bones
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
673:
663:
655:
648:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
603:
600:
596:
593:
590:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
561:
560:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:
537:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
493:instability,
492:
487:
486:compression.
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
449:Hakim's triad
445:
441:
432:
424:
417:
415:
412:
400:
389:
388:hydrocephalus
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:birth defects
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:double vision
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:Hydrocephalus
263:
259:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
234:
232:
228:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
202:
199:
195:
191:
190:double vision
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
166:
162:
159:
156:
154:
150:
141:
91:
90:
88:
86:Pronunciation
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
63:
58:
54:
50:
47:Hydrocephalus
45:
37:
33:
26:
22:
5294:Rachischisis
5289:Spina bifida
5237:Porencephaly
5229:
5173:
5159:
5155:Microcephaly
5127:Iniencephaly
5022:
4921:
4894:
4855:Degenerative
4765:
4592:Inflammatory
4539:
4472:Stiff-person
4310:Parkinsonism
4283:Degenerative
4180:Encephalitis
4163:Inflammation
4153:, primarily
4100:
4089:
4078:
4054:
4043:
4032:
4005:
3986:
3938:
3927:. Retrieved
3913:
3901:. Retrieved
3896:
3887:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3832:. Retrieved
3823:
3814:
3802:. Retrieved
3798:the original
3793:
3784:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3690:the original
3686:ScienceDaily
3685:
3675:the original
3670:
3660:the original
3650:
3622:
3615:
3582:
3578:
3528:
3518:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3388:(1): 22–29.
3385:
3381:
3371:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3183:. Retrieved
3179:
3169:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3123:. Retrieved
3119:
3110:
3086:
3079:
3070:
3060:
3046:cite journal
3011:
3007:
2997:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2943:. Retrieved
2934:
2925:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2873:. Retrieved
2871:. 2017-12-07
2868:
2859:
2826:
2822:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2749:
2745:
2723:
2717:
2709:the original
2704:
2695:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2617:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2546:. Retrieved
2544:. 2020-02-21
2541:
2532:
2523:
2517:
2506:. Retrieved
2502:
2493:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2425:
2418:
2409:
2399:
2390:
2380:
2369:. Retrieved
2365:
2356:
2345:. Retrieved
2341:the original
2331:
2320:. Retrieved
2314:
2305:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2182:
2176:
2149:
2143:
2135:the original
2125:
2114:. Retrieved
2105:
2088:Spina Bifida
2087:
2081:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2029:
2019:
1986:
1982:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1893:
1889:
1863:
1859:
1846:
1827:
1795:
1788:
1768:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1687:
1683:Stevenson DK
1662:. Retrieved
1658:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1628:
1520:
1493:
1481:
1461:
1416:
1414:
1389:
1376:
1356:
1354:
1338:macrocephaly
1335:
1314:
1311:Epidemiology
1306:
1302:
1298:
1254:
1242:
1226:
1194:
1168:right atrium
1141:
1091:
1083:
1079:medical sign
1060:
1051:
1030:Spontaneous
994:
972:
916:colloid cyst
906:
874:
866:
808:
787:brain tumors
776:
759:spina bifida
756:
736:
725:
681:
670:
668:
628:, including
623:
558:
543:Irritability
531:
527:brain tissue
488:
453:
437:
387:
377:
365:shunt system
362:
349:
334:brain tumors
315:
270:
269:
216:brain tumors
182:Older people
181:
169:
158:Neurosurgery
21:Hypocephalus
5272:Spinal cord
5109:Anencephaly
5007:Fazio–Londe
4847:Both/either
4641:Generalised
4500:Early-onset
4495:Alzheimer's
4230:spinal cord
4080:MedlinePlus
2030:MedlinePlus
1639:5 September
1561:Masato Kudo
1555:melon heads
1342:Hippocrates
1246:photophobia
1184:gallbladder
1063:convulsions
1055:spinal cord
927:ependymitis
897:Philippines
854:hypertrophy
835:hemorrhages
791:head trauma
763:meningocele
684:neural-tube
468:papilledema
384:Hippocrates
52:Other names
32:Melon heads
5355:Pediatrics
5339:Categories
5194:Pachygyria
5080:Congenital
4615:paroxysmal
4587:Autoimmune
4380:Dyskinesia
4250:Meningitis
4228:Brain and
4102:Patient UK
4056:DiseasesDB
3929:2014-01-29
3750:(1): 257.
3185:2022-05-18
3125:2022-05-17
3090:. Thieme.
2945:2016-02-10
2875:2022-05-18
2548:2022-05-17
2508:2022-05-17
2371:2020-04-09
2347:2014-01-29
2322:2022-05-17
2116:2022-05-16
1568:References
1533:meningitis
1510:Colby Cave
1348:physician
1281:strabismus
1191:ShuntCheck
1130:Procedures
1125:Treatments
1077:. Another
1015:parenchyma
985:elasticity
859:Bilateral
852:, villous
843:congenital
839:infections
783:meningitis
779:infections
649:Congenital
552:Sleepiness
534:fontanelle
511:gaze palsy
484:brain stem
472:sleepiness
440:chronicity
330:meningitis
212:meningitis
5122:Acalvaria
4612:Episodic/
4490:Tauopathy
4441:Akathisia
4429:Myoclonus
4412:Athetosis
4344:Tauopathy
4096:neuro/161
4091:eMedicine
3664:Also see
3555:128359318
3295:(1): 29.
3211:: 34–36.
2636:939553425
2574:(1): 17.
2447:12 August
2240:0022-3085
2011:203924869
1485:Marseille
1415:The word
1394:and Key,
1367:Abulcasis
1358:Al-Tasrif
1294:analgesic
1273:migraines
1265:dizziness
1217:infection
1119:brainstem
1101:. If the
1022:Mechanism
1003:dementias
989:viscosity
752:tremulous
748:paralysis
686:defects,
581:Headaches
456:headaches
373:infection
287:headaches
261:Frequency
252:Prognosis
243:Treatment
186:Headaches
153:Specialty
5231:CNS cyst
5113:Acephaly
4978:SMALED2B
4973:SMALED2A
4670:Migraine
4662:Headache
4628:epilepsy
4624:Seizures
4482:Dementia
4385:Dystonia
3923:Archived
3871:17658396
3828:Archived
3804:July 15,
3776:28716016
3725:25409130
3607:10077885
3599:10547004
3510:13859207
3502:29701543
3461:31163089
3412:21721884
3363:73507028
3355:30797206
3319:32195364
3270:19795973
3235:28348960
3161:12699866
3102:Archived
3071:Medscape
3038:12185257
2989:35920581
2981:26091960
2939:Archived
2917:20508332
2851:24667376
2843:24318317
2768:18404909
2687:17204141
2600:20043856
2485:20367337
2441:Archived
2410:Medscape
2391:Medscape
2297:20177559
2073:13336454
2003:31589570
1961:38240969
1953:22166958
1918:24439157
1910:26280639
1872:32160166
1811:Archived
1750:27947722
1742:26256071
1707:Archived
1633:Archived
1538:Emperor
1365:surgeon
1277:weakness
1250:seizures
1156:silastic
1152:catheter
1107:ossified
1005:), post-
973:ex vacuo
861:ureteric
819:stenosis
773:Acquired
728:anterior
672:in utero
638:epilepsy
620:Vomiting
555:Vomiting
546:Seizures
499:dementia
460:vomiting
350:ex vacuo
307:seizures
303:vomiting
178:seizures
174:vomiting
165:Symptoms
5117:Acrania
4990:SMA-PME
4985:SMA-PCH
4968:SMALED1
4680:Tension
4675:Cluster
4400:Meige's
4217:Amoebic
4050:D006849
3879:7382008
3767:5512980
3452:6548496
3403:3153415
3310:7060317
3226:5357741
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