710:(hCG). This stimulates the LH receptor, thereby promoting testosterone synthesis. This will not be effective in men whose testes simply cannot synthesize testosterone anymore (primary hypogonadism), and the failure of hCG therapy is further support for the existence of true testicular failure in a patient. It is particularly indicated in men with hypogonadism who wish to retain their fertility, as it does not suppress
160:; annual patient evaluation regarding possible notable improvement and, if none, to discontinue testosterone treatment; physicians should consider intramuscular treatments, rather than transdermal treatments, due to costs and since the effectiveness and harm of either method is similar; and, testosterone treatment for reasons other than possible improvement of sexual dysfunction may not be recommended.
645:
calculation based on total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels, has been found to be the worst predictor of free testosterone levels and should not be used. Measurement by equilibrium dialysis or mass spectroscopy is generally required for accurate results, particularly for free testosterone which is normally present in very small concentrations.
587:
Contrast with a young woman or teen, who would have hypogonadism rather than menopause. This is because hypogonadism is an abnormality, whereas menopause is a normal change in hormone levels. In any case, the LH and FSH levels will rise in cases of primary hypogonadism or menopause, while they will be low in women with secondary or tertiary hypogonadism.
207:) to distinguish primary from secondary hypogonadism. In primary hypogonadism the LH and/or FSH are usually elevated, meaning the problem is in the testicles (hyper-gonatropic hypogonadism); whereas in secondary hypogonadism, both are normal or low, suggesting the problem is in the brain (hypo-gonatropic hypogonadism).
561:, a subtype of hypogonadism, include late, incomplete or lack of development at puberty, and sometimes short stature or the inability to smell; in females, a lack of breasts and menstrual periods, and in males a lack of sexual development, e.g., facial hair, penis and testes enlargement, deepening voice.
644:
A position statement by the
Endocrine Society expressed dissatisfaction with most assays for total, free, and bioavailable testosterone. In particular, research has questioned the validity of commonly administered assays of free testosterone by radioimmunoassay. The free androgen index, essentially a
622:
Normal total testosterone levels depend on the man's age but generally range from 240 to 950 ng/dL (nanograms per deciliter) or 8.3–32.9 nmol/L (nanomoles per liter). According to
American Urological Association, the diagnosis of low testosterone can be supported when the total testosterone
618:
can be identified through a simple blood test performed by a laboratory, ordered by a health care provider. Blood for the test must be taken in the morning hours, when levels are highest, as levels can drop by as much as 13% during the day and all normal reference ranges are based on morning levels.
635:
The standard range given is based on widely varying ages and, given that testosterone levels naturally decrease as humans age, age-group specific averages should be taken into consideration when discussing treatment between doctor and patient. In men, testosterone falls approximately 1 to 3 percent
586:
is believed to be happening. These levels change during a woman's normal menstrual cycle, so the history of having ceased menstruation coupled with high levels aids the diagnosis of being menopausal. Commonly, the post-menopausal woman is not called hypogonadal if she is of typical menopausal age.
194:
defects. The term is less commonly used for infertility without hormone deficiency. There are many possible types of hypogonadism and several ways to categorize them. Hypogonadism is also categorized by endocrinologists by the level of the reproductive system that is defective. Physicians measure
1186:
310:(IHH), also called idiopathic or congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) as well as isolated or congenital gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency (IGD) accounts for a small subset of cases of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) due to deficiency in or insensitivity to
631:
Treatment is often prescribed for total testosterone levels below 230 ng/dL with symptoms. If the serum total testosterone level is between 230 and 350 ng/dL, free or bioavailable testosterone should be checked as they are frequently low when the total is marginal.
755:
1791:
721:
treatment, which can stimulate the body to naturally increase hormone levels while avoiding infertility and other side effects that can result from direct hormone replacement therapy. Clomifene blocks estrogen from binding to some estrogen receptors in the
627:
to help determine why their testosterone levels are low and help choose the most appropriate treatment (most notably, testosterone is usually not appropriate for secondary or tertiary forms of male hypogonadism, in which the LH levels are usually reduced).
623:
level is below 300 ng/dl. Some men with normal total testosterone have low free or bioavailable testosterone levels which could still account for their symptoms. Men with low serum testosterone levels should have other hormones checked, particularly
1628:
1342:
Qaseem A, Horwitch CA, Vijan S, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, et al. (January 2020). "Testosterone
Treatment in Adult Men With Age-Related Low Testosterone: A Clinical Guideline From the American College of Physicians".
2288:
2265:
2250:
748:
741:
2026:
Matsumoto AM, Sandblom RE, Schoene RB, Lee KA, Giblin EC, Pierson DJ, Bremner WJ (June 1985). "Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men: effects on obstructive sleep apnoea, respiratory drives, and sleep".
1636:
1279:
2684:
393:
Opioid
Induced Androgen Deficiency (resulting from the prolonged use of opioid class drugs, e.g. codeine, Dihydrocodeine, morphine, oxycodone, methadone, fentanyl, hydromorphone, etc.)
1585:
Crawford ED, Barqawi AB, O'Donnell C, Morgentaler A (September 2007). "The association of time of day and serum testosterone concentration in a large screening population".
190:. The term hypogonadism usually means permanent rather than transient or reversible defects, and usually implies deficiency of reproductive hormones, with or without
2475:
2204:
304:, where there are inadequate receptors to bind the testosterone, resulting in varying clinical phenotypes of sexual characteristics despite XY chromosomes.
2410:
2603:
2518:
2513:
109:
Hypogonadism, commonly referred to by the symptom "low testosterone" or "Low T", can also decrease other hormones secreted by the gonads including
2508:
307:
177:
731:
153:
2503:
1720:
Nieschlag E, Swerdloff R, Behre HM, Gooren LJ, Kaufman JM, Legros JJ, Lunenfeld B, Morley JE, Schulman C, Wang C, Weidner W, Wu FC (2006).
1979:"Adverse cardiovascular events and mortality in men during testosterone treatment: an individual patient and aggregate data meta-analysis"
684:
and other heart diseases)is not increased. The long-term safety of the therapy is not known yet. Side effects can include an elevation of
2704:
2303:
1943:
2679:
1801:
182:
Deficiency of sex hormones can result in defective primary or secondary sexual development, or withdrawal effects (e.g., premature
2694:
2689:
2658:
2623:
2498:
301:
2628:
2403:
1902:
Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, Hodis HN, Matsumoto AM, Snyder PJ, Swerdloff RS, Wu FC, Yialamas MA (May 2018).
1307:
727:
662:
558:
311:
221:
169:
145:
1822:"Position statement: Utility, limitations, and pitfalls in measuring testosterone: an Endocrine Society position statement"
137:(ovulation) may be impaired by hypogonadism, which, depending on the degree of severity, may result in partial or complete
2633:
2598:
256:
173:
703:
While historically, men with prostate cancer risk were warned against testosterone therapy, that has shown to be a myth.
2709:
2699:
2643:
2613:
2470:
707:
666:
579:
204:
1650:
473:; in both cases, fertility is reduced until hormones are replaced but can be achieved solely with hormone replacement.
440:
2653:
2534:
1722:"Investigation, treatment, and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males: ISA, ISSAM, and EAU recommendations"
1170:
960:
494:
2480:
2440:
2435:
2396:
1239:
1079:
1039:
965:
928:
891:
886:
790:
357:, also called hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Hemochromatosis and diabetes mellitus can be causes of this as well.
350:
149:
118:
1863:"A mathematical comparison of techniques to predict biologically available testosterone in a cohort of 1072 men"
1629:"UroToday - The Association of Time of Day and Serum Testosterone Concentration in a Large Screening Population"
2608:
2314:
2080:
Morgentaler A (November 2006). "Testosterone and prostate cancer: an historical perspective on a modern myth".
1202:
1154:
806:
2638:
1095:
1059:
697:
433:
1218:
1138:
1111:
1068:
673:
530:
418:
268:
260:
114:
1034:
923:
152:
treatment in adult men with age-related low levels of testosterone. The guidelines are supported by the
1762:
2618:
2158:"Select patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism may respond to treatment with clomiphene citrate"
1234:
1055:
599:
538:
526:
477:
378:
339:
264:
229:
225:
1977:
Hudson J, Cruickshank M, Quinton R, Aucott L, Aceves-Martins M, Gillies K, et al. (June 2022).
2648:
2578:
2292:
785:
624:
575:
481:
409:
200:
240:
is known to cause testicular failure, and in recent years has been immunized against in the US. A
2571:
2062:
1959:
1904:"Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline"
1610:
1368:
944:
907:
822:
412:
315:
157:
1676:
Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, Kurtz EG, Redmon JB, Chiles KA, et al. (August 2018).
734:(SERM). Generally, clomifene does not have adverse effects at the doses used for this purpose.
2490:
2354:
2325:
2259:
2179:
2138:
2097:
2054:
2008:
1925:
1884:
1843:
1797:
1743:
1699:
1602:
1567:
1526:
1360:
1321:
470:
354:
279:
47:
1258:
Men produce about 3 to 11 mg of testosterone per day (mean 7 mg/day in young men).
2593:
2588:
2419:
2169:
2128:
2089:
2044:
2036:
1998:
1990:
1951:
1950:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. February 6, 2023.
1915:
1874:
1833:
1733:
1689:
1594:
1557:
1516:
1352:
1301:
1297:
396:
1793:
Keep it up : the power of precision medicine to conquer low T and revitalize your life
2583:
2559:
2427:
1787:
1316:
1312:
1284:
838:
711:
591:
506:
466:
382:
374:
335:
331:
290:
286:
233:
130:
103:
91:
2365:
2222:
653:
Screening males who do not have symptoms for hypogonadism is not recommended as of 2018.
436:(LOH), and "andropause" or androgen decline in the aging male (ADAM), among other names.
2040:
2003:
1978:
1562:
1545:
1521:
1504:
1014:
425:
106:. These are responsible for the observed signs and symptoms in both males and females.
2297:
1994:
2673:
2566:
2445:
2174:
2157:
1963:
1598:
1372:
1293:
541:. Signs and symptoms of central hypogonadism may involve headaches, impaired vision,
510:
52:
1614:
2066:
854:
723:
693:
689:
681:
615:
546:
522:
275:
248:
196:
110:
87:
76:
2216:
1491:
1449:
1419:
424:
In males, normal aging causes a decrease in androgens, which is sometimes called "
156:. The guidelines include patient discussions regarding testosterone treatment for
2319:
2093:
696:(growth of breasts in men) sometimes occurs. Finally, some physicians worry that
2371:
2349:
2211:
1486:
1444:
1288:
870:
603:
534:
518:
476:
Examples of hypogonadism that affect fertility more than hormone production are
465:
Examples of hypogonadism that affect hormone production more than fertility are
429:
187:
138:
79:
64:
2330:
2133:
2116:
1955:
1694:
1677:
717:
For both men and women, an alternative to testosterone replacement is low-dose
2376:
2282:
2278:
2274:
1387:
685:
368:
294:
241:
2200:
2360:
2227:
718:
583:
458:
300:
An example of a hypogonadism resulting from the lack of hormone response is
252:
191:
183:
134:
99:
2183:
2142:
2117:"Gonadotropin therapy for infertile men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism"
2101:
2012:
1929:
1888:
1847:
1747:
1703:
1606:
1571:
1530:
1364:
2058:
1944:"Research provides reassurance about the safety of testosterone treatment"
1920:
1903:
1879:
1862:
1738:
1721:
529:, and sexual difficulties. If hypogonadism is caused by a disorder of the
2455:
1838:
1821:
1461:
582:
levels are often used to assess hypogonadism in women, particularly when
542:
517:
causes cessation of menstruation, lowered libido, loss of body hair, and
343:
95:
83:
68:
672:
In short- and medium-term testosterone replacement therapy the risk of
595:
514:
454:
126:
122:
2242:
1546:"Diagnosis of Hypogonadism: Clinical Assessments and Laboratory Tests"
1505:"Diagnosis of Hypogonadism: Clinical Assessments and Laboratory Tests"
2269:
2254:
2049:
1678:"Evaluation and Management of Testosterone Deficiency: AUA Guideline"
1356:
677:
217:
330:
Primary – defect is inherent within the gonad: e.g.
2388:
371:
causes of hypogonadism, that is, causes that are present at birth:
349:
Secondary – defect lies outside of the gonad: e.g.
2377:
Isolated
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Deficiency Overview
2201:
Isolated
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Deficiency Overview
763:
Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in men
403:
237:
72:
2308:
1820:
Rosner W, Auchus RJ, Azziz R, Sluss PM, Raff H (February 2007).
318:
are otherwise normal and secondary causes of HH are not present.
20:
2392:
1280:
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
1262:= Never marketed. = No longer used and/or no longer marketed.
700:
may worsen with testosterone therapy, and should be monitored.
521:. In men, it causes impaired muscle and body hair development,
1388:"New Guideline for Testosterone Treatment in Men With 'Low T'"
714:(sperm production) as testosterone replacement therapy does.
42:
Interrupted stage 1 puberty, Hypoandrogenism, Hypoestrogenism
1763:"Normal Testosterone Levels In Men - Average Ranges By Age"
186:) in adults. Defective egg or sperm development results in
1861:
Morris PD, Malkin CJ, Channer KS, Jones TH (August 2004).
692:) to prevent complications from excessively thick blood.
594:, but ordinary delay, which eventually results in normal
730:
and subsequently LH from the pituitary. Clomifene is a
590:
Hypogonadism is often discovered during evaluation of
598:
development, wherein reproductive function is termed
2232:
2156:
Whitten SJ, Nangia AK, Kolettis PN (December 2006).
1908:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1826:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1651:"Testosterone, Total, Bioavailable, and Free, Serum"
2547:
2527:
2489:
2463:
2454:
2426:
2340:
2236:
46:
38:
33:
549:, and symptoms caused by other hormone problems.
493:Hypogonadism can occur in other conditions, like
2685:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropins
19:"Low T" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1815:
1813:
1715:
1713:
1060:
1069:
408:Children born to mothers who had ingested the
2404:
2205:National Center for Biotechnology Information
749:
390:Examples of acquired causes of hypogonadism:
314:(GnRH) where the function and anatomy of the
8:
63:means diminished functional activity of the
2476:17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
1229:600–1,000 mg 1×/12–20 weeks
1213:750–1,000 mg 1×/10–14 weeks
1016:
216:Hypogonadism resulting from defects of the
2460:
2411:
2397:
2389:
2233:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
756:
742:
736:
726:, thereby causing an increased release of
30:
2604:Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency
2173:
2132:
2048:
2002:
1919:
1878:
1837:
1737:
1693:
1561:
1520:
817:40–80 mg/2–4× day (with meals)
688:to levels that require blood withdrawal (
2519:Familial male-limited precocious puberty
2514:Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
2509:Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
1334:
1253:
801:400–800 mg/day (in divided doses)
244:can reduce hormonal production as well.
2115:Chudnovsky A, Niederberger CS (2007).
1197:50–250 mg 1×/2–4 weeks
1181:50–200 mg 1×/3–5 weeks
737:
706:Another treatment for hypogonadism is
308:Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
178:Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
2504:Mild androgen insensitivity syndrome
732:selective estrogen receptor modulator
505:Women with hypogonadism do not begin
154:American Academy of Family Physicians
7:
1424:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
669:if they are not trying to conceive.
606:evaluation in either men or women.
509:and it may affect their height and
461:, but most commonly involves both.
135:release of the egg from the ovaries
2041:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1985.tb00161.x
1250:150–1,200 mg/3–6 months
843:Halotestin, Ora-Testryl, Ultandren
14:
1867:European Journal of Endocrinology
1165:50–100 mg 1x/1–2 weeks
1149:50–250 mg 1x/1–4 weeks
1122:50–250 mg 1x/1–4 weeks
981:Androderm, AndroPatch, TestoPatch
602:. It may be discovered during an
381:. It is also one of the signs of
16:Diminished activity of the gonads
2175:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.05.042
1599:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07022.x
1084:Andronaq, Sterotate, Virosterone
667:testosterone replacement therapy
2659:Hypergonadotropic hypergonadism
2624:Estrogen insensitivity syndrome
2499:Androgen insensitivity syndrome
1065:Tooltip intramuscular injection
547:milky discharge from the breast
302:androgen insensitivity syndrome
148:issued clinical guidelines for
75:—that may result in diminished
2629:Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
1635:. May 25, 2010. Archived from
1308:Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
1074:Tooltip subcutaneous injection
728:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
663:hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
559:hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
553:Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
453:Hypogonadism can involve just
312:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
222:hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
170:Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
146:American College of Physicians
1:
2634:Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
2599:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
1995:10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00096-4
1983:The Lancet. Healthy Longevity
1450:Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
1106:10–50 mg 2–3×/week
1090:10–50 mg 2–3×/week
257:hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
174:Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
2644:Estrogen-dependent condition
2614:Androgen-dependent condition
2094:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.06.034
1796:. Rodale Books. p. 14.
1386:Parry NM (January 7, 2020).
1133:50–100 mg 1×/week
708:human chorionic gonadotropin
399:-induced hypogonadism (ASIH)
247:Hypogonadism resulting from
90:) levels are referred to as
1345:Annals of Internal Medicine
902:5–10 mg 1–4×/day
827:Android, Metandren, Testred
2726:
2705:Mammal reproductive system
2654:Gonadotropin insensitivity
2535:Sertoli cell-only syndrome
2134:10.2164/jandrol.107.003400
1956:10.3310/nihrevidence_56696
1695:10.1016/j.juro.2018.03.115
1191:Sustanon 100, Sustanon 250
1171:Testosterone phenylacetate
1054:
970:AndroGel, Testim, TestoGel
441:hereditary hemochromatosis
167:
18:
2680:Endocrine gonad disorders
2481:Aromatase excess syndrome
2471:5α-reductase 2 deficiency
2441:Premature ovarian failure
2436:Polycystic ovary syndrome
1790:(2013). "Morgentaler A".
1655:Mayo Medical Laboratories
1254:
1187:Mixed testosterone esters
1110:
1050:40 mg 2–3×/day
964:
959:
922:
885:
784:
537:), then this is known as
415:for potential miscarriage
351:Polycystic ovary syndrome
2609:Cytochrome b5 deficiency
2212:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
1767:mens-hormonal-health.com
1487:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
1445:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
1203:Testosterone undecanoate
1155:Testosterone isobutyrate
949:Metandren, Oreton Methyl
912:Metandren, Oreton Methyl
807:Testosterone undecanoate
2639:Fertile eunuch syndrome
2162:Fertility and Sterility
1096:Testosterone propionate
1044:Rektandron, Testosteron
939:30 mg 2×/day
698:obstructive sleep apnea
513:. Onset in women after
434:late-onset hypogonadism
362:Congenital vs. acquired
2695:Male genital disorders
2690:Gynaecologic disorders
2029:Clinical Endocrinology
1682:The Journal of Urology
1219:Testosterone buciclate
1139:Testosterone cypionate
1112:Testosterone enanthate
665:is often treated with
531:central nervous system
449:Hormones vs. fertility
419:Traumatic brain injury
269:central nervous system
261:secondary hypogonadism
133:(spermatogenesis) and
119:anti-Müllerian hormone
1921:10.1210/jc.2018-00229
1880:10.1530/eje.0.1510241
1739:10.2164/jandrol.05047
674:cardiovascular events
495:Prader–Willi syndrome
428:" (also known by the
144:In January 2020, the
2619:Aromatase deficiency
2121:Journal of Andrology
1839:10.1210/jc.2006-1864
1726:Journal of Andrology
1175:Perandren, Androject
1029:100–250 mg/day
600:constitutional delay
539:central hypogonadism
527:erectile dysfunction
525:, decreased height,
478:Klinefelter syndrome
439:It is a symptom of
379:Klinefelter syndrome
340:Klinefelter syndrome
325:Primary or secondary
265:central hypogonadism
230:Klinefelter syndrome
226:primary hypogonadism
2710:Intersex variations
2700:Menstrual disorders
2649:Premature thelarche
1657:. Mayo Clinic. 2016
1544:Carnegie C (2004).
1503:Carnegie C (2004).
1009:30–120 mg/day
987:2.5–15 mg/day
976:25–125 mg/day
881:25–150 mg/day
764:
625:luteinizing hormone
482:Kartagener syndrome
457:production or just
421:, even in childhood
410:endocrine disruptor
228:. Examples include
2572:Precocious puberty
2341:External resources
1556:(Suppl 6): S3–S8.
1550:Reviews in Urology
1515:(Suppl 6): S3–S8.
1509:Reviews in Urology
1226:Aqueous suspension
1162:Aqueous suspension
1087:Aqueous suspension
945:Methyltestosterone
918:10–30 mg/day
908:Methyltestosterone
833:10–50 mg/day
823:Methyltestosterone
511:breast development
501:Signs and symptoms
413:diethylstilbestrol
316:anterior pituitary
267:(referring to the
255:defects is termed
220:is referred to as
158:sexual dysfunction
2667:
2666:
2543:
2542:
2491:Androgen receptor
2386:
2385:
1587:BJU International
1466:irondisorders.org
1322:Kallmann syndrome
1270:
1269:
1143:Depo-Testosterone
1006:Axillary solution
984:Non-scrotal patch
955:5–25 mg/day
865:5–15 mg/day
849:5–20 mg/day
774:Major brand names
471:Kallmann syndrome
355:Kallmann syndrome
342:(47XXY), XY with
280:Kallmann syndrome
131:Sperm development
58:
57:
28:Medical condition
2717:
2594:Hyperestrogenism
2589:Hyperandrogenism
2461:
2420:Gonadal disorder
2413:
2406:
2399:
2390:
2234:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2082:European Urology
2077:
2071:
2070:
2052:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1989:(6): e381–e393.
1974:
1968:
1967:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1914:(5): 1715–1744.
1899:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1639:on May 25, 2010.
1625:
1619:
1618:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1500:
1494:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1458:
1452:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1357:10.7326/M19-0882
1339:
1302:hyperestrogenism
1298:hyperandrogenism
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1018:
1015:Androstanolone (
998:4–6 mg/day
811:Andriol, Jatenzo
765:
758:
751:
744:
661:Male primary or
557:The symptoms of
397:Anabolic steroid
289:defects include
278:defects include
31:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2584:Hypoestrogenism
2579:Hypoandrogenism
2560:Delayed puberty
2539:
2523:
2485:
2450:
2422:
2417:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2336:
2335:
2245:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2025:
2024:
2020:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1761:Hildebrandt B.
1760:
1759:
1755:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1317:hypoestrogenism
1313:Hypoandrogenism
1285:Delayed puberty
1275:
1073:
1064:
839:Fluoxymesterone
762:
712:spermatogenesis
659:
651:
612:
592:delayed puberty
572:
567:
555:
503:
491:
467:hypopituitarism
451:
383:CHARGE syndrome
375:Turner syndrome
364:
336:Turner syndrome
332:Noonan syndrome
327:
291:hypopituitarism
234:Turner syndrome
213:
211:Affected system
180:
168:Main articles:
166:
104:hypoestrogenism
92:hypoandrogenism
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2368:
2366:article/922038
2357:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2322:
2311:
2300:
2285:
2262:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:Classification
2231:
2230:
2219:
2208:
2196:
2195:External links
2193:
2190:
2189:
2148:
2107:
2072:
2035:(6): 713–721.
2018:
1969:
1935:
1894:
1853:
1809:
1803:978-1609611019
1802:
1779:
1753:
1709:
1688:(2): 423–432.
1668:
1642:
1620:
1577:
1536:
1495:
1478:
1453:
1436:
1420:"Hypogonadism"
1404:
1378:
1351:(2): 126–133.
1333:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1310:
1305:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:See template.
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:Agovirin Depot
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
989:
988:
985:
982:
978:
977:
974:
971:
968:
963:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
941:
940:
937:
934:
931:
926:
920:
919:
916:
913:
910:
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
889:
883:
882:
879:
876:
873:
867:
866:
863:
860:
857:
851:
850:
847:
844:
841:
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
819:
818:
815:
812:
809:
803:
802:
799:
796:
793:
788:
782:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
761:
760:
753:
746:
738:
658:
655:
650:
647:
642:
641:
611:
608:
574:Testing serum
571:
568:
566:
563:
554:
551:
502:
499:
490:
487:
486:
485:
474:
450:
447:
446:
445:
444:
443:
437:
432:"manopause"),
426:male menopause
422:
416:
406:
400:
394:
388:
387:
386:
363:
360:
359:
358:
347:
326:
323:
322:
321:
320:
319:
305:
298:
293:and pituitary
283:
245:
212:
209:
165:
164:Classification
162:
56:
55:
50:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2722:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:Hypergonadism
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2446:Hyperthecosis
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2168:(6): 1664–8.
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:NIHR Evidence
1945:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1832:(2): 405–13.
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:(3): 509–13.
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:Hypergonadism
1292:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:Aveed, Nebido
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:Auto-injector
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
995:Scrotal patch
994:
991:
990:
986:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
969:
967:
962:
958:
954:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
938:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
921:
917:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
884:
880:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
848:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
816:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
783:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
739:
735:
733:
729:
725:
720:
715:
713:
709:
704:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:heart attacks
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
656:
654:
648:
646:
640:Blood testing
639:
638:
637:
633:
629:
626:
620:
617:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
585:
581:
577:
569:
564:
562:
560:
552:
550:
548:
544:
543:double vision
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
500:
498:
496:
488:
483:
479:
475:
472:
468:
464:
463:
462:
460:
456:
448:
442:
438:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
407:
405:
401:
398:
395:
392:
391:
389:
384:
380:
376:
373:
372:
370:
366:
365:
361:
356:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:
324:
317:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
273:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:
210:
208:
206:
202:
198:
197:gonadotropins
193:
189:
185:
179:
175:
171:
163:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
77:production of
74:
70:
66:
62:
54:
53:Endocrinology
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
2555:Hypogonadism
2554:
2370:
2359:
2348:
2324:
2313:
2302:
2287:
2264:
2249:
2223:Hypogonadism
2221:
2217:Hypogonadism
2210:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2127:(5): 644–6.
2124:
2120:
2110:
2088:(5): 935–9.
2085:
2081:
2075:
2032:
2028:
2021:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1947:
1938:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1873:(2): 241–9.
1870:
1866:
1856:
1829:
1825:
1792:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1756:
1732:(2): 135–7.
1729:
1725:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1661:December 19,
1659:. Retrieved
1654:
1645:
1637:the original
1633:Please Login
1632:
1623:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1492:Hypogonadism
1485:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:
1456:
1443:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1423:
1395:. Retrieved
1392:Medscape.com
1391:
1381:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1240:Testosterone
1210:Oil solution
1194:Oil solution
1178:Oil solution
1146:Oil solution
1119:Oil solution
1103:Oil solution
1080:Testosterone
1040:Testosterone
966:Testosterone
929:Testosterone
892:Testosterone
855:Metandienone
791:Testosterone
724:hypothalamus
716:
705:
702:
694:Gynecomastia
671:
660:
652:
643:
634:
630:
621:
616:testosterone
613:
589:
573:
556:
523:gynecomastia
507:menstruating
504:
492:
452:
367:Examples of
285:Examples of
276:hypothalamic
274:Examples of
249:hypothalamic
181:
150:testosterone
143:
111:progesterone
108:
88:testosterone
80:sex hormones
61:Hypogonadism
60:
59:
34:Hypogonadism
25:
2372:GeneReviews
2350:MedlinePlus
1289:infertility
1116:Delatestryl
1047:Suppository
961:Transdermal
871:Mesterolone
676:(including
636:each year.
604:infertility
535:brain tumor
519:hot flashes
188:infertility
139:infertility
39:Other names
2674:Categories
2456:Testicular
2326:DiseasesDB
1462:"Symptoms"
1397:January 7,
1329:References
1260:Footnotes:
1100:Testoviron
887:Sublingual
771:Medication
690:phlebotomy
686:hematocrit
402:Childhood
369:congenital
295:hypoplasia
242:varicocele
2464:Enzymatic
2361:eMedicine
2228:eMedicine
2050:1773/4497
1964:257851823
1772:March 21,
1471:March 21,
1373:210041462
1056:Injection
1023:Andractim
992:Testoderm
719:clomifene
657:Treatment
649:Screening
584:menopause
565:Diagnosis
533:(e.g., a
459:fertility
346:-immunity
338:(45X,0),
287:pituitary
253:pituitary
192:fertility
184:menopause
100:estradiol
69:testicles
48:Specialty
2184:17007848
2143:17522414
2102:16875775
2013:35711614
1930:29562364
1889:15296480
1848:17090633
1788:Comite F
1748:16474020
1704:29601923
1615:23740125
1607:17555474
1572:16985909
1531:16985909
1429:July 26,
1365:31905405
1273:See also
1264:Sources:
1244:Testopel
896:Testoral
875:Proviron
859:Dianabol
596:pubertal
344:SRY gene
96:estrogen
94:and low
84:androgen
2548:General
2428:Ovarian
2320:D007006
2067:1790630
2059:4017261
2004:9184259
1563:1472884
1522:1472884
1235:Implant
1127:Xyosted
933:Striant
814:Capsule
780:Dosage
678:strokes
515:puberty
455:hormone
430:coinage
127:inhibin
123:activin
98:(e.g.,
86:(e.g.,
73:ovaries
71:or the
2355:001195
2309:146110
2260:5A61.2
2182:
2141:
2100:
2065:
2057:
2011:
2001:
1962:
1928:
1887:
1846:
1800:
1746:
1702:
1613:
1605:
1570:
1560:
1529:
1519:
1371:
1363:
1256:Notes:
1247:Pellet
1035:Rectal
1003:Axiron
952:Tablet
936:Tablet
924:Buccal
915:Tablet
899:Tablet
878:Tablet
862:Tablet
846:Tablet
830:Tablet
798:Tablet
353:, and
259:(HH),
218:gonads
176:, and
125:, and
82:. Low
65:gonads
2528:Other
2331:21057
2298:257.2
2283:E23.0
2279:E29.1
2275:E28.3
2063:S2CID
1960:S2CID
1611:S2CID
1369:S2CID
768:Route
570:Women
489:Other
404:mumps
263:, or
238:Mumps
102:) as
67:—the
2315:MeSH
2304:OMIM
2293:9-CM
2180:PMID
2139:PMID
2098:PMID
2055:PMID
2009:PMID
1926:PMID
1885:PMID
1844:PMID
1798:ISBN
1774:2018
1744:PMID
1700:PMID
1663:2016
1603:PMID
1568:PMID
1527:PMID
1473:2018
1431:2021
1399:2020
1361:PMID
1315:and
1300:and
1287:and
786:Oral
777:Form
680:and
614:Low
578:and
480:and
469:and
377:and
232:and
203:and
115:DHEA
21:LOWT
2289:ICD
2266:ICD
2251:ICD
2226:at
2203:at
2170:doi
2129:doi
2090:doi
2045:hdl
2037:doi
1999:PMC
1991:doi
1952:doi
1916:doi
1912:103
1875:doi
1871:151
1834:doi
1734:doi
1690:doi
1686:200
1595:doi
1591:100
1558:PMC
1517:PMC
1353:doi
1349:172
1067:or
1026:Gel
1017:DHT
973:Gel
610:Men
580:FSH
271:).
251:or
224:or
205:FSH
2676::
2375::
2364::
2353::
2329::
2318::
2307::
2296::
2281:,
2277:,
2273::
2270:10
2258::
2255:11
2215::
2178:.
2166:86
2164:.
2160:.
2137:.
2125:28
2123:.
2119:.
2096:.
2086:50
2084:.
2061:.
2053:.
2043:.
2033:22
2031:.
2007:.
1997:.
1985:.
1981:.
1958:.
1946:.
1924:.
1910:.
1906:.
1883:.
1869:.
1865:.
1842:.
1830:92
1828:.
1824:.
1812:^
1765:.
1742:.
1730:27
1728:.
1724:.
1712:^
1698:.
1684:.
1680:.
1653:.
1631:.
1609:.
1601:.
1589:.
1566:.
1552:.
1548:.
1525:.
1511:.
1507:.
1490::
1464:.
1448::
1422:.
1407:^
1390:.
1367:.
1359:.
1347:.
1070:SC
1061:IM
576:LH
545:,
497:.
334:,
236:.
201:LH
172:,
141:.
129:.
121:,
117:,
113:,
2412:e
2405:t
2398:v
2291:-
2268:-
2253:-
2243:D
2207:.
2186:.
2172::
2145:.
2131::
2104:.
2092::
2069:.
2047::
2039::
2015:.
1993::
1987:3
1966:.
1954::
1932:.
1918::
1891:.
1877::
1850:.
1836::
1806:.
1776:.
1750:.
1736::
1706:.
1692::
1665:.
1617:.
1597::
1574:.
1554:6
1533:.
1513:6
1475:.
1433:.
1401:.
1375:.
1355::
1304:)
1296:(
1223:–
1076:)
1058:(
1019:)
795:–
757:e
750:t
743:v
484:.
385:.
297:.
282:.
199:(
23:.
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