230:
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637:(384–322 BC) instead saw the forms as parts identical within the soul of every person. For both, ideography was a more perfect representation of the forms possessed by the Egyptians. The Aristotelian framework would be the foundation for the conception of language in the Mediterranean world into the medieval era.
640:
According to the classical theory, because ideographs directly reflected the forms, they were the only "true language", and had the unique ability to communicate arcane wisdom to readers. The ability to read
Egyptian hieroglyphs had been lost during late antiquity, in the context of the country's
375:) are generally among the oldest characters, with forms dating to the 12th century BC. Generally, with the evolution of the script, the forms of pictographs became less directly representational, to the extent that their referents are no longer plausible to intuit. Examples include
142:
English writing system—while also potentially representing the same idea across several languages, as they do not correspond to a specific spoken word. There may not always be a single way to read a given ideograph. While remaining logograms assigned to morphemes, specific
684:
Inspired by these conceptions of ideography, several attempts have been made to design a universal written language—i.e., an ideography whose interpretations are accessible to all people with no regard to the languages they speak. An early proposal was made in 1668 by
263:. Most logograms include some representation of the pronunciation of the corresponding word in the language, often using the rebus principle. Later systems used selected symbols to represent the sounds of the language, such as the adaptation of the logogram for
537:, a term which also includes symbols using non-graphical media. Modern analysis of Chinese characters reveals that pure signs are as old as the system itself, with prominent examples including the numerals representing numbers larger than four, including
253:. However, these symbols represent semantic elements of a language, and not the underlying ideas directly—their use generally requires knowledge of a specific spoken language. Modern scholars refer to these symbols instead as
277:. However, some logograms still meaningfully depict the meaning of the morpheme they represent visually. Pictograms are shaped like the object that the word refers to, such as an icon of a bull denoting the Semitic word
76:
or concept independent of any particular language. Some ideograms are more arbitrary than others: some are only meaningful assuming preexisting familiarity with some convention; others more directly resemble their
491:
developed during the second half of the 20th century, many researchers became convinced that the etymology of most characters originally thought to be ideographic compounds actually included some phonetic
691:
526:
Many ideograms only represent ideas by convention. For example, a red octagon only carries the meaning of 'stop' due to the public association and reification of that meaning over time. In the field of
598:
writers generally mistook the
Egyptian writing system to be purely ideographic. According to tradition, the Greeks had acquired the ability to write, among other things, from the Egyptians through
641:
Hellenization and
Christianization. However, the traditional notion that the latter trends compelled the abandonment of hieroglyphic writing has been rejected by recent scholarship.
2408:
648:
near the end of the 16th century, and initially related the system to their existing framework of ideography as partially informed by
Egyptian hieroglyphs. Ultimately,
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emerged from systems of pure ideograms, later societies with phonetic writing were often compelled by the intuitive connection between pictures, diagrams and
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594:—though ultimately ignorant of the latter's necessary phonetic dimension. Greek speakers began regularly visiting Egypt during the 7th century BC.
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in a language. In a broad sense, ideograms may form part of a writing system otherwise based on other principles, like the examples above in the
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660:, as opposed to being purely ideographic. Champollion's insight in part stemmed from his familiarity with the work of French sinologist
2011:
1954:
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5920:
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5015:
2375:
989:
Houston, Stephen; Baines, John; Cooper, Jerrold (2003). "Last
Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica".
4252:
6138:
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553:'eight'. These do not indicate anything about the quantities they represent visually or phonetically, only conventionally.
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systems, pictograms generally comprised most of the available symbols. Their use could also be extended via the
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are ideograms that represent an idea through a direct graphical resemblance to what is being referenced. In
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Other typographical examples include ⟨§⟩ 'section', ⟨€⟩ 'euro', ⟨£⟩ 'pound sterling', and ⟨©⟩ 'copyright'.
151:⟩ 'middle' may be classified as ideographs in a narrower sense, given their origin and visual structure.
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37:
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1969:
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242:
33:
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670:, which demonstrated that Chinese characters were often used to write sounds, and not just ideas.
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2016:
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645:
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While
Chinese characters generally function as logograms, three of the six classes in the
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1227:
613:), who had been directly taught their silent form of "symbolic teaching". Beginning with
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617:(428–347 BC), the conception of hieroglyphs as ideograms was rooted in a broader
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618:
283:'ox'. Other logograms may visually represent meaning via more abstract techniques.
274:
177:
81:. Ideograms that represent physical objects by visually resembling them are called
3859:
621:
conception of most language as an imperfect and obfuscatory image of reality. The
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5928:
5209:
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2053:
2001:
1939:
1909:
1838:
1763:
1733:
1671:
1626:
696:
508:. Initially used to mark airports, the system gradually became more widespread.
294:
could be used either logographically or phonetically. For example, the
Sumerian
233:
Comparative evolution of cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and
Chinese characters
226:
is used to refer exclusively to indicatives, contrasting them with pictograms.
4890:
4865:
4433:
3876:
3366:
3361:
3217:
3158:
2799:
2334:
1924:
1702:
1666:
1661:
1411:
855:
679:
599:
98:
are ideograms, for example ⟨1⟩ 'one', ⟨2⟩ 'two', ⟨+⟩ 'plus', and ⟨=⟩ 'equals'.
1002:
6201:
6180:
6173:
4967:
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2006:
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713:
634:
528:
190:
160:
102:
83:
78:
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32:"Ideograph" and "Ideography" redirect here. For the rhetorical device, see
4937:
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135:
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17:
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in 1823 stemmed from an understanding that they did represent spoken
517:
355:
296:
69:
63:
57:
439:) have a meaning synthesized from several other characters, such as
804:
Michalowski, Piotr (2008). "Sumerian". In
Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).
4392:
4387:
4237:
4020:
3921:
3608:
2519:
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1381:
734:
614:
270:
228:
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114:
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2344:
1131:
Ideogram: Chinese
Characters and the Myth of Disembodied Meaning
73:
4997:
4787:
4742:
4635:
4314:
4199:
3541:
2755:
2517:
2500:
2390:
2123:
1231:
1218:
692:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
500:, a collection of 50 symbols developed during the 1970s by the
1406:
832:
The origin and early development of the Chinese writing system
1066:
Writing Systems: An Introduction to Their Linguistic Analysis
218:
for the recitation of oral literature. Some systems also use
105:⟨&⟩ is used in many languages to represent the word
346:
340:
334:
318:
308:
302:
278:
264:
222:, which denote abstract concepts. Sometimes, the word
806:
The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum
434:
398:
370:
1169:
Egyptian Hieroglyphs in the Late Antique Imagination
6211:
6162:
6102:
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1992:
1862:
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1604:
1503:
1472:
1465:
1372:
1266:
703:in 1949, and currently includes over 2,000 graphs.
1171:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
834:. American Oriental Society. pp. 67–72, 149.
1150:Ideography and Chinese Language Theory: A History
878:Mathematics as Sign: Writing, Imagining, Counting
362:) in origin, as they have no phonetic component:
5009:
2402:
2135:
1243:
808:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–46.
572:A mathematical symbol is a type of ideogram.
241:has historically often been used to describe
8:
1035:
1023:
964:
952:
940:
924:
912:
783:. Princeton University Press. p. 266.
118:
5379:
5078:
5016:
5002:
4994:
4784:
4739:
4645:
4632:
4333:
4324:
4311:
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2429:
2409:
2395:
2387:
2142:
2128:
2120:
1469:
1250:
1236:
1228:
1215:
997:(3). Cambridge University Press: 441–444.
991:Comparative Studies in Society and History
976:
936:
900:
506:United States Department of Transportation
1133:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
1111:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
1092:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
644:Europe only became fully acquainted with
180:as a mnemonic in reciting oral literature
27:Symbol that represents an idea or concept
2214:Languages by writing system /
771:
1200:The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy
1089:The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy
202:principle: for example, the pictorial
6153:American Printing House for the Blind
5929:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
5581:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
1047:
130:Ideograms are not to be equated with
7:
1167:Westerfeld, Jennifer Taylor (2019).
858:. American Institute of Graphic Arts
36:. For ideographic dictionaries, see
259:, and generally avoid calling them
2221:Ancient languages corpuses by size
502:American Institute of Graphic Arts
25:
1148:O'Neill, Timothy Michael (2016).
1197:(1984). "The Ideographic Myth".
487:'tree'. As the understanding of
326:
210:annotation cannot represent the
967:, pp. 18–20, 32–34, 46–50.
2482:Languages by writing system /
1068:. Cambridge University Press.
323:'sky'. In Akkadian, the graph
1:
5921:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
5877:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
1274:Biological data visualization
1203:. University of Hawaiʻi Press
880:. Stanford University Press.
603:
496:Example of ideograms are the
6132:National Braille Association
6111:Braille Institute of America
5829:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
2226:Undeciphered writing systems
674:Proposed universal languages
347:
341:
335:
319:
309:
279:
265:
64:
58:
6012:Refreshable braille display
5991:Optical braille recognition
5588:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
5120:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
4263:New Epoch Notation Painting
2231:Creators of writing systems
1109:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma
1107:Hannas, William C. (1997).
716:– the study of inscriptions
654:decipherment of hieroglyphs
633:, but those of his student
531:, these are a type of pure
435:
399:
371:
134:, which represent specific
6292:
6079:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
2160:Index of language articles
1314:Mathematical visualization
779:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987).
677:
579:
565:
515:
356:traditional classification
185:Pictograms and indicatives
158:
31:
5815:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
4993:
4796:
4783:
4751:
4738:
4644:
4631:
4329:Chinese family of scripts
4323:
4310:
4208:
4195:
3550:
3537:
3399:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
2764:
2751:
2526:
2513:
2509:
2496:
2484:by first written accounts
2428:
2157:
1309:Information visualization
1294:Educational visualization
1225:
1220:Links to related articles
1064:Coulmas, Florian (2003).
650:Jean-François Champollion
548:
540:
482:
474:
466:
458:
450:
442:
431:
422:
419:'down', or numerals like
414:
406:
395:
386:
378:
367:
333:could represent the stem
307:could represent the word
273:representing the initial
148:
5802:Chinese semi-syllabaries
5065:Unicode braille patterns
5051:International uniformity
3506:Thomas Natural Shorthand
2216:by first written account
1485:Charles-René de Fourcroy
1334:Scientific visualization
1261:of technical information
1210:– via pinyin.info.
740:Heterogram (linguistics)
662:Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat
447:'bright', a compound of
109:, originally a stylized
6139:Blindness organizations
6118:Braille Without Borders
5907:Canadian currency marks
5529:Egyptian lineage family
4712:Southwest Paleohispanic
2184:History of the alphabet
830:Boltz, William (1994).
725:List of writing systems
430:Ideographic compounds (
345:'sky', or the syllable
5456:Russian lineage family
4856:Great Lakes Algonquian
3765:Greco-Iberian alphabet
3698:Gabelsberger shorthand
2641:Inscriptional Parthian
1905:Christopher R. Johnson
1457:Technical illustration
1344:Software visualization
876:Rotman, Brian (2000).
781:The Languages of China
504:at the request of the
234:
181:
119:
6220:Accessible publishing
6146:Schools for the blind
6125:Japan Braille Library
5914:Computer Braille Code
5568:Indian lineage family
4948:Old Persian cuneiform
3815:Carolingian minuscule
2621:Ancient North Arabian
1799:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
1612:Edward Walter Maunder
1536:Charles Joseph Minard
1354:User interface design
1329:Product visualization
1127:Unger, James Marshall
568:Mathematical notation
562:Mathematical notation
516:Further information:
489:Old Chinese phonology
232:
172:
159:Further information:
38:Conceptual dictionary
6266:Communication design
5984:Mountbatten Brailler
5339:(largely reassigned)
5122:(largely reassigned)
4671:Southeastern Iberian
4666:Northeastern Iberian
2564:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2079:Scientific modelling
2054:Information graphics
1794:Clifford A. Pickover
1744:William S. Cleveland
1652:Henry Norris Russell
1637:Howard G. Funkhouser
1581:Florence Nightingale
1546:Francis Amasa Walker
1442:Statistical graphics
1364:Volume visualization
1339:Social visualization
471:'rest', composed of
358:are ideographic (or
288:Egyptian hieroglyphs
243:Egyptian hieroglyphs
214:, but are used as a
96:mathematical symbols
34:Ideograph (rhetoric)
5936:Nemeth braille code
5722:(reassigned vowels)
5247:(extended to 8-dot)
4821:Canadian Aboriginal
4707:Khitan small script
4429:Khitan large script
3619:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
2059:Information science
2022:in computer science
1814:Sheelagh Carpendale
1749:George G. Robertson
1586:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
1521:André-Michel Guerry
1397:Graph of a function
1392:Engineering drawing
339:'deity', the word
269:'ox' as the letter
72:that represents an
5970:Braille translator
5947:Braille technology
5923:(science; GS8/GS6)
5892:Symbols in braille
5822:Taiwanese Mandarin
5337:Taiwanese Mandarin
4943:Nwagu Aneke script
4495:Other logosyllabic
4417:Chinese-influenced
4356:Oracle bone script
4338:Chinese characters
4273:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
3663:Eclectic shorthand
3651:Duployan shorthand
3604:Caucasian Albanian
3404:Canadian syllabics
2440:History of writing
2325:Canadian syllabics
2194:Scripts in Unicode
2179:History of writing
2099:Volume cartography
1863:Early 21st century
1759:Catherine Plaisant
1754:Bruce H. McCormick
1708:Mary Eleanor Spear
1698:Arthur H. Robinson
1632:Arthur Lyon Bowley
1605:Early 20th century
1452:Technical drawings
1324:Molecular graphics
1299:Flow visualization
1289:Data visualization
730:Character (symbol)
611: 495 BC
582:History of writing
251:Chinese characters
247:Sumerian cuneiform
235:
182:
145:Chinese characters
6253:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6165:tactile alphabets
6093:William Bell Wait
6086:Sabriye Tenberken
5887:
5886:
5752:
5751:
5737:(Japanese vowels)
5535:-mediated scripts
5462:-mediated scripts
4989:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4841:Ditema tsa Dinoko
4779:
4778:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4447:
4446:
4306:
4305:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3382:
3381:
2747:
2746:
2734:Teeline Shorthand
2492:
2491:
2384:
2383:
2376:In Southeast Asia
2117:
2116:
2094:Visual perception
2044:Graphic organizer
2017:Computer graphics
1988:
1987:
1970:Martin Wattenberg
1945:Hanspeter Pfister
1900:Martin Krzywinski
1824:Jock D. Mackinlay
1804:Thomas A. DeFanti
1727:Late 20th century
1647:Ejnar Hertzsprung
1349:Technical drawing
1178:978-0-8122-5157-9
1159:978-3-11-045923-4
1140:978-0-8248-2656-7
1118:978-0-8248-1892-0
1099:978-0-8248-1068-9
1075:978-0-521-78217-3
1050:, pp. 13–16.
955:, pp. 38–40.
943:, pp. 18–20.
927:, pp. 32–34.
915:, pp. 43–45.
887:978-0-804-73684-8
841:978-0-940490-78-9
815:978-0-521-68497-2
790:978-0-691-01468-5
695:. More recently,
658:Egyptian language
313:'deity', the god
68:'to write') is a
16:(Redirected from
6283:
6236:
6229:
6227:Braille literacy
6222:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6028:
6021:
6019:Slate and stylus
6014:
6007:
6005:Perkins Brailler
6000:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5963:Braille embosser
5958:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5880:
5872:
5865:
5847:
5840:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5787:
5784:American Braille
5768:
5765:Algerian Braille
5745:
5738:
5730:
5723:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5654:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5560:
5552:
5545:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5380:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5079:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5029:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4995:
4785:
4740:
4646:
4638:Semi-syllabaries
4633:
4334:
4325:
4312:
4197:
3552:
3539:
3441:Japanese Braille
3026:Zanabazar square
2895:Nepalese scripts
2785:Bengali–Assamese
2775:
2766:
2753:
2670:Pitman shorthand
2515:
2511:
2498:
2430:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2388:
2313:Current examples
2294:Semi-syllabaries
2144:
2137:
2130:
2121:
2104:Volume rendering
2089:Visual analytics
2084:Spatial analysis
2064:Misleading graph
1915:David McCandless
1890:Gordon Kindlmann
1854:Alfred Inselberg
1849:Leland Wilkinson
1784:Michael Friendly
1718:Howard T. Fisher
1681:Mid 20th century
1622:W. E. B. Du Bois
1526:William Playfair
1516:Adolphe Quetelet
1490:Joseph Priestley
1473:Pre-19th century
1470:
1437:Skeletal formula
1304:Geovisualization
1279:Chemical imaging
1252:
1245:
1238:
1229:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1182:
1163:
1144:
1122:
1103:
1079:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1014:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
891:
873:
867:
866:
864:
863:
852:
846:
845:
827:
821:
819:
801:
795:
794:
776:
701:Charles K. Bliss
612:
608:
605:
552:
550:
544:
542:
522:Sign (semiotics)
486:
484:
478:
476:
470:
468:
462:
460:
454:
452:
446:
444:
438:
433:
426:
424:
418:
416:
410:
408:
402:
397:
390:
388:
382:
380:
374:
369:
350:
344:
338:
332:
330:
322:
312:
306:
304:
292:cuneiform graphs
282:
268:
150:
122:
67:
61:
21:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6276:Writing systems
6256:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6248:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6051:Charles Barbier
6049:
6042:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5883:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5801:
5790:
5782:
5776:Frequency-based
5771:
5763:
5748:
5741:
5733:
5726:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5657:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5572:Bharati Braille
5569:
5563:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5530:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5457:
5451:
5444:
5439:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5146:Unified English
5140:
5133:
5126:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5075:Braille scripts
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5031:
5027:
5022:
4977:
4792:
4775:
4771:Stokoe notation
4747:
4726:
4685:
4640:
4619:
4603:
4567:
4546:Logoconsonantal
4541:
4490:
4443:
4412:
4319:
4302:
4283:Siglas poveiras
4204:
4183:
4142:
4046:Younger Futhark
3750:Gregg shorthand
3546:
3525:
3378:
3030:
2760:
2743:
2522:
2505:
2488:
2461:Writing systems
2449:
2424:
2422:writing systems
2415:
2385:
2380:
2359:
2308:
2235:
2210:Writing systems
2198:
2162:
2153:
2151:Writing systems
2148:
2118:
2113:
2109:Information art
2049:Imaging science
1994:
1984:
1965:Fernanda Viégas
1960:Moritz Stefaner
1885:Jessica Hullman
1858:
1829:Alan MacEachren
1779:Ben Shneiderman
1722:
1676:
1600:
1499:
1461:
1374:
1368:
1319:Medical imaging
1262:
1256:
1221:
1206:
1204:
1195:DeFrancis, John
1193:
1190:
1188:Further reading
1185:
1179:
1166:
1160:
1147:
1141:
1125:
1119:
1106:
1100:
1084:DeFrancis, John
1082:
1076:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1038:, pp. 5–6.
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
988:
987:
983:
977:Westerfeld 2019
975:
971:
963:
959:
951:
947:
937:Westerfeld 2019
935:
931:
923:
919:
911:
907:
901:Westerfeld 2019
899:
895:
888:
875:
874:
870:
861:
859:
854:
853:
849:
842:
829:
828:
824:
816:
803:
802:
798:
791:
778:
777:
773:
769:
764:
759:
720:List of symbols
709:
699:was devised by
682:
676:
646:written Chinese
610:
606:
588:writing systems
584:
578:
570:
564:
559:
546:
538:
524:
514:
480:
472:
464:
456:
448:
440:
420:
412:
404:
384:
376:
324:
300:
187:
167:
157:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6289:
6287:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6271:Graphic design
6268:
6258:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6215:
6213:
6212:Related topics
6209:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6188:New York Point
6184:
6177:
6169:
6167:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6072:Harris Mowbray
6068:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6022:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5956:Braille e-book
5951:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5873:
5866:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5739:
5731:
5724:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5576:
5574:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5553:
5546:
5538:
5536:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5465:
5463:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5384:
5377:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5087:
5085:
5083:French-ordered
5076:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4923:Linear Elamite
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4745:Sign languages
4743:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4722:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4697:Espanca script
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4656:Linear Elamite
4652:
4650:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4537:Yi (Classical)
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4363:
4361:Bronze scripts
4358:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4331:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4174:Flag semaphore
4171:
4169:New York Point
4166:
4164:Telegraph code
4161:
4159:Maritime flags
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4113:Visible Speech
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4083:Sorang Sompeng
4080:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3967:Galik alphabet
3964:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3865:Tironian notes
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3710:
3708:Garay alphabet
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3491:Sorang Sompeng
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3414:Déné syllabics
3411:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:Proto-Sinaitic
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2364:Related topics
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:Patent drawing
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2039:Graphic design
2036:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1980:Hadley Wickham
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1935:Tamara Munzner
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:David Goodsell
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:Cynthia Brewer
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1713:Edgar Anderson
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1688:Jacques Bertin
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1642:John B. Peddle
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1596:Francis Galton
1593:
1591:Toussaint Loua
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:Georg von Mayr
1568:
1563:
1561:Matthew Sankey
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1427:Sankey diagram
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1359:Visual culture
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1164:
1158:
1152:. De Gruyter.
1145:
1139:
1123:
1117:
1104:
1098:
1080:
1074:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
981:
969:
957:
945:
939:, p. 18;
929:
917:
905:
893:
886:
868:
847:
840:
822:
814:
796:
789:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
710:
708:
705:
675:
672:
652:'s successful
631:world of forms
623:views of Plato
577:
574:
566:Main article:
563:
560:
558:
555:
513:
510:
498:DOT pictograms
494:
493:
428:
392:
360:semantographic
204:Dongba symbols
186:
183:
176:, used by the
174:Dongba symbols
156:
153:
128:
127:
124:
99:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6288:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6195:Night writing
6192:
6189:
6185:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6161:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6129:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:Organisations
6101:
6094:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6065:Valentin Haüy
6062:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6044:Louis Braille
6041:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6027:
6023:
6020:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5977:Braille watch
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5900:Braille music
5897:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5863:Luxembourgish
5860:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:Other scripts
5660:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5566:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5454:
5443:
5438:
5435:
5434:Northern Sámi
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:Nordic family
5381:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5323:South African
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5245:Luxembourgish
5242:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:ASCII braille
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5026:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5007:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4589:Attic (Greek)
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4527:Proto-Elamite
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Elder Futhark
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Old Hungarian
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Masaram Gondi
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Gunjala Gondi
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3248:Old Sundanese
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3191:Old Maldivian
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3174:Bilang-bilang
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Sylheti Nagri
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Brahmi script
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:South Arabian
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Inscriptional
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Graph drawing
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Claudio Silva
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:Mauro Martino
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Michael Maltz
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:George Furnas
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Howard Wainer
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Rudolf Modley
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Max O. Lorenz
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:Charles Booth
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:Luigi Perozzo
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:August Kekulé
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Charles Dupin
1509:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1495:Gaspard Monge
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Edmond Halley
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:Crime mapping
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1259:Visualization
1253:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
982:
979:, p. 32.
978:
973:
970:
966:
961:
958:
954:
949:
946:
942:
938:
933:
930:
926:
921:
918:
914:
909:
906:
903:, p. 23.
902:
897:
894:
889:
883:
879:
872:
869:
857:
851:
848:
843:
837:
833:
826:
823:
817:
811:
807:
800:
797:
792:
786:
782:
775:
772:
766:
761:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
715:
712:
711:
706:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:
688:
681:
673:
671:
669:
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:ontologically
624:
620:
616:
601:
597:
596:Ancient Greek
593:
589:
583:
575:
573:
569:
561:
556:
554:
536:
535:
530:
523:
519:
511:
509:
507:
503:
499:
490:
479:'person' and
437:
429:
401:
394:Indicatives (
393:
373:
365:
364:
363:
361:
357:
352:
349:
343:
337:
329:
321:
316:
311:
299:
298:
293:
289:
284:
281:
276:
272:
267:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
231:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:Naxi language
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:proto-writing
193:
192:
184:
179:
175:
171:
166:
162:
154:
152:
146:
141:
137:
133:
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
89:
88:
86:
85:
80:
75:
71:
66:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
5735:Thai and Lao
5412:Scandinavian
5044:1829 braille
5036:Braille cell
4836:Cypro-Minoan
4702:Pahawh Hmong
4615:Sitelen Pona
4579:Hindu-Arabic
4201:
3912:Mundari Bani
3486:Pahawh Hmong
3295:Tamil-Brahmi
3201:Eveyla Akuru
3196:Dhives Akuru
2663:Paleo-Hebrew
2530:
2466:undeciphered
2289:Pictographic
2284:Phonogrammic
2268:
2069:Neuroimaging
2029:CPK coloring
2012:Color coding
1950:Hans Rosling
1930:Miriah Meyer
1895:Aaron Koblin
1880:Jeffrey Heer
1774:Edward Tufte
1769:Pat Hanrahan
1739:Nigel Holmes
1617:Otto Neurath
1556:Oliver Byrne
1504:19th century
1401:
1205:. Retrieved
1199:
1168:
1149:
1130:
1108:
1088:
1065:
1043:
1036:O'Neill 2016
1031:
1026:, p. 1.
1024:O'Neill 2016
1019:
994:
990:
984:
972:
965:O'Neill 2016
960:
953:O'Neill 2016
948:
941:O'Neill 2016
932:
925:O'Neill 2016
920:
913:O'Neill 2016
908:
896:
877:
871:
860:. Retrieved
850:
831:
825:
805:
799:
780:
774:
755:Traffic sign
690:
687:John Wilkins
683:
665:
643:
639:
625:involved an
619:metaphysical
585:
571:
545:'five', and
532:
525:
495:
383:'field'，and
366:Pictograms (
359:
353:
317:or the word
295:
285:
275:glottal stop
260:
254:
238:
236:
223:
219:
189:
188:
178:Nakhi people
129:
106:
82:
50:
46:
44:
42:
29:
6234:RoboBraille
6058:Róża Czacka
5998:Perforation
5795:Independent
5693:(Bhutanese)
5428:Greenlandic
5099:Azerbaijani
4901:Jindai moji
4790:Syllabaries
4761:SignWriting
4661:Celtiberian
4563:Hieroglyphs
4366:Seal script
4351:Traditional
4223:Blissymbols
4128:Warang Citi
4103:Tolong Siki
4056:Marcomannic
4036:Dalecarlian
4026:Anglo-Saxon
4006:Pau Cin Hau
3897:Medefaidrin
3850:Merovingian
3810:Blackletter
3718:Asomtavruli
3511:Warang Citi
3320:Ulu scripts
3265:New Tai Lue
3208:Mon–Burmese
3062:Bhattiprolu
2890:Nandinagari
2717:ʾEsṭrangēlā
2476:constructed
2304:Syllabaries
2274:Logographic
2269:Ideogrammic
2002:Cartography
1940:Ade Olufeko
1910:Manuel Lima
1839:Kwan-Liu Ma
1764:Stuart Card
1734:Borden Dent
1672:Erwin Raisz
1627:Henry Gantt
1057:Works cited
856:"Resources"
697:Blissymbols
463:'Moon', or
220:indicatives
155:Terminology
6260:Categories
5786:(obsolete)
5767:(obsolete)
5559:(Pakistan)
5470:Belarusian
5352:Vietnamese
5295:Portuguese
5281:Philippine
5238:Lithuanian
4891:Hentaigana
4886:Man'yōgana
4346:Simplified
4233:Ersu Shaba
4147:Non-linear
3952:Old Uyghur
3942:Old Permic
3937:Old Italic
3870:Visigothic
3805:Beneventan
3740:Glagolitic
3703:Gadabuursi
3367:Kolezhuthu
3362:Vatteluttu
3300:Tanchangya
3223:Saurashtra
2800:Devanagari
2658:Phoenician
2611:Manichaean
2335:Devanagari
1925:John Maeda
1703:John Tukey
1667:Harry Beck
1662:Fritz Kahn
1412:Photograph
1207:2024-02-29
1048:Unger 2003
862:2024-03-07
762:References
680:Pasigraphy
678:See also:
664:regarding
609: – c.
607: 570
600:Pythagoras
580:See also:
512:Pure signs
492:component.
455:'Sun' and
191:Pictograms
84:pictograms
79:signifieds
6202:Vibratese
6181:Moon type
6174:Decapoint
5855:Eight-dot
5808:Cantonese
5757:Reordered
5720:Inuktitut
5609:Malayalam
5519:Ukrainian
5498:Mongolian
5477:Bulgarian
5440:Norwegian
5405:Icelandic
5196:Hungarian
5154:Esperanto
5106:Cantonese
4690:Redundant
4502:Anatolian
4453:Cuneiform
4381:bird-worm
4317:Logograms
4288:Testerian
4202:Ideograms
4179:Moon type
4066:Staveless
3957:Mongolian
3902:Molodtsov
3860:Sütterlin
3728:Mkhedruli
3594:Bassa Vah
3544:Alphabets
3516:Mwangwego
3481:Mwangwego
3456:Kharosthi
3409:Blackfoot
3372:Malayanma
3243:Sundanese
3238:Sukhothai
3186:Malayalam
3137:Khom Thai
3097:Goykanadi
3021:Tocharian
2974:ʼPhags-pa
2845:Khudabadi
2790:Bhaiksuki
2685:Samaritan
2616:Nabataean
2471:inventors
2371:In Africa
2355:Mongolian
2299:Shorthand
2259:Alphabets
2189:Graphemes
2007:Chartjunk
1975:Bang Wong
1870:Polo Chau
1576:John Snow
1551:John Venn
1432:Schematic
1417:Pictogram
1003:0010-4175
767:Citations
745:Lexigrams
714:Epigraphy
635:Aristotle
629:separate
592:logograms
529:semiotics
411:'up' and
372:xiàngxíng
261:ideograms
256:logograms
237:The word
161:Pictogram
136:morphemes
132:logograms
103:ampersand
62:'idea' +
51:ideograph
18:Ideograms
5838:Japanese
5699:Georgian
5691:Dzongkha
5677:Armenian
5595:Gujarati
5460:Cyrillic
5391:Estonian
5366:Yugoslav
5302:Romanian
5274:Nigerian
5189:Hawaiian
5175:Ghanaian
5092:Albanian
4953:Sumerian
4918:Linear B
4881:Katakana
4876:Hiragana
4826:Cherokee
4756:ASLwrite
4717:Bopomofo
4572:Numerals
4558:Hieratic
4517:Isthmian
4486:Sumerian
4466:Assyrian
4461:Akkadian
4118:Vithkuqi
4093:Tifinagh
4061:Medieval
4016:Pisidian
4011:Phrygian
3982:Vagindra
3927:Ol Chiki
3835:Interlac
3790:Kayah Li
3780:Jenticha
3735:Veso Bey
3723:Nuskhuri
3713:Georgian
3683:Formosan
3678:Etruscan
3673:Enochian
3629:Cyrillic
3614:Coelbren
3572:Armenian
3471:Meroitic
3461:Mandombe
3451:Jenticha
3315:Tigalari
3280:Tai Viet
3275:Tai Tham
3255:Tagbanwa
3107:Javanese
3057:Baybayin
3047:Balinese
3035:Southern
2930:Pracalit
2925:Pachumol
2900:Bhujimol
2860:Mahajani
2820:Gurmukhi
2810:Gujarati
2778:Northern
2758:Abugidas
2739:Ugaritic
2727:Maḏnḥāyā
2601:Tifinagh
2594:Solitreo
2532:Numerals
2445:Grapheme
2433:Overview
2264:Featural
2254:Abugidas
2174:Language
2167:Overview
1993:Related
1402:Ideogram
1129:(2003).
1086:(1986).
750:Logotype
707:See also
586:As true
551:⟩
547:⟨
543:⟩
539:⟨
485:⟩
481:⟨
477:⟩
473:⟨
469:⟩
465:⟨
461:⟩
457:⟨
453:⟩
449:⟨
445:⟩
441:⟨
427:'three'.
425:⟩
421:⟨
417:⟩
413:⟨
409:⟩
405:⟨
400:zhǐshìzì
391:'heart'.
389:⟩
385:⟨
381:⟩
377:⟨
331:⟩
325:⟨
305:⟩
301:⟨
239:ideogram
224:ideogram
216:mnemonic
206:without
165:Logogram
140:phonetic
111:ligature
92:Numerals
47:ideogram
5743:Tibetan
5684:Burmese
5670:Amharic
5653:(India)
5630:Sinhala
5623:Punjabi
5602:Kannada
5550:Persian
5505:Russian
5445:Swedish
5423:Finnish
5398:Faroese
5373:Zambian
5345:Turkish
5330:Spanish
5253:Maltese
5231:Latvian
5224:Italian
5203:Iñupiaq
5182:Guarani
5142:English
5113:Catalan
5030:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
5025:Braille
4908:Kikakui
4846:Eskayan
4831:Cypriot
4681:Dunging
4553:Demotic
4532:Tenevil
4476:Hittite
4471:Elamite
4424:Jurchen
4403:Sawndip
4398:Chữ Nôm
4298:Zapotec
4293:Yerkish
4268:Nsibidi
4253:Miꞌkmaw
4243:Isotype
4213:Adinkra
4154:Braille
4138:Zaghawa
4108:Vellara
4088:Sunuwar
4078:Sidetic
4073:Shavian
4001:Osmanya
3991:Ol Onal
3845:Kurrent
3830:Insular
3820:Fraktur
3795:Klingon
3785:Kaddare
3759:Archaic
3668:Elbasan
3656:Chinook
3646:Deseret
3634:Bosnian
3589:Avoiuli
3577:Avestan
3567:Ariyaka
3496:Tengwar
3394:Bharati
3355:Serawai
3345:Pasemah
3330:Lampung
3285:Lai Tay
3270:Tai Noi
3233:Sinhala
3213:Pallava
3181:Makasar
3169:Lontara
3144:Kulitan
3117:Kannada
3112:Kadamba
3102:Hanunoo
3092:Grantha
3087:Fakkham
3004:Tibetan
2989:Soyombo
2984:Siddhaṃ
2979:Sharada
2955:Litumol
2945:Tirhuta
2935:Ranjana
2920:Kvemmol
2880:Multani
2865:Marchen
2830:Kalinga
2770:Brahmic
2707:Sogdian
2646:Psalter
2626:Pahlavi
2606:Mandaic
2584:Cursive
2569:Elymaic
2540:Aramaic
2330:Chinese
2279:Numeral
1875:Ben Fry
1387:Diagram
1011:3879458
576:History
436:huìyìzì
403:) like
113:of the
6163:Other
6036:People
6026:Braigo
5845:Korean
5713:Hebrew
5644:Telugu
5543:Arabic
5533:Arabic
5491:Kyrgyz
5484:Kazakh
5418:Danish
5316:Slovak
5309:Samoan
5288:Polish
5267:Navajo
5168:German
5161:French
5028:
4973:Yugtun
4963:Woleai
4913:Kpelle
4896:Sōgana
4816:Byblos
4594:Muisca
4512:Cretan
4481:Luwian
4439:Tangut
4258:Mixtec
4228:Dongba
4133:Yezidi
4123:Wancho
4098:Todhri
4051:Gothic
4031:Cipher
3972:Manchu
3962:Evenki
3947:Orkhon
3892:Manchu
3887:Lydian
3882:Lycian
3825:Gaelic
3775:Hanifi
3770:Hangul
3745:Gothic
3693:Fraser
3688:Fox II
3624:Coptic
3599:Carian
3582:Pazend
3555:Linear
3501:Thaana
3446:Sarati
3387:Others
3350:Rejang
3335:Lembak
3325:Incung
3305:Telugu
3260:Tai Le
3154:Langdi
3077:Chakma
2967:Karani
2940:Tamyig
2915:Kummol
2910:Himmol
2905:Golmol
2885:Nagari
2870:Meitei
2855:Lepcha
2840:Khojki
2825:Kaithi
2712:Syriac
2700:Musnad
2579:Ashuri
2574:Hebrew
2557:Elifba
2552:Arabic
2545:Hatran
2520:Abjads
2340:Hangul
2320:Arabic
2249:Abjads
1995:topics
1466:People
1373:Image
1267:Fields
1175:
1156:
1137:
1115:
1096:
1072:
1009:
1001:
884:
838:
820:p. 12.
812:
787:
667:fanqie
518:Symbol
297:dingir
249:, and
147:like ⟨
70:symbol
65:gráphō
53:(from
5879:(GS8)
5870:Kanji
5728:Khmer
5706:Greek
5637:Tamil
5570:i.e.
5531:i.e.
5512:Tatar
5458:i.e.
5359:Welsh
5260:Māori
5217:Irish
5135:Dutch
5128:Czech
4938:Nüshu
4806:Bamum
4801:Afaka
4608:Other
4599:Roman
4584:Abjad
4507:Bagam
4408:Bowen
4393:Kanji
4388:Hanja
4376:small
4371:large
4278:Olmec
4248:Kaidā
4238:Emoji
4218:Aztec
4021:Runic
3996:Osage
3977:Oirat
3922:Ogham
3855:Sigla
3800:Latin
3755:Greek
3639:Early
3609:Cirth
3562:Adlam
3431:Geʽez
3426:Fox I
3290:Tamil
3149:Lanna
3132:Khmer
3122:Karen
3072:Buhid
3052:Batak
3009:Uchen
2999:Takri
2950:Limbu
2850:Laṇḍā
2835:Khema
2815:Gupta
2805:Dogri
2722:Serṭā
2695:Zabur
2680:Punic
2653:Pegon
2589:Rashi
2503:Types
2454:Lists
2418:Types
2350:Latin
2241:Types
2203:Lists
1447:Table
1382:Chart
1375:types
1007:JSTOR
735:Emoji
615:Plato
557:Types
310:diĝir
286:Many
280:ʾālep
271:aleph
266:ʾālep
200:rebus
117:word
115:Latin
55:Greek
5651:Urdu
5616:Odia
5557:Urdu
4933:Loma
4928:Lisu
4871:Kana
4861:Iban
4851:Geba
4811:Bété
4766:si5s
4676:Khom
4649:Full
4522:Maya
3917:N'Ko
3476:Miao
3421:Dham
3340:Ogan
3310:Thai
3228:Shan
3164:Leke
3127:Kawi
3082:Cham
3067:Buda
3042:Ahom
2962:Odia
2875:Modi
2631:Book
2345:Kana
1422:Plot
1173:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1070:ISBN
999:ISSN
882:ISBN
836:ISBN
810:ISBN
785:ISBN
534:sign
520:and
342:šamu
290:and
208:Geba
163:and
101:The
94:and
74:idea
59:idéa
5210:IPA
4958:Vai
4866:Idu
4434:Sui
3907:Mru
3877:Luo
3840:IPA
3521:Rma
3218:Pyu
3159:Lao
3014:Umê
2420:of
1407:Map
689:in
432:会意字
396:指事字
336:il-
107:and
49:or
45:An
6262::
4968:Yi
1005:.
995:45
993:.
604:c.
368:象形
351:.
348:an
320:an
315:An
303:𒀭
245:,
120:et
87:.
5148:)
5144:(
5017:e
5010:t
5003:v
3761:)
3757:(
2410:e
2403:t
2396:v
2143:e
2136:t
2129:v
1251:e
1244:t
1237:v
1181:.
1162:.
1143:.
1121:.
1102:.
1078:.
1013:.
890:.
865:.
844:.
818:.
793:.
602:(
549:八
541:五
483:木
475:人
467:休
459:月
451:日
443:明
423:三
415:下
407:上
387:心
379:田
149:中
123:.
40:.
20:)
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