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more likely to be hurt in gang initiation than they are by refusing to join. Female members may be required to have sex with male members as a form of initiation, also known as "sex in", though they may also be "jumped-in" like their male counterparts. One study shows that female members who were "sexed-in" as part of gang initiation were thereafter viewed with lower respect than those that were "jumped-in", even when promised they would become full-fledged members. Another study found that sexed-in members face greater risks of sexual exploitation and
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1971:, who are not and do not become members of anything but the so-called "equator crossing club". Another form, "Kissing the Royal Belly" or "Royal Baby", calls for initiates to kneel before a senior member of the crew, who wears a mock diaper. This "Baby" usually has a huge stomach covered with greasy materials ranging from cooking oil to mustard, shaving cream, eggs, and oysters. Junior sailors must lick the Baby's navel area, while the "baby" grabs and shakes their head to better smear the goo onto their faces.
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discussed initiation as a principal religious act by classical or traditional societies. He defined initiation as "a basic change in existential condition", which liberates man from profane time and history. "Initiation recapitulates the sacred history of the world. And through this recapitulation,
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A spiritual initiation rite normally implies a shepherding process where those who are at a higher level guide the initiate through a process of greater exposure of knowledge. This may include the revelation of secrets, hence the term secret society for such organizations, usually reserved for those
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often require new members to commit crimes before accepting them as part of the gang. New members may be physically beaten by fellow gang members to demonstrate their courage, also known as "beat-in" or "jump-in", which occasionally results in a fatality. One study indicates that young people are
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marking entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It could also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community or one of its formal components. In an extended sense, it can also signify a transformation in which the initiate is 'reborn' into a new role. Examples of initiation ceremonies
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tribes usually had long periods of time to help prepare adolescent boys, teaching them traditional lore before they were ready to attend large elaborate ceremonies at the time of initiation when they were finally recognized as full-fledged men in their society. Most tribes had circumcision and
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of females as well. Initiation is considered necessary for the individual to be regarded as a full member of the tribe. Otherwise, the individual may not be allowed to participate in ceremonies or even in social rituals such as marriage. A man will not be allowed to marry or have any special
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The humiliation of initiation rituals borrows from the world of comic ordering, the shaming rituals from tragic ordering. The initiation ritual conceives of humiliation as a test, a rite, prior to and indeed allowing for the attainment of honor as a group member of good
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Initiation may be thought of as an event which may help teens prepare themselves to be good husbands and wives. Where modernization is occurring, initiation is not taken so seriously as before, although there are still certain areas which still perform initiations.
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In addition, there can be similar rites of passages associated with parts of naval and military life, which do not constitute true initiations as the participants are already and remain members of the same community. One such rite is associated with
1852:. The initiation process is often likened to a simultaneous death and rebirth, because as well as being a beginning it also implies an ending as existence on one level drops away in an ascension to the next. Initiation is a key component of
1844:, an initiation is considered to cause a fundamental process of change to begin within the person being initiated and its "evolution operates within both the material world and the spiritual world". The person conducting the initiation (the
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Keating, C. F.; Pomerantz, J.; Pommer, S. D.; Ritt, S. J. H.; Miller, L. M.; McCormick, J. (2005). "Going to college and unpacking hazing: A functional approach to decrypting initiation practices among undergraduates".
2136:, initiate their adulthood when they are 20 years old (ć ć ) and girls when they are 15 (ćçŹ). Yili (ć犟), a text in the chapter of the rites(?) (棫ć 犟) describes various details of the ceremonies involved.
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Some communities on board a military vessel and also of military soldiers tend to form a closed 'family' which absorbs in members, who are often formally accepted, generally after a form of trial or
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Lodewijkx, H. F. M.; van
Zomeren, M.; Syroit, J. E. M. M. (2005). "The anticipation of a severe initiation: Gender differences in effects on affiliation tendency and group attraction".
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In the study of certain social forms of initiation, such as hazing in college fraternities and sororities, laboratory experiments in psychology suggest that severe initiations produce
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during initiations have important consequences in that initiates who feel more rewarded express stronger group identity. As well as group attraction, initiations can also produce
1671:" function is to reveal the deep meaning of existence to the new generations and to help them assume the responsibility of being truly men and hence of participating in culture."
1848:), being in possession of a certain power or state of being, transfers this power or state to the person being initiated. Thus the concept of initiation is similar to that of
2109:). These initiations were abandoned with the adoption of Christianity, and the Urap have expressed relief at no longer having to administer the beatings which were involved.
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specialized initiations, which certain individuals undergo in order to transcend their human condition and become protégés of the
Supernatural Beings or even their equals."
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rites: "collective rituals whose function is to effect the transition from childhood or adolescence to adulthood." They represent "above all the revelation of the sacred."
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tribe of South Africa is normally regarded as a stage where a boy is to be taught manhood and a girl to be taught womanhood. In many
African tribes, initiation involves
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was a multistage process which involved beatings and manipulation of various objects. At each stage, the initiate was offered revelations of secret knowledge (Urap:
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rites, "by virtue of which adolescents gain access to the sacred, to knowledge, and to sexuality-- by which, in short, they become human beings."
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that governs the work performed by members of the union. Some unions also charge a one-time initiation fee, after which the joining
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Miller, J. (2002). Young Women in Street Gangs: Risk
Factors, Delinquency, and Victimization Risk. National Crime Journal, Ch.3>
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1907:. Christian Baptism is seen as both part of the individual's faith and conversion as well as their initiation into the Church.
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1674:"it reveals a world open to the trans-human, a world that, in our philosophical terminology, we should call transcendental."
2186:. Cornell paperbacks : essays, sociology (reprint ed.). ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 164.
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In some
African tribes, boys take about 3â4 months participating in initiation rites and girls take about 1â2 months.
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Robbins, Joel (2001). "God Is
Nothing but Talk: Modernity, Language, and Prayer in a Papua New Guinea Society".
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Robbins, Joel (1998). "Becoming
Sinners: Christianity and Desire among the Urapmin of Papua New Guinea".
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the whole world is sanctified anew... can perceive the world as a sacred work, a creation of the Gods."
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relationship with a woman who did not go to an initiation, because she is not considered to be a woman.
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among new members. Psychology experiments have also shown that initiations increase feelings of
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Aronson, E.; Mills, J. (1959). "The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group".
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Kamau, C. (2012). What does being initiated severely into a group do? The role of rewards.
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2427:"Sailor Men: Are Navy rituals, like Kissing the Royal Belly, homophobic or homoerotic?"
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Eliade differentiates between types of initiations in two ways: types and functions.
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among initiates after the experience, because they want to justify the effort used.
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This hat would only have been worn by initiates to Kindi, the highest level of
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Brumbaugh, Robert (1980). "Models of
Separation and a Mountain Ok Religion".
2400:. Chapter 10. Mystical Initiation (Definition). The Rosicrucian Order, AMORC.
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as the
Western presence grew in eastern Congo in the early twentieth century
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Nearing the late parts of the ceremony, the initiate gains an alias, or a "
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at the higher level of understanding. One famous historical example is the
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Festinger, L (1961). "The psychological effects of insufficient rewards".
2097:. These elaborate rituals were a central part of Urapmin social life. The
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on board a naval ship, but it can even be taken by passengers on board a
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Humiliation: And Other Essays on Honor, Social
Discomfort, and Violence
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are renamed by their guru during the three-day initiation ceremony in
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is initiation into a secret male religious cult. For example, the
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for Kindi, crowns the hat. European-made buttons began to replace
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men to prove themselves as warriors. The ceremony as witnessed by
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TEENS CAN REFUSE GANG MEMBERSHIP WITHOUT SERIOUS HARM, STUDY SAYS
2105:), but at the next stage these would be shown to be false (Urap:
1764:. Dissonance is then thought to produce feelings of strong group
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2504:. GateHouse Media, Inc. The Columbia Dispatch. Archived from
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stings as part of their initiation rites to become warriors.
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A salient shared cultural feature of the Min peoples of the
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Tribes often have initiations. The initiation done in the
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One of the most recognized religious initiation rites is
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Burris-Kitchen, D. (1997). Female Gang Participation.
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is officially deemed to be a member in good standing.
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of ancient Greece, thought to go back to at least the
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The Anthropology of Morality in Melanesia and Beyond
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used to practice a type of male initiation known in
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2316:Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice
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2528:Exclusive: Gangs Spreading In The Military
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2713:(1st ed.). New York: Harper and Row.
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2498:"Man, 18, gets life in prison for murder"
2327:
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2231:Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
1888:traditions. It denotes acceptance by the
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
693:Anthropological Perspectives on Religion
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2542:. Ohio State University. Dec 18, 1998.
2496:Coolidge, Sharon (November 26, 2008).
2217:
7:
3864:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
1741:These can be broken into two types:
382:Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2631:Backshall, Steve (6 January 2008).
2415:. Baker Academic. pp. 1016â17.
2294:International Journal of Psychology
3948:Left-hand path and right-hand path
512:Archaeology of religion and ritual
25:
2051:The bull jumping ceremony of the
3603:Spellwork / Incantation
3075:
2774:
2011:as prestige items on such Bwami
1216:
41:
4068:Fraternity and sorority culture
4025:Witchcraft Research Association
2711:Rites and Symbols of Initiation
2455:Associated Gangs in this county
1649:in comic ordering and testing.
225:Evolutionary origin of religion
52:needs additional citations for
4020:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic
3432:Holly King / Oak King
2003:. Tail hair of an elephant, a
1698:ceremony was a test for young
380:Treatise on the Apparitions of
1:
2994:Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth
2699:10.1525/eth.1980.8.4.02a00050
1945:Equator crossing ceremony on
1816:Endowment (Latter Day Saints)
1442:List of magical organizations
830:Traditional African religions
375:Coral Gardens and Their Magic
3923:List of Wiccan organisations
2302:10.1080/00207594.2012.663957
4063:Majorityâminority relations
3121:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca
2670:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
2394:Bernard, Christian (2015).
32:Initiation (disambiguation)
4084:
3152:Church and School of Wicca
3073:
1892:and also implies that the
1808:Religious initiation rites
1805:
29:
3871:The Meaning of Witchcraft
2989:Illuminates of Thanateros
2762:10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.901
2338:10.1037/1089-2699.9.2.104
1663:Reasons for and functions
1645:notes the role of ritual
908:Armenian Apostolic Church
3470:Wiccan views of divinity
3207:Universal Eclectic Wicca
2639:. London. Archived from
2373:10.1177/1046496404272381
2132:Chinese boys, under the
1987:by fellow male members.
1884:, and similar religious
1598:might include Christian
800:Native American religion
455:Revitalization movements
310:Sacredâprofane dichotomy
148:Anthropology of religion
27:Rite-of-passage ceremony
3953:Cunning folk in Britain
2750:American Anthropologist
2502:The Cincinnati Enquirer
2031:of males and sometimes
1791:Religious and spiritual
714:The Journal of Religion
335:Theories about religion
3737:Magical tools in Wicca
3309:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti
2633:"Bitten by the Amazon"
2074:tribes also practiced
2056:
2016:
1952:
1803:
1800:Freemasonry initiation
1707:
1612:fraternal organization
760:Alaska Native religion
755:Afro-American religion
350:Veneration of the dead
159:
3943:Witch-cult hypothesis
3899:Charge of the Goddess
3640:Solitary practitioner
3558:Drawing down the Moon
3339:Cerridwen Fallingstar
3060:Wicca and LGBT people
2783:at Wikimedia Commons
2666:Barker, John (2007).
2268:American Psychologist
2063:Australian Aboriginal
2050:
1998:
1944:
1924:collective bargaining
1812:Esoteric transmission
1798:
1729:: "the vocation of a
1693:
1338:Esoteric transmission
1161:cultural anthropology
780:Chinese folk religion
672:Anthony F. C. Wallace
667:Daniel Martin Varisco
592:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
494:of the Religious Life
158:
3116:Central Valley Wicca
2932:William S. Burroughs
2643:on February 22, 2014
2508:on September 9, 2019
2361:Small Group Research
2083:New Guinea Highlands
1965:crossing the equator
1948:Empress of Australia
1850:apostolic succession
1823:Eleusinian Mysteries
1762:cognitive dissonance
1610:, acceptance into a
815:Shamanism in Siberia
662:Edward Burnett Tylor
492:The Elementary Forms
260:Magic (supernatural)
210:Comparative religion
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3964:Malleus Maleficarum
3958:European witchcraft
3938:Neopagan witchcraft
3093:British Traditional
3036:Neopagan witchcraft
2973:Robert Anton Wilson
2411:Erickson, Millard.
2178:Miller, William Ian
1505:Hermes Trismegistus
1378:Ritual purification
1238:Eastern esotericism
1233:Western esotericism
997:Hindu denominations
938:Ethiopian Orthodoxy
707:The Hibbert Journal
617:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
602:Fustel de Coulanges
142:Part of a series on
3979:Magical alphabets
3928:Bricket Wood coven
3906:Enchanted Feminism
3299:Zsuzsanna Budapest
3055:Etymology of Wicca
2953:Austin Osman Spare
2557:Edwin Mellen Press
2553:Lewiston, New York
2460:2007-10-16 at the
2413:Christian Theology
2072:Central Australian
2057:
2037:genital mutilation
2029:genital mutilation
2017:
1953:
1937:Naval and military
1878:Vajrayana Buddhism
1836:In the context of
1804:
1708:
1677:"to make open to
1643:William Ian Miller
1608:bar or bat mitzvah
1395:Esoteric societies
1051:Non-denominational
963:Oriental Orthodoxy
517:Poles in mythology
250:Laying on of hands
160:
4040:
4039:
3661:Wheel of the Year
3314:Patricia Crowther
3215:
3214:
3101:Alexandrian Wicca
3066:Dettmer v. Landon
3002:
3001:
2902:Genesis P-Orridge
2779:Media related to
2526:James M Klatell.
2055:tribe in Ethiopia
1588:
1587:
1321:Astral projection
1278:Mystical theology
1195:
1194:
983:Russian Orthodoxy
933:Eastern Orthodoxy
582:Arnold van Gennep
501:Purity and Danger
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
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4058:Rites of passage
4010:Witches' Sabbath
3933:New Forest coven
3892:Witchcraft Today
3878:The Spiral Dance
3425:Spirit of nature
3384:Silver RavenWolf
3329:Scott Cunningham
3319:Vivianne Crowley
3289:Raymond Buckland
3157:Cochrane's Craft
3126:Gardnerian Wicca
3089:
3079:
3050:History of Wicca
3029:
3022:
3015:
3006:
2948:Aleister Crowley
2917:Peter J. Carroll
2886:Synchromysticism
2831:Cut-up technique
2810:
2803:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2765:
2743:
2714:
2702:
2681:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2637:The Sunday Times
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2549:
2543:
2538:Jeff Grabmeier.
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2471:
2465:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2429:. Archived from
2423:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2331:
2310:
2304:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2280:10.1037/h0045112
2263:
2257:
2256:
2253:10.1037/h0047195
2246:
2226:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2174:
2128:Historical China
2120:use intentional
1874:Surat Shabd Yoga
1827:Mycenaean period
1717:Entering into a
1628:recruit training
1580:
1573:
1566:
1220:
1197:
1187:
1180:
1173:
928:Coptic Orthodoxy
642:Marshall Sahlins
484:Related articles
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4015:Flying ointment
3911:
3885:What Witches Do
3851:
3772:Book of Shadows
3725:
3649:
3628:Rite of passage
3593:Herbal medicine
3550:
3544:
3455:Wiccan morality
3447:
3441:
3398:
3379:Rosaleen Norton
3374:Frederic Lamond
3369:Philip Heselton
3324:Robert Cochrane
3304:Charles Cardell
3294:Eddie Buczynski
3264:Victor Anderson
3234:Doreen Valiente
3221:
3211:
3130:
3111:Blue Star Wicca
3080:
3071:
3038:
3033:
3003:
2998:
2977:
2936:
2927:Ralph Tegtmeier
2895:Notable figures
2890:
2881:Symbol of Chaos
2819:
2814:
2772:
2747:
2732:10.2307/3773784
2717:
2705:
2684:
2678:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2584:
2578:Brumbaugh (1980
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2462:Wayback Machine
2453:Maryland gangs.
2452:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2329:10.1.1.611.2494
2312:
2311:
2307:
2291:
2287:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2244:10.1.1.368.1481
2228:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2212:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2149:
2130:
1993:
1977:
1939:
1913:
1818:
1793:
1788:
1758:
1688:
1665:
1640:
1638:Characteristics
1626:from school or
1620:religious order
1595:rite of passage
1584:
1555:
1554:
1455:
1454:Notable figures
1447:
1446:
1437:Typhonian Order
1428:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1373:Rite of passage
1316:
1308:
1307:
1228:
1191:
1151:
1150:
943:Greek Orthodoxy
923:Catholic Church
739:
738:
727:
726:
687:
686:
677:
676:
652:Stanley Tambiah
607:Clifford Geertz
562:Joseph Campbell
547:Augustin Calmet
542:
541:
540:Major theorists
532:
531:
507:Myth and ritual
493:
486:
485:
476:
475:
381:
365:
364:
355:
354:
305:Sacred language
295:Rite of passage
220:Divine language
185:
184:
175:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4081:
4079:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4045:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3996:
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3990:
3985:
3977:
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3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3847:Witch's ladder
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Chalice/Goblet
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
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3678:
3673:
3668:
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3657:
3655:
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3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3634:Eko Eko Azarak
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
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3546:
3545:
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3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3505:The Summerland
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3437:Mother goddess
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3410:Triple Goddess
3406:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3354:Raven Grimassi
3351:
3349:Stewart Farrar
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:Phyllis Curott
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:Maxine Sanders
3241:
3236:
3231:
3229:Gerald Gardner
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:Odyssean Wicca
3184:
3182:Georgian Wicca
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:1734 Tradition
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3086:
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3081:
3074:
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3069:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
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3034:
3032:
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3024:
3017:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2997:
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2991:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2907:Grant Morrison
2904:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2771:
2770:External links
2768:
2767:
2766:
2756:(4): 901â912.
2745:
2726:(4): 299â316.
2715:
2707:Eliade, Mircea
2703:
2693:(4): 332â348.
2682:
2677:978-0754671855
2676:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2582:
2570:
2561:
2544:
2531:
2519:
2488:
2466:
2443:
2418:
2403:
2397:So Mote It Be!
2386:
2367:(2): 237â262.
2351:
2322:(2): 104â126.
2305:
2285:
2258:
2237:(2): 177â181.
2221:
2210:
2192:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2129:
2126:
2087:Urapmin people
1992:
1989:
1976:
1973:
1951:, August 1941
1938:
1935:
1912:
1909:
1802:. 18th century
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1721:
1719:Secret Society
1715:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1639:
1636:
1616:secret society
1586:
1585:
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1462:
1456:
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1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1426:Rosicrucianism
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1380:
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1365:
1360:
1355:
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1330:
1329:
1328:
1317:
1315:Esoteric rites
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:Traditionalism
1300:
1295:
1290:
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1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
992:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
968:Pentecostalism
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
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827:
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812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
751:
750:
748:folk religions
740:
734:
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
688:
684:
683:
682:
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639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
572:Ămile Durkheim
569:
564:
559:
554:
552:Akbar S. Ahmed
549:
543:
539:
538:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
527:Elite religion
524:
522:Lived religion
519:
514:
509:
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497:
487:
483:
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478:
477:
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468:
463:
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401:
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377:
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257:
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186:
183:Basic concepts
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
161:
151:
150:
144:
143:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4080:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:Witching hour
3998:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:Paraphernalia
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:Cone of power
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Fivefold kiss
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Reincarnation
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Rule of Three
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3394:Joseph Wilson
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Jack Bracelin
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Coven of Atho
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3007:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:Organisations
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Postmodernism
2966:
2964:
2963:Kenneth Grant
2961:
2959:
2958:Discordianism
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
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2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
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2642:
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2627:
2624:
2620:
2619:Robbins (1998
2615:
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2608:
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2600:
2596:
2595:Robbins (2001
2591:
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2529:
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2507:
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2499:
2492:
2489:
2477:. Vlad Sokhin
2476:
2475:"Crying Meri"
2470:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2433:on 2007-11-17
2432:
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2259:
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2250:
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2240:
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2232:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:Eliade (1958)
2214:
2211:
2207:
2195:
2193:9780801481178
2189:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2141:Courtesy name
2137:
2135:
2134:Rites of Zhou
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:scarification
2064:
2060:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2013:paraphernalia
2010:
2009:cowrie shells
2006:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1988:
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1981:
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1920:organizations
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1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1756:Psychological
1755:
1750:
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1744:
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1742:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1704:George Catlin
1701:
1697:
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1685:
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1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
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1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:Mircea Eliade
1650:
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1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:Body of light
1324:
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1199:
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1000:
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991:
988:
987:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
973:Protestantism
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
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951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
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702:
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697:
695:
694:
690:
689:
681:
680:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
657:Victor Turner
655:
653:
650:
648:
647:Melford Spiro
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
632:Roy Rappaport
630:
628:
627:Steven Ozment
625:
623:
622:Robert Marett
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
577:Mircea Eliade
575:
573:
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568:
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563:
560:
558:
555:
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550:
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536:
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513:
510:
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498:
496:
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489:
488:
480:
479:
472:
471:Handsome Lake
469:
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437:
435:
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165:
162:New monks of
157:
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131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: â
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4031:Fluffy Bunny
3975:Cunning folk
3970:Granny woman
3962:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3645:Spiral dance
3632:
3622:
3583:Magic circle
3364:Yvonne Frost
3344:Janet Farrar
3259:Margot Adler
3239:Alex Sanders
3167:Dianic Wicca
3147:Celtic Wicca
3106:Algard Wicca
3064:
2912:Lionel Snell
2850:
2824:Key concepts
2773:
2753:
2749:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2690:
2686:
2667:
2645:. Retrieved
2641:the original
2636:
2626:
2614:
2607:Barker (2007
2602:
2573:
2564:
2547:
2534:
2522:
2512:November 26,
2510:. Retrieved
2506:the original
2501:
2491:
2479:. Retrieved
2469:
2435:. Retrieved
2431:the original
2421:
2412:
2406:
2396:
2389:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2293:
2288:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2213:
2204:
2197:. Retrieved
2182:
2172:
2138:
2131:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2080:
2061:
2058:
2042:
2033:circumcision
2025:circumcision
2018:
1978:
1969:cruise liner
1961:
1954:
1946:
1914:
1905:Christianity
1898:
1845:
1838:ritual magic
1835:
1819:
1770:
1759:
1740:
1731:medicine man
1706:, circa 1835
1695:
1658:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1604:confirmation
1590:
1589:
1368:Propitiation
1352:
1227:Key concepts
1202:
1090:Conservative
958:Nestorianism
891:Christianity
719:
712:
705:
698:
691:
637:Saba Mahmood
612:Robin Horton
597:James Frazer
567:Mary Douglas
499:
490:
387:Neo-Paganism
363:Case studies
330:Superstition
325:Soul dualism
244:
235:Great Spirit
123:
117:January 2015
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:"Initiation"
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3568:Handfasting
3495:White magic
3460:Wiccan Rede
3359:Gavin Frost
3279:Lois Bourne
3172:Faery Wicca
2817:Chaos magic
2660:Works cited
2481:12 February
2274:(1): 1â11.
2114:Sateré-Mawé
2076:subincision
1911:Trade union
1866:Vaishnavism
1842:esotericism
1780:affiliation
1647:humiliation
1416:Golden Dawn
1411:Freemasonry
1273:Metaphysics
1258:Hermeticism
1211:Esotericism
1017:Vaishnavism
948:Lutheranism
903:Anglicanism
587:René Girard
466:Ghost Dance
345:Transtheism
315:Sacred site
275:Nympholepsy
4053:Initiation
4047:Categories
4005:Witch-hunt
3856:Literature
3837:Tarot deck
3696:Lughnasadh
3623:Initiation
3618:Invocation
3613:Divination
3563:Great rite
3551:and ritual
3530:Watchtower
3500:Otherworld
3490:Witchcraft
3480:Craft name
3415:Horned God
3274:Gavin Bone
3249:Sybil Leek
3202:Stregheria
3192:Reclaiming
3085:Traditions
2941:Influences
2851:Initiation
2841:Entheogens
2781:Initiation
2437:2009-09-01
2164:References
2122:bullet ant
2116:people of
1831:Bronze Age
1806:See also:
1776:conformity
1766:attraction
1624:graduation
1591:Initiation
1535:Pythagoras
1530:Paracelsus
1406:Ălus CoĂ«ns
1363:Meditation
1358:Invocation
1353:Initiation
1333:Divination
1139:ĆvetÄmbara
775:Böö mörgöl
557:Talal Asad
461:Cargo cult
290:Polytheism
285:Pilgrimage
270:Monotheism
255:Liminality
245:Initiation
240:Henotheism
215:Divination
205:Communitas
168:Amarkantak
164:Kriya Yoga
87:newspapers
18:Initiating
3807:Parchment
3721:Wild Hunt
3691:Midsummer
3608:Banishing
3573:Wiccaning
3420:Green Man
3197:Seax-Wica
2922:Phil Hine
2871:Servitors
2720:Ethnology
2621::307â308)
2381:146168269
2324:CiteSeerX
2239:CiteSeerX
2206:standing.
2103:weng awem
1927:agreement
1917:unionised
1846:initiator
1679:spiritual
1606:, Jewish
1510:Ibn Arabi
1495:Gurdjieff
1480:Dionysius
1460:Blavatsky
1421:Martinism
1383:Sacrifice
1343:Evocation
1298:Theosophy
1283:Mysticism
1248:Astrology
1134:Digambara
1076:YazdĂąnism
1056:Quranists
1036:Ahmadiyya
1022:Ayyavazhi
953:Methodism
918:Calvinism
898:Adventism
879:Vajrayana
864:Theravada
854:Pure Land
736:Religions
409:Bobohizan
320:Shamanism
230:Fetishism
190:Afterlife
3832:Talisman
3812:Pentacle
3782:Cauldron
3666:Solstice
3654:Holidays
3535:Familiar
3525:Summoner
3448:concepts
3389:Starhawk
2861:Playback
2836:Egregore
2709:(1958).
2458:Archived
2346:43240412
2180:(1995).
2158:Ulwaluko
2147:See also
2005:metaphor
1870:Sant Mat
1786:Examples
1727:vocation
1724:Mystical
1681:values."
1632:initiate
1348:Exorcism
1263:Kabbalah
1203:a series
1200:Part of
1115:Orthodox
1105:Haymanot
1046:Mahdavia
1012:Smartism
1007:Shaktism
1002:Shaivism
990:Hinduism
913:Baptists
849:Nichiren
844:Mahayana
837:Buddhism
825:Tengrism
700:Folklore
685:Journals
444:Slametan
404:Babaylan
399:Angakkuq
174:, India.
3916:Related
3822:Scourge
3802:Incense
3777:Candles
3706:Samhain
3686:Beltane
3671:Equinox
3598:Scrying
3540:Animism
3520:Skyclad
3403:Deities
3269:Artemis
3222:figures
3220:Notable
3043:History
2866:Scrying
2740:3773784
2647:13 July
2199:27 July
1903:within
1901:Baptism
1886:gnostic
1854:Judaism
1772:Rewards
1746:puberty
1712:Puberty
1600:baptism
1545:Steiner
1525:Mathers
1470:Crowley
1293:Thelema
1243:Alchemy
1146:Sikhism
1127:Jainism
1110:Karaite
1100:Hasidic
1083:Judaism
978:Quakers
874:Tibetan
869:Tiantai
859:Shingon
795:KejawĂšn
721:Oceania
195:Animism
172:Annupur
101:scholar
3993:Hebrew
3988:Theban
3827:Statue
3787:Censer
3767:Boline
3752:Athame
3747:Amulet
3681:Ostara
3676:Imbolc
2876:Sigils
2846:Gnosis
2738:
2674:
2379:
2344:
2326:
2241:
2190:
2153:Hazing
2118:Brazil
2107:famoul
2021:Bapedi
1991:Tribal
1957:hazing
1931:person
1862:Shiism
1858:Sufism
1814:, and
1735:shaman
1700:Mandan
1540:Schuon
1490:Guénon
1432:Tariqa
1288:Occult
1253:Gnosis
1157:Social
1120:Reform
1095:Haredi
1066:Sufism
820:Shinto
810:Shindo
805:Noaidi
785:Hanitu
744:Ethnic
439:Pawang
434:JhÄkri
393:Ritual
300:Ritual
280:Oracle
200:Augury
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3983:Runes
3817:Runes
3762:Besom
3742:Altar
3716:Esbat
3701:Mabon
3549:Rites
3515:Karma
3485:Magic
3475:Coven
3135:Other
2736:JSTOR
2687:Ethos
2597::904)
2580::332)
2377:S2CID
2342:S2CID
2053:Hamar
2001:Bwami
1985:abuse
1980:Gangs
1894:Chela
1882:Wicca
1733:or a
1696:Okipa
1686:Types
1622:, or
1593:is a
1550:Waite
1485:Evola
1465:Böhme
1268:Magic
1071:Sunni
1041:Ibadi
1029:Islam
790:Hausa
765:Anito
424:Dukun
414:Bomoh
369:Magic
340:Totem
108:JSTOR
94:books
3842:Wand
3797:Horn
3757:Bell
3711:Yule
3254:Dafo
3177:Feri
2672:ISBN
2649:2013
2609::29)
2514:2008
2483:2014
2201:2019
2188:ISBN
2112:The
2091:Urap
1975:Gang
1890:Guru
1860:and
1840:and
1829:or "
1694:The
1520:LĂ©vi
1515:Jung
1500:Hall
1401:AâŽAâŽ
1159:and
1061:Shia
770:Atua
746:and
429:Miko
419:Bora
265:Mana
80:news
3446:Key
2856:Kia
2758:doi
2754:103
2744:per
2728:doi
2695:doi
2369:doi
2334:doi
2298:doi
2276:doi
2249:doi
2099:ban
2095:ban
2093:as
1915:In
1833:".
1618:or
1602:or
1475:Dee
884:Zen
63:by
4049::
2752:.
2734:.
2724:37
2722:.
2689:.
2635:.
2585:^
2555::
2500:.
2446:^
2375:.
2365:36
2363:.
2340:.
2332:.
2318:.
2296:,
2272:16
2270:.
2247:.
2235:59
2233:.
2203:.
2078:.
1959:.
1880:,
1876:,
1872:,
1868:,
1864:,
1856:,
1810:,
1782:.
1634:.
1614:,
1206:on
449:Wu
170:,
4033:"
4029:"
3028:e
3021:t
3014:v
2809:e
2802:t
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2764:.
2760::
2742:.
2730::
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