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1987:
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2004:
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83:
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45:
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2182:, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary. Comprehensive study of the effects of artificial impact of modulated electron flows and plasma beams on the ionosphere and magnetosphere of the Earth (forming part of the Apex international scientific project, conducted jointly with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.)
3285:
2170:
1989 September 28 - Magion 2 - Magion 2 forms a part of the scientific programme of
Interkosmos 24 (project Aktivnyj) Execution of the scientific programme of the 'Aktivny' project in conjunction with Interkosmos-24, permitting simultaneous spatially separating investigations of plasma processes in
1718:
2174:
1989 September 28 - Interkosmos 24 - US participation, in cooperation with
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania (the international scientific project entitled 'Aktivny'). Carrying the Czechoslovak Magion-2
957:
The Soviet Union also made offers of joint human spaceflight on a commercial basis to the United
Kingdom and Japan resulting in the first British and Japanese cosmonauts. In the early 1980s, an offer was made to Finland as well, with test pilot
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4017:
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3012:
806:
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2144:
1981 February 6 - Interkosmos 21 - (Czechoslovak
Socialist Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, and the Socialist Republic of Romania)
2136:
1979 November 1 - Interkosmos 20. (Czechoslovak
Socialist Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, and the Socialist Republic of Romania).
4139:
4105:
3504:
3869:
5439:
4769:
3534:
3103:
5479:
2085:
1978 October 24 - Interkosmos 18 - Conduct of complex investigations on the interaction between the magnetosphere and ionosphere of the earth. Cooperation with the
5429:
4213:
4051:
3924:
3662:
3342:
3127:
4937:
4840:
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4151:
4056:
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3383:
5484:
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4779:
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3738:
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2628:
The history of science and technology: a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today
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247:
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3115:
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903:
to a future US space station. Whilst the
Shuttle-Salyut program never materialized during the existence of the Soviet Interkosmos program, after the
4976:
4383:
2215:
In general, most of the films associated with programs are short TV documentaries from that era. The two exceptions include (largely fictionalised)
966:) refused on the grounds that participation would not benefit the flight or test pilot activity in any way. No further offers were made to Finland.
2079:
1977 September 24 - Interkosmos 17 - Investigation of energetic charged and neutral particles and micrometeorite fluxes in circumterrestrial space.
4232:
930:
space flights between 1978 and 1988. The program was responsible for sending into space the first citizen of a country other than the US or USSR:
446:
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2489:
2459:
2334:
792:
2191:
5036:
4875:
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3833:
3313:
2190:
1994 March 2 - Interkosmos 26 - Conduct of comprehensive investigations of the sun under the
Coronas-I international project developed by
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1233:
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2123:
2119:
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2086:
1869:
1724:
1220:
1060:
935:
904:
2108:
1978 October 24 - Magion 1 - The
Czechoslovak satellite MAGION was launched into orbit by the Soviet spacecraft Interkosmos 18
1445:
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5077:
4764:
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3603:
3264:
2696:
2517:
2388:
2164:
1985 April 26 - Interkosmos 23 - Developed by scientists and specialists of the USSR and the
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.
2127:
2098:
2040:
2029:
1972 April 7 - Interkosmos 6 - Investigation of primary cosmic radiation and meteoritic particles in near-earth outer space.
1649:
1463:
1292:
874:
2550:"Jyrki Laukkasesta piti tulla Suomen ensimmäinen kosmonautti – kieltäytyi kutsusta, kun siitä ei olisi ollut mitään hyötyä"
1538:
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2102:
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missions, the first crewed
Interkosmos mission occurred in February 1978. Joint crewed spaceflights enabled 14 non-Soviet
2161:
1981 September 21 - Oreol 3 - Developed by Soviet and French specialists under the joint Soviet-French project 'Arkad-3'.
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264:
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881:
states such as India and Syria participated, and capitalist states such as the United Kingdom, France and Austria.
280:
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4061:
3301:
3240:
2728:
1215:
474:
2067:
1976 June 19 - Interkosmos 15. Testing of new systems and components of satellite under space flight conditions.
1729:
1268:
5312:
5009:
4716:
4395:
3202:
2179:
850:
338:
2505:
Wikisource:Mir Hardware Heritage/Part 2 - Almaz, Salyut, and Mir#2.1.6 Shuttle-Salyut .281973-1978.3B 1980s.29
2289:, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, the German Democratic Republic ("East Germany"), and the
1388:
1101:
939:
908:
4371:
5182:
5072:
4697:
4359:
4311:
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4407:
4335:
4124:
3750:
3337:
1439:
678:
621:
532:
491:
4439:
2186:
896:
missions to a Salyut space station, with later talks in the 1980s even considering flights of the future
5434:
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4268:
4201:
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3084:
3072:
723:
708:
515:
503:
1979:
1823:
1675:
1559:
1393:
951:
950:
to space, although the second one did not fly under the Interkosmos program, and the French spationaut
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4297:
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3703:
3457:
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1336:
878:
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713:
255:
105:
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728:
564:
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396:
235:
129:
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778:
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381:
20:
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2637:
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2396:
2340:
2330:
1974:
1921:
1042:
983:
931:
835:
743:
636:
406:
292:
125:
1331:
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307:
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823:
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683:
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527:
386:
352:
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302:
287:
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1481:
1367:
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1137:
1106:
579:
376:
356:
297:
2596:
From Good King Wenceslas to the Good Soldier Švejk: a dictionary of Czech popular culture
1279:
1158:
1588:
1325:
4458:
4120:
2199:
1945:
1828:
1670:
1564:
1531:
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1209:
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1130:
1071:
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959:
854:
733:
693:
584:
431:
411:
269:
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5230:
2864:
2685:
2657:
2318:
2268:
2148:
1927:
1613:
1507:
962:
mentioned as one of the potential Finnish cosmonauts. The pilots of the Test Flight (
893:
758:
753:
748:
718:
569:
1664:
1251:
1194:
1152:
911:
would follow in these footsteps in the mid-1990s and eventually pave the way to the
4799:
2290:
2282:
2267:, a series of biology research satellites from 1966 to 1996 – participation of the
2090:
2044:
1932:
862:
703:
606:
461:
426:
416:
320:
74:
2626:
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2479:
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4029:
2003:
1998:
1956:
1951:
1904:
1899:
858:
559:
369:
2990:
1852:
1800:
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2979:
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2959:
2326:
2232:
2052:
1847:
1795:
1748:
1694:
1637:
771:
4961:
2529:
2400:
938:. Interkosmos also resulted in the first black and Hispanic person in space,
5220:
4603:
4591:
4555:
4256:
3821:
3447:
3435:
2954:
1583:
1244:
923:
919:
658:
653:
641:
552:
542:
486:
481:
111:
2481:
The first Soviet cosmonaut team: their lives, legacy, and historical impact
2073:
1977 June 17 - Signe 3 - Twenty French specialists worked on the satellite.
1607:
1474:
1417:
1360:
1303:
1036:
1078:
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2909:
2203:
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599:
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537:
496:
451:
188:
2894:
2713:
974:
44:
5264:
5123:
4086:
3715:
2286:
2070:
1977 March 29 - Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.
1992:
1349:
1095:
648:
594:
589:
520:
508:
436:
391:
5368:
2278:
2274:
2133:
1979 September 26 - Vertikal-8 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
1841:
1577:
892:
and Interkosmos in the 1970s about a "Shuttle-Salyut" program to fly
846:
456:
88:
2549:
2061:
1975 September 2 - Vertikal-3 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
5171:
4816:
4702:
2422:"From astronaut to refugee: how the Syrian spaceman fell to Earth"
2344:
2158:
1981 August 28 - Vertikal-9 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
2076:
1977 August 30 - Vertikal-5 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
2026:
1971 August 20 - Vertikal-2 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
1893:
1688:
1631:
973:
698:
343:
326:
2221:
from 2006, and cooperation document from 2009 (in Polish) titled
2023:
1970 November 28 - Vertikal-1 Aeronomy/Ionosphere/Solar mission.
5205:
4280:
4022:
3548:
3185:
1406:
889:
4965:
2994:
2717:
5258:
2048:
1707:
1176:
857:. The program included the allied east-European states of the
332:
315:
2198:
experiments in cooperation with specialists from Poland, the
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
2114:
1979 February 27 - Interkosmos 19 - Cooperation with the
2082:
1977 October 25 - Vertikal-6 Ionosphere/Solar mission?.
2178:
1991 December 18 - Interkosmos 25 - experiments from
849:. All members of the program from USSR were given the
2111:
1978 November 3 - Vertikal-7 Ionosphere/Solar mission
2314:
Interkosmos - The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program
5326:
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3405:
3398:
3273:
3159:
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3058:
3035:
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2902:
2752:
2698:
Interkosmos: The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program
231:
207:
181:
157:
149:
144:
136:
121:
98:
59:
54:
2625:
834:, designed to help the Soviet Union's allies with
2518:"How the Soviets Won the Space Race for Equality"
2389:"INDIAN JOINS SOVIET PAIR IN 8-DAY SPACE MISSION"
918:Beginning in April 1967 with unpiloted research
2632:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
942:of Cuba, and the first Asian person in space,
4977:
4938:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
3006:
2729:
800:
32:
8:
946:of Vietnam. Of the countries involved, only
26:
2624:Bunch, Bryan; Hellemans, Alexander (2004).
2206:, Bulgaria, France, and the United Kingdom.
5247:
5144:
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3998:
3402:
3156:
3032:
3013:
2999:
2991:
2736:
2722:
2714:
807:
793:
242:
25:
2473:
2471:
2443:
2441:
2574:(in Finnish). Suomen Tietokirjailijat ry
2358:Matignon, Louis de Gouyon (2019-04-05).
2281:, two Solar System probes, in the joint
1002:
845:The program was formed in April 1967 in
16:Soviet international spaceflight program
2303:
447:Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories
254:
5455:Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
5430:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
2454:. London: Routledge. pp. 59–61.
2139:1981 - Re-entry Vehicle Test mission.
2064:1976 - Re-entry Vehicle Test mission.
779:List of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts
7:
2039:" - satellite of cooperation of the
5440:East Germany–Soviet Union relations
2451:The international politics of space
38:Interkosmos Kosmicheskaya Programma
5480:Afghanistan–Soviet Union relations
2552:(in Finnish). Yle.fi. 10 July 2019
2478:Burgess, Colin; Hall, Rex (2008).
2311:Bergess, Colin; Vis, Bert (2015).
2293:("West Germany") in December 1984.
2155:" (People's Republic of Bulgaria).
888:mission, there were talks between
869:, and other socialist states like
14:
5425:Space program of the Soviet Union
2704:A Dictionary of Space Exploration
2601:Central European University Press
2593:Roberts, Andrew Lawrence (2005).
2484:. Berlin: Springer. p. 331.
34:Интеркосмос Космическая Программа
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2420:Garthwaite, Rosie (2016-03-01).
2249:
2235:
2055:. Orbit around 200–1550 km.
2002:
1985:
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1070:
1053:
1035:
81:
67:
43:
5490:Bulgaria–Soviet Union relations
2360:"The Interkosmos space program"
2321:: Springer Praxis. p. 11.
2120:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2087:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
905:dissolution of the Soviet Union
132:space mission for Soviet allies
5485:Soviet Union–Vietnam relations
5465:Romania–Soviet Union relations
5450:Hungary–Soviet Union relations
5351:Multi-Purpose Logistics Module
5078:German Space Operations Center
2516:Pinkham, Sophie (2019-07-16).
2167:1986 December 18 - Kosmos 1809
2032:1973 April 4 - Interkosmos 9 "
1:
5445:Poland–Soviet Union relations
2116:People's Republic of Bulgaria
2103:Socialist Republic of Romania
5475:India–Soviet Union relations
5470:Soviet Union–Syria relations
5334:European Retrievable Carrier
3022:Public-sector space agencies
2185:1991 December 28 - Magion 3
2058:1975 June 3 - Interkosmos 14
2010:
1997:
1983:
1978:
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1780:
1777:Mohammad Dauran Ghulam Masum
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1283:
1278:
1273:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1238:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1181:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1124:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1065:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1031:
948:Bulgaria sent two cosmonauts
265:Soviet crewed lunar programs
5460:Cuba–Soviet Union relations
5277:International Space Station
2291:Federal Republic of Germany
2124:Hungarian People's Republic
2095:Hungarian People's Republic
913:International Space Station
167:November 28, 1970
5516:
2285:between the Soviet Union,
2091:German Democratic Republic
475:Expendable launch vehicles
281:Human spaceflight programs
18:
5389:
5377:Tethered Satellite System
5068:European Astronaut Centre
5026:
4932:
2891:
2448:Sheehan, Michael (2007).
2327:10.1007/978-3-319-24163-0
2225:("Aviators-Cosmonauts").
1446:Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa
827:
42:
33:
31:
5010:European Astronaut Corps
2171:circumterrestrial space.
2128:Polish People's Republic
2099:Polish People's Republic
2041:Polish People's Republic
851:Hero of the Soviet Union
5183:European Service Module
5073:Columbus Control Centre
2691:Encyclopædia Britannica
217:March 2, 1994
193:March 2, 1978
19:For the 2006 film, see
5339:Hubble Space Telescope
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
1000:
679:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
5399:European Space Agency
5199:Retired and cancelled
5104:Concordia winterovers
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
1725:Aleksandr Aleksandrov
1389:Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez
1221:Aleksandr Aleksandrov
1102:Mirosław Hermaszewski
977:
954:flew on two flights.
940:Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez
724:Konstantin Feoktistov
709:Alexander Kemurdzhian
5500:1980s in spaceflight
5495:1970s in spaceflight
5164:Planned and proposed
5092:Earth-based research
4944:Soviet space program
1671:Muhammed Ahmed Faris
1451:Maidarjavyn Ganzorig
832:Soviet space program
714:Valentina Tereshkova
256:Soviet space program
106:Soviet space program
5420:Interkosmos program
5344:Faint Object Camera
5114:European Space Camp
4094:Guiana Space Centre
2257:Soviet Union portal
998: refused offer
909:Shuttle–Mir Program
729:Mikhail Tikhonravov
442:Astron (spacecraft)
323:(lunar Soyuz 7K-L1)
182:First crewed flight
28:
27:Interkosmos program
5244:Mission highlights
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
2522:The New York Times
2393:The New York Times
2364:Space Legal Issues
2271:from 1975 to 1996.
2243:Spaceflight portal
2223:Lotnicy Kosmonauci
1824:Jean-Loup Chrétien
1772:Abdul Ahad Mohmand
1560:Jean-Loup Chrétien
1378:18 September 1980
1001:
992: participants
952:Jean-Loup Chrétien
926:to participate in
250:of articles on the
21:Interkosmos (film)
5407:
5406:
5385:
5384:
5239:
5238:
5083:Concordia Station
4996:human spaceflight
4959:
4958:
4679:
4678:
3990:
3989:
3394:
3393:
3276:and the Caribbean
3148:
3147:
2988:
2987:
2572:"Jyrki Laukkanen"
2491:978-0-387-84823-5
2461:978-0-415-39917-3
2336:978-3-319-24161-6
2018:Uncrewed missions
2015:
2014:
1980:Clemens Lothaller
1865:2 December 1990
1813:26 November 1988
1730:Krasimir Stoyanov
1676:Munir Habib Habib
1394:José López Falcón
1259:(Docking failed)
984:Human spaceflight
817:
816:
744:Vladimir Chelomey
312:
241:
240:
49:Interkosmos patch
5507:
5397:
5248:
5145:
5015:ISS contribution
4986:
4979:
4972:
4963:
4942:Preceded by the
4922:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4045:
4044:
4043:
3999:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3403:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3157:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3033:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2897:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2631:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2366:. Archived from
2355:
2349:
2348:
2308:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2147:1981 August 7 -
2006:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1959:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1924:
1907:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1876:Toyohiro Akiyama
1872:
1855:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1820:
1803:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1756:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1721:
1702:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1667:
1652:
1645:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1610:
1591:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1556:
1541:
1534:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1503:Dumitru Prunariu
1499:
1484:
1477:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1442:
1427:
1420:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1385:
1370:
1363:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1328:
1313:
1306:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1271:
1254:
1247:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1212:
1197:
1190:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1164:Eberhard Köllner
1155:
1140:
1133:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1098:
1081:
1074:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1039:
1003:
997:
991:
981:
842:space missions.
829:
809:
802:
795:
739:Valentin Glushko
689:Mstislav Keldysh
684:Friedrich Zander
422:Lunokhod program
310:
243:
224:
222:
200:
198:
174:
172:
87:
85:
84:
73:
71:
70:
55:Program overview
47:
36:
35:
29:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5381:
5322:
5235:
5194:
5159:
5141:Spacecraft used
5136:
5087:
5056:
5024:
4998:
4990:
4960:
4955:
4928:
4918:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4882:
4880:
4870:
4868:
4858:
4856:
4845:
4835:
4833:
4823:
4821:
4811:
4809:
4721:
4711:
4709:
4692:
4690:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4634:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4598:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4550:
4548:
4537:
4527:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4489:
4487:
4477:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4453:
4451:
4414:
4412:
4402:
4400:
4390:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4342:
4340:
4330:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4306:
4304:
4287:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4263:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4208:
4206:
4196:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4146:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4115:
4041:
4039:
3986:
3971:
3969:
3952:
3950:
3933:
3931:
3914:
3912:
3895:
3893:
3876:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3669:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3598:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3543:
3541:
3489:
3487:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3442:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3417:
3390:
3373:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3332:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3192:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3079:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3054:
3037:
3024:
3019:
2989:
2984:
2898:
2889:
2748:
2742:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2603:. p. 141.
2592:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2337:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2265:Bion satellites
2255:
2250:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2213:
2204:Slovak Republic
2020:
2001:
1986:
1984:
1969:2 October 1991
1954:
1939:
1937:
1902:
1887:
1885:
1850:
1835:
1833:
1798:
1783:
1781:
1766:29 August 1988
1751:
1736:
1734:
1697:
1682:
1680:
1640:
1625:
1623:
1619:Ravish Malhotra
1586:
1571:
1569:
1529:
1514:
1512:
1472:
1457:
1455:
1415:
1400:
1398:
1358:
1343:
1341:
1301:
1286:
1284:
1275:Bertalan Farkas
1258:
1242:
1227:
1225:
1185:
1170:
1168:
1148:26 August 1978
1128:
1113:
1111:
1107:Zenon Jankowski
1069:
1054:
1052:
999:
995:
993:
989:
987:
979:
972:
970:Crewed missions
960:Jyrki Laukkanen
877:, and Vietnam.
813:
784:
783:
774:
764:
763:
674:
673:Notable figures
666:
665:
477:
467:
466:
437:Marsnik program
377:Sputnik program
372:
362:
361:
283:
227:
220:
218:
203:
196:
194:
177:
170:
168:
145:Program history
117:
94:
82:
80:
68:
66:
50:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5513:
5511:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5365:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5285:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5254:
5252:
5251:Space stations
5245:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5175:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4946:
4940:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4914:
4902:
4890:
4878:
4866:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4831:
4819:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4661:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4630:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4594:
4582:
4570:
4558:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4473:
4461:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4410:
4398:
4386:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4168:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4129:
4127:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3765:
3753:
3741:
3728:
3726:
3725:Southeast Asia
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3665:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
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1709:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1660:22 July 1987
1658:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1620:
1615:
1614:Rakesh Sharma
1609:
1605:
1603:2 April 1984
1601:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1549:24 June 1982
1547:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1509:
1508:Dumitru Dediu
1504:
1498:
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1476:
1471:
1466:
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1452:
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1323:
1321:23 July 1980
1319:
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1305:
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1281:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1246:
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1236:
1235:
1222:
1217:
1216:Georgi Ivanov
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1179:
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1150:
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1127:
1122:
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1103:
1097:
1093:
1091:27 June 1978
1089:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1032:2 March 1978
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
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1005:
1004:
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941:
937:
933:
929:
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921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
900:
895:
894:Space Shuttle
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
853:medal or the
852:
848:
843:
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837:
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821:
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805:
803:
798:
796:
791:
790:
788:
787:
780:
777:
776:
773:
768:
767:
760:
759:Boris Chertok
757:
755:
754:Vasily Mishin
752:
750:
749:Kerim Kerimov
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
719:Alexei Leonov
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
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692:
690:
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685:
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107:
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101:
97:
90:
79:
76:
65:
64:
62:
58:
53:
46:
41:
30:
22:
5435:Eastern Bloc
5367:
5360:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5269:
5257:
5170:
5128:
5020:ISS research
4949:
4948:Preceded by
4923:
4800:Intersputnik
4645:TÜBİTAK UZAY
4106:EUTELSAT IGO
4002:Pan-European
3963:TÜBİTAK UZAY
3422:Central Asia
3038:and pan-Arab
2744:
2697:
2689:
2665:. Retrieved
2661:
2658:"FilmPolski"
2652:
2627:
2619:
2599:. Budapest:
2595:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2544:
2533:. Retrieved
2521:
2511:
2500:
2480:
2450:
2429:. Retrieved
2426:the Guardian
2425:
2415:
2404:. Retrieved
2392:
2383:
2372:. Retrieved
2368:the original
2363:
2353:
2313:
2306:
2283:Vega program
2222:
2216:
2214:
2152:
2045:Soviet Union
2033:
1991:
1944:
1933:Timothy Mace
1917:18 May 1991
1892:
1840:
1788:
1741:
1714:7 June 1988
1687:
1630:
1576:
1519:
1492:14 May 1981
1462:
1405:
1348:
1291:
1280:Béla Magyari
1264:26 May 1980
1232:
1175:
1159:Sigmund Jähn
1118:
1059:
963:
956:
917:
898:
886:Apollo–Soyuz
883:
863:Eastern Bloc
844:
819:
818:
704:Yuri Gagarin
607:Soyuz/Vostok
462:Vega program
427:Mars program
417:Zond program
412:Luna program
370:Space probes
335:(Mars flyby)
308:Apollo–Soyuz
270:Luna program
158:First flight
99:Organization
75:Soviet Union
5313:Tranquility
5270:Interkosmos
5226:Soyuz TMA-M
5132:Airbus A310
4950:Interkosmos
4924:Interkosmos
4030:Eurocontrol
3680:Antrix Corp
3036:Pan-African
2745:Interkosmos
2709:Intercosmos
2686:Interkosmos
2218:Interkosmos
1999:Soyuz TM-13
1952:Soyuz TM-12
1900:Soyuz TM-11
1790:Afghanistan
879:Non-aligned
871:Afghanistan
859:Warsaw Pact
828:Интеркосмос
820:Interkosmos
208:Last flight
114:(1992-1994)
108:(1967-1991)
91:(1992-1994)
77:(1967-1991)
5414:Categories
5061:Facilities
4936:See also:
3649:South Asia
3253:USSPACECOM
2980:Soyuz TM-7
2975:Soyuz TM-6
2970:Soyuz TM-5
2965:Soyuz TM-3
2960:Soyuz T-11
2753:Satellites
2535:2021-06-08
2431:2021-06-08
2406:2021-06-08
2374:2021-06-08
2345:2015953234
2298:References
2175:satellite.
2126:, and the
2101:, and the
2053:ionosphere
2035:Copernicus
1848:Soyuz TM-7
1796:Soyuz TM-6
1749:Soyuz TM-5
1695:Soyuz TM-3
1638:Soyuz T-11
924:cosmonauts
772:Cosmonauts
221:1994-03-02
197:1978-03-02
171:1970-11-28
164:Vertikal 1
5284:programme
5221:Soyuz-TMA
5109:Euro-MARS
4604:Roscosmos
4592:KazCosmos
4556:ArmCosmos
4257:DTU Space
4219:BIRA-IASB
4166:EU SatCen
3925:KACST-SRI
3822:ArmCosmos
3808:West Asia
3481:East Asia
3448:Roscosmos
3436:KazCosmos
3406:Pan-Asian
2955:Soyuz T-6
2747:programme
2667:10 August
2530:0362-4331
2401:0362-4331
2196:Ukrainian
1655:Salyut 7
1584:Soyuz T-6
1544:Salyut 6
1487:Salyut 6
1430:Salyut 6
1373:Salyut 6
1332:Phạm Tuân
1316:Salyut 6
1200:Salyut 6
1143:Salyut 6
964:Koelentue
944:Phạm Tuân
920:satellite
487:Molniya-M
482:Kosmos-3M
153:1967–1994
140:Completed
112:Roscosmos
5356:Spacelab
5292:Columbus
5287:Modules
5216:Soyuz-TM
5155:Soyuz-MS
5119:MARS-500
4993:European
4829:UNCOPUOS
4140:DG DEFIS
4101:EUMETSAT
3153:Americas
3059:National
2950:Soyuz 40
2945:Soyuz 39
2940:Soyuz 38
2935:Soyuz 37
2930:Soyuz 36
2925:Soyuz 33
2920:Soyuz 31
2915:Soyuz 30
2910:Soyuz 28
2578:July 26,
2556:July 26,
2319:New York
2229:See also
1743:Bulgaria
1597:Salyut 7
1527:Soyuz 40
1470:Soyuz 39
1464:Mongolia
1413:Soyuz 38
1356:Soyuz 37
1299:Soyuz 36
1257:Salyut 6
1240:Soyuz 33
1234:Bulgaria
1183:Soyuz 31
1126:Soyuz 30
1085:Salyut 6
1067:Soyuz 28
986:provider
875:Mongolia
873:, Cuba,
840:uncrewed
830:) was a
452:RELIKT-1
248:a series
246:Part of
236:Baikonur
189:Soyuz 28
150:Duration
130:uncrewed
5306:Harmony
5265:Euromir
5124:MELiSSA
5003:General
4790:ISS MCB
4684:Oceania
4459:PTSPACE
4425:CBK PAN
4087:ESTRACK
4013:CENELEC
3716:SUPARCO
3663:SPARRSO
3500:SASTIND
3217:FAA/AST
3050:Arabsat
2688:at the
2287:Austria
2192:Russian
2180:Germany
1993:Austria
1521:Romania
1350:Vietnam
1293:Hungary
1021:Mission
1018:Country
867:CoMEcon
824:Russian
649:Tsyklon
617:Voskhod
612:Sputnik
575:Molniya
528:Energia
397:Molniya
392:GLONASS
353:Energia
311:(joint)
293:Voskhod
219: (
195: (
169: (
122:Purpose
60:Country
5299:Cupola
5211:Hermes
5190:Skylon
5148:Active
5129:Zero-G
4850:Former
4841:UNOOSA
4743:COSPAR
4214:BELSPO
3995:Europe
3787:GISTDA
3763:PhilSA
3628:SaTReC
3530:PLAASF
3198:NESDIS
3128:NASRDA
3045:RASCOM
3029:Africa
2640:
2607:
2528:
2488:
2458:
2399:
2343:
2333:
2279:Vega 2
2275:Vega 1
2202:, the
2122:, the
2118:, the
2097:, the
2093:, the
2089:, the
1842:France
1578:France
1120:Poland
1015:Backup
996:
990:
982:
980:
847:Moscow
836:crewed
622:Vostok
580:Polyot
533:Kosmos
492:Proton
457:Venera
402:Meteor
382:Kosmos
339:Spiral
303:Salyut
288:Vostok
137:Status
126:crewed
89:Russia
86:
72:
5327:Other
5282:ELIPS
5178:Orion
5172:DC4EU
5099:AMASE
4900:NASDA
4817:ITU-R
4805:ODCWG
4785:ISECG
4775:ICSMD
4733:CCSDS
4726:World
4703:CSIRO
4542:Other
4435:KRRiT
4420:POLSA
4190:BEREC
4152:EUSPA
4072:ECSAT
4067:ESRIN
4057:ESTEC
3981:MBRSC
3977:UAESA
3870:NEHSA
3858:IRIAF
3739:LAPAN
3535:CASIC
3524:CGWIC
3413:APSCO
3314:CONAE
3140:SANSA
3116:GSSTC
3104:ESSTI
3090:NARSS
2211:Films
1894:Japan
1689:Syria
1632:India
1012:Prime
1009:Image
928:Soyuz
899:Buran
699:Laika
585:Soyuz
516:Zenit
504:Soyuz
407:Zenit
357:Buran
344:Almaz
327:N1-L3
298:Soyuz
5206:CSTS
4876:KCST
4864:BNSC
4795:ITSO
4780:IMSO
4770:IADC
4748:IPDA
4738:CEOS
4717:NZSA
4671:UKSA
4659:SSAU
4614:VVKO
4568:MAKA
4533:SNSA
4483:INTA
4471:ROSA
4408:NOSA
4384:SRON
4281:CNES
4233:SRTI
4178:EASA
4123:and
4082:ESOC
4077:ESAC
4052:ECSS
4035:ECAC
4023:ETSI
4018:CEPT
3944:GORS
3906:NCSR
3887:ISRC
3846:NSSA
3834:MAKA
3799:VNSC
3775:SSTL
3751:MYSA
3690:NRSC
3675:ISRO
3640:TASA
3614:KASI
3609:KARI
3604:KASA
3592:NATA
3580:NICT
3554:ISAS
3549:JAXA
3515:CAST
3510:CALT
3505:CASC
3495:CNSA
3472:TNSA
3399:Asia
3384:IVIC
3379:ABAE
3348:INPE
3343:DCTA
3290:ALCE
3241:USSF
3186:NASA
3085:EgSA
3073:ASAL
2669:2017
2638:ISBN
2605:ISBN
2580:2020
2558:2020
2526:ISSN
2486:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2397:ISSN
2341:LCCN
2331:ISBN
2277:and
2194:and
2051:and
2043:and
2037:-500
2011:Mir
1964:Mir
1912:Mir
1860:Mir
1808:Mir
1761:Mir
1407:Cuba
1006:Date
907:the
890:NASA
838:and
570:Luna
387:Bion
321:Zond
128:and
5259:Mir
4912:SSP
4888:NAL
4765:GSC
4760:GEO
4698:ASA
4640:TUA
4628:SSO
4609:SRI
4580:BSA
4521:AEE
4509:EAE
4495:AEC
4445:ULC
4440:ORO
4430:UKE
4396:NSO
4372:LSO
4360:LSA
4348:ASI
4336:HSO
4324:HSA
4312:DLR
4298:CdE
4293:AAE
4269:ESO
4245:CSO
4202:ALR
4125:EEA
4111:ESO
4062:EAC
4047:ESA
4009:CEN
3958:TUA
3939:SSA
3920:SSA
3901:ISA
3882:ISA
3704:DSA
3685:DoS
3568:JSS
3520:CCF
3453:SRI
3367:CCE
3353:ITA
3338:AEB
3326:ABE
3302:AEM
3265:NRO
3229:FCC
3203:OSC
3174:CSA
2634:679
2323:doi
2049:Sun
1708:Mir
1177:GDR
1024:Pin
934:of
565:R-7
348:TKS
333:TMK
316:Mir
5416::
4121:EU
3458:VK
2660:.
2636:.
2524:.
2520:.
2470:^
2440:^
2424:.
2391:.
2362:.
2339:.
2329:.
2317:.
915:.
865:,
861:,
826::
642:2M
600:U2
560:N1
553:3M
543:2I
355:/
346:/
4985:e
4978:t
4971:v
4011:/
3983:)
3979:(
3014:e
3007:t
3000:v
2737:e
2730:t
2723:v
2671:.
2646:.
2613:.
2582:.
2560:.
2538:.
2494:.
2464:.
2434:.
2409:.
2377:.
2347:.
2325::
2151:"
2130:.
2105:.
822:(
808:e
801:t
794:v
659:3
654:2
637:2
632:K
627:L
595:M
590:L
548:3
538:1
521:2
509:U
497:K
223:)
199:)
173:)
23:.
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