355:" are added to account for uncertainties in data and evaluation processes. For example, if a dose of a toxic substance is safe for a laboratory rat, one might assume that one-tenth that dose would be safe for a human, allowing a safety factor of 10 to allow for interspecies differences between two mammals; if the data are from fish, one might use a factor of 100 to account for the greater difference between two chordate classes (fish and mammals). Similarly, an extra protection factor may be used for individuals believed to be more susceptible to toxic effects such as in pregnancy or with certain diseases. Or, a newly synthesized and previously unstudied chemical that is believed to be very similar in effect to another compound could be assigned an additional protection factor of 10 to account for possible differences in effects that are probably much smaller. This approach is very approximate, but such protection factors are deliberately very conservative, and the method has been found to be useful in a wide variety of applications.
328:, all of which can ultimately be fatal if inhaled. Corrosive chemicals possess physical toxicity because they destroy tissues, but are not directly poisonous unless they interfere directly with biological activity. Water can act as a physical toxicant if taken in extremely high doses because the concentration of vital ions decreases dramatically with too much water in the body. Asphyxiant gases can be considered physical toxicants because they act by displacing oxygen in the environment but they are inert, not chemically toxic gases.
1758:"Basic Information about Lead Air Pollution." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 17 Mar. 2017. Web. Beaubier, Jeff, and Barry D. Nussbaum. "Encyclopedia of Quantitative Risk Analysis and Assessment." Wiley. N.p., 15 Sept. 2008. Web. "Criteria Air Pollutants." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 2 Mar. 2017. Web. "USEPA List of Priority Pollutants." The Environmental Science of Drinking Water (2005): 243–45. EPA, 2014. Web "What Are Some Types of Environmental Hazards?" Reference. IAC Publishing, n.d. Web.
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increase their lethality. Although scientific instrumentation limitations make it difficult to prove concretely, archaeologists hypothesize the practice of making poison arrows was widespread in cultures as early as the paleolithic era. The San people of
Southern Africa have managed to preserved this practice into the modern era, with the knowledge base to form complex mixtures from poisonous beetles and plant derived extracts, yielding an arrow-tip product with a shelf life beyond several months to a year.
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time), the physical form of the toxicant (solid, liquid, gas), the concentration of the substance, and in the case of gases, the partial pressure (at high ambient pressure, partial pressure will increase for a given concentration as a gas fraction), the genetic makeup of an individual, an individual's overall health, and many others. Several of the terms used to describe these factors have been included here.
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382:(c) in vivo exposure on experimental animals. Toxicity tests are mostly used to examine specific adverse events or specific endpoints such as cancer, cardiotoxicity, and skin/eye irritation. Toxicity testing also helps calculate the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) dose and is helpful for clinical studies.
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Hazards in the arts have been an issue for artists for centuries, even though the toxicity of their tools, methods, and materials was not always adequately realized. Lead and cadmium, among other toxic elements, were often incorporated into the names of artist's oil paints and pigments, for example,
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The types of toxicities where substances may cause lethality to the entire body, lethality to specific organs, major/minor damage, or cause cancer. These are globally accepted definitions of what toxicity is. Anything falling outside of the definition cannot be classified as that type of toxicant.
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The preclinical toxicity testing on various biological systems reveals the species-, organ- and dose-specific toxic effects of an investigational product. The toxicity of substances can be observed by (a) studying the accidental exposures to a substance (b) in vitro studies using cells/ cell lines
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Behavioral toxicity refers to the undesirable effects of essentially therapeutic levels of medication clinically indicated for a given disorder (DiMascio, Soltys and Shader, 1970). These undesirable effects include anticholinergic effects, alpha-adrenergic blockade, and dopaminergic effects, among
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Toxicity of a substance can be affected by many different factors, such as the pathway of administration (whether the toxicant is applied to the skin, ingested, inhaled, injected), the time of exposure (a brief encounter or long term), the number of exposures (a single dose or multiple doses over
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Acute toxicity looks at lethal effects following oral, dermal or inhalation exposure. It is split into five categories of severity where
Category 1 requires the least amount of exposure to be lethal and Category 5 requires the most exposure to be lethal. The table below shows the upper limits for
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Toxicity can be measured by its effects on the target (organism, organ, tissue or cell). Because individuals typically have different levels of response to the same dose of a toxic substance, a population-level measure of toxicity is often used which relates the probabilities of an outcome for a
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Humans have a deeply rooted history of not only being aware of toxicity, but also taking advantage of it as a tool. Archaeologists studying bone arrows from caves of
Southern Africa have noted the likelihood that some aging 72,000 to 80,000 years old were dipped in specially prepared poisons to
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to certain concentrations of a substance in their environment to determine the lethality level. Fish are exposed for 96 hours while crustacea are exposed for 48 hours. While GHS does not define toxicity past 100 mg/L, the EPA currently lists aquatic toxicity as "practically non-toxic" in
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An
Environmental hazard can be defined as any condition, process, or state adversely affecting the environment. These hazards can be physical or chemical, and present in air, water, and/or soil. These conditions can cause extensive harm to humans and other organisms within an ecosystem.
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20th-century printmakers and other artists began to be aware of the toxic substances, toxic techniques, and toxic fumes in glues, painting mediums, pigments, and solvents, many of which in their labelling gave no indication of their toxicity. An example was the use of
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For substances to be regulated and handled appropriately they must be properly classified and labelled. Classification is determined by approved testing measures or calculations and has determined cut-off levels set by governments and scientists (for example,
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concept, a novel
Abstract Drug Toxicity Index (DTI) has been proposed recently. DTI redefines drug toxicity, identifies hepatotoxic drugs, gives mechanistic insights, predicts clinical outcomes and has potential as a screening tool.
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It is more difficult to determine the toxicity of chemical mixtures than a pure chemical because each component displays its own toxicity, and components may interact to produce enhanced or diminished effects. Common mixtures include
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1896:"Reliable information on K-12 science education, chemistry, toxicology, environmental health, HIV/AIDS, disaster/emergency preparedness and response, and outreach to minority and other specific populations"
228:(meaning "toxic") was used to describe substances which had the ability of "causing death or serious debilitation or exhibiting symptoms of infection." The word draws its origins from the Greek noun τόξον
362:, or whether the risk is just too small to see. In addition, it is possible that a single cell transformed into a cancer cell is all it takes to develop the full effect (the "one hit" theory).
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Workers in various occupations may be at a greater level of risk for several types of toxicity, including neurotoxicity. The expression "Mad as a hatter" and the "Mad Hatter" of the book
378:. Even more complex are situations with more than one type of toxic entity, such as the discharge from a malfunctioning sewage treatment plant, with both chemical and biological agents.
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programs. TOXMAP is a resource funded by the US Federal
Government. TOXMAP's chemical and environmental health information is taken from NLM's Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) and
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who used a toxic chemical for controlling the shape of hats. Exposure to chemicals in the workplace environment may be required for evaluation by industrial hygiene professionals.
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shows damage less severe than corrosion if: the damage occurs within 72 hours of application; or for three consecutive days after application within a 14-day period; or causes
305:, the disease is chiefly caused by a nonliving substance secreted by the organism, rather than the organism itself. Such nonliving biological toxicants are generally called
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involves tissue damage or degradation of vision which does not fully reverse in 21 days. Eye irritation involves changes to the eye which do fully reverse within 21 days.
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A single exposure to a toxic substance which may result in severe biological harm or death; acute exposures are usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day.
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820:: particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, asbestos, ground-level ozone, lead (from aircraft fuel, mining, and industrial processes)
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Note: A category 4 is established for chronic exposure, but simply contains any toxic substance which is mostly insoluble, or has no data for acute toxicity.
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Assessing all aspects of the toxicity of cancer-causing agents involves additional issues, since it is not certain if there is a minimal effective dose for
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430:. While currently many countries have different regulations regarding the types of tests, numbers of tests and cut-off levels, the implementation of the
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from a substance must penetrate through the epidermis into the dermis within four hours of application and must not reverse the damage within 14 days.
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351:. When such data does not exist, estimates are made by comparison to known similar toxic things, or to similar exposures in similar organisms. Then, "
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1802:. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Neurotoxicology and Models for Assessing Risk. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1992.
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there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect. Toxicity is species-specific, making cross-species analysis problematic. Newer
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Continuous exposure to a toxicant over an extended period of time, often measured in months or years; it can cause irreversible side effects.
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is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the
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is minor damage (less severe than irritation) within 72 hours of application or for three consecutive days after application.
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Note: The undefined values are expected to be roughly equivalent to the category 5 values for oral and dermal administration.
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Physical toxicants are substances that, due to their physical nature, interfere with biological processes. Examples include
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Laios, Konstantinos; Michaleas, Spyros N.; Tsoucalas, Gregory; Papalampros, Alexandros; Androutsos, George (2021-05-04).
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Global classification looks at three areas: Physical
Hazards (explosions and pyrotechnics), Health Hazards and
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There are generally five types of toxicities: chemical, biological, physical, radioactive and behavioural.
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1846:"Environmental health criteria: Neurotoxicity risk assessment for human health: Principles and approaches"
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808:: detergents, fertilizer, raw sewage, prescription medication, pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, PCBs
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is a
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rather than toxicants. The biological toxicity of pathogens can be difficult to measure because the
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Matsumura Y, Ananthaswamy HN (March 2005). "Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin".
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Disease-causing microorganisms and parasites are toxic in a broad sense but are generally called
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Parasuraman S. Toxicological screening. J Pharmacol
Pharmacother 2011 ;2:74-9. Available from:
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Skin corrosion and irritation are determined through a skin patch test analysis, similar to an
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Respiratory sensitizers cause breathing hypersensitivity when the substance is inhaled.
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1346:"Arrow Analysis Pushes Back Origins of Poison-Tip Technology - Archaeology Magazine"
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Isaksson, Sven; Högberg, Anders; Lombard, Marlize; Bradfield, Justin (2023-07-23).
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Aspiration hazards are solids or liquids which can cause damage through inhalation.
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Reproductively toxic substances cause adverse effects in either sexual function or
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when taken in too high a dose, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as
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The EPA maintains a list of priority pollutants for testing and regulation.
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English-speaking American culture has adopted several figurative usages for
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Non-toxic intaglio printmaking / by Keith Howard; foreword by Monono Rossol
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145:. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an
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Toxseek: meta-search engine in toxicology and environmental health
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is generally non-toxic metal, but in large doses it can lead to
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1561:"Behavioral Toxicity - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1731:"Sorry, We didn't find what you were looking for | UNECE"
1702:"Sorry, We didn't find what you were looking for | UNECE"
1670:"Sorry, We didn't find what you were looking for | UNECE"
899:-resist hand-etching methods, and introducing a new method of
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induce cancer, or increase the likelihood of cancer occurring.
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761:. It occurs when exposure to a substance – specifically, a
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given individual in a population. One such measure is the
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Specific-target organ toxins damage only specific organs.
1972:"A simple model to solve complex drug toxicity problem"
212:, while maintaining the concept of toxicity endpoints.
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if produced by a microorganism, plant, or fungus, and
173:). Sometimes the word is more or less synonymous with
236:(meaning "arc"), in reference to the use of bows and
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http://www.jpharmacol.com/text.asp?2011/2/2/74/81895
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Hazards from medical waste and prescription disposal
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1631:"Pesticide Labels and GHS: Comparison and Samples"
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737:A substance which is a skin sensitizer causes an
2062:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1147:Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
1054:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
331:Radiation can have a toxic effect on organisms.
1131:Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling
836:derive from the known occupational toxicity of
711:which lasts for 14 days in two test subjects.
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924:United States Environmental Protection Agency
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2067:Whole Effluent, Aquatic Toxicity Testing FAQ
1654:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
814:: heavy metals, herbicides, pesticides, PCBs
285:may be a single organism. Theoretically one
44:"Toxic" redirects here. For other uses, see
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516:Learn how and when to remove this message
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938:, and from other authoritative sources.
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422:provide the example of well-established
27:Dose dependant harmfulness of substances
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1034:Alternatives to dose-response framework
887:-type printmaking techniques including
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689:Other methods of exposure and severity
1211:from the original on 9 September 2017
958:concentrations greater than 100 ppm.
800:Common types of environmental hazards
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780:to either a parent or the offspring.
498:adding citations to reliable sources
434:has begun unifying these countries.
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1605:"About the GHS - Transport - UNECE"
1527:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
1038:Considering the limitations of the
208:and metrics are evolving to bypass
2905:Minimum bactericidal concentration
1870:Keith Howard; et al. (1988).
1629:EPA, OCSPP, OPP, US (2015-08-25).
1455:10.1016/b978-0-12-815339-0.00001-9
224:medical literature, the adjective
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1946:"EPA: Ecological risk assessment"
1442:"The Prehistory of Poison Arrows"
883:which detailed twelve innovative
408:no-observed-adverse-effect levels
293:can reproduce to cause a serious
70:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
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2895:Minimum inhibitory concentration
1231:"Toxicity Endpoints & Tests"
1070:California Proposition 65 (1986)
859:"lead white" and "cadmium red".
695:allergic inflammation patch test
586:measured in mg/kg of bodyweight
562:measured in mg/kg of bodyweight
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124:is a common symbol for toxicity.
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2835:WHO list of essential medicines
2328:Non-specific effect of vaccines
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485:needs additional citations for
2890:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
881:Non-Toxic Intaglio Printmaking
1:
2815:Functional analog (chemistry)
1800:Environmental neurotoxicology
910:Mapping environmental hazards
2368:Hill equation (biochemistry)
1277:10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.010
1233:. AltTox.org. Archived from
1011:Factors influencing toxicity
844:Hazards for small businesses
660:Dust and Mist Inhalation: LC
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141:of substances can damage an
1449:, Elsevier, pp. 1–10,
1149:(RTECS) – toxicity database
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3618:Arthropod bites and stings
3237:Nitrogen dioxide poisoning
2883:Antimicrobial pharmacology
2363:Dose–response relationship
2293:Desensitization (medicine)
1539:10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.019
1501:peacefulsocieties.uncg.edu
1439:Borgia, Valentina (2019),
1400:10.1038/s41598-023-38735-0
1095:Material safety data sheet
1090:List of highly toxic gases
741:from a dermal application.
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432:Globally Harmonized System
313:if produced by an animal.
297:. If a host has an intact
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165:) or an organ such as the
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3377:Tricyclic antidepressants
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2805:Coinduction (anesthetics)
1769:"Priority Pollutant List"
759:peripheral nervous system
535:Method of administration
324:fibres or finely divided
184:is that the effects of a
133:is the degree to which a
119:
110:
2870:Multiple drug resistance
2843:Tolerance and resistance
2211:Physiological antagonist
1205:"Definition of TOXICITY"
928:Toxics Release Inventory
83:may contain suggestions.
68:may need to be rewritten
3816:List of types of poison
3372:Serotonergic substances
2621:Neuropsychopharmacology
2383:Cheng-Prussoff Equation
2378:Del Castillo Katz model
2305:Other effects of ligand
2288:Receptor (biochemistry)
2206:Irreversible antagonist
1970:Dixit, Vaibhav (2019).
1447:Toxicology in Antiquity
1185:, a disambiguation page
3104:Other non-toxic metals
2757:Classical pharmacology
2518:Plasma protein binding
2493:Volume of distribution
2201:Competitive antagonist
1830:: CS1 maint: others (
1085:Indicative limit value
416:tolerable daily intake
412:threshold limit values
402:
46:Toxic (disambiguation)
3484:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
2865:Antibiotic resistance
2657:Clinical pharmacology
2176:Physiological agonist
2136:Ligand (biochemistry)
791:Environmental hazards
636:Vapour Inhalation: LC
439:environmental hazards
393:
180:A central concept of
2762:Reverse pharmacology
2672:Pharmacoepidemiology
2513:Biological half-life
2393:Ligand binding assay
2267:Activity at receptor
2161:Irreversible agonist
828:Occupational hazards
713:Mild skin irritation
494:improve this article
401:for toxic chemicals.
122:skull and crossbones
37:. For the song, see
3854:foodborne illnesses
3811:Lists of poisonings
3494:Shellfish poisoning
3202:Aluminium phosphide
2810:Combination therapy
2698:Pharmacoinformatics
2667:Medicinal chemistry
2273:Mechanism of action
1976:Toxicology Research
1392:2023NatSR..1311877I
1350:www.archaeology.org
1060:Biological activity
854:Hazards in the arts
834:Alice in Wonderland
177:in everyday usage.
30:For the album, see
3806:EPA list of hazard
3588:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
3332:Anticholinesterase
2780:Immunopharmacology
2730:Pharmacotoxicology
2631:Psychopharmacology
2423:Intrinsic activity
2323:Pleiotropy (drugs)
2244:Agonist-antagonist
2156:Endogenous agonist
2084:2019-12-15 at the
2072:2021-04-14 at the
1988:10.1039/C8TX00261D
1591:2021-07-23 at the
1380:Scientific Reports
1265:Toxicology Reports
1237:on October 1, 2018
1153:Soil contamination
1065:Biological warfare
403:
198:water intoxication
135:chemical substance
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3789:
3788:
3771:Poisonous animals
3449:
3448:
3414:Vitamin poisoning
3408:
3407:
3295:
3294:
3174:
3173:
3119:
3118:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2878:
2877:
2775:Photopharmacology
2770:
2769:
2743:
2742:
2716:
2715:
2680:
2679:
2643:
2642:
2636:Electrophysiology
2626:Neuropharmacology
2581:
2580:
2531:
2530:
2467:
2466:
2454:Therapeutic index
2406:
2405:
2351:
2350:
2300:
2299:
2229:
2228:
2184:
2183:
2057:
2056:
1881:978-0-9683541-0-0
1774:. December 2014.
1464:978-0-12-815339-0
1005:
1004:
739:allergic response
683:
682:
664:measured in mg/L
640:measured in mg/L
526:
525:
518:
261:History of poison
249:toxic masculinity
192:-dependent; even
128:
127:
100:Medical condition
98:
97:
72:quality standards
16:(Redirected from
3939:
3932:Chemical hazards
3893:
3892:
3881:
3880:
3869:
3868:
3842:, which is rare.
3831:
3766:Venomous animals
3458:
3315:
3306:
3207:Organophosphates
3185:
3062:Dietary minerals
3010:
3001:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2926:
2880:
2840:
2820:Polypharmacology
2745:
2718:
2708:Pharmacogenomics
2703:Pharmacogenetics
2682:
2645:
2606:
2533:
2503:Rate of infusion
2478:
2473:Pharmacokinetics
2408:
2353:
2302:
2264:
2259:Pharmacodynamics
2239:Neurotransmitter
2221:Enzyme inhibitor
2186:
2141:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2022:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1898:. Archived from
1892:
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1371:
1365:
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1342:
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1313:
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1296:
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1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1207:. 30 July 2023.
1201:
1026:Chronic exposure
1001:≤ 100 mg/L
995:≤ 1.0 mg/L
987:≤ 100 mg/L
981:≤ 1.0 mg/L
961:
947:Aquatic toxicity
942:Aquatic toxicity
729:Other categories
606:Gas Inhalation:
532:
521:
514:
510:
507:
501:
478:
470:
376:industrial waste
234:
137:or a particular
115:
103:
93:
90:
84:
61:
53:
21:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3938:
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3912:
3911:
3910:
3901:
3857:
3843:
3825:
3785:
3733:
3681:
3604:
3520:
3445:
3440:
3404:
3381:
3347:Benzodiazepines
3291:
3277:Carbon monoxide
3265:Ethylene glycol
3241:
3213:
3170:
3137:
3115:
3099:
3056:
2990:
2972:
2953:
2923:
2914:
2874:
2860:Drug resistance
2838:
2794:
2766:
2739:
2735:Neurotoxicology
2712:
2676:
2639:
2601:
2595:
2577:
2527:
2523:Bioavailability
2508:Onset of action
2463:
2402:
2347:
2296:
2253:
2225:
2216:Inverse agonist
2180:
2166:Partial agonist
2130:
2125:
2086:Wayback Machine
2074:Wayback Machine
2058:
2053:
2052:
2033:
2019:
2014:
2013:
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1593:Wayback Machine
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1198:
1193:
1188:
1049:
1036:
1013:
998:≤ 10 mg/L
984:≤ 10 mg/L
944:
912:
893:digital imaging
856:
851:
846:
830:
802:
793:
731:
705:Skin irritation
691:
663:
639:
611:
585:
560:
529:each category.
522:
511:
505:
502:
491:
479:
468:
462:
456:
447:
428:toxicity labels
388:
372:cigarette smoke
349:
341:
326:silicon dioxide
289:, bacterium or
272:
263:
257:
238:poisoned arrows
218:
101:
94:
88:
85:
75:
62:
49:
42:
39:Toxicity (song)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3945:
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3924:
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3783:
3781:Mycotoxicology
3778:
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3757:
3756:
3741:
3739:
3738:Related topics
3735:
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3721:
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3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3677:Tick paralysis
3674:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3644:Scorpion venom
3641:
3640:
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3620:
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3418:
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3410:
3409:
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3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3387:Cardiovascular
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3310:Drug overdoses
3303:
3301:Pharmaceutical
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
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2944:
2937:
2929:
2920:
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2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Bacteriostatic
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2850:Drug tolerance
2846:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2830:Lists of drugs
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
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2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2749:Drug discovery
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2678:
2677:
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2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2591:Bioequivalence
2588:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2333:Adverse effect
2330:
2325:
2320:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Mode of action
2275:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2076:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:Classification
2018:
2017:External links
2015:
2012:
2011:
1982:(2): 157–171.
1962:
1937:
1912:
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1808:
1791:
1760:
1751:
1722:
1690:
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1552:
1533:(3): 298–308.
1517:
1488:
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1431:
1366:
1337:
1323:. 2018-11-19.
1308:
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1189:
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1144:
1142:Reference dose
1139:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1111:Nephrotoxicity
1108:
1106:Hepatotoxicity
1103:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
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1067:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1048:
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1021:
1020:Acute exposure
1012:
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993:
989:
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771:nervous tissue
748:
742:
735:
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727:
701:Skin corrosion
690:
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536:
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523:
482:
480:
473:
460:Acute toxicity
458:Main article:
455:
454:Acute toxicity
452:
446:
445:Health hazards
443:
424:toxicity class
387:
386:Classification
384:
353:safety factors
347:
340:
337:
283:threshold dose
271:
268:
259:Main article:
256:
253:
217:
214:
210:animal testing
171:hepatotoxicity
126:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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2:
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3794:Miscellaneous
3792:
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3776:Deadly fungus
3774:
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3684:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3649:Charybdotoxin
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3619:
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3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Batrachotoxin
3538:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3523:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
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3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3437:Megavitamin-B
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
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3152:
3151:Sulfuric acid
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3148:
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3130:
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2888:
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2885:
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2858:
2856:
2855:Tachyphylaxis
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2831:
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2826:
2823:
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2343:
2342:Neurotoxicity
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:Selectivity (
2310:
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2249:Pharmacophore
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2060:
2059:
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2040:
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2016:
2007:
2003:
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1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
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1947:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1922:
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1913:
1902:on 2019-03-21
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1891:
1888:
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1809:0-585-14379-X
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1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
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1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:Neurotoxicity
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
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1071:
1068:
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1041:
1040:dose-response
1033:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
990:
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963:
962:
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952:
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937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
909:
907:
905:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:photo etching
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
867:for cleaning
866:
860:
853:
848:
843:
841:
839:
835:
827:
825:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
803:
799:
797:
790:
785:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
767:neurotoxicant
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:Neurotoxicity
749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
733:
732:
728:
726:
724:
722:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
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688:
686:
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549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
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520:
517:
509:
499:
495:
489:
488:
483:This section
481:
477:
472:
471:
467:
461:
453:
451:
444:
442:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
400:
397:
396:international
392:
385:
383:
379:
377:
373:
369:
363:
361:
356:
354:
350:
338:
336:
332:
329:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
303:cholera toxin
300:
299:immune system
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
269:
267:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
233:
227:
223:
222:Ancient Greek
215:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
123:
118:
114:
109:
104:
92:
82:
78:
73:
69:
66:This article
64:
60:
55:
54:
51:
47:
40:
36:
34:
19:
3922:Pharmacology
3894:
3882:
3870:
3665:Latrodectism
3656:spider venom
3479:Haff disease
3400:Dipyridamole
3342:Barbiturates
3252:
3014:Toxic metals
2962:
2825:Chemotherapy
2785:Cell biology
2686:Biochemistry
2610:Neuroscience
2558:Distribution
2488:Loading dose
2337:
2171:Superagonist
2128:Pharmacology
2037:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1954:. Retrieved
1940:
1929:. Retrieved
1915:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1890:
1871:
1865:
1854:. Retrieved
1840:
1799:
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1763:
1754:
1743:. Retrieved
1734:
1725:
1714:. Retrieved
1705:
1682:. Retrieved
1673:
1664:
1639:. Retrieved
1624:
1613:. Retrieved
1599:
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1555:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1509:. Retrieved
1500:
1491:
1481:, retrieved
1446:
1434:
1386:(1): 11877.
1383:
1379:
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
1329:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1268:
1264:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:the original
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1199:
1037:
1014:
1006:
945:
913:
880:
877:Keith Howard
869:silk screens
861:
857:
831:
823:
794:
719:
717:
712:
709:inflammation
704:
700:
699:
692:
684:
613:measured in
527:
512:
503:
492:Please help
487:verification
484:
448:
436:
426:systems and
404:
380:
364:
357:
342:
333:
330:
315:
276:
273:
264:
244:
242:
240:as weapons.
229:
225:
219:
196:can lead to
179:
163:cytotoxicity
130:
129:
89:January 2022
86:
77:You can help
67:
50:
32:
3896:WikiProject
3709:Fish toxins
3670:Loxoscelism
3583:Snake venom
3555:Physalaemin
3527:vertebrates
3367:Paracetamol
2910:Bactericide
2586:Compartment
2397:Patch clamp
2373:Schild plot
1271:: 977–979.
1241:25 February
1215:19 February
1173:Toxicophore
1121:Ototoxicity
1080:Drunkenness
973:Category 3
970:Category 2
967:Category 1
904:lithography
745:Carcinogens
550:Category 5
547:Category 4
544:Category 3
541:Category 2
538:Category 1
506:August 2009
466:Lethal dose
360:carcinogens
202:snake venom
3927:Toxicology
3916:Categories
3844:including
3801:Antibiotic
3729:Strychnine
3699:Cinchonism
3661:Latrotoxin
3610:Arthropods
3598:Batroxobin
3509:Neurotoxic
3504:Diarrhetic
3454:Biological
3197:Pesticides
3189:Phosphorus
3125:Metalloids
2790:Physiology
2722:Toxicology
2614:psychology
2563:Metabolism
2553:Absorption
2547:Liberation
2389:Organ bath
2317:Functional
2196:Antagonist
2189:Inhibitory
2144:Excitatory
1956:2008-11-04
1931:2010-09-21
1906:2010-09-21
1856:2019-12-18
1785:2024-07-14
1745:2024-07-02
1716:2024-07-02
1684:2024-07-02
1641:2008-11-04
1615:2008-11-04
1571:2021-03-17
1511:2024-01-20
1483:2024-01-20
1360:2024-01-20
1331:2024-01-17
1191:References
1168:Toxication
1163:Toxic tort
1126:Paracelsus
1075:Carcinogen
879:published
873:turpentine
763:neurotoxin
679:Undefined
655:Undefined
631:Undefined
582:Dermal: LD
464:See also:
420:Pesticides
182:toxicology
18:Intoxicate
3821:Pollution
3761:Cnidocyte
3714:Lathyrism
3627:Bee venom
3623:Bee sting
3567:Coturnism
3550:Bufotenin
3535:Amphibian
3514:Paralytic
3489:Scombroid
3474:Ciguatera
3432:Vitamin E
3427:Vitamin D
3422:Vitamin A
3143:Nonmetals
3090:Manganese
3022:Beryllium
2996:Inorganic
2958:Poisoning
2572:Clearance
2568:Excretion
2387:Methods (
1826:cite book
1735:unece.org
1706:unece.org
1674:unece.org
1473:165342081
1408:2045-2322
1285:2214-7500
1158:Teratogen
964:Exposure
955:crustacea
932:Superfund
926:'s (EPA)
901:non-toxic
778:fertility
418:levels).
399:pictogram
339:Measuring
295:infection
279:pathogens
216:Etymology
206:paradigms
175:poisoning
151:bacterium
81:talk page
3872:Category
3724:Mushroom
3704:Ergotism
3689: /
3663: /
3637:Melittin
3625: /
3581: /
3545:Bombesin
3464: /
3441:syndrome
3270:Methanol
3232:Nicotine
3219:Nitrogen
3166:Fluoride
3161:Chlorine
3156:Selenium
3070:Chromium
3047:Thallium
2968:Overdose
2963:Toxicity
2690:genetics
2662:Pharmacy
2649:Medicine
2459:Affinity
2418:Efficacy
2356:Analysis
2338:Toxicity
2082:Archived
2070:Archived
2006:30997019
1950:Archived
1925:Archived
1921:"TOXNET"
1850:Archived
1818:44957274
1776:Archived
1739:Archived
1710:Archived
1678:Archived
1650:cite web
1635:Archived
1609:Archived
1589:Archived
1565:Archived
1547:15020192
1505:Archived
1477:archived
1426:37482542
1417:10363533
1354:Archived
1325:Archived
1321:NBC News
1303:34026561
1209:Archived
1047:See also
992:Chronic
885:Intaglio
718:Serious
368:gasoline
335:others.
322:asbestos
245:toxicity
186:toxicant
143:organism
131:Toxicity
106:Toxicity
33:Toxicity
3884:Commons
3840:argyria
3749:Stinger
3719:Locoism
3499:Amnesic
3466:Seafood
3395:Digoxin
3362:Opioids
3357:Lithium
3352:Cocaine
3337:Aspirin
3327:Alcohol
3319:Nervous
3287:Toluene
3260:Ethanol
3254:alcohol
3227:Cyanide
3180:Organic
3133:Arsenic
3037:Mercury
3027:Cadmium
2986:History
2600:Related
2543:(L)ADME
2497:Initial
2481:Metrics
2428:Potency
2411:Metrics
2313:Binding
2283:Binding
2151:Agonist
1997:6417485
1388:Bibcode
1294:8122150
1101:Mutagen
1056:(ATSDR)
897:acrylic
838:hatters
757:and/or
755:central
628:20 000
255:History
226:τoξικόν
139:mixture
35:(album)
3850:toxins
3846:venoms
3836:Silver
3687:Plants
3632:Apamin
3593:Ancrod
3579:Snakes
3574:Mammal
3525:Other
3282:Oxygen
3111:Silver
3080:Copper
3075:Cobalt
3042:Nickel
3005:Metals
2981:Poison
2602:fields
2079:TOXMAP
2004:
1994:
1878:
1816:
1806:
1545:
1471:
1461:
1424:
1414:
1406:
1301:
1291:
1283:
1183:Toxica
1137:Poison
1097:(MSDS)
978:Acute
936:PubMed
916:TOXMAP
723:damage
625:2 500
601:5 000
598:2 000
595:1 000
577:5 000
574:2 000
555:Oral:
414:, and
374:, and
320:dust,
311:venoms
307:toxins
147:animal
79:. The
3754:plant
3691:Fungi
3562:Birds
2799:Other
2536:LADME
2048:T65.9
1779:(PDF)
1772:(PDF)
1469:S2CID
1178:Toxin
865:xylol
806:Water
667:0.05
287:virus
270:Types
232:toxon
194:water
167:liver
155:plant
153:, or
3747:and
3745:Bite
3462:Fish
3095:Zinc
3085:Iron
3032:Lead
2688:and
2612:and
2448:TD50
2444:LD50
2440:ED50
2436:IC50
2432:EC50
2234:Drug
2002:PMID
1876:ISBN
1832:link
1814:OCLC
1804:ISBN
1656:link
1543:PMID
1459:ISBN
1422:PMID
1404:ISSN
1299:PMID
1281:ISSN
1243:2012
1217:2015
951:fish
930:and
812:Soil
676:5.0
673:1.0
670:0.5
646:2.0
643:0.5
622:500
619:100
615:ppmV
592:200
571:300
394:The
318:coal
291:worm
251:").
190:dose
188:are
159:cell
120:The
3246:CHO
3052:Tin
2545:: (
2039:ICD
1992:PMC
1984:doi
1535:doi
1531:195
1451:doi
1412:PMC
1396:doi
1289:PMC
1273:doi
953:or
818:Air
765:or
721:eye
652:20
649:10
589:50
568:50
496:by
220:In
3918::
3852:,
3848:,
2446:,
2442:,
2438:,
2434:,
2395:,
2391:,
2315:,
2046::
2043:10
2000:.
1990:.
1978:.
1974:.
1948:.
1923:.
1828:}}
1824:{{
1812:.
1737:.
1733:.
1708:.
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1693:^
1676:.
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1652:}}
1648:{{
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1251:^
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608:LC
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