812:". For example, in social science, the term is used to describe the set of experiences, beliefs and values that affect the way an individual perceives reality and responds to that perception. Social scientists have adopted the Kuhnian phrase "paradigm shift" to denote a change in how a given society goes about organizing and understanding reality. A "dominant paradigm" refers to the values, or system of thought, in a society that are most standard and widely held at a given time. Dominant paradigms are shaped both by the community's cultural background and by the context of the historical moment. Hutchin outlines some conditions that facilitate a system of thought to become an accepted dominant paradigm:
456:, when the model of reality itself undergoes sudden drastic change. Paradigms have two aspects. Firstly, within normal science, the term refers to the set of exemplary experiments that are likely to be copied or emulated. Secondly, underpinning this set of exemplars are shared preconceptions, made prior to – and conditioning – the collection of evidence. These preconceptions embody both hidden assumptions and elements that Kuhn describes as quasi-metaphysical. The interpretations of the paradigm may vary among individual scientists.
2879:
779:
still be underpinned by a paradigm, research programme, research tradition, and/ or professional imagery. These structures will be motivating research, providing it with an agenda, defining what is and is not anomalous evidence, and inhibiting debate with other groups that fall under the same broad disciplinary label. (A good example is provided by the contrast between
32:
2867:
750:. Laudan noted that some anomalies become "dormant", if they survive a long period during which no competing alternative has shown itself capable of resolving the anomaly. He also presented cases in which a dominant paradigm had withered away because its lost credibility when viewed against changes in the wider intellectual milieu.
790:(PCT) within psychology. The most significant of the many ways these two sub-disciplines of psychology differ concerns meanings and intentions. In PCT, they are seen as the central concern of psychology; in radical behaviourism, they are not scientific evidence at all, as they cannot be directly observed.)
1691:
Thomas Kuhn (1922–1996), the author of The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions, is probably the best-known and most influential historian and philosopher of science of the last 25 years, and has become something of a cultural icon. His concepts of paradigm, paradigm change and incommensurability have
778:
However, both Kuhn's original work and Dogan's commentary are directed at disciplines that are defined by conventional labels (such as "sociology"). While it is true that such broad groupings in the social sciences are usually not based on a
Kuhnian paradigm, each of the competing sub-disciplines may
668:
has an important psychological dimension. This is apparent from his analogy between a paradigm shift and the flip-over involved in some optical illusions. However, he subsequently diluted his commitment to incommensurability considerably, partly in the light of other studies of scientific development
876:. Here it means (in a very wide sense) a (conceptual) protoprogram for reducing the chaotic mass to some form of order. Note the similarities to the concept of entropy in chemistry and physics. A paradigm there would be a sort of prohibition to proceed with any action that would increase the total
659:
Kuhn pointed out that it could be difficult to assess whether a particular paradigm shift had actually led to progress, in the sense of explaining more facts, explaining more important facts, or providing better explanations, because the understanding of "more important", "better", etc. changed with
541:
Paradigm shifts tend to appear in response to the accumulation of critical anomalies as well as in the form of the proposal of a new theory with the power to encompass both older relevant data and explain relevant anomalies. New paradigms tend to be most dramatic in sciences that appear to be stable
492:
allows for orthodox scientific investigations into phenomena that might contradict or disprove the standard model; however grant funding would be proportionately more difficult to obtain for such experiments, depending on the degree of deviation from the accepted standard model theory the experiment
459:
Kuhn was at pains to point out that the rationale for the choice of exemplars is a specific way of viewing reality: that view and the status of "exemplar" are mutually reinforcing. For well-integrated members of a particular discipline, its paradigm is so convincing that it normally renders even the
917:
in the thirteenth century wrote in favour of the pope, then could easily write similarly glowing things about the king. A writer such as Giles would have wanted a good job from the pope; he was a papal publicist. However, Harris writes that 'scientific group membership is not concerned with desire,
904:
was widespread, even written testimony from the time showing loyalty to the pope does not demonstrate that the writer had the same worldview as the Church, and therefore pope, at the centre. The difference between paradigms in the physical sciences and in historical organisations such as the Church
593:
Kuhn's idea was, itself, revolutionary in its time. It caused a major change in the way that academics talk about science; and, so, it may be that it caused (or was part of) a "paradigm shift" in the history and sociology of science. However, Kuhn would not recognize such a paradigm shift. Being in
673:
on atomic theory in the late 18th century. In this change, the focus had shifted from the bulk properties of matter (such as hardness, colour, reactivity, etc.) to studies of atomic weights and quantitative studies of reactions. He suggested that it was impossible to make the comparison needed to
493:
would test for. To illustrate the point, an experiment to test for the mass of neutrinos or the decay of protons (small departures from the model) is more likely to receive money than experiments that look for the violation of the conservation of momentum, or ways to engineer reverse time travel.
188:
is meant to guide an audience would be exemplified by the role of a personal accountant. It is not the job of a personal accountant to tell a client exactly what (and what not) to spend money on, but to aid in guiding a client as to how money should be spent based on the client's financial goals.
697:
Opaque
Kuhnian paradigms and paradigm shifts do exist. A few years after the discovery of the mirror-neurons that provide a hard-wired basis for the human capacity for empathy, the scientists involved were unable to identify the incidents that had directed their attention to the issue. Over the
332:
or John Dalton's New System of
Chemical Philosophy (1808), provide an open-ended resource: a framework of concepts, results, and procedures within which subsequent work is structured. Normal science proceeds within such a framework or paradigm. A paradigm does not impose a rigid or mechanical
468:
reality tends to disqualify evidence that might undermine the paradigm itself; this in turn leads to a build-up of unreconciled anomalies. It is the latter that is responsible for the eventual revolutionary overthrow of the incumbent paradigm, and its replacement by a new one. Kuhn used the
775:, involving the deliberate mutual ignorance between scholars and the proliferation of schools in these disciplines. Dogan provides many examples of the non-existence of paradigms in the social sciences in his essay, particularly in sociology, political science and political anthropology.
734:
being imposed at each stage. Paradigms and research programmes allow anomalies to be set aside, where there is reason to believe that they arise from incomplete knowledge (about either the substantive topic, or some aspect of the theories implicitly used in making observations).
766:
in 1958 and 1959, surrounded by social scientists, he observed that they were never in agreement about the nature of legitimate scientific problems and methods. He explains that he wrote this book precisely to show that there can never be any paradigms in the social sciences.
801:". In this respect, he focused on social circumstances that precipitate such a shift and the effects of the shift on social institutions, including the institution of education. This broad shift in the social arena, in turn, changes the way the individual perceives reality.
706:
However, many instances exist in which change in a discipline's core model of reality has happened in a more evolutionary manner, with individual scientists exploring the usefulness of alternatives in a way that would not be possible if they were constrained by a paradigm.
674:
judge which body of knowledge was better or more advanced. However, this change in research style (and paradigm) eventually (after more than a century) led to a theory of atomic structure that accounts well for the bulk properties of matter; see, for example, Brady's
566:. Many philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model, which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it. Kuhn's original model is now generally seen as too limited .
562:, which had been used to describe force and motion for over two hundred years. In this case, the new paradigm reduces the old to a special case in the sense that Newtonian mechanics is still a good model for approximation for speeds that are slow compared to the
1898:
Handa, M. L. (1986) "Peace
Paradigm: Transcending Liberal and Marxian Paradigms" Paper presented in "International Symposium on Science, Technology and Development, New Delhi, India, March 20–25, 1987, Mimeographed at O.I.S.E., University of Toronto, Canada
1225:
If
Socrates in the Parmenides stands for the Republic, the attack on him is perhaps milder than it might have been. But at I32ci2-d4 he seems to speak for the Timaeus: 'In my opinion, Parmenides, the best view to take is this: these Forms we speak of are
887:
Beyond its use in the physical and social sciences, Kuhn's paradigm concept has been analysed in relation to its applicability in identifying 'paradigms' with respect to worldviews at specific points in history. One example is
Matthew Edward Harris' book
1471:
The attribution of this statement to Lord Kelvin is given in a number of sources, but without citation. It is reputed to be Kelvin's remark made in an address to the
British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900. See the article on
796:
Handa, M.L. (1986) introduced the idea of "social paradigm" in the context of social sciences. He identified the basic components of a social paradigm. Like Kuhn, Handa addressed the issue of changing paradigm; the process popularly known as
918:
emotions, gain, loss and any idealistic notions concerning the nature and destiny of humankind...but simply to do with aptitude, explanation, cold description of the facts of the world and the universe from within a paradigm'.
678:. According to P J Smith, this ability of science to back off, move sideways, and then advance is characteristic of the natural sciences, but contrasts with the position in some social sciences, notably economics.
398:(first published in 1962), Kuhn defines a scientific paradigm as: "universally recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners, i.e.,
464:, appearing to be a direct view of the bedrock of reality itself, and obscuring the possibility that there might be other, alternative imageries hidden behind it. The conviction that the current paradigm
746:
has also made two important contributions to the debate. Laudan believed that something akin to paradigms exist in the social sciences (Kuhn had contested this, see below); he referred to these as
294:
as "a philosophical and theoretical framework of a scientific school or discipline within which theories, laws, and generalizations and the experiments performed in support of them are formulated;
181:
aims to provide an audience with an illustration of a similar occurrence. This illustration is not meant to take the audience to a conclusion; however, it is used to help guide them to get there.
771:, a French sociologist, in his article "Paradigms in the Social Sciences", develops Kuhn's original thesis that there are no paradigms at all in the social sciences since the concepts are
1753:
Paper presented in "International
Symposium on Science, Technology and Development, New Delhi, India, March 20–25, 1987, Mimeographed at O.I.S.E., University of Toronto, Canada (1986)
669:
that did not involve revolutionary change. One of the examples of incommensurability that Kuhn used was the change in the style of chemical investigations that followed the work of
496:
Mechanisms similar to the original
Kuhnian paradigm have been invoked in various disciplines other than the philosophy of science. These include: the idea of major cultural themes,
793:
Such considerations explain the conflict between the Kuhn/ Dogan view, and the views of others (including Larry Laudan, see above), who do apply these concepts to social sciences.
715:. In Lakatos' sense, a research programme is a sequence of problems, placed in order of priority. This set of priorities, and the associated set of preferred techniques, is the
763:
698:
course of the investigation, their language and metaphors had changed so that they themselves could no longer interpret all of their own earlier laboratory notes and records.
388:
gave the word its contemporary meaning when he adopted the word to refer to the set of concepts and practices that define a scientific discipline at any particular period of
473:(see below) for this process, and likened it to the perceptual change that occurs when our interpretation of an ambiguous image "flips over" from one state to another. (The
685:. However, members of other disciplines do see the issue of incommensurability as a much greater obstacle to evaluations of "progress"; see, for example, Martin Slattery's
905:
is that the former, unlike the latter, requires technical expertise rather than repeating statements. In other words, after scientific training through what Kuhn calls '
2040:
1345:"The Structure of Scientific Revolution, Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. page 10
329:
723:; this consists of a set of fundamental assumptions that – temporarily, at least – takes priority over observational evidence when the two appear to conflict.
538:, Kuhn wrote that "the successive transition from one paradigm to another via revolution is the usual developmental pattern of mature science" (p. 12).
822:
Journals and editors who write about the system of thought. They both disseminate the information essential to the paradigm and give the paradigm legitimacy
726:
This latter aspect of research programmes is inherited from Kuhn's work on paradigms, and represents an important departure from the elementary account of
2659:
730:. According to this, science proceeds through repeated cycles of observation, induction, hypothesis-testing, etc., with the test of consistency with
53:
40:
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famously claimed, "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement." Five years later,
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This apparent ability does not guarantee that the account is veridical at any one time, of course, and most modern philosophers of science are
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is an example: it is not possible to see both the rabbit and the duck simultaneously.) This is significant in relation to the issue of
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that he developed the concept of paradigm precisely to distinguish the social from the natural sciences. While visiting the
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Kuhn himself did not consider the concept of paradigm as appropriate for the social sciences. He explains in his preface to
508:. They have somewhat similar meanings that apply to smaller and larger scale examples of disciplined thought. In addition,
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as "actions that have occurred previously and are similar to, or the opposite of, those which we are now discussing".
612:: the inability or refusal to see beyond the current models of thinking. This is similar to what psychologists term
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892:. Harris stresses the primarily sociological importance of paradigms, pointing towards Kuhn's second edition of
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Lay groups, or groups based around the concerns of lay persons, that embrace the beliefs central to the paradigm
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2014:
Cristianini, Nello, "On the Current Paradigm in Artificial Intelligence"; AI Communications 27 (1): 37–43. 2014
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as "a pattern or model, an exemplar; a typical instance of something, an example". The historian of science
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comprise functional precedents for design solutions. The best known references on design paradigms are
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The notion of papal monarchy in the thirteenth century : the idea of paradigm in church history
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The notion of papal monarchy in the thirteenth century : the idea of paradigm in church history
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Masterman, Margaret, "The Nature of a Paradigm", pp. 59–89 in Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave.
1951:
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that accepts changes. Thus a paradigm can only apply to a system that is not in its final stage.
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is also still used to indicate a pattern or model or an outstandingly clear or typical example or
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The Notion of Papal Monarchy in the Thirteenth Century: The Idea of Paradigm in Church History
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The Notion of Papal Monarchy in the Thirteenth Century: The Idea of Paradigm in Church History
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129:, postulates, and standards for what constitute legitimate contributions to a field. The word
1332:
857:. The term is frequently used in this sense in the design professions. Design Paradigms or
586:
In software engineering, the transition from the Rational Paradigm to the Empirical Paradigm
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at the end of the 19th century. At that time, a statement generally attributed to physicist
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the social sciences, people can still use earlier ideas to discuss the history of science.
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Clarke, Thomas and Clegg, Stewart (eds). Changing Paradigms. London: HarperCollins, 2000.
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suggested (as an alternative to Kuhn's formulation) that scientists actually work within
452:, when an existing model of reality dominates a protracted period of puzzle-solving, and
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Unter Syntagma versteht de Saussure eine subordinierende Verbindung von zwei Elementen .
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The Fourth Paradigm: Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery, Microsoft Research, 2009,
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Perhaps the greatest barrier to a paradigm shift, in some cases, is the reality of
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possibility of alternatives unconvincing and counter-intuitive. Such a paradigm is
1505:
Ralph, Paul (January 2018). "The two paradigms of software development research".
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Conferences conducted that are devoted to discussing ideas central to the paradigm
1532:
Cristianini, Nello (2014). "On the Current Paradigm in Artificial Intelligence".
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520:, mathesis, and taxinomia, for aspects of a "paradigm" in Kuhn's original sense.
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that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in relation to this subject
385:
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In artificial intelligence, the transition from classical AI to data-driven AI
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The Right Choice : Using Theory of Constraints for Effective Leadership
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The Right Choice : Using Theory of Constraints for Effective Leadership
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Larry Laudan: Dormant anomalies, fading credibility, and research traditions
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4844:
4697:
4625:
4620:
4593:
4573:
4558:
4502:
4438:
4304:
4262:
4151:
3967:
3958:
3718:
3637:
3617:
3612:
3532:
3351:
3326:
3321:
3035:
3016:
2511:
1379:(2nd Edition) University of Chicago Press. Pages 88 and 41, respectively.
1265:
973:
772:
513:
501:
258:
225:
174:
125:) is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories,
2018:
1870:
Hammersley, Martyn (1992). "The Paradigm Wars: Reports from the Front".
5802:
5787:
5763:
5451:
5391:
5381:
5349:
5344:
5144:
5043:
4812:
4790:
4770:
4702:
4665:
4655:
4548:
4531:
4468:
4423:
4404:
4389:
4375:
4324:
4235:
4178:
3987:
3783:
3713:
3679:
3674:
3660:
3650:
3646:
3587:
3279:
3050:
3006:
2209:
1891:
1721:"Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes",
1545:
1213:
1189:
998:
933:
877:
828:
Educators who propagate the paradigm's ideas by teaching it to students
629:
543:
505:
262:
236:
74:
5656:
5651:
5569:
5401:
5386:
4973:
4901:
4775:
4724:
4640:
4630:
4490:
4418:
4230:
4200:
4185:
3933:
3773:
3755:
3664:
3655:
3115:
2950:
2276:
1171:(Summer 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
909:', one could not genuinely believe that, to take a trivial example,
1358:(2nd Edition) University of Chicago Press. Section V, pages 43–51.
5593:
5339:
4953:
4866:
4861:
4363:
4269:
4240:
4173:
4122:
3768:
1571:
Defending Science – within reason: between scientism and cynicism.
958:
266:
209:
1738:
Progress and Its Problems: Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth.
1644:. Cheltenham : Nelson Thornes. pp. 151, 152, 153, 155.
281:
to refer to a class of elements with similarities (as opposed to
4977:
4824:
4670:
4611:
4578:
4553:
4428:
3853:
3728:
3669:
3149:
3031:
3002:
2155:
1864:
International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
1266:
paradigm – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
448:, Kuhn saw the sciences as going through alternating periods of
389:
333:
approach, but can be taken more or less creatively and flexibly.
5008:
3137:
2935:
2897:
2022:
1706:
Mirroring People: The New Science of How We Connect with Others
816:
Professional organizations that give legitimacy to the paradigm
306:(2008) attributes the following description of the term in the
4918:
4795:
430:
the results of scientific investigations should be interpreted
97:
25:
1751:"Peace Paradigm: Transcending Liberal and Marxian Paradigms".
296:
broadly: a philosophical or theoretical framework of any kind
2893:
1999:
1942:, 3rd Ed. Chicago and London: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1996.
424:
predictions made by the primary theory within the discipline
290:
The Merriam-Webster Online dictionary defines one usage of
224:) as one possibility for the model or the pattern that the
158:); "pattern, example, sample"; from the verb παραδείκνυμι (
106:
100:
1488:"What psychology's crisis means for the future of science"
1053:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1241:
Grundzüge einer konstrastiven Phonetik Deutsch-Bulgarisch
863:
Design Paradigms: A Sourcebook for Creative Visualization
484:
An example of a currently accepted paradigm would be the
573:
In medicine, the transition from "clinical judgment" to
1862:
Dogan, Mattei., "Paradigms in the Social Sciences", in
1190:"The Third Man's Contribution to Plato's Paradigmatism"
569:
Some examples of contemporary paradigm shifts include:
840:
Sources of funding to further research on the paradigm
819:
Dynamic leaders who introduce and purport the paradigm
825:
Government agencies who give credence to the paradigm
328:
Kuhn suggests that certain scientific works, such as
162:); "exhibit, represent, expose"; and that from παρά (
118:
764:
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
103:
94:
5430:
5278:
5057:
5019:
4592:
4295:
4113:
3792:
3586:
3312:
3148:
2697:
2688:
2590:
2520:
2334:
2056:
1679:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 2, 3, 4.
1410:(2nd Edition) University of Chicago Press. Page 85.
1392:(2nd Edition) University of Chicago Press. Page 44.
660:the paradigm. The two versions of reality are thus
109:
91:
1312:
2004:Encyclopædia Britannica, Univ. of Chicago, 2003,
1276:Blackburn, Simon, 1994, 2005, 2008, rev. 2nd ed.
1244:(in German). Sofia: Nauka i Iskustwo. p. 212
1142:. Trinity Press International. pp. 228–229.
558:, which challenged the set of rules laid down by
440:equipment is available to conduct the experiment.
287:– a class of elements expressing relationship.).
1974:Popper, Karl. The Logic of Scientific Discovery
1723:in Lakatos, I. and Musgrave, A. (eds.) (1990),
880:of the system. To create a paradigm requires a
208:) was used by scribes in Greek texts (such as
2909:
2034:
8:
1592:General Chemistry: Principles and Structure.
16:Set of distinct concepts or thought patterns
1928:, Hoboken : Taylor and Francis, 2013.
5016:
5005:
3145:
3134:
2932:
2916:
2902:
2894:
2694:
2041:
2027:
2019:
1963:. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1970.
719:of a programme. Each programme also has a
579:In social psychology, the transition from
2660:Relationship between religion and science
1872:British Journal of Sociology of Education
1740:University of California Press, Berkeley.
1140:Paul in the Greco-Roman World: A Handbook
1408:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
1390:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
1377:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
1048:The history of the various paradigms in
356:Commensurability (philosophy of science)
253:dictionary defines the technical use of
235:has technical meanings in the fields of
56:of all important aspects of the article.
1940:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1692:changed the way we think about science.
1356:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1169:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1163:Zeyl, Donald; Sattler, Barbara (2019),
1066:
894:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
760:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
536:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
446:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
395:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
321:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
257:only in the context of grammar) and of
228:supposedly used to create the cosmos.
1766:, Taylor and Francis, Hoboken, p. 124
1725:Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge.
1559:Do you suffer from paradigm paralysis?
1476:for additional details and references.
1124:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1108:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1092:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1076:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
896:. Although obedience to popes such as
436:an experiment is to be conducted, and
52:Please consider expanding the lead to
1961:Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
7:
1333:participating institution membership
702:Imre Lakatos and research programmes
418:these questions are to be structured
1710:Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Page 17.
1594:(5th Edition.) John Wiley and Sons.
1280:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1278:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
303:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
166:); "beside, beyond"; and δείκνυμι (
14:
2680:Sociology of scientific knowledge
2675:Sociology of scientific ignorance
2628:History and philosophy of science
1673:Nickles, Thomas (December 2002).
405:is to be observed and scrutinized
2877:
2865:
620:. Examples include rejection of
87:
30:
1507:Science of Computer Programming
636:solar system, the discovery of
261:(as a term for an illustrative
44:may be too short to adequately
2069:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1451:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
137:in origin, meaning "pattern".
54:provide an accessible overview
1:
5412:Traditional African religions
1980:, English translation 1959),
1486:Resnick, Brian (2016-03-14).
1426:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1167:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
239:(as applied, for example, to
154:comes from Greek παράδειγμα (
1128:, on Perseus Digital Library
1112:, on Perseus Digital Library
1096:, on Perseus Digital Library
1080:, on Perseus Digital Library
170:); "to show, to point out".
4740:Food and drink prohibitions
2402:Hypothetico-deductive model
2377:Deductive-nomological model
2362:Constructivist epistemology
1519:10.1016/j.scico.2018.01.002
1447:Spradley, James P. (1979).
913:, whereas thinkers such as
173:In classical (Greek-based)
5858:
1449:The Ethnographic Interview
1299:& 1994 letter-preview
1009:Point of view (philosophy)
872:This term is also used in
596:
527:
363:
341:
231:The English-language term
144:
18:
5015:
5004:
3628:Cross-cultural psychology
3446:Manipulation (psychology)
3144:
3133:
2942:
2931:
2856:
2463:Semantic view of theories
2382:Epistemological anarchism
2319:dependent and independent
2000:http://fourthparadigm.org
1638:Slattery, Martin (2003).
1320:Oxford English Dictionary
1138:Sampley, J. Paul (2003).
1039:Triune continuum paradigm
788:personal construct theory
377:Oxford English Dictionary
21:Paradigm (disambiguation)
3978:Mass psychogenic illness
3829:Collective effervescence
3270:Self-fulfilling prophecy
2956:Collective consciousness
2205:Intertheoretic reduction
2194:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
2171:Functional contextualism
1902:Harris, Matthew Edward.
1884:10.1080/0142569920130110
1816:Harris, Matthew (2010).
1783:Harris, Matthew (2010).
1626:The Reform of Economics.
1238:Simenova, Ruska (1988).
1206:10.1093/mind/xci.363.339
1188:Waterlow, Sarah (1982).
804:Another use of the word
200:The original Greek term
5842:Epistemology of science
5318:Eastern Orthodox Church
3859:Culture-bound syndromes
3834:Collective intelligence
2690:Philosophers of science
2468:Scientific essentialism
2417:Model-dependent realism
2352:Constructive empiricism
2245:Evidence-based practice
1605:The Reform of Economics
1420:Benedict, Ruth (2005).
1325:Oxford University Press
1126:A Greek-English Lexicon
1110:A Greek-English Lexicon
1094:A Greek-English Lexicon
1078:A Greek-English Lexicon
693:Subsequent developments
575:evidence-based medicine
554:published his paper on
366:Paradigm (experimental)
5759:Social constructionism
5417:Unitarian Universalism
4221:Observational learning
3949:In-group and out-group
3889:False consensus effect
3568:Suppression of dissent
3466:Moral entrepreneurship
3436:Ideological repression
3424:Historical revisionism
2960:Collective unconscious
2773:Alfred North Whitehead
2763:Charles Sanders Peirce
1641:Key ideas in sociology
687:Key Ideas in Sociology
348:Sociology of knowledge
335:
5308:Chinese folk religion
4008:Political correctness
4003:Pluralistic ignorance
3692:Identity (philosophy)
3518:Religious persecution
3501:Psychological warfare
3481:Political engineering
3332:Argumentum ad populum
3190:Collective narcissism
3168:Attitude polarization
2872:Philosophy portal
2623:Hard and soft science
2618:Faith and rationality
2487:Scientific skepticism
2267:Scientific Revolution
2050:Philosophy of science
1703:Iacoboni, M. (2008),
1628:Taw Books. Chapter 7.
984:Mental representation
964:Flying geese paradigm
622:Aristarchus of Samos'
597:Further information:
326:
312:philosophy of science
275:Ferdinand de Saussure
5672:Naturalism (Western)
5667:Naturalism (Chinese)
5579:Renaissance humanism
4135:Conceptual framework
4100:System justification
3939:Hysterical contagion
3523:Religious uniformity
3506:Religious conversion
3362:Cognitive dissonance
3260:Selective perception
3111:Theory of everything
3081:Primal world beliefs
3066:Philosophical theory
2598:Criticism of science
2473:Scientific formalism
2357:Constructive realism
2262:Scientific pluralism
2235:Problem of induction
1762:Hutchin, Ted (2013)
1749:Handa, M. L. (1986)
1719:Lakatos, I. (1970),
1050:evolutionary biology
1019:Programming paradigm
939:Conceptual framework
808:is in the sense of "
784:radical behaviourism
664:. Kuhn's version of
475:rabbit-duck illusion
370:Scientific consensus
19:For other uses, see
5085:Christian democracy
4048:Social facilitation
3944:Information cascade
3879:Emotional contagion
3817:Collective behavior
3779:Symbolic boundaries
3633:Cultural psychology
3377:Cultural dissonance
3250:Observer-expectancy
3245:Observational error
3230:In-group favoritism
2975:Conventional wisdom
2665:Rhetoric of science
2603:Descriptive science
2347:Confirmation holism
2240:Scientific evidence
2200:Inductive reasoning
2129:Demarcation problem
1978:Logik der Forschung
1736:Laudan, L. (1977),
1590:Brady, J E (1990).
1423:Patterns of Culture
1323:(Online ed.).
1024:Schema (psychology)
748:research traditions
713:research programmes
560:Newtonian mechanics
360:Confirmation holism
338:Scientific paradigm
5783:Post-structuralism
4537:natural philosophy
3919:Group polarization
3904:Group cohesiveness
3553:Social engineering
3451:Media manipulation
3372:Crowd manipulation
3357:Circular reporting
3275:Clever Hans effect
3255:Selective exposure
2884:Science portal
2813:Carl Gustav Hempel
2768:Wilhelm Windelband
2655:Questionable cause
2478:Scientific realism
2299:Underdetermination
2134:Empirical evidence
2124:Creative synthesis
1912:Edwin Mellen Press
1908:Lewiston, New York
1866:, Volume 16, 2001)
1826:Edwin Mellen Press
1822:Lewiston, New York
1793:Edwin Mellen Press
1789:Lewiston, New York
1624:Smith, P J (2011)
1603:Smith, P J (2011)
1573:Prometheus Books.
1546:10.3233/AIC-130582
1295:2012-03-29 at the
754:In social sciences
732:empirical evidence
721:negative heuristic
717:positive heuristic
666:incommensurability
655:Incommensurability
610:paradigm paralysis
604:Paradigm paralysis
599:Violation paradigm
556:special relativity
542:and mature, as in
479:incommensurability
330:Newton's Principia
5837:Consensus reality
5819:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5793:Transcendentalism
5749:Neo-scholasticism
5730:Neopythagoreanism
5180:Industrialisation
5120:Constitutionalism
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4818:political freedom
4335:mind–body problem
4128:tacit assumptions
4080:Spontaneous order
4070:Social psychology
4023:Self-organization
3367:Critical thinking
3129:
3128:
3096:School of thought
2985:Cultural movement
2965:Conceptual system
2891:
2890:
2733:
2732:
2645:Normative science
2502:Uniformitarianism
2257:Scientific method
2151:Explanatory power
1997:978-0-9825442-0-4
1956:
1934:978-1-4398-8625-0
1920:978-0-7734-1441-9
1835:978-0-7734-1441-9
1802:978-0-7734-1441-9
1772:978-1-4398-8625-0
1686:978-0-521-79206-6
1651:978-0-7487-6565-2
1613:978-0-9570697-0-1
1579:978-1-59102-458-3
1534:AI Communications
1406:Kuhn, T S (1970)
1388:Kuhn, T S (1970)
1375:Kuhn, T S (1970)
1354:Kuhn, T S (1970)
1331:(Subscription or
1165:"Plato's Timaeus"
1029:School of thought
1014:Poststructuralism
949:Conceptual schema
911:the earth is flat
728:how science works
676:General Chemistry
618:Semmelweis reflex
614:confirmation bias
500:(and see below),
490:scientific method
277:(1857–1913) used
184:One way of how a
71:
70:
5849:
5481:New Confucianism
5355:Korean shamanism
5325:Ethnic religions
5255:Social democracy
5130:Environmentalism
5110:Communitarianism
5075:Authoritarianism
5017:
5006:
4636:Codes of conduct
4287:World disclosure
4275:consensus theory
4043:Social exclusion
3849:Crowd psychology
3844:Consensus theory
3807:Bandwagon effect
3744:Rites of passage
3558:Social influence
3491:Propaganda model
3456:Media regulation
3285:wishful thinking
3235:Magical thinking
3146:
3135:
2998:World folk-epics
2933:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2882:
2881:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2843:Bas van Fraassen
2798:Hans Reichenbach
2778:Bertrand Russell
2695:
2521:Philosophy of...
2304:Unity of science
2097:Commensurability
2043:
2036:
2029:
2020:
1954:
1938:Kuhn, Thomas S.
1895:
1840:
1839:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1780:
1774:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1717:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1670:
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1663:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1582:
1569:Haack, S (2003)
1567:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1417:
1411:
1404:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1200:(363): 339–357.
1185:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1135:
1129:
1119:
1113:
1103:
1097:
1087:
1081:
1071:
1034:Set (psychology)
944:Conceptual model
867:Design Paradigms
488:of physics. The
127:research methods
121:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
66:
63:
57:
34:
26:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5807:
5638:Megarian school
5589:Illuminationism
5565:New historicism
5541:Foundationalism
5526:Eretrian school
5486:Critical theory
5447:Aristotelianism
5442:Agriculturalism
5432:
5426:
5360:Modern paganism
5274:
5185:Intellectualism
5059:
5053:
5011:
4992:
4840:Meaning of life
4745:unclean animals
4602:Aesthetic taste
4588:
4544:Problem of evil
4486:National mythoi
4291:
4109:
4105:Viral phenomena
4095:Swarm behaviour
4038:Social emotions
4033:Social behavior
4013:Pseudoconsensus
3964:Majoritarianism
3864:Deindividuation
3802:Abilene paradox
3788:
3724:Myth and ritual
3582:
3563:Social progress
3538:Self-censorship
3414:Excommunication
3337:Attitude change
3314:
3308:
3140:
3125:
3076:Presuppositions
2938:
2927:
2922:
2892:
2887:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2852:
2833:Paul Feyerabend
2793:Michael Polanyi
2729:
2715:Galileo Galilei
2684:
2670:Science studies
2586:
2516:
2507:Verificationism
2412:Instrumentalism
2397:Foundationalism
2372:Conventionalism
2330:
2166:Feminist method
2052:
2047:
2017:
1869:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1828:. p. 118.
1815:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1795:. p. 160.
1782:
1781:
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1702:
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1667:
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1637:
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1632:
1623:
1619:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1297:Wayback Machine
1275:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1218:
1216:
1187:
1186:
1182:
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1132:
1120:
1116:
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1100:
1088:
1084:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
924:
865:, by Wake, and
847:
756:
741:
704:
695:
662:incommensurable
657:
632:'s theory of a
606:
601:
552:Albert Einstein
532:
526:
524:Paradigm shifts
512:used the terms
510:Michel Foucault
392:. In his book,
372:
362:
342:Main articles:
340:
250:Merriam-Webster
149:
143:
119:
90:
86:
67:
61:
58:
51:
39:This article's
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5855:
5853:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5824:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5798:Utilitarianism
5795:
5790:
5785:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5726:Pythagoreanism
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5613:Neo-Kantianism
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5572:
5567:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5531:Existentialism
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5422:Zoroastrianism
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5265:Utilitarianism
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5200:Libertarianism
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5165:Green politics
5162:
5157:
5155:Fundamentalism
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4971:
4969:Unspoken rules
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4206:Meta-knowledge
4203:
4198:
4196:Meaning-making
4193:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3983:Milieu control
3980:
3975:
3970:
3961:
3956:
3954:Invisible hand
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3909:Group dynamics
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3658:
3653:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Social control
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Polite fiction
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:Indoctrination
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3280:placebo effect
3277:
3267:
3265:Self-deception
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:Social reality
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:Reality tunnel
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3000:
2994:National epics
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2953:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:W. V. O. Quine
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:Rudolf Steiner
2750:
2745:
2743:Henri Poincaré
2740:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:Exact sciences
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2591:Related topics
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2550:Social science
2547:
2546:
2545:
2543:Space and time
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2442:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Scientific law
2249:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2161:Falsifiability
2158:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2090:Mill's Methods
2082:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2002:
1989:
1971:
1957:
1936:
1924:Hutchin, Ted.
1922:
1900:
1896:
1878:(1): 131–143.
1867:
1860:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1808:
1801:
1775:
1755:
1742:
1729:
1712:
1696:
1685:
1665:
1650:
1630:
1617:
1596:
1583:
1562:
1551:
1524:
1497:
1478:
1464:
1457:
1439:
1432:
1412:
1394:
1381:
1368:
1347:
1338:
1304:
1269:
1258:
1230:
1180:
1155:
1148:
1130:
1114:
1098:
1082:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
925:
923:
920:
846:
843:
842:
841:
838:
835:
834:Media coverage
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
799:paradigm shift
755:
752:
740:
737:
703:
700:
694:
691:
656:
653:
605:
602:
591:
590:
587:
584:
583:to replication
577:
564:speed of light
530:Paradigm shift
528:Main article:
525:
522:
486:standard model
471:paradigm shift
450:normal science
442:
441:
431:
425:
419:
413:
406:
344:Paradigm shift
339:
336:
142:
139:
69:
68:
48:the key points
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5854:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5779:Structuralism
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5745:Scholasticism
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5687:Phenomenology
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5647:Postmodernism
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5599:Individualism
5597:
5595:
5594:ʿIlm al-Kalām
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:Republicanism
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5230:Progressivism
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5175:Individualism
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5007:
5003:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Social stigma
4922:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:jurisprudence
4799:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:Family values
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:Entertainment
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4584:Unobservables
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4496:philosophical
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Creation myth
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4330:Consciousness
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Social action
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:Peer pressure
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:Herd behavior
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:Group emotion
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:Social status
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3578:Woozle effect
3576:
3574:
3573:Systemic bias
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Social change
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3419:Fearmongering
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Deprogramming
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Filter bubble
3218:
3216:
3215:Ethnocentrism
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Point of view
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Metanarrative
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:Basic beliefs
2945:
2944:
2941:
2937:Related terms
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Rudolf Carnap
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Auguste Comte
2736:
2735:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Francis Bacon
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2638:Pseudoscience
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Structuralism
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:Received view
2457:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Contextualism
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2010:0-85229-961-3
2007:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:0-415-27844-9
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:0-521-09623-5
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1948:0-226-45808-3
1945:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:0-00-638731-4
1855:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1798:
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1769:
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1726:
1722:
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1709:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:. Taw Books.
1606:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1458:9780030444968
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1433:9780618619559
1429:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:0-226-45804-0
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:0-19-283134-8
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1149:9781563382666
1145:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:Perspectivism
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
989:Metanarrative
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
954:Contextualism
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
929:Basic beliefs
927:
926:
921:
919:
916:
915:Giles of Rome
912:
908:
903:
902:Boniface VIII
899:
895:
891:
885:
883:
882:closed system
879:
875:
870:
869:by Petroski.
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
844:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
813:
811:
807:
802:
800:
794:
791:
789:
785:
782:
776:
774:
770:
765:
761:
753:
751:
749:
745:
738:
736:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
701:
699:
692:
690:
688:
684:
679:
677:
672:
667:
663:
654:
652:
650:
646:
642:
639:
638:electrostatic
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
603:
600:
595:
588:
585:
582:
578:
576:
572:
571:
570:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
539:
537:
531:
523:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
491:
487:
482:
481:(see below).
480:
476:
472:
467:
463:
457:
455:
451:
447:
439:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
407:
404:
401:
400:
399:
397:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:
371:
367:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
337:
334:
331:
325:
323:
322:
318:'s 1962 work
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:
299:
297:
293:
288:
286:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
222:
217:
216:
212:'s dialogues
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
187:
182:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
140:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
114:
84:
80:
76:
65:
55:
49:
47:
42:
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
5740:Reductionism
5716:Pre-Socratic
5696:Neoplatonism
5556:Hermeneutics
5521:Epicureanism
5477:Confucianism
5472:Collectivism
5462:Cartesianism
5313:Christianity
5125:Distributism
5115:Conservatism
5090:Collectivism
5058:Economic and
4983:Works of art
4939:Sublime, The
4830:Magnificence
4781:Human rights
4508:Origin myths
4454:Intelligence
4434:Idios kosmos
4169:Explanations
4140:Epistemology
4065:Social proof
4060:Social group
4018:Scapegoating
3899:Group action
3894:Folie à deux
3884:Entitativity
3761:Social class
3704:Institutions
3596:Anthropology
3461:Missionaries
3387:Echo chamber
3342:Brainwashing
3297:Stereotyping
3205:Cryptomnesia
3195:Confirmation
3121:Value system
3060:
3041:Mental model
2848:Larry Laudan
2828:Imre Lakatos
2783:Otto Neurath
2758:Karl Pearson
2748:Pierre Duhem
2720:Isaac Newton
2650:Protoscience
2608:Epistemology
2482:Anti-realism
2480: /
2461: /
2452: /
2438: /
2436:Reductionism
2434: /
2407:Inductionism
2387:Evolutionism
2229:
2192:
2079:a posteriori
2078:
2074:
1977:
1973:
1960:
1952:Google Books
1939:
1925:
1903:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1817:
1811:
1784:
1778:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1704:
1699:
1690:
1675:
1668:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1604:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1570:
1565:
1554:
1540:(1): 37–43.
1537:
1533:
1527:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1481:
1467:
1448:
1442:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1355:
1350:
1341:
1318:
1307:
1277:
1272:
1261:
1253:
1248:28 September
1246:. Retrieved
1240:
1233:
1224:
1217:. Retrieved
1197:
1193:
1183:
1173:, retrieved
1168:
1158:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1090:παραδείκνυμι
1085:
1077:
1069:
979:Mental model
898:Innocent III
893:
889:
886:
871:
866:
862:
850:
848:
805:
803:
795:
792:
777:
769:Mattei Dogan
759:
757:
747:
744:Larry Laudan
742:
725:
720:
716:
709:Imre Lakatos
705:
696:
686:
683:fallibilists
680:
675:
661:
658:
649:quartz clock
634:heliocentric
609:
607:
592:
568:
540:
535:
533:
495:
483:
478:
470:
465:
461:
458:
453:
449:
445:
443:
437:
433:
427:
421:
415:
409:
408:the kind of
402:
393:
381:
375:
373:
327:
319:
301:
300:
295:
291:
289:
283:
278:
254:
248:
232:
230:
220:
214:
205:
201:
199:
194:
185:
183:
172:
167:
163:
160:paradeiknumi
159:
155:
151:
150:
130:
82:
72:
59:
43:
41:lead section
5754:Sentientism
5735:Rationalism
5682:Peripatetic
5662:Natural law
5633:Materialism
5561:Historicism
5551:Hegelianism
5501:Determinism
5378:Agnosticism
5250:Sentientism
5220:Nationalism
5170:Imperialism
5100:Communalism
5095:Colonialism
5049:Weltschmerz
5029:Misanthropy
4929:Stewardship
4857:Obligations
4761:Culpability
4752:Golden Rule
4646:Common good
4564:Supernature
4520:Otherworlds
4479:comparative
4449:Information
4444:Incarnation
4381:Eschatology
4315:Anima mundi
4297:Metaphysics
4216:Observation
4211:Methodology
3993:Moral panic
3973:Mass action
3869:Doublethink
3812:Collectives
3734:Pilgrimages
3623:Coronations
3528:Revolutions
3496:Proselytism
3429:negationism
3315:maintenance
3163:Attentional
3022:Life stance
2990:Epic poetry
2980:Conventions
2838:Ian Hacking
2823:Thomas Kuhn
2808:Karl Popper
2788:C. D. Broad
2705:Roger Bacon
2633:Non-science
2575:Linguistics
2555:Archaeology
2450:Rationalism
2440:Determinism
2427:Physicalism
2392:Fallibilism
2342:Coherentism
2272:Testability
2225:Observation
2220:Objectivity
2181:alternative
2112:Correlation
2102:Consilience
1976:, 1934 (as
1676:Thomas Kuhn
1615:. Page 129.
1474:Lord Kelvin
1290:Description
1226:paradigms…'
1054:Wikiversity
994:Methodology
874:cybernetics
641:photography
548:Lord Kelvin
469:expression
386:Thomas Kuhn
316:Thomas Kuhn
271:linguistics
247:– the 1900
245:conjugation
5832:Aesthetics
5826:Categories
5721:Pyrrhonism
5711:Pragmatism
5706:Positivism
5609:Kantianism
5516:Empiricism
5434:philosophy
5431:Schools of
5374:Irreligion
5370:Secularity
5303:Cheondoism
5235:Radicalism
5215:Monarchism
5210:Militarism
5195:Liberalism
5140:Fanaticism
5080:Capitalism
5062:ideologies
5060:political
4988:Wrongdoing
4892:Repentance
4882:Punishment
4877:Principles
4872:Praxeology
4661:Creativity
4651:Conscience
4612:Almsgiving
4525:axes mundi
4409:Nonfiction
4386:Everything
4248:Revelation
4236:fallacious
4226:Perception
4162:scientific
4085:Status quo
3924:Groupshift
3839:Conformity
3794:Groupthink
3709:Liminality
3643:Employment
3618:Ceremonies
3486:Propaganda
3471:Persuasion
3347:Censorship
3313:Change and
3292:Status quo
3200:Congruence
2725:David Hume
2698:Precursors
2580:Psychology
2560:Economics
2454:Empiricism
2445:Pragmatism
2432:Positivism
2422:Naturalism
2292:scientific
2176:Hypothesis
2139:Experiment
1846:References
1727:Cambridge.
1335:required.)
1314:"paradigm"
1175:2021-03-10
1074:παράδειγμα
1044:World view
859:archetypes
845:Other uses
781:Skinnerian
645:xerography
626:Copernicus
502:ideologies
498:worldviews
454:revolution
380:defines a
364:See also:
241:declension
221:Parmenides
206:paradeigma
202:παράδειγμα
195:paradeigma
191:Anaximenes
186:paradeigma
179:paradeigma
156:paradeigma
147:Paradeigma
145:See also:
79:philosophy
5769:Spinozism
5701:Pluralism
5692:Platonism
5643:Modernism
5628:Logicians
5496:Cyrenaics
5457:Averroism
5397:Spiritism
5365:Rastafari
5280:Religions
5260:Socialism
5240:Reformism
5205:Masculism
5160:Globalism
5135:Extremism
5105:Communism
5070:Anarchism
5044:Reclusion
5039:Pessimism
5021:Attitudes
4944:Suffering
4907:Sexuality
4897:Reverence
4887:Qualities
4806:religious
4786:Judgement
4766:Happiness
4730:Étiquette
4720:Eroticism
4708:Aesthetic
4691:religious
4686:emotional
4676:Economics
4607:Aesthetic
4569:Teleology
4513:political
4474:Mythology
4439:Illusions
4414:Free will
4400:Existence
4395:Evolution
4369:existence
4352:religious
4347:Cosmology
4342:Cosmogony
4320:Causality
4310:Afterlife
4258:Tradition
4253:Testimony
4231:Reasoning
4191:Intuition
4157:anecdotal
4115:Knowledge
4090:Stigmergy
4075:Sociology
3874:Emergence
3613:Calendars
3409:Euphemism
3397:religious
3392:Education
3225:Homophily
3178:Cognitive
3027:Lifestyle
2925:Worldview
2565:Geography
2533:Chemistry
2492:Scientism
2287:ladenness
2107:Construct
2085:Causality
1955:Aug. 2011
1513:: 68–89.
1062:Footnotes
969:Heuristic
907:exemplars
855:archetype
849:The word
810:worldview
773:polysemic
671:Lavoisier
581:p-hacking
518:discourse
410:questions
352:Systemics
141:Etymology
62:July 2020
46:summarize
5774:Stoicism
5677:Nihilism
5623:Legalism
5618:Kokugaku
5584:Idealism
5575:Humanism
5546:Hedonism
5536:Fatalism
5511:Eleatics
5491:Cynicism
5407:Tenrikyo
5330:Hinduism
5298:Caodaism
5293:Buddhism
5270:Veganism
5225:Pacifism
5190:Islamism
5150:Feminism
5034:Optimism
5010:Examples
4959:Theodicy
4949:Sympathy
4845:Morality
4703:Emotions
4698:Elegance
4626:Autonomy
4621:Altruism
4574:Theology
4503:Ontology
4469:Miracles
4325:Concepts
4305:Ætiology
4280:criteria
4263:folklore
4152:Evidence
3968:Mob rule
3959:Lynching
3719:Marriage
3697:cultural
3675:Holidays
3661:Funerals
3656:Families
3638:Doctrine
3601:cultural
3533:Rhetoric
3352:Charisma
3327:Argument
3322:Activism
3210:Cultural
3158:Academic
3091:Schemata
3061:Paradigm
3036:Memeplex
3017:Ideology
3007:factoids
2860:Category
2512:Vitalism
2335:Theories
2309:Variable
2230:Paradigm
2117:function
2075:A priori
2064:Analysis
2057:Concepts
1914:, 2010.
1660:52531237
1293:Archived
1219:10 March
1122:δείκνυμι
974:Ideology
922:See also
851:paradigm
806:paradigm
647:and the
616:and the
514:episteme
506:mindsets
382:paradigm
292:paradigm
284:syntagma
279:paradigm
259:rhetoric
255:paradigm
233:paradigm
226:demiurge
193:defined
175:rhetoric
168:deiknumi
152:Paradigm
131:paradigm
83:paradigm
5803:Yangism
5788:Thomism
5764:Sophism
5506:Dualism
5467:Cārvāka
5452:Atomism
5392:Sikhism
5382:Atheism
5350:Judaism
5345:Jainism
5335:Hòa Hảo
5145:Fascism
4974:Virtues
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4791:Justice
4771:Harmony
4681:Ecstasy
4666:Disgust
4656:Consent
4616:Charity
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4532:Physics
4424:History
4405:Fiction
4390:Nothing
4376:Destiny
4364:Deities
4179:fideism
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3774:Symbols
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630:Galileo
628:', and
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4419:Future
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