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1402:. The transitional generation of Islamicists were betwixt and between an era when Islamic studies were dominated by Orientalism and the post-Orientalist era of post-colonial criticism and critical theory in the social sciences and much of religious studies. In fact, some of the more traditional Western universities still confer degrees in Arabic and Islamic studies under the primary title of "Oriental studies". This is the case, for example, at the
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broader range of sources and developing more intricate interpretive frameworks, some of which have even challenged the idea of a uniform
Islamic gender discourse. Following the impactful comprehensive syntheses of the early 1990's, more in-depth and context-specific studies have delved into social customs, religious beliefs, and the interplay between the two.
652:
1315:
on a professional scale about two centuries ago, and has been previously linked to social concern. This academic tradition has not only led to an accumulation of knowledge, even if some of it is almost forgotten or badly neglected, but has also witnessed major changes in interests, questions, methods, aesthetics, and ethics of Islam.
1851:
1680:
Works such as Leila Ahmedâs Women and Gender in Islam (1992), Fatima
Mernissiâs The Veil and the Male Elite (first published in English in 1991, translated from a 1987 French original), and Fedwa Malti-Douglasâs Womanâs Body, Womanâs Word: Gender and Discourse in Arabo-Islamic Writing (1991) surveyed
1314:
Generations of scholars in
Islamic studies, most of whom studied with Orientalist mentors, helped bridge the gap between Orientalism and Religious studies. The subfield that grew out of this effort is called "Islamic studies." The study of Islam is part of a tradition that started in Western academia
1780:
KalÄm emerged as a discipline in response to political disputes among
Muslims, and then later in response to the impact of Hellenistic philosophy and the expansion of the Islamic Empire into territories previously dominated and occupied by the Sassanian and Byzantine Empires. Thus, one of the first
1744:
has mysticism to the educational notion of asceticism. The ascetics and mystics have different and separate roles in each setting, and everyone needs to search the context of a given Sufiâs own time for reasons as to why he/she was known as a Sufi. Sufism is not that, they do not follow the Islam
1799:
The term âIslamic lawâ would in itself be an example of such a holistic merging of two spheres, conflating a personâs faith with his rights, or even three, if âlawâ is seen as a natural aspect of state politics that in a modern differentiated system should not be separated from religion, in its
1684:
The work from this era sparked a significant amount of academic research in that, in the subsequent twenty years, not only expanded and detailed the arguments put forth by these scholars, but also analyzed and improved upon their methodologies. Recent years have seen a shift towards utilizing a
1676:
The history of women and gender in
Islamic studies experienced a surge of scholarly research during the early 1990's. This wave of scholarship was influenced by the growing presence of politically and religiously active women scholars with Muslim and Arab backgrounds. Additionally, there was a
1516:
In
Islamic Studies, there is a tendency to rely on history (as method and approach) as a reassuring scientific framework. However nowadays, besides recurrent debates within history itself, many scientists look unfavorably at a linear conception of time (Rovelli 2018).
1311:. Islamic studies seeks to understand the past and the potential future of the Islamic world. In this multidisciplinary program, scholars from diverse areas (history, culture, literature, art) participate and exchange ideas pertaining to the particular field of study.
3264:
Figural representation is virtually unused in
Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (tawhid) and order without figural
1422:. Today, academic Islamic studies is usually taught and studied alongside or after an extensive study of the Arabic language, with named undergraduate and graduate degrees in Arabic and Islamic studies existing at universities such as
1535:. Examining and understanding this kind of Islam â a heterogeneous living tradition with some non-discursive elements, which is internally extremely dynamic and multifaceted â is the purview of Islamic studies in the modern world.
2608:
1739:
is âa strong method of Muslimâs knowledge and practice bringing proximity to or meditation with God and believed that it came from
Prophet Muhammad from generation to generation who followed himâ (P.8). The etymological term
2177:. Hence the term encompasses religious buildings as well as secular ones, historic as well as modern expressions and the production of all places that have come under the varying levels of Islamic influence.
1473:
and also provides an international overview of the state of the field. With the events of 11 September 2001, Islam has become the most prominent world religion and occupies center stage in world politics.
1735:
of Islam based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as it is gradually revealed to the heart and mind of the Sufi (one who practices Sufism).According to Renard (2021) quoted by Green the meaning of
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large swathes of
Islamic history and thought, suggesting structural connections between gendered religious discourses and the social and political roles and rights of women over time.
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character and was also a consequence of the fact that, throughout early-modern
Western Europe, the discipline was developed by churchmen whose primary aim had been to refute the
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618:
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491:
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Scholars in the field of Islamic studies are often referred to as "Islamicists" and the discipline traditionally made up the bulk of what used to be called
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1975:
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1622:
To understand the history of Islam provides the indispensable basis to understand all aspects of Islam and its culture. Themes of special interest are:
1599:
questioned the uncritical adherence to traditional Islamic sources and started to develop a new picture of the earliest times of Islam by applying the
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alike preferred to interpret the history of Islam in a conservative way. They did not question the traditional account of the early time of Islam, of
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In the second half of the 19th century, philological and historical approaches were predominant. Leading in the field were German researchers like
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1980:
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This article is about the study of Islam in modern academia. For the traditional study of Islam defined and practiced by Muslim scholars, see
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notable increase in the utilization of gender studies methodologies within the traditionally conservative realms of Islamic history and law.
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1323:
913:
611:
477:
3215:"Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage 'Self' and 'System': Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education"
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163:
56:
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2012:
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94:
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2002:
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and the literature written in those languages. It also often includes other modern, classic or ancient languages of the
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1997:
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2535:(Center for the Study of Islam and Society (PPIM) Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta, INDONESIA)
2255:, demonstrating a strong diversity in popular interpretation over the pre-modern period. Increased contact with the
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2007:
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or Qur'an Exegesis. However, they also often apply the methods adapted from several ancillary fields, ranging from
1081:
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1803:
Islamic jurisprudence relates to everyday and social issues in the life of Muslims. It is divided in fields like:
1781:
and persistent questions challenging the Islamic community was the status of a believer who committed grave sins.
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4709:
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4127:
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2019:
1902:
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888:
594:
196:
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2180:
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4140:
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908:
376:
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109:
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105:
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and Islamic studies have been taught since as early as the 16th century, originally as a sub-division of
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2251:. Despite such a prohibition, depictions of human beings do occur in Islamic art, such as that of the
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536:
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1700:
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1276:
1162:
796:
696:
541:
388:
2235:, Islamic art is typically distinguished as not including depictions of human beings. The lack of
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Islamic studies scholars also deal with the long and rich tradition of philosophy as developed by
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2105:
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1968:
1956:
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1346:. Specialists in Islamic studies concentrate on the detailed, academic study of texts written in
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has, throughout history, been mainly abstract and decorative, portraying geometric, floral,
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properly itâs just that they spend more time with God. It is an individual way of studying.
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and other areas that are or have been part of, or influenced by, Islamic culture, such as
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One field of study deals with how Islam reacts on the contact with Western modernity.
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is due to the fact that early Islam forbade the painting of human beings, especially
2232:
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2098:
1697:â Islamic studies of theology often include study of the traditional science of KalĂąm
1465:
report emphasises the increasing, strategic importance for Western governments since
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3105:
2892:"International Approaches to Islamic Studies in Higher Education: A report to HEFCE"
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3245:. Oxford Encyclopedias of Islamic Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 263.
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2429:(The Max Schloessinger Memorial Foundation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
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may also have contributed to human depictions in Islamic art in modern times.
2067:
1885:
1004:
3404:
Islamic Studies in the Twenty-first Century: Transformations and Continuities
3173:
Islamic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Transformations and Continuities
3130:
Islamic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Transformations and Continuities
3113:
3022:
Islamic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Transformations and Continuities
2941:
2844:
2779:
Islamic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Transformations and Continuities
2751:
2070:
has a large stock of Islamic literature in Arabic, Bengali, Persian and Urdu.
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27:
Academic study of Islam, Islamic civilizations and their impact on the world
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3128:
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3020:
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2644:
Teaching Islamic Studies in the Age of ISIS, Islamophobia, and the Internet
1818:
1764:
through mystic practices based on divine love. Sufism embodies a number of
1359:
1963:. Significant progress in science was made in the Muslim world during the
1756:
aspects of religion, Sufism is mainly focused on the direct perception of
17:
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam
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designs. Unlike the strong tradition of portraying the human figure in
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2607:
Repko, Allen F.; Szostak, Rick; Buchberger, Michelle Phillips (2020).
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is the study of the relationship between Islam and other religions.
112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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2821:"Islamic Studies in the American Academy: A Personal Reflection"
2728:"Islamic Studies in the American Academy: A Personal Reflection"
1971:, which is considered a major period in the history of science.
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1414:. This latter context gave early academic Islamic studies its
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36:
2243:, as Muslims believe this tempts followers of the Prophet to
2247:. This prohibition against human beings or icons is called
2169:
is the entire range of architecture that has evolved within
1752:
mysticism. While other branches of Islam generally focus on
1531:) was within the context of 19th-century Christian European
3170:
Buskens, LĂ©on; van Sandwijk, Annemarie, eds. (2017-01-15).
3127:
Buskens, LĂ©on; van Sandwijk, Annemarie, eds. (2017-01-15).
3019:
Buskens, LĂ©on; van Sandwijk, Annemarie, eds. (2017-01-15).
2918:"Ordinary Matters in Islamic Studies: Notes from the Field"
2776:
Buskens, LĂ©on; van Sandwijk, Annemarie, eds. (2017-01-15).
1504:
Portrait of a painter during Reign of Mehmet II (1444-1481)
3386:
Mapping Islamic Studies: Genealogy, Continuity and Change
2541:, International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), USA.
2459:(Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit Kerala, India)
1450:
and several universities in Holland and Germany (notably
3307:
2984:
Scholars Are Quietly Offering New Theories of the Koran
2868:
For Lust of Knowing: the Orientalists and their Enemies
101:
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A Persian miniature of Shah Abu'l Maâali a scholar.
1318:Many academic Islamic studies programs include the
170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1524:as a topic of modern scholarship (as opposed to a
3406:. Netherlands, Amsterdam University Press, 2016,
1955:Islamic studies scholars are also active in the
1768:, philosophies, central teachings and bodies of
1303:, which is analogous to related fields such as
2967:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World:
3919:
3435:
2030:Scholars also study the relationship between
1277:
612:
8:
1718:
3308:"Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit"
3064:"Introduction to Islamic Theology (TH-553)"
2825:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
2732:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
2583:The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies
1976:Timeline of Islamic science and engineering
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5175:
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1854:Al-Ghazali, Muslim Philosopher (1058-1111)
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619:
605:
321:
3090:"Sufism: A Global History. By Nile Green"
2647:. Indiana University Press. p. 105.
2610:Introduction to Interdisciplinary Studies
2503:International Islamic University Malaysia
1366:along with ancillary disciplines such as
310:Learn how and when to remove this message
292:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
3358:Society, American Journal of Islam and.
3239:Kalin, I.; Ayduz, S.; Dagli, C. (2014).
3094:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2381:Liberal and progressive Muslim movements
1507:
1481:
255:This article includes a list of general
3360:"American Journal of Islam and Society"
3278:"Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam"
2963:
2961:
2959:
2572:
2297:Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800 - 1400)
2184:Islamic Art Textile, Khalili Collection
1981:Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam
1829:Key distinctions include those between
642:
588:
521:
476:
422:
340:
333:
2539:American Journal of Islam and Society
2434:Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies
2426:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
1947:Science in the medieval Islamic world
1597:Revisionist School of Islamic Studies
1548:Deutsche MorgenlÀndische Gesellschaft
7:
2771:
2769:
2414:Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations
2034:, for example in the application of
168:adding citations to reliable sources
2973:- History of the field, Methodology
2562:List of non-Muslim authors on Islam
1554:in the United States were founded.
2894:. 2008. p. 66. Archived from
2704:Islamic Spirituality - Foundations
2701:Seyyed Hossein Nasr, ed. (2008) .
2641:Dorroll, Courtney M., ed. (2019).
2586:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 2.
2319:may be brought in accordance with
261:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2613:. SAGE publications. p. xx.
2513:Spanish National Research Council
2116:This field includes the study of
52:This article has multiple issues.
5403:
5402:
5391:
4912:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
4102:Timeline of the history of Islam
3618:Reception in early modern Europe
3613:Contributions to Medieval Europe
2866:Robert Irwin (25 January 2007).
2520:Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies
1748:It might also be referred to as
1520:The first attempt to understand
1299:refers to the academic study of
1251:
650:
246:
144:
82:
41:
5263:List of ex-Muslim organisations
3106:10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.4.733
2013:Ophthalmology in medieval Islam
1538:In the years 1821 to 1850, the
155:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
3176:. Amsterdam University Press.
3133:. Amsterdam University Press.
3025:. Amsterdam University Press.
2782:. Amsterdam University Press.
2707:. Routledge. p. 9, note 1
2333:Islamic economics in the world
2315:Islamic economics studies how
2311:Islamic economic jurisprudence
1876:It is divided in fields like:
1:
2003:Mathematics in medieval Islam
1627:Historiography of early Islam
5248:Apostasy in Islam by country
5115:Liberalism and progressivism
3854:Arab Agricultural Revolution
2351:Psychology in medieval Islam
2064:Jamia Qurania Arabia Lalbagh
2025:Psychology in medieval Islam
1998:Inventions in medieval Islam
1800:institutions and its rules.
3088:Renard, John (2021-12-16).
2819:Martin, Richard C. (2010).
2726:Martin, Richard C. (2010).
2495:(Mardjani Publishing House)
1986:Astronomy in medieval Islam
1920:List of Muslim philosophers
1328:history of the Muslim world
825:("Stories of the Prophets")
108:the claims made and adding
5455:
3333:"Journal of Islam in Asia"
2950:10.13169/reorient.5.1.0006
2934:10.13169/reorient.5.1.0006
2916:Manoukian, Setrag (2019).
2677:"What is Islamic studies?"
2489:(Maisonneuve & Larose)
2446:Journal of Islamic Studies
2342:
2308:
2266:
2192:
2159:
2073:
2008:Medicine in medieval Islam
1944:
1925:Illuminationist philosophy
1862:
1788:
1710:
1615:
1601:historical-critical method
29:
5439:Medieval studies by field
5386:
5174:
5160:
5026:Geography and cartography
4944:
4928:
4568:
4544:
3953:
3942:
3806:Geography and cartography
3512:Influences on Western art
2870:(1st ed.). Penguin.
2467:Maharajas College, Kochin
2269:Islam and other religions
2020:Physics in medieval Islam
1903:Modern Islamic philosophy
1719:
1552:American Oriental Society
1320:historical study of Islam
595:Islamization of knowledge
478:Science in medieval times
5345:Islamic view of miracles
2580:Clinton Bennett (2012).
2499:Journal of Islam in Asia
2038:to scientific practice.
1967:, especially during the
1881:Early Islamic philosophy
914:Medieval Islamic science
5100:Creationism (evolution)
2451:Oxford University Press
2406:Islamic Law and Society
1637:Historicity of Muhammad
276:more precise citations.
5360:Persecution of Muslims
5258:List of former Muslims
4107:Succession to Muhammad
3182:10.2307/j.ctt1zxsk97.4
3139:10.2307/j.ctt1zxsk97.4
3031:10.2307/j.ctt1zxsk97.4
2788:10.2307/j.ctt1zxsk97.4
2282:Islam and Christianity
2185:
2087:Arabic epic literature
2071:
1913:Transcendent theosophy
1855:
1672:Gender Textual Studies
1642:Early Muslim conquests
1513:
1505:
1497:
1469:of Islamic studies in
924:Succession to Muhammad
5144:Conversion to mosques
5011:Alchemy and chemistry
3789:Alchemy and chemistry
3389:. Walter de Gruyter.
2837:10.1093/jaarel/lfq089
2744:10.1093/jaarel/lfq089
2675:Hillenbrand, Carole.
2183:
2173:in the course of the
2061:
1961:philosophy of science
1853:
1540:Royal Asiatic Society
1511:
1503:
1485:
1424:Georgetown University
1350:within the fields of
4870:Ma malakat aymanukum
4445:Association football
4344:Moderate Kharijites
2479:Blackwell Publishing
2439:Lancaster University
2275:comparative religion
2263:Comparative religion
2257:Western civilization
2167:Islamic architecture
2162:Islamic architecture
1632:History of the Quran
1564:History of the Quran
1550:in Germany, and the
1444:University of London
1432:University of Oxford
1428:University of Exeter
1404:University of Oxford
1324:Islamic civilization
963:Association football
406:(Islamic monotheism)
372:Early social changes
367:Early historiography
164:improve this article
3699:Early social change
3598:Early social change
3339:on 29 November 2014
2681:The British Academy
2525:The Islamic College
2394:Die Welt des Islams
2376:Islam and modernity
2362:Islam and modernity
2201:Islamic calligraphy
2048:Islamic creationism
1871:Muslim philosophers
1701:Islamic eschatology
1571:'s work on hadith (
1456:TĂŒbingen University
1436:University of Leeds
1376:classical philology
724:Profession of Faith
697:Day of Resurrection
5365:Quran and miracles
5279:Criticism of Islam
4983:Geometric patterns
4835:Gender segregation
4406:Non-denominational
3282:www.hum.huji.ac.il
3003:What Is the Koran?
2989:The New York Times
2982:Alexander Stille:
2345:Islamic psychology
2186:
2106:Persian literature
2076:Islamic literature
2072:
2043:Qur'an and science
1969:Islamic Golden Age
1898:Islamic philosophy
1865:Islamic philosophy
1856:
1770:esoteric knowledge
1595:In the 1970s, the
1514:
1506:
1498:
1344:Islamic philosophy
93:possibly contains
5416:
5415:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5350:Domestic violence
5340:Islamic terrorism
5335:Islamic extremism
5156:
5155:
5152:
5151:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4710:Marriage contract
4540:
4539:
4500:Political aspects
4229:Story of Prophets
3998:Prophets of Islam
3901:
3900:
3869:elementary school
3487:Geometric pattern
3396:978-3-11-081168-1
3288:on 4 October 2013
3252:978-0-19-981257-8
3191:978-90-485-2818-9
3148:978-90-485-2818-9
3068:Hartford Seminary
3040:978-90-485-2818-9
2797:978-90-485-2818-9
2557:Glossary of Islam
2292:Islam and Judaism
2287:Islam and Jainism
2082:Arabic literature
2032:Islam and science
1991:Islamic astrology
1951:Islam and science
1814:Islamic economics
1580:Orientalists and
1544:Société Asiatique
1452:Leiden University
1294:
1293:
1224:Deobandi jihadism
629:
628:
381:Modern philosophy
320:
319:
312:
302:
301:
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240:
239:
232:
214:
179:"Islamic studies"
138:
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95:original research
75:
16:(Redirected from
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5003:Medieval science
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4587:Economic history
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4546:
4532:Islam by country
4317:Bektashi Alevism
3955:
3946:Outline of Islam
3928:
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3776:Medieval science
3444:
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3346:
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3335:. Archived from
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3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3284:. Archived from
3274:
3268:
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3259:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3213:Zayed, Tareq M.
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2577:
2474:The Muslim World
2175:history of Islam
2122:classical Arabic
1935:Sufi metaphysics
1724:
1723:
1722:
1618:History of Islam
1612:History of Islam
1582:Islamic scholars
1559:Theodore Nöldeke
1542:in England, the
1533:Oriental studies
1487:Ilkhanate Empire
1471:higher education
1416:Biblical studies
1408:classical Arabic
1400:Oriental studies
1372:Biblical studies
1352:Islamic theology
1340:Islamic theology
1286:
1279:
1272:
1258:Islam portal
1256:
1255:
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654:
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557:Classical Arabic
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272:this article by
263:inline citations
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32:Islamic sciences
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4485:Moral teachings
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4384:Nation of Islam
4297:Twelver Shi'ism
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4112:Early conquests
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3759:Early sociology
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2532:Studia Islamika
2486:Studia Islamica
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2356:Sufi psychology
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2328:Islamic banking
2313:
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2206:Islamic pottery
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2111:Urdu literature
2078:
2056:
1953:
1945:Main articles:
1943:
1908:Sufi philosophy
1867:
1861:
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1789:Main articles:
1787:
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1720:
1715:
1709:
1691:
1674:
1654:Quranic studies
1650:
1648:Textual Studies
1620:
1614:
1609:
1569:Ignaz Goldziher
1546:in France, the
1493:, studying the
1480:
1448:Yale University
1420:tenets of Islam
1396:
1309:Quranic studies
1297:Islamic studies
1290:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1219:Salafi jihadism
1177:Other religions
1172:Arabic language
1134:
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1123:
1052:Moral teachings
943:
929:
928:
919:Spread of Islam
864:
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841:(jurisprudence)
823:Qisas al-Anbiya
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4517:Social welfare
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4122:Historiography
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3593:Historiography
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3395:
3383:, ed. (1997).
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3009:, January 1999
2994:
2992:, 2 March 2002
2975:
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2883:
2877:978-0140289237
2876:
2858:
2831:(4): 896â920.
2811:
2796:
2765:
2738:(4): 896â920.
2718:
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2593:978-1441127884
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2457:Hakeem Al Hind
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2193:Main article:
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2171:Muslim culture
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2094:Islamic poetry
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2074:Main article:
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2036:Islamic ethics
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1930:Islamic ethics
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1704:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1687:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1616:Main article:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1574:Muslim Studies
1526:Christological
1479:
1476:
1395:
1392:
1380:modern history
1332:historiography
1305:Jewish studies
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1132:Related topics
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1114:Social welfare
1111:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1002:
992:
991:
990:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
944:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
900:
899:
892:
885:
877:
876:
871:
865:
860:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
843:
834:
833:
827:
819:
811:
802:
801:
781:
773:
770:
769:
764:
758:
757:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
743:
738:
732:
731:
726:
720:
715:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
704:Predestination
700:
699:
694:
688:
687:
685:Revealed Books
682:
676:
675:
665:
660:
659:
656:
655:
647:
646:
640:
639:
627:
626:
624:
623:
616:
609:
601:
598:
597:
591:
590:
586:
585:
584:
583:
578:
572:
571:
568:
567:
560:
552:
548:
545:
544:
539:
534:
526:
525:
519:
518:
517:
516:
505:
502:
501:
495:
494:
489:
481:
480:
474:
473:
472:
471:
466:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
427:
426:
420:
419:
418:
417:
409:
399:
397:
396:
394:Concept of God
391:
385:
383:
374:
369:
361:
360:
358:
357:
352:
347:
341:
338:
337:
331:
330:
318:
317:
300:
299:
254:
252:
245:
238:
237:
152:
150:
143:
136:
135:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5451:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5434:Asian studies
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5409:
5401:
5399:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:Post-Islamism
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5203:Protestantism
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5163:
5159:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:Ophthalmology
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4789:Death penalty
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:Other aspects
4753:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4559:Jurisprudence
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4240:Denominations
4237:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4025:Holiest sites
4023:
4021:
4020:Judgement Day
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3826:ophthalmology
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3662:Jurisprudence
3660:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3412:9789089649263
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3388:
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3382:
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3373:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3351:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3254:
3248:
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3232:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3201:
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3179:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3001:Toby Lester:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2898:on 2016-03-04
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2879:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
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2815:
2812:
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2770:
2766:
2761:
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2749:
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2729:
2722:
2719:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2694:
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2678:
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2668:
2656:
2654:9780253039835
2650:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2634:
2622:
2620:9781544379371
2616:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2600:
2595:
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2549:
2545:
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2517:
2514:
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2475:
2471:
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2448:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2437:open access (
2436:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2411:
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2276:
2270:
2262:
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2258:
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2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:Christian art
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:Azerbaijanian
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:Arabic poetry
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2066:institute in
2065:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
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1874:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:the study of
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
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1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1714:
1706:
1702:
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1671:
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1630:
1628:
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1619:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1592:was written.
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
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1530:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
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1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:legal history
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1229:Military laws
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
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1170:
1169:
1164:
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1154:
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1137:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Proselytizing
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
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1038:
1035:
1033:
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1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
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1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
995:Denominations
993:
989:
986:
985:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
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951:
949:
946:
945:
942:
938:
933:
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917:
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905:
902:
901:
898:
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891:
890:
886:
884:
883:
879:
878:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
863:
858:
857:
850:
848:
844:
842:
840:
836:
835:
831:
828:
826:
824:
820:
818:
816:
812:
810:
808:
804:
803:
799:
798:
793:
792:
787:
786:
782:
780:
779:
775:
774:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
755:
754:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
718:
713:
712:
705:
702:
701:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
686:
683:
681:
678:
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670:
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649:
648:
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641:
637:
633:
632:
622:
617:
615:
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600:
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592:
587:
582:
579:
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551:
547:
546:
543:
540:
538:
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533:
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513:
512:Ophthalmology
508:
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482:
479:
475:
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439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
429:
428:
425:
424:Jurisprudence
421:
416:
410:
408:
404:
400:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
384:
382:
378:
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296:
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285:
282:December 2018
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234:
231:
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198:
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181: â
180:
176:
175:Find sources:
169:
165:
159:
158:
153:This article
151:
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142:
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132:
129:
121:
111:
107:
103:
97:
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91:This article
89:
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65:
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59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5323:Islamophobia
5188:Christianity
5136:
5069:Contemporary
4963:Architecture
4937:
4902:
4868:
4856:
4844:
4802:
4795:
4761:
4743:
4738:Nikah mut'ah
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
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4504:
4227:
4151:
4133:
4126:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:Five Pillars
4012:
3978:
3967:God in Islam
3944:
3876:Sufi studies
3847:Other fields
3727:Contemporary
3650:consultation
3472:Architecture
3450:
3385:
3374:Bibliography
3364:www.ajis.org
3363:
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3337:the original
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3311:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3286:the original
3281:
3272:
3263:
3256:. Retrieved
3241:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3219:Academia.edu
3218:
3208:
3200:j.ctt1zxsk97
3172:
3165:
3157:j.ctt1zxsk97
3129:
3122:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3067:
3061:For example
3057:
3049:j.ctt1zxsk97
3021:
3014:
3007:The Atlantic
3006:
2997:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2900:. Retrieved
2896:the original
2886:
2867:
2861:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2806:j.ctt1zxsk97
2778:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2703:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2680:
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2643:
2636:
2624:. Retrieved
2609:
2602:
2582:
2575:
2538:
2530:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2493:Pax Islamica
2492:
2484:
2472:
2462:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2424:
2412:
2404:
2392:
2365:
2314:
2272:
2229:calligraphic
2215:
2211:Muslim music
2165:
2156:Architecture
2115:
2029:
1954:
1875:
1868:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1802:
1798:
1779:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1725:
1716:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1621:
1594:
1588:and how the
1579:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1537:
1519:
1515:
1460:
1397:
1317:
1313:
1296:
1295:
1204:Islamophobia
983:Demographics
978:Circumcision
947:
894:
887:
880:
846:
838:
822:
814:
806:
795:
789:
783:
776:
766:
589:Other topics
537:Architecture
443:Etiquettical
402:
379: /
334:
306:
288:
279:
260:
226:
220:January 2013
217:
207:
200:
193:
186:
174:
162:Please help
157:verification
154:
124:
115:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
5193:Catholicism
5088:Other areas
5079:Theological
5074:Eschatology
5031:Mathematics
4968:Calligraphy
4898:Theological
4852:Inheritance
4769:Cleanliness
4141:Shi'a Imams
4135:Ahl al-Bayt
3816:Mathematics
3477:Calligraphy
2928:(1): 6â24.
2660:28 November
2626:28 November
2321:Islamic law
2241:the Prophet
2237:portraiture
2195:Islamic art
2126:Middle East
1965:Middle Ages
1356:Islamic law
1336:Islamic law
882:Ahl al-Bayt
767:Foundations
542:Calligraphy
499:Mathematics
469:Theological
389:Eschatology
274:introducing
5423:Categories
5253:Ex-Muslims
5138:Shu'ubiyya
5132:Psychology
5120:Literature
5110:Inventions
5056:Philosophy
4864:Leadership
4840:Honorifics
4495:Philosophy
4302:Isma'ilism
4263:Maturidism
4146:Caliphates
4117:Golden Age
4008:Revelation
3891:philosophy
3838:Psychology
3811:Inventions
3764:solidarity
3714:Philosophy
3694:Secularism
3608:Golden Age
3545:Capitalism
3492:Literature
3381:Azim Nanji
3312:Ssus.ac.in
3292:17 January
2902:2018-12-28
2686:9 December
2568:References
2509:Al-Qantara
2339:Psychology
2068:Bangladesh
2054:Literature
1886:Avicennism
1859:Philosophy
1358:, and the
1072:Philosophy
809:(exegesis)
746:Pilgrimage
736:Almsgiving
550:Literature
492:Inventions
448:Hygienical
412:Mysticism
350:Philosophy
257:references
190:newspapers
102:improve it
57:improve it
18:Islamology
5370:Symbolism
5328:Incidents
5306:Criticism
5198:Mormonism
5095:Astrology
5021:Cosmology
5016:Astronomy
4958:Arabesque
4825:Etiquette
4784:Blasphemy
4574:Economics
4389:Ahmadiyya
4331:Muhakkima
4278:Wahhabism
4268:Mu'tazili
4253:Ash'arism
3886:cosmology
3881:mysticism
3859:Education
3799:cosmology
3794:Astronomy
3754:Astrology
3737:dialectic
3645:consensus
3640:Democracy
3555:Socialism
3522:Economics
3467:Arabesque
3114:2169-2289
2942:2055-5601
2845:0002-7189
2752:0002-7189
2463:Al Mahara
2419:Routledge
2317:economics
2305:Economics
2249:aniconism
2225:Arabesque
1891:Averroism
1733:tradition
1707:Mysticism
1561:with his
1461:A recent
1388:sociology
1192:terrorism
1144:Criticism
1097:Sexuality
1067:Mysticism
1037:Festivals
1017:Education
1012:Economics
948:Academics
904:Caliphate
717:Practices
532:Astrology
487:Astronomy
464:Political
118:July 2010
106:verifying
63:talk page
5408:Category
5301:Islamism
5284:Muhammad
5240:Apostasy
5215:Hinduism
5105:Feminism
5036:Medicine
4876:Military
4830:Gambling
4779:Apostasy
4774:Criminal
4686:Marriage
4655:Tayammum
4607:Murabaha
4480:Madrasas
4470:Holidays
4460:Clothing
4455:Children
4450:Calendar
4401:Quranism
4335:Khawarij
4307:Alawites
4258:Atharism
4152:Rashidun
3991:In Islam
3986:Muhammad
3821:Medicine
3784:Timeline
3732:Theology
3689:Quietism
3657:Feminism
3632:politics
3588:Timeline
3343:30 April
3073:15 March
2922:ReOrient
2853:27919260
2760:27919260
2546:See also
2469:, India)
2387:Journals
2371:Al-Nahda
2273:Islamic
2245:idolatry
1941:Sciences
1825:studies
1766:cultures
1754:exoteric
1726:taáčŁawwuf
1717:Sufism (
1689:Theology
1586:Muhammad
1412:divinity
1406:, where
1394:Overview
1238:Glossary
1214:Jihadism
1187:Violence
1182:Islamism
1153:Muhammad
1139:Apostasy
1082:Politics
1032:Feminism
1027:Exorcism
988:Diaspora
973:Children
968:Calendar
896:Rashidun
874:Muhammad
869:Timeline
830:Mathnawi
692:Prophets
636:a series
634:Part of
507:Medicine
458:Military
438:Economic
433:Criminal
414:(Sufism)
355:Theology
327:a series
325:Part of
5355:Nursing
5316:Qutbism
5230:Sikhism
5225:Judaism
5220:Jainism
5210:Druzism
5046:Physics
4993:Pottery
4978:Gardens
4973:Carpets
4888:Slavery
4810:Divorce
4797:DhabiĄa
4625:Hygiene
4600:Takaful
4582:Banking
4512:Science
4506:Qurbani
4475:Mosques
4435:Animals
4424:Culture
4358:Nukkari
4353:Azzabas
4340:Azariqa
4324:Zaydism
4312:Alevism
4188:Ottoman
4178:Almohad
4173:Fatimid
4168:CĂłrdoba
4163:Abbasid
4158:Umayyad
4091:Leaders
4086:History
4044:Shahada
3959:Beliefs
3833:Physics
3677:schools
3580:History
3570:Welfare
3550:Poverty
3540:Banking
3530:History
3507:Pottery
3482:Gardens
2711:7 March
2552:Arabist
2409:(Brill)
2253:Mughals
2219:visual
2217:Islamic
2138:Persian
2134:Turkish
1957:history
1844:ijtihad
1750:Islamic
1728:) is a
1667:studies
1661:studies
1489:ruler,
1478:History
1442:at the
1109:Slavery
1092:Science
1047:Madrasa
1042:Finance
953:Animals
941:society
937:Culture
909:Imamate
889:Sahabah
862:History
832:(Poems)
817:(creed)
741:Fasting
669:Oneness
662:Beliefs
581:Pottery
453:Marital
345:History
270:improve
204:scholar
100:Please
5167:
5125:poetry
4935:
4820:Ethics
4804:Dhimmi
4763:Baligh
4724:Mahram
4681:Family
4661:Toilet
4641:Miswak
4394:Lahori
4377:Najdat
4273:Salafi
4223:Seerah
4218:Tafsir
4213:Hadith
4183:Sokoto
4128:Sahaba
4003:Angels
3980:Tawhid
3937:topics
3864:Ijazah
3744:Ethics
3535:Agency
3502:Poetry
3410:
3393:
3317:29 May
3249:
3224:29 May
3198:
3188:
3155:
3145:
3112:
3047:
3037:
2948:
2940:
2874:
2851:
2843:
2804:
2794:
2758:
2750:
2651:
2617:
2590:
2227:, and
2130:Hebrew
2118:modern
1838:hadith
1823:Hadith
1819:Qur'an
1809:sharia
1791:Sharia
1737:Sufism
1730:mystic
1713:Sufism
1659:Hadith
1607:Themes
1567:, and
1529:heresy
1491:Ghazan
1426:, the
1368:Tafsir
1364:Hadith
1360:Qur'an
1348:Arabic
1163:Hadith
1077:Poetry
1057:Mosque
1022:Ethics
847:Sharia
815:Aqidah
807:Tafsir
791:Hadith
785:Sunnah
729:Prayer
680:Angels
564:Poetry
403:Tawhid
259:, but
206:
199:
192:
185:
177:
5289:Quran
5169:Other
5064:Early
4988:Music
4904:Kalam
4858:Jizya
4846:Hudud
4731:Nikah
4648:Najis
4634:Ghusl
4593:Sukuk
4522:Women
4490:Music
4465:Flags
4370:Sufri
4363:Wahbi
4348:Ibadi
4248:Sunni
4208:Quran
4065:Zakat
4051:Salah
4014:Qadar
3972:Allah
3935:Islam
3749:Logic
3722:Early
3704:State
3684:Peace
3565:Usury
3560:Trust
3497:Music
3258:9 Dec
3196:JSTOR
3153:JSTOR
3100:(4).
3045:JSTOR
2946:JSTOR
2849:JSTOR
2802:JSTOR
2756:JSTOR
2399:Brill
2150:Uzbek
1776:Kalam
1758:truth
1695:Kalam
1590:Quran
1522:Islam
1495:Quran
1463:HEFCE
1301:Islam
1209:Jihad
1158:Quran
1119:Women
1062:Music
1000:Sunni
849:(law)
797:Sirah
778:Quran
762:Texts
644:Islam
576:Music
377:Early
211:JSTOR
197:books
4950:Arts
4881:POWs
4815:Diet
4745:Zina
4717:Mahr
4703:Haya
4667:Wudu
4614:Riba
4527:LGBT
4419:Life
4292:Shia
4287:Sufi
4072:Hajj
4058:Sawm
3630:and
3459:Arts
3408:ISBN
3391:ISBN
3345:2019
3319:2018
3294:2022
3260:2022
3247:ISBN
3226:2018
3186:ISBN
3143:ISBN
3110:ISSN
3075:2021
3035:ISBN
2938:ISSN
2872:ISBN
2841:ISSN
2792:ISBN
2748:ISSN
2713:2020
2688:2021
2662:2019
2649:ISBN
2628:2019
2615:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2148:and
2142:Urdu
2120:and
2062:The
1959:and
1949:and
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1821:and
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1793:and
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1665:Fiqh
1467:9/11
1454:and
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1386:and
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1005:Shia
939:and
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523:Arts
183:news
4691:Sex
4554:Law
4440:Art
3628:Law
3178:doi
3135:doi
3102:doi
3098:134
3027:doi
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