591:
action merged with national pride and a sense of continental safety to foster the policy of isolation. Although the United States maintained diplomatic relations and economic contacts abroad, it sought to restrict these as narrowly as possible in order to retain its independence. The
Department of State continually rejected proposals for joint cooperation, a policy made explicit in the Monroe Doctrine's emphasis on unilateral action. Not until 1863 did an American delegate attend an international conference.
61:”, which is sometimes improperly used to replace the concept of “isolationism”. “Non-interventionism” is commonly understood as “a foreign policy of political or military non-involvement in foreign relations or in other countries’ internal affairs”. “Isolationism” should be interpreted more broadly as “a foreign policy
414:
The culture of Japan developed with limited influence from the outside world and had one of the longest stretches of peace in history. During this period, Japan developed thriving cities, castle towns, increasing commodification of agriculture and domestic trade, wage labor, increasing literacy and
190:
was prohibited until 1974. Since then, the country has allowed foreigners to visit, but has tightly controlled tourism in an effort to preserve its natural and cultural heritage. As of 2022, tourists must pay a $ 200 per day fee on top of other travel expenses such as meals and accommodation. Prior
104:
A policy or doctrine of trying to isolate one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, international agreements, and generally attempting to make one's economy entirely self-reliant; seeking to devote the entire efforts of one's
590:
Events during and after the
Revolution related to the treaty of alliance with France, as well as difficulties arising over the neutrality policy pursued during the French revolutionary wars and the Napoleonic wars, encouraged another perspective. A desire for separateness and unilateral freedom of
585:
as evidence for their argument. Bear F. Braumoeller argues that even the best case for isolationism, the United States in the interwar period, has been widely misunderstood and that
Americans proved willing to fight as soon as they believed a genuine threat existed. Warren F. Kuehl and Gary B.
1625:
Romanov V. V., Artyukhov A. A. (2013) The Notion of "Isolationism" in U.S. Foreign-Policy
Thought: Conceptual Characteristics / V. V. Romanov, A. A. Artyukhov // Vestnik Vâtskogo Gosudarstvennogo Gumanitarnogo Universiteta. – № 3-1. – pp.
319:, which literally translates to "Japanese pirates" or "dwarf pirates", were pirates who raided the coastlines of China, Japan, and Korea, and were one of the key primary concerns, although the maritime ban was not without some control.
522:
Francia had a particular dislike of foreigners, and any foreigners who attempted to enter the country were not allowed to leave for an indefinite period of time. An independent character, he hated
European influences and the
395:. The policy prohibited foreign contact with most outside countries. The commonly held idea that Japan was entirely closed, however, is misleading. In fact, Japan maintained limited-scale trade and diplomatic relations with
929:
1218:
56:
and mutual defense pacts. In its purest form, isolationism opposes all commitments to foreign countries including treaties and trade agreements. In the political science lexicon, there is also the term of
1377:
Artiukhov A. A. The
Conceptual Characteristics of the Notion “Isolationism” at the Current Historical Stage / A. A. Artiukhov // Meždunarodnyj Naučno-Issledovatel'skij Žurnal . – 2022. – № 8 (122). – DOI
449:, ruled for him until Gojong reached adulthood. During the mid-1860s he was the main proponent of isolationism and the principal instrument of the persecution of both native and foreign Catholics.
365:, and the majority of the world's states, the ROC remains diplomatically isolated although 15 states recognize it as "China" with some countries maintaining unofficial diplomatic relations through
2403:
2452:
507:. During his rule which lasted from 1814 until his death in 1840, he closed Paraguay's borders and prohibited trade or any relationship between Paraguay and the outside world. The
2462:
1855:
2437:
2291:
2377:
366:
819:
545:, believe that the United States had an isolationist history, but most other scholars dispute that claim by describing the United States as following a strategy of
73:, with the preservation, however, some opportunities to participate in temporary military alliances that meet the current interests of the state and in permanent
267:
policy, hastening isolation from the rest of the world. Ultimately, the authority of the Khmer Rouge and its isolationist policy would collapse in 1978 when the
105:
country to its own advancement, both diplomatically and economically, while remaining in a state of peace by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities.
2306:
2510:
2484:
200:
1572:
Nichols, Christopher McKnight (2011). "Promise and Peril: America at the Dawn of a Global Age." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press, 2011.
2442:
754:
65:
of military and political non-interference in international affairs and in the internal affairs of sovereign states, associated with trade and economic
2447:
2259:
527:
and in order to try to keep foreigners at bay, he turned church courtyards into artillery parks and turned confession boxes into border sentry posts.
120:
2408:
2373:
1019:
2599:
2550:
2479:
600:
Isolationism has been criticized for the lack of aiding nations with major troubles. One notable example is that of
American isolationism, which
582:
2525:
2077:
1991:
611:
Some modern
American conservative commentators assert that labeling others as isolationist is used against individuals in a pejorative manner.
504:
485:
2178:
1745:
1591:
1509:
1449:
1427:
1400:
1356:
1206:
1180:
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981:
958:
2530:
2383:
2335:
907:
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2126:
2022:
1668:
682:
2388:
2052:
1710:
1529:
677:
550:
536:
1338:
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2072:
1539:(1957); says it's based on economic self-sufficiency and the illusion of security, together with Irish and German ethnic factors.
1840:
1835:
511:
settlers who had arrived in
Paraguay just before it gained its independence were required to marry old colonists or the native
2415:
1755:
1705:
859:
147:
953:
Vo Glahn, Richard. (1996). Pit of Money: money and monetary policy in China, c. 1000–1700. University of California Press.
2555:
2430:
2161:
2082:
2062:
1845:
1765:
1750:
1715:
1561:
264:
252:
2505:
2329:
2047:
1730:
557:(2003). Books that have made the argument that the United States followed unilaterism instead of isolationism include
461:
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196:
208:
1310:
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74:
773:
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601:
1609:
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2151:
2131:
2114:
1770:
516:
497:
89:
2017:
2341:
2027:
1830:
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1070:, Stanford Studies in the Civilizations of Eastern Asia, Stanford, Calif., 1959,: Stanford University Press.
646:
163:
2318:
2312:
2141:
2042:
1725:
1661:
1388:
1038:
181:
143:
235:
enforced an isolationist policy. The policy prohibited foreign contact with most outside countries. When
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1901:
996:
296:
1011:
688:
2156:
2067:
631:
244:
37:
27:
20:
2515:
2489:
2229:
2214:
2209:
2199:
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1956:
1951:
1889:
1371:
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651:
641:
574:
558:
446:
151:
58:
724:
2275:
2249:
2204:
2037:
1996:
1916:
1260:
1199:
Acting Alone: A Scientific Study of American Hegemony and Unilateral Use-of-Force Decision Making
789:
672:
384:
248:
232:
220:
166:
890:
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1921:
1700:
1677:
1654:
1636:
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1513:
1505:
1486:
1472:
1453:
1445:
1431:
1423:
1404:
1396:
1360:
1352:
1202:
1176:
1148:
977:
954:
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797:
735:
566:
512:
453:
357:
as both governments lay claim to each other's sovereignty. While the PRC is recognized by the
338:
187:
159:
70:
45:
774:"The Conceptual Characteristics of the Notion "Isolationism" at the Current Historical Stage"
2545:
2269:
2224:
2102:
1896:
1879:
1815:
1795:
1790:
1735:
781:
662:
626:
354:
323:
286:
970:
Shi Zhihong (2006), "China's Overseas Trade Policy and Its Historical Results: 1522–1840",
833:
315:
that came after the Ming dynasty often continued the Ming dynasty's isolationist policies.
1805:
1502:
State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu.
1415:
1235:
1042:
524:
457:
191:
to 2022, visitors were not allowed to travel independently and had to be accompanied by a
49:
1055:
State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu
755:"The Myth of American Isolationism, Part I: American Leadership and the Cause of Liberty"
725:"The Notion of "Isolationism" in U.S. Foreign-Policy Thought: Conceptual Characteristics"
69:
and cultural and religious isolation, as well as with the inability to be in permanent
2520:
2354:
2173:
1936:
1906:
1810:
1800:
1785:
1740:
1681:
442:
428:
408:
404:
362:
358:
346:
308:
259:, and they then established an infamous prison gulag inside the torture chamber called
62:
41:
1114:
814:
2588:
2301:
2239:
2219:
2146:
2121:
1926:
1464:
1173:
Promised land, crusader state : the American encounter with the world since 1776
546:
542:
416:
331:
66:
1615:
Weinberg, Albert K. "The Historical Meaning of the American Doctrine of Isolation."
1565:
2254:
2092:
1884:
1850:
1820:
636:
312:
300:
180:
since the 1950s, beginning with legal reforms, and culminating in the enactment of
85:
1012:"Taiwan and the United Nations - Withdrawal in 1971 was an historic turning point"
867:
419:, laying the groundwork for modernization even as the shogunate itself grew weak.
311:
was not the first to propose the policy to ban all maritime shipping in 1390. The
971:
2264:
2001:
1966:
1931:
1911:
1825:
1606:
American Isolationism Between the World Wars: The Search for a Nation's Identity
1497:
481:
477:
473:
465:
240:
226:
177:
81:
891:"Famous for Happiness, and Limits on Tourism, Bhutan Will Triple Fees to Visit"
2296:
2108:
1986:
1971:
1961:
1780:
1646:
1096:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1961; Marius B. Jansen,
930:"Bhutan doesn't have diplomatic ties with any of the 5 UNSC permanent members"
605:
192:
176:
has been marked by the active encouragement and participation of the reigning
135:
903:
801:
793:
785:
739:
2234:
1720:
1558:
Isolationism: A History of America's Efforts to Shield Itself from the World
537:
United States non-interventionism § Isolationism between the World Wars
508:
330:
was to be the only Chinese port permitted to foreign traders, beginning the
327:
169:
1577:
976:, Studies in the Modern History of Asia, Abingdon: Routledge, p. 10,
2323:
1976:
1599:
1457:
1408:
1364:
553:
rather than a strategy of isolationism. Robert Art makes his argument in
501:
256:
142:
in order to preserve its culture, environment, and identity. Eventually,
139:
53:
1544:
The New Isolationism; a Study in Politics and Foreign Policy Since 1950.
1517:
1264:
1248:
1620:
1551:
1530:
United States non-interventionism § References and further reading
1490:
1476:
1435:
1035:
Four centuries of Japanese–Dutch trade relations: 1609–2009
621:
268:
236:
2244:
2194:
1941:
1871:
1584:
Isolationism Reconfigured: American Foreign Policy for a New Century.
656:
411:
as the only Western trading partner of Japan for much of the period.
378:
350:
280:
155:
131:
1442:
Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700.
1981:
1393:
Japan in Print: Information and Nation in the Early Modern Period.
469:
432:
400:
396:
388:
342:
316:
304:
271:
invaded the country and then overthrew Pol Pot on 7 January 1979.
204:
1081:
Japan in Print: Information and Nation in the Early Modern Period
48:, of other countries. Thus, isolationism fundamentally advocates
1650:
1033:
860:"Reporter's Notebook from Bhutan: Crashing the Lost Horizon"
732:
Vestnik Vâtskogo Gosudarstvennogo Gumanitarnogo Universiteta
251:, was relocated to the countryside. This was ordered by the
150:, was elected Druk Gyalpo of Bhutan, which helped forge the
1147:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. pp. 172–73.
1057:, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, (1984) 1991.
121:
People's Socialist Republic of Albania § Self-reliance
1230:
Warren F. Kuehl and Gary B. Ostrower, "Internationalism"
1138:
1136:
1134:
1537:
The Isolationist Impulse: Its Twentieth Century Reaction
146:
lifted the ban on television and the Internet. His son,
1166:
1164:
44:
that opposes involvement in the political affairs, and
1311:"Are Republicans Really Turning Back to Isolationism?"
1100:, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961.
341:
in 1949, China is divided into two regimes with the
2498:
2363:
2292:
Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)
2187:
2010:
1864:
1688:
1175:. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 39–40.
581:(2010). Both sides claim policy prescriptions from
1856:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
1339:"A Global Affairs Commentary: The Terms of Power,"
889:
780:(in Russian) (8 (122)). Yekaterinburg, Russia: 2.
337:Since the division of the territory following the
16:Policy against engaging in international relations
1083:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
820:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
500:on May 14, 1811, Paraguay was taken over by the
247:, the urban population of every city, including
207:, its neighbor to the north with which it has a
158:has subsequently undergone a transition from an
1374:"Isolationism." World Book Deluxe 2001. CD-ROM.
571:Surprise, Security, and the American Experience
299:in the 15th century, the foreign policy of the
243:came to power on 17 April 1975 and established
102:
1249:"Review: The Tragedy of American Isolationism"
778:Meždunarodnyj Naučno-Issledovatel'skij Žurnal
195:. As of 2021, Bhutan does not maintain formal
2307:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
1662:
8:
201:permanent members of the UN Security Council
1287:"Getting Rid of the Myth of 'Isolationism'"
1669:
1655:
1647:
1444:Berkeley: University of California Press.
1395:Berkeley: University of California Press.
2260:Global Day of Action on Military Spending
1469:Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration.
723:Romanov, V. V.; Artyukhov, A. A. (2013).
642:Indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation
80:This contrasts with philosophies such as
1098:Sakamoto RyĹŤma and the Meiji Restoration
445:when he was a child. His father, Regent
1586:Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1504:Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1471:Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1232:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy
997:"Taiwan's Growing Diplomatic Isolation"
734:(in Russian) (3–1). Kirov, Russia: 67.
702:
1992:Soviet influence on the peace movement
1639:"Washington's Farewell Address 1796."
1560:(Oxford University Press, USA, 2020).
973:Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market
326:declared that—effective the next year—
307:became increasingly isolationist. The
263:. Cambodia proceeded to implement the
2179:World March for Peace and Nonviolence
1485:Stanford: Stanford University Press.
1483:The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan.
1422:Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1344:, November 6, 2002, University Press.
1201:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010.
1108:
1106:
604:described as a "tragedy" inspired by
52:and opposes entanglement in military
7:
2336:Third Party Non-violent Intervention
1641:Yale Law School Avalon Project, 2008
1221:" Foreign Policy Analysis 6: 349–71.
1068:The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan
866:. Contra Costa Times. Archived from
583:George Washington's Farewell Address
541:</ref> Some scholars, such as
19:For the ambient music subgenre, see
1315:American Enterprise Institute - AEI
2561:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
2458:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)
1746:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp
1349:Isolationism: Opposing Viewpoints.
1219:The Myth of American Isolationism.
1022:from the original on Mar 24, 2024.
1010:Chu, Monique (12 September 2001).
711:World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia
683:Unilateralism in the United States
100:Isolationism has been defined as:
14:
2053:International Day of Non-Violence
1711:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
1617:American Political Science Review
1115:"25 Isolationism Examples (2023)"
709:Thomas S. Vontz, "Isolationism."
678:United States non-interventionism
2463:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1420:Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration.
1247:Schwartz, Benjamin (Fall 1996).
1113:Drew (PhD), Chris (2023-07-30).
505:JosĂ© Gaspar RodrĂguez de Francia
1836:Social Democratic Party (Japan)
1094:Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration
910:from the original on 2023-02-18
476:, which would continued by his
209:historically tense relationship
2600:International relations theory
1756:List of pacifist organisations
1285:Larison, Daniel (2020-09-30).
888:Yeginsu, Ceylan (2022-07-05).
148:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
1:
1351:San Diego: Greenhaven Press.
1234:ed. Alexander DeConde (2002)
1217:Braumoeller, Bear F. (2010) "
1171:McDougall, Walter A. (1998).
563:Promised Land, Crusader State
36:is a term used to refer to a
2162:World Peace Bell Association
2063:Dialogue Among Civilizations
1766:New Socialist Party of Japan
1751:Iraq War resisters in Canada
1716:Coalition of Women for Peace
1582:Nordlinger, Eric A. (1995).
1542:Graebner, Norman A. (1956).
1440:Glahn, Richard Von. (1996).
1145:A grand strategy for America
858:O'Brien, Matt (2010-08-29).
659:, Japan's policy before 1868
555:A Grand Strategy for America
515:in order to create a single
468:inaugurated an isolationist
253:Communist Party of Kampuchea
2330:The whole world is watching
2098:Peace & Love (festival)
2048:Imagine Piano Peace Project
834:"South Asia :: Bhutan"
496:In 1814, three years after
322:In the winter of 1757, the
77:of a non-military nature”.
75:international organizations
2616:
2453:2011 intervention in Libya
2073:List of places named Peace
2058:International Day of Peace
1776:Peace and conflict studies
1696:Anti-nuclear organizations
1527:
1347:Chalberg, John C. (1995).
668:Isolation (disambiguation)
534:
498:it gained its independence
426:
376:
343:People's Republic of China
291:Political status of Taiwan
284:
278:
224:
218:
118:
25:
18:
2569:
2088:Nobel Peace Prize Concert
2083:Mother's Day Proclamation
2033:Dances of Universal Peace
1846:The Women's Peace Crusade
1481:Smith, Thomas C. (1959).
1378:10.23670/IRJ.2022.122.54.
1291:The American Conservative
928:Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy.
772:Artiukhov, A. A. (2022).
454:division of the peninsula
391:enforced a policy called
26:For the music album, see
2349:Violence begets violence
2282:Non-aggression principle
2152:The Non-Violence Project
2132:Promoting Enduring Peace
2115:Promoting Enduring Peace
1771:Pacifist Socialist Party
1546:New York: Ronald Press.
815:"Neutrality, Political,"
786:10.23670/IRJ.2022.122.54
456:after independence from
90:liberal internationalism
2443:Military action in Iran
2078:Monuments and memorials
2028:Concert Yutel for Peace
1831:React, Include, Recycle
1761:List of peace activists
1726:Conscientious objectors
1342:Foreign Policy in Focus
1143:Art, Robert J. (2004).
759:The Heritage Foundation
647:International isolation
441:took the throne of the
383:From 1641 to 1853, the
231:From 1431 to 1863, the
164:constitutional monarchy
2364:Opposition to specific
2319:Swords to ploughshares
2313:Soldiers are murderers
1706:Anti-war organizations
1619:34#3 (1940): 539–547.
1079:Mary Elizabeth Berry,
823:; retrieved 2011-09-18
593:
345:solidified control on
255:and the secret police
144:Jigme Singye Wangchuck
107:
2366:wars or their aspects
2287:Nonviolent resistance
2137:Show of Peace Concert
1902:Anti-nuclear movement
1389:Berry, Mary Elizabeth
761:. Washington D.C.: 2.
588:
199:with any of the five
182:Bhutan's Constitution
172:. The development of
2448:Sri Lankan Civil War
2342:Turn the other cheek
2157:University for Peace
2068:List of peace prizes
1643:. Web. 12 Sept 2013.
1556:Kupchan, Charles A.
1372:Sullivan, Michael P.
1253:World Policy Journal
1196:Podliska, Bradley F.
1119:helpfulprofessor.com
632:Economic nationalism
353:was confined to the
245:Democratic Kampuchea
203:, notably including
38:political philosophy
28:Isolationism (album)
21:Isolationism (music)
2490:Nuclear disarmament
2473:in Russian Far East
2230:Department of Peace
2215:Counter-recruitment
2210:Conflict resolution
2200:Central Park be-ins
2188:Slogans and tactics
2167:Japanese Peace Bell
1957:Non-interventionism
1952:Modern-war pacifism
1890:Christian anarchism
689:Why Die for Danzig?
652:Non-interventionism
575:Bradley F. Podliska
559:Walter A. McDougall
551:non-interventionism
462:end of World War II
447:Heungseon Daewongun
349:while the existing
233:Kingdom of Cambodia
174:Bhutanese democracy
152:Bhutanese democracy
59:non-interventionism
46:especially the wars
2384:American Civil War
2276:Make love, not war
2250:Economic sanctions
2205:Civil disobedience
2038:Festival for Peace
2011:Media and cultural
1997:Testimony of peace
1917:Christian pacifism
1637:Washington, George
1608:(Routledge, 2021)
1041:2008-01-11 at the
1032:400 jaar handel –
934:The Economic Times
896:The New York Times
838:CIA World Factbook
753:Smith, M. (2010).
673:Splendid isolation
470:nationalist regime
385:Tokugawa shogunate
297:Zheng He's voyages
221:Post-Angkor Period
178:Bhutanese monarchs
71:military alliances
2582:
2581:
2485:Military taxation
2355:War tax resisters
1922:Deterrence theory
1701:Anti-war movement
1604:Rose, Kenneth D.
1592:978-0-691-04327-2
1510:978-0-691-05401-8
1465:Jansen, Marius B.
1450:978-0-520-20408-9
1428:978-0-674-12850-7
1401:978-0-520-23766-7
1357:978-1-56510-223-1
1207:978-0-7391-4251-6
1182:978-0-395-90132-8
1154:978-0-8014-8957-0
1066:Thomas C. Smith,
983:978-1-134-19408-7
959:978-0-520-20408-9
602:Benjamin Schwartz
567:John Lewis Gaddis
517:Paraguayan people
407:, as well as the
351:Republic of China
339:Chinese Civil War
261:Tuol Sleng (S-21)
197:foreign relations
188:Tourism in Bhutan
160:absolute monarchy
2607:
2409:list of protests
2270:Lesson of Munich
2225:Demilitarisation
2103:Peace journalism
1897:Anti-imperialism
1880:Anarcho-pacifism
1816:Peace psychology
1796:Peace conference
1791:Peace commission
1736:Culture of Peace
1671:
1664:
1657:
1648:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1307:
1301:
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1298:
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1140:
1129:
1128:
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1110:
1101:
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1084:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1053:Ronald P. Toby,
1051:
1045:
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1024:
1023:
1007:
1001:
1000:
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987:
986:
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663:Swiss neutrality
627:Cordon Sanitaire
586:Ostrower argue:
355:island of Taiwan
324:Qianlong Emperor
287:One-China policy
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2006:
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1806:Peace education
1689:Peace advocates
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1631:Primary sources
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1498:Toby, Ronald P.
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2174:Women in Black
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1937:Green politics
1934:
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1786:Peace churches
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1535:Adler, Selig.
1528:Main article:
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535:Main article:
532:
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452:Following the
443:Joseon Dynasty
439:Emperor Gojong
429:Hermit kingdom
424:
421:
409:Dutch Republic
405:Ryukyu Islands
377:Main article:
374:
371:
363:European Union
359:United Nations
347:mainland China
309:Hongwu Emperor
279:Main article:
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219:Main article:
216:
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119:Main article:
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63:grand strategy
42:foreign policy
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2240:Draft evasion
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2220:De-escalation
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2122:Peace One Day
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1927:Direct action
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1885:Anarcho-punks
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1878:
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1566:online review
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1416:Craig, Albert
1414:
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547:unilateralism
544:
543:Robert J. Art
538:
531:United States
530:
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417:print culture
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372:
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367:trade offices
364:
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335:
333:
332:Canton System
329:
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145:
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137:
133:
130:Before 1999,
125:
122:
114:
109:
106:
101:
95:
93:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
67:protectionism
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:advocating a
39:
35:
29:
22:
2595:Isolationism
2399:World War II
2255:Flower power
2107:
1947:Isolationism
1946:
1821:Peace treaty
1640:
1616:
1605:
1583:
1557:
1543:
1536:
1501:
1482:
1468:
1441:
1419:
1392:
1348:
1341:
1337:Barry, Tom.
1318:. Retrieved
1314:
1305:
1294:. Retrieved
1290:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1256:
1252:
1242:
1231:
1226:
1213:
1198:
1191:
1172:
1144:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1034:
1028:
1016:Taipei Times
1015:
1005:
991:
972:
965:
949:
937:. Retrieved
933:
923:
912:. Retrieved
895:
883:
872:. Retrieved
868:the original
863:
853:
841:. Retrieved
837:
828:
818:
810:
777:
767:
758:
748:
731:
718:
710:
705:
687:
637:Iron Curtain
610:
599:
589:
579:Acting Alone
578:
573:(2004), and
570:
562:
554:
540:
521:
495:
451:
436:
415:concomitant
413:
392:
382:
336:
321:
313:Qing dynasty
301:Ming dynasty
294:
230:
186:
173:
129:
103:
99:
96:Introduction
86:expansionism
79:
34:Isolationism
33:
32:
2546:Switzerland
2531:Netherlands
2404:Vietnam War
2394:World War I
2265:Human Be-In
2002:World peace
1967:Nonviolence
1932:Finvenkismo
1912:Appeasement
1826:Peaceworker
1564:; also see
1270:December 6,
697:Works cited
466:Kim Il Sung
241:Khmer Rouge
227:Khmer Rouge
167:multi-party
134:had banned
82:colonialism
2589:Categories
2511:Costa Rica
2297:Peace walk
2109:Peace News
1987:Satyagraha
1972:Pacificism
1962:Nonkilling
1876:Anarchism
1865:Ideologies
1781:Peace camp
1418:. (1961).
1391:. (2006).
1332:References
1320:2023-10-21
1296:2023-10-21
1259:(3): 107.
1124:2023-10-21
939:19 October
914:2023-02-18
874:2011-09-18
606:Puritanism
484:following
427:See also:
403:, and the
285:See also:
269:Vietnamese
249:Phnom Penh
225:See also:
193:tour guide
136:television
110:By country
50:neutrality
2499:Countries
2480:Landmines
2468:in Russia
2426:Criticism
2235:Desertion
1721:Code Pink
1578:676725368
904:0362-4331
802:1997-4280
794:2227-6017
740:1997-4280
596:Criticism
488:in 1994.
486:his death
437:In 1863,
328:Guangzhou
265:Year Zero
170:democracy
54:alliances
2574:Category
2431:Protests
2421:Iraq War
2324:Teach-in
1977:Pacifism
1678:Anti-war
1621:in JSTOR
1600:31515131
1500:(1984).
1467:(1961).
1458:34323424
1409:60697079
1365:30078579
1265:40209494
1039:Archived
1020:Archived
908:Archived
817:(2008).
615:See also
565:(1997),
502:dictator
492:Paraguay
482:grandson
257:Santebal
239:and the
215:Cambodia
140:Internet
138:and the
2516:Germany
2147:Symbols
2093:Museums
1518:9557347
713:(2013).
622:Autarky
513:GuaranĂ
509:Spanish
472:in the
460:at the
237:Pol Pot
115:Albania
2521:Israel
2506:Canada
2245:Die-in
2195:Bed-in
1942:Hippie
1872:Ahimsa
1626:67-71.
1610:online
1598:
1590:
1576:
1562:online
1552:256173
1550:
1516:
1508:
1491:263403
1489:
1477:413111
1475:
1456:
1448:
1436:413558
1434:
1426:
1407:
1399:
1363:
1355:
1263:
1236:online
1205:
1179:
1151:
980:
957:
902:
843:17 May
800:
792:
738:
657:Sakoku
393:kaikin
379:Sakoku
295:After
281:Haijin
156:Bhutan
132:Bhutan
126:Bhutan
88:, and
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2536:Spain
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