802:
766:
1176:, extreme sensitivity to pain. Two types of mechanical hyperalgesia can occur: 1) touch that is normally painless in the uninjured surroundings of a cut or tear can trigger painful sensations (touch-evoked hyperalgesia), and 2) a slightly painful pin prick stimulation is perceived as more painful around a focused area of inflammation (punctuate hyperalgesia). Touch-evoked hyperalgesia requires continuous firing of primary afferent nociceptors, and punctuate
784:
339:
329:
318:
262:, who may scratch affected spots until they no longer produce a pleasant or painful sensation, instead of when the itch sensation disappears. It has been hypothesized that motivational aspects of scratching include the frontal brain areas of reward and decision making. These aspects might therefore contribute to the compulsive nature of itch and scratching.
50:
2396:
Deng, Liwen; Costa, Flavia; Blake, Kimbria J.; Choi, Samantha; Chandrabalan, Arundhasa; Yousuf, Muhammad Saad; Shiers, Stephanie; Dubreuil, Daniel; Vega-Mendoza, Daniela; Rolland, Corinne; Deraison, Celine; Voisin, Tiphaine; Bagood, Michelle D.; Wesemann, Lucia; Frey, Abigail M.; Palumbo, Joseph S.;
1357:
No studies have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of emollient creams, cooling lotions, topical corticosteroids, topical antidepressants, systemic antihistamines, systemic antidepressants, systemic anticonvulsants, and phototherapy on chronic pruritus of unknown origin. However, there
1005:
After the pruriceptive primary afferent has been activated, the signal is transmitted from the skin into the spinal dorsal horn. In this area, a number of interneurons will either be inhibited or activated to promote activation of projection neurons, mediating the pruriceptive signal to the brain.
854:
and mechano-insensitive nociceptors. Mechano-responsive nociceptors have been shown in studies to respond to mostly pain, and mechano-insensitive receptors respond mostly to itch induced by histamine. However, it does not explain mechanically induced itch or itch produced without a
274:
itch" are very common occurrences. Even a discussion on the topic of itch can give one the desire to scratch. Itch is likely to be more than a localized phenomenon in the place one scratches. Results from a study showed that itching and scratching were induced purely by visual
902:
Sensitivity to pruritic stimuli is evenly distributed across the skin and has a clear spot distribution with similar density to that of pain. The different substances that elicit itch upon intracutaneous injection (injection within the skin) elicit only pain when injected
247:, which draws one to the affected skin site. Itch generates stimulus of a foreign object underneath or upon the skin and also the urge to remove it. For example, responding to a local itch sensation is an effective way to remove insects from one's skin.
1358:
are clinical trials currently underway with dupilumab which is thought to alleviate itch by acting on the IL-4 receptor on sensory neurons. The effectiveness of therapeutic options for people who are terminally ill with malignant cancer is not known.
3125:
3110:
242:
Pain and itch have very different behavioral response patterns. Pain elicits a withdrawal reflex, which leads to retraction and therefore a reaction trying to protect an endangered part of the body. Itch in contrast creates a
1214:
A variety of over-the-counter and prescription anti-itch drugs are available. Some plant products have been found to be effective anti-pruritics, others not. Non-chemical remedies include cooling, warming, soft stimulation.
1148:. Substance P has been found to have an important role in inducing pain; however, there is no confirmation that substance P directly causes acute sensitization. Instead, substance P may contribute to itch by increasing
1006:
The GRP-GRPR interneuron system has been found to be important for mediating both histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch, where the GRP neurons activate GRPR neurons to promote itch
942:. Using single-cell mRNA sequencing, clusters of genes expressed in itch-related tissues were identified, e.g. NP1-3, transmitting itch information; where NP3 expresses neuropeptides
2591:
Rukwied R, Lischetzki G, McGlone F, et al. (June 2000). "Mast cell mediators other than histamine induce pruritus in atopic dermatitis patients: a dermal microdialysis study".
2397:
Wainger, Brian J.; Gallo, Richard L.; Leyva-Castillo, Juan-Manuel; Vergnolle, Nathalie; Price, Theodore J.; Ramachandran, Rithwik; Horswill, Alexander R.; Chiu, Isaac M. (2023).
286:
system exists in which one imitates certain motor actions when they view others performing the same action. A similar hypothesis has been used to explain the cause of contagious
698:
279:
in a public lecture on itching. The sensation of pain can also be induced in a similar fashion, often by listening to a description of an injury, or viewing an injury itself.
568:, dry skin, frequently seen in the winter and also associated with older age, frequent bathing in hot showers or baths, and high-temperature and low-humidity environments.
3236:
2129:
Boehlke, Christopher; Joos, Lisa; Coune, Bettina; Becker, Carola; Meerpohl, Joerg J.; Buroh, Sabine; Hercz, Daniel; Schwarzer, Guido; Becker, Gerhild (2023-04-14).
1192:
resulted in a sensation of burning pain rather than itch, which would be induced in normal healthy patients. This shows that there is spinal hypersensitivity to
2907:"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
1366:
Approximately 280 million people globally, 4% of the population, have difficulty with itchiness. This is comparable to the 2–3% of the population who have
1347:. Often, however, scratching only offers temporary relief and can intensify itching, even causing further damage to the skin, dubbed the "itch-scratch cycle".
2044:
1863:
Ward L, Wright E, McMahon SB (January 1996). "A comparison of the effects of noxious and innocuous counterstimuli on experimentally induced itch and pain".
2877:"Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Dupilumab for the Treatment of Adult Participants With Chronic Pruritus of Unknown Origin (CPUO) (LIBERTY-CPUO-CHIC)"
895:
or the innermost layer of the epidermis. Surgical removal of those skin layers removed the ability for a patient to perceive itch. Itch is never felt in
2353:
Usoskin D, Furlan A, Islam S, et al. (January 2015). "Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing".
2282:
936:, it is significantly diminished. Overall, itch sensation is mediated by A-delta and C nociceptors located in the uppermost layer of the skin.
3072:
2963:
1738:
822:, and can be induced by a variety of stimuli, including mechanical, chemical, thermal, and electrical stimulation, or infection. The primary
692:
3557:
3035:
Andrew D, Craig AD (January 2001). "Spinothalamic lamina I neurons selectively sensitive to histamine: a central neural pathway for itch".
977:, a bacterial pathogen associated with itchy skin diseases, directly activates pruriceptor sensory neurons to drive itch. Skin exposure to
599:, where bile acids leaking into the serum activate peripheral opioid receptors, resulting in the characteristic generalized, severe itching
1744:
1054:
Neurogenic itch, which is itch induced centrally but with no neural damage, is mostly associated with increased accumulation of exogenous
2006:
3321:
3229:
3394:
1765:
Karsak M, Gaffal E, Date R, et al. (June 2007). "Attenuation of allergic contact dermatitis through the endocannabinoid system".
1412:, a phenomenon in which a stimulus applied in one region of the body is felt as an itch or irritation in a different part of the body
1091:
3685:
507:
250:
Scratching has traditionally been regarded as a way to relieve oneself by reducing the annoying itch sensation. However, there are
1586:"Infectious differential diagnosis of chronic generalized pruritus without primary cutaneous lesions: a review of the literature"
801:
3431:
3389:
3222:
2884:
2038:
2000:
3484:
3479:
3285:
1087:
765:
1968:
3438:
3326:
2737:"Phototherapy versus pregabalin in treatment of chronic kidney disease associated pruritus: randomized controlled study"
1125:
sensitization of the nociceptors. In addition, expression of neuro growth factors (NGF) can cause structural changes in
2166:
2068:
3664:
3469:
3309:
3305:
2491:
Sun YG, Chen ZF (August 2007). "A gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mediates the itch sensation in the spinal cord".
301:
Studies done in the last decade have shown that itch can be inhibited by many other forms of painful stimuli, such as
168:, and while both are unpleasant sensory experiences, their behavioral response patterns are different. Pain creates a
965:
was found in NP2 and NP3, suggesting that histaminergic itch is transmitted by both these pruriceptive sub clusters.
1635:"Breaking the Itch-Scratch Cycle: Topical Options for the Management of Chronic Cutaneous Itch in Atopic Dermatitis"
3416:
3371:
211:. Generalized itch is infrequently a symptom of a serious underlying condition, such as cholestatic liver disease.
2028:
1023:
729:
282:
There is little detailed data on central activation for contagious itching, but it is hypothesized that a human
3516:
3140:
537:
254:
aspects to scratching, as one would find noxious scratching highly pleasurable. This can be problematic with
3341:
1406:(also known as anusitis), irritation of skin at the exit of the rectum (anus), causing the desire to scratch
1121:—released during a painful or pruritic inflammatory condition not only activate pruriceptors but also cause
361:
1313:
3277:
2905:
Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, et al. (Global Burden of
Disease Study Collaborators) (December 2012).
1333:
1230:
1222:
1027:
1019:
899:
or joints, which strongly suggests that deep tissue probably does not contain itch signaling apparatuses.
741:
686:
629:
590:
525:
117:
3552:
1039:
990:
989:) on mouse and human sensory neurons. Targeting PAR1 through genetic deficiency, small interfering RNA (
973:
276:
31:
2278:
3598:
3457:
2500:
1774:
610:
1014:
Neuropathic itch can originate at any point along the afferent pathway as a result of damage of the
587:, overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
3654:
3647:
3464:
3262:
3129:
3076:
1226:
915:
Itch is often classified as that which is histamine mediated (histaminergic) and nonhistaminergic.
844:
834:
625:
584:
192:
1684:
Erickson S, Nahmias Z, Rosman IS, Kim BS (July 2018). "Immunomodulating Agents as
Antipruritics".
3610:
3569:
3361:
3300:
3060:
2717:
2616:
2573:
2524:
2378:
2212:
1888:
1798:
1709:
1615:
1563:
1520:
1379:
1197:
1138:
1035:
271:
255:
231:
74:
1295:(trade name Eurax) is an antipruritic agent available as a cream or lotion, often used to treat
203:
Most commonly, an itch is felt in one place. If it is felt all over the body, then it is called
1728:
1129:, such as sprouting. NGF is high in injured or inflamed tissue. Increased NGF is also found in
3583:
3520:
3411:
3351:
3254:
3180:
3151:
3052:
3023:
2969:
2959:
2936:
2858:
2807:
2758:
2709:
2668:
2608:
2565:
2516:
2473:
2424:
2370:
2335:
2260:
2204:
2158:
2150:
2108:
2034:
1996:
1990:
1960:
1929:
1880:
1845:
1790:
1734:
1701:
1666:
1607:
1555:
1512:
1464:
1242:
1238:
1130:
926:
881:
transition layers. Shelley and Arthur verified the depth by injecting individual itch powder (
578:
551:
533:
442:
417:
342:
332:
259:
169:
157:
107:
62:
3620:
3593:
3044:
3013:
3005:
2926:
2918:
2848:
2838:
2797:
2789:
2748:
2699:
2658:
2650:
2600:
2555:
2508:
2463:
2455:
2420:
2412:
2362:
2325:
2317:
2250:
2196:
2142:
2098:
1919:
1872:
1835:
1782:
1693:
1656:
1646:
1597:
1547:
1504:
1454:
1318:
1184:
and can be stronger than normally experienced. In addition, it was found that patients with
1122:
1059:
892:
874:
749:
717:
338:
302:
187:. Information for them is conveyed centrally in two distinct systems that both use the same
3659:
3625:
3615:
3564:
3540:
3535:
3474:
3356:
3009:
2072:
1343:
Sometimes scratching relieves isolated itches, hence the existence of devices such as the
1275:
1270:
1253:
1181:
883:
823:
645:
474:
993:) knockdown, or pharmacological blockade decreases itch and skin damage caused by V8 and
2504:
1778:
3605:
3545:
3489:
3018:
2993:
2931:
2906:
2853:
2826:
2802:
2777:
2663:
2638:
2637:
Andrade A, Kuah CY, Martin-Lopez JE, et al. (Cochrane Skin Group) (January 2020).
2468:
2443:
2403:
2399:"S. aureus drives itch and scratch-induced skin damage through a V8 protease-PAR1 axis"
2330:
2321:
2305:
1661:
1634:
1415:
1350:
The mainstay of therapy for dry skin is maintaining adequate skin moisture and topical
1344:
1263:
1259:
1118:
1075:
1015:
932:. Although experimentally induced itch can still be perceived under a complete A-fiber
919:
904:
783:
513:
458:
306:
244:
173:
79:
2922:
2200:
1495:
Ikoma A, Steinhoff M, Ständer S, et al. (July 2006). "The neurobiology of itch".
1418:, a powder or powder-like substance that induces itching when applied onto human skin.
3679:
3452:
3401:
3366:
3331:
3267:
2704:
2687:
2604:
2560:
2543:
2382:
2216:
1876:
1840:
1823:
1619:
1409:
1302:
1249:
543:
283:
3134:
3064:
2827:"Sensory Neurons Co-opt Classical Immune Signaling Pathways to Mediate Chronic Itch"
2721:
2620:
1892:
1802:
1713:
1567:
925:
but remains unchanged in skin areas rendered touch insensitive by pretreatment with
481:
reacts with chemicals in the skin, leading to the formation of irritant metabolites.
3530:
3191:
2654:
2577:
2528:
2146:
1524:
1403:
1329:
1209:
1189:
1177:
1173:
1141:
1106:
1043:
1031:
869:. Studies have been done to show that itch receptors are found only on the top two
859:
reaction that involves no histamine. Therefore, it is possible that pruritoceptive
831:
615:
559:
510:, a group of disorders characterized by abnormal thickening of the palms and soles.
468:
400:
180:
136:
132:
2876:
328:
3145:
1824:"Noxious heat and scratching decrease histamine-induced itch and skin blood flow"
3442:
3426:
3421:
3346:
3175:
1400:, a sensation that resembles that of small insects crawling on or under the skin
1397:
1306:
1185:
1180:
does not require continuous firing which means it can persist for hours after a
1165:
1145:
1126:
1083:
1071:
986:
933:
860:
851:
847:
737:
664:
621:
596:
383:
214:
If the sensation of itching persists for six weeks or longer, then it is called
95:
67:
3156:
2843:
2416:
2103:
2086:
1156:, which contain many granules rich in histamine, during long-term interaction.
3642:
3406:
3381:
3290:
3245:
3197:
2131:"Pharmacological interventions for pruritus in adult palliative care patients"
1948:
1924:
1907:
1697:
1322:
1292:
1153:
1134:
1110:
745:
602:
462:
461:, found in many foods and fragrances. Certain allergens may be diagnosed in a
454:
450:
423:
396:
355:
153:
2973:
2762:
2398:
2154:
2112:
1651:
426: – i.e. chickenpox, prevalent among young children and highly contagious
3574:
3186:
3119:
2753:
2736:
2065:
1786:
1367:
1351:
1169:
1114:
1079:
981:
causes robust itch and scratch-induced damage. This reaction is mediated by
922:
827:
711:
673:
517:
484:
429:
387:
371:
317:
3056:
3027:
2940:
2862:
2811:
2713:
2672:
2612:
2569:
2520:
2477:
2428:
2374:
2264:
2255:
2238:
2208:
2162:
2130:
1964:
1933:
1849:
1794:
1705:
1670:
1611:
1559:
1516:
1468:
90:
Certain infections, allergies, blood derangements and environmental factors
3202:
2339:
1884:
1459:
1442:
888:
3499:
3447:
1149:
1095:
772:
606:
504:, an unusually large amount of flaking is associated with this sensation.
501:
478:
446:
391:
365:
230:
is a form of itch that persists for longer than six weeks, and for which
160:. Itches have resisted many attempts to be classified as any one type of
100:
3214:
2793:
2544:"Itch and pruritus: what are they, and how should itches be classified?"
2512:
863:
have different classes of fibres, which is unclear in current research.
3508:
1908:"Systemic contact dermatitis elicited by oral intake of Balsam of Peru"
1391:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1218:
1193:
1055:
929:
668:
658:
641:
635:
565:
529:
411:
405:
321:
287:
251:
17:
3102:
1602:
1585:
1551:
581:, a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar
3114:
1279:
896:
878:
733:
661:) that activate histamine (H1) receptors or trigger histamine release
555:
521:
377:
2459:
2366:
1508:
1443:"Human surrogate models of histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch"
1026:. Examples of neuropathic itch in origin are notalgia paresthetica,
1538:
Greaves MW, Khalifa N (October 2004). "Itch: more than skin deep".
3048:
2237:
Twycross R, Greaves MW, Handwerker H, et al. (January 2003).
1234:
985:
serine protease V8 which cleaves proteinase-activated receptor 1 (
856:
488:
471:
on the skin are the most common cause of non-pathological itching.
408:, especially when several other persons in close contact also itch
337:
327:
316:
188:
161:
618:, which can cause generalized itching due to increased histamines
918:
Itch is readily abolished in skin areas treated with nociceptor
870:
808:
790:
547:
184:
165:
122:
3218:
1906:
PfĂĽtzner W, Thomas P, Niedermeier A, et al. (2003-02-20).
49:
2187:
Yosipovitch G, Greaves MW, Schmelz M (February 2003). "Itch".
2085:
Jovičić, Sanja; Balaban, Jagoda; Gajanin, Vesna (2023-06-24).
1337:
1441:
Andersen HH, Elberling J, Arendt-Nielsen L (September 2015).
1168:
is known to produce central sensitization, which consists of
345:(showing the toes from below plus the front part of the sole)
2444:"A subpopulation of nociceptors specifically linked to itch"
2304:
Schmelz M, Schmidt R, Bickel A, et al. (October 1997).
2954:
Jean
Bolognia; Joseph L. Jorizzo; Ronald P. Rapini (2008).
1730:
Brunner and
Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing
593:, a common anemia (low red blood cell or hemoglobin levels)
305:
heat, physical rubbing/scratching, noxious chemicals, and
2087:"Association of systemic diseases with chronic pruritus"
1144:. NGF is known to up-regulate neuropeptides, especially
1332:
is helpful for severe itching, especially if caused by
714:, or changes in hormonal balances associated with aging
2735:
El Mulla KF, Khalifa DE, Gawish RI, Eldeeb ME (2023).
2639:"Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin"
644: – the itching sensation this causes is known as
3092:
2778:"The Itch-Scratch Cycle: A Review of the Mechanisms"
2741:
Journal of the
Egyptian Women's Dermatologic Society
1822:
Yosipovitch G, Fast K, Bernhard JD (December 2005).
891:
and noting that maximal sensitivity occurred at the
699:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy
3634:
3498:
3380:
3299:
3276:
3253:
3166:
3096:
128:
116:
106:
94:
86:
73:
61:
42:
1018:. They could include diseases or disorders in the
3075:. National Cancer Institute. 2003. Archived from
2442:Han L, Ma C, Liu Q, et al. (February 2013).
1584:Molkara S, Sabourirad S, Molooghi K (July 2019).
695:, a medical condition in which cholestasis occurs
667:, a drug used in the treatment and prevention of
2958:(2nd ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier.
2825:Oetjen LK, Mack MR, Feng J, et al. (2017).
1949:"Diagnosis and management of contact dermatitis"
1540:International Archives of Allergy and Immunology
950:as well as genes involved in inflammatory itch (
1733:. Wolters kluwer india Pvt Ltd. p. 1269.
1382:introduced the definition of pruritus (itch).
1070:Itch is also associated with some symptoms of
3230:
2306:"Specific C-receptors for itch in human skin"
1394:, a perceptual state of conscious experience.
164:experience. Itches have many similarities to
8:
550:growth, and the development or emergence of
445:to contact with specific chemicals, such as
2643:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2135:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1237:anti-itch drugs also exist and are usually
3237:
3223:
3215:
3093:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1299:. Its mechanism of action remains unknown.
183:for itches and pain both originate in the
48:
39:
3017:
2930:
2852:
2842:
2801:
2752:
2703:
2662:
2559:
2467:
2329:
2254:
2102:
1923:
1839:
1660:
1650:
1601:
1458:
1245:usually belong to the following classes:
818:Itch originating in the skin is known as
2239:"Itch: scratching more than the surface"
1828:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1152:sensitization and may affect release of
358:, found in substandard living conditions
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1428:
2782:Dermatology Practical & Conceptual
1172:, exaggeration of pain, and punctuate
540:). Most are of an inflammatory nature.
3010:10.1146/annurev-biophys-051013-022826
2632:
2630:
2124:
2122:
1137:and non-contagious skin disease with
693:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
7:
3558:Hydroxyethyl starch-induced pruritus
2027:Feingold BF (1973). Byers JP (ed.).
1947:Usatine RP, Riojas M (August 2010).
1727:Hinkle JL, Cheever KH (2018-08-30).
1590:International Journal of Dermatology
1579:
1577:
112:Often based on the causes of itching
3322:Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
2066:eMedicine –Hyperparathyroidism
1336:. The common type of light used is
3395:Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis
2593:The British Journal of Dermatology
2322:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-20-08003.1997
2285:from the original on 6 August 2020
1633:Harrison IP, Spada F (July 2019).
701:(PUPPP), a chronic hives-like rash
676:congeners such as obeticholic acid
374:, if limited to the neck and scalp
228:Chronic Pruritus of Unknown Origin
25:
508:Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma
258:itch patients, such as ones with
2705:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.00033.x
2605:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03535.x
2561:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.00040.x
2030:Introduction to clinical allergy
1841:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23942.x
800:
782:
764:
232:no clear cause can be identified
2887:from the original on 2023-01-14
2169:from the original on 2023-07-27
2047:from the original on 2023-01-12
2009:from the original on 2023-01-12
1971:from the original on 2014-04-09
1747:from the original on 2023-09-23
961:). The histamine receptor gene
156:that causes a strong desire or
3432:Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis
3390:Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis
2994:"Itch mechanisms and circuits"
2655:10.1002/14651858.CD013128.pub2
2147:10.1002/14651858.CD008320.pub4
2033:. the University of Michigan.
1995:(Second ed.). CRC Press.
1088:obsessive-compulsive disorders
420:, a short-term immune reaction
1:
3641:substances taken internally:
3480:Nutritional deficiency eczema
3286:Pityriasis simplex capillitii
2923:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2
2201:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12570-6
1221:antipruritics in the form of
843:. Two major classes of human
414:, which may irritate the skin
3439:Autosensitization dermatitis
3327:African blackwood dermatitis
2992:Han L, Dong X (6 May 2014).
1877:10.1016/0304-3959(95)00080-1
1497:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
605:or internal cancer, such as
172:, whereas itches leads to a
27:Uncomfortable skin sensation
3665:Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji
3470:Juvenile plantar dermatosis
2998:Annual Review of Biophysics
2688:"Topical anti-itch therapy"
2310:The Journal of Neuroscience
689:, a dermatosis of pregnancy
364:, a skin disease caused by
297:Itch inhibition due to pain
224:Chronic idiopathic pruritus
3702:
3417:Topical steroid withdrawal
3372:Protein contact dermatitis
2844:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.006
2417:10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.019
2104:10.5937/scriptamed54-43882
1912:Acta Dermato-Venereologica
1447:Acta Dermato-Venereologica
1378:In 1660, German physician
1207:
1074:disorders such as tactile
850:exist: mechano-responsive
728:Itch can originate in the
437:Environmental and allergic
29:
3485:Sulzberger–Garbe syndrome
1953:American Family Physician
1925:10.1080/00015550310016599
1698:10.1016/j.det.2018.02.014
1024:peripheral nervous system
867:Histology and skin layers
730:peripheral nervous system
562:from below the epidermis.
491:) usually causes itching.
82:an irritated area of skin
57:A man scratching his back
56:
47:
3686:Pruritic skin conditions
3517:Lichen simplex chronicus
2776:Rinaldi G (April 2019).
1959:(3). Aafp.org: 249–255.
1652:10.3390/medicines6030076
1325:topical cream (Lanacane)
1102:Peripheral sensitization
538:hidradenitis suppurativa
3342:Abietic acid dermatitis
2754:10.4103/jewd.jewd_50_22
1787:10.1126/science.1142265
362:Cutaneous larva migrans
324:is one cause of itching
1334:chronic kidney disease
1028:brachioradial pruritus
1020:central nervous system
742:central nervous system
687:Gestational pemphigoid
630:delusional parasitosis
591:Iron deficiency anemia
526:seborrhoeic dermatitis
432:, ectoparasite of skin
346:
335:
325:
118:Differential diagnosis
3553:Drug-induced pruritus
3278:Seborrheic dermatitis
2411:(24): 5375–5393.e25.
1460:10.2340/00015555-2146
1314:topical JAK inhibitor
1164:Noxious input to the
1160:Central sensitization
1040:peripheral neuropathy
974:Staphylococcus aureus
628:", as may be seen in
386:, such as those from
341:
331:
320:
80:Compulsion to scratch
32:Itch (disambiguation)
3599:Cholestatic pruritus
3589:due to liver disease
3458:Molluscum dermatitis
2692:Dermatologic Therapy
2686:Hercogová J (2005).
2548:Dermatologic Therapy
2542:Bernhard JD (2005).
2279:"Essential pruritus"
2256:10.1093/qjmed/hcg002
1686:Dermatologic Clinics
1229:are often available
907:(beneath the skin).
681:Related to pregnancy
399:, if limited to the
209:generalized pruritus
30:For other uses, see
3655:Nummular dermatitis
3648:Fixed drug reaction
3465:Circumostomy eczema
3263:Prurigo gestationis
3079:on 25 December 2005
3037:Nature Neuroscience
2917:(9859): 2163–2196.
2794:10.5826/dpc.0902a03
2513:10.1038/nature06029
2505:2007Natur.448..700S
2448:Nature Neuroscience
2355:Nature Neuroscience
1992:Metalworking Fluids
1779:2007Sci...316.1494K
1773:(5830): 1494–1497.
1001:Spinal itch pathway
585:Hyperparathyroidism
193:spinothalamic tract
3611:Prurigo pigmentosa
3570:Aquagenic pruritus
3362:Contact stomatitis
3301:Contact dermatitis
3167:External resources
2881:ClinicalTrials.gov
2837:(1): 217–228.e13.
2141:(2023): CD008320.
2071:2008-12-02 at the
2064:LaBagnara, James.
1380:Samuel Hafenreffer
1243:active ingredients
1239:prescription drugs
1109:mediators—such as
1036:multiple sclerosis
877:and the epidermal/
830:-induced itch are
811:scratching herself
347:
336:
326:
238:Signs and symptoms
3673:
3672:
3584:Adult blaschkitis
3521:Prurigo nodularis
3412:Eyelid dermatitis
3352:Airbag dermatitis
3255:Atopic dermatitis
3212:
3211:
2965:978-1-4160-2999-1
2499:(7154): 700–703.
2316:(20): 8003–8008.
2195:(9358): 690–694.
1989:Byers JP (2006).
1740:978-93-87963-72-6
1603:10.1111/ijd.14587
1552:10.1159/000080898
1319:Local anesthetics
1131:atopic dermatitis
927:anti-inflammatory
793:scratching itself
775:scratching itself
611:Hodgkin's disease
579:Diabetes mellitus
443:Allergic reaction
380:, a viral disease
260:atopic dermatitis
170:withdrawal reflex
158:reflex to scratch
142:
141:
108:Diagnostic method
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3693:
3621:Puncta pruritica
3594:Biliary pruritus
3239:
3232:
3225:
3216:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3068:
3031:
3021:
2978:
2977:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2707:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2599:(6): 1114–1120.
2588:
2582:
2581:
2563:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2423: 10669764.
2393:
2387:
2386:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2082:
2076:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1834:(6): 1268–1272.
1819:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1654:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1605:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1492:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1438:
1276:Counterirritants
1231:over-the-counter
1188:pain, histamine
1044:nerve irritation
934:conduction block
893:basal cell layer
826:responsible for
824:afferent neurons
804:
786:
768:
718:Terminal illness
626:psychogenic itch
220:chronic pruritus
205:generalized itch
52:
40:
21:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3660:Pityriasis alba
3630:
3626:Uremic pruritus
3616:Prurigo simplex
3565:Senile pruritus
3541:Pruritus vulvae
3536:Pruritus scroti
3507:
3494:
3475:Nummular eczema
3376:
3357:Baboon syndrome
3303:
3295:
3272:
3249:
3243:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3162:
3161:
3105:
3091:
3082:
3080:
3071:
3034:
2991:
2987:
2985:Further reading
2982:
2981:
2966:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2883:. NCT05263206.
2875:
2874:
2870:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2649:(1): CD013128.
2636:
2635:
2628:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2460:10.1038/nn.3289
2441:
2440:
2436:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2367:10.1038/nn.3881
2352:
2351:
2347:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2075:. emedicine.com
2073:Wayback Machine
2063:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2041:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2003:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1748:
1741:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1509:10.1038/nrn1950
1494:
1493:
1476:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1425:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1309:topical cream;
1271:topical steroid
1266:topical cream;
1260:Corticosteroids
1254:diphenhydramine
1212:
1206:
1162:
1104:
1068:
1052:
1012:
1003:
940:Gene expression
913:
911:Molecular basis
884:Mucuna pruriens
816:
815:
814:
813:
812:
805:
796:
795:
794:
787:
778:
777:
776:
769:
758:
726:
708:
683:
657:Drugs (such as
654:
646:uremic pruritus
575:
514:Skin conditions
498:
475:Photodermatitis
469:Foreign objects
449:, derived from
439:
352:
315:
299:
293:
268:
266:Contagious itch
240:
201:
148:(also known as
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3699:
3697:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3606:Prion pruritus
3603:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3549:
3548:
3546:Scalp pruritus
3543:
3538:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3490:Xerotic eczema
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3194:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3148:
3137:
3122:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:Classification
3090:
3089:
3069:
3032:
3004:(1): 331–355.
2988:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2964:
2946:
2897:
2868:
2817:
2768:
2727:
2698:(4): 341–343.
2678:
2626:
2583:
2554:(4): 288–291.
2534:
2483:
2454:(2): 174–182.
2434:
2388:
2361:(1): 145–153.
2345:
2296:
2270:
2222:
2179:
2118:
2097:(2): 163–167.
2091:Scripta Medica
2077:
2057:
2039:
2019:
2001:
1981:
1939:
1918:(4): 294–295.
1898:
1871:(1): 129–138.
1855:
1814:
1808:
1757:
1739:
1719:
1692:(3): 325–334.
1676:
1625:
1573:
1546:(2): 166–172.
1530:
1503:(7): 535–547.
1474:
1453:(7): 771–777.
1427:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:Itching powder
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1387:
1384:
1375:
1372:
1363:
1360:
1345:back scratcher
1327:
1326:
1316:
1303:JAK inhibitors
1300:
1290:
1273:
1264:hydrocortisone
1257:
1250:Antihistamines
1208:Main article:
1205:
1202:
1161:
1158:
1119:prostaglandins
1103:
1100:
1076:hallucinations
1067:
1064:
1051:
1048:
1016:nervous system
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
912:
909:
905:subcutaneously
820:pruritoceptive
806:
799:
798:
797:
788:
781:
780:
779:
770:
763:
762:
761:
760:
759:
757:
756:Pruritoceptive
754:
744:(neuropathic,
725:
722:
721:
720:
715:
707:
704:
703:
702:
696:
690:
682:
679:
678:
677:
671:
662:
653:
650:
649:
648:
639:
633:
619:
613:
600:
594:
588:
582:
574:
573:Other diseases
571:
570:
569:
563:
541:
534:athlete's foot
511:
505:
497:
494:
493:
492:
482:
472:
466:
459:Balsam of Peru
438:
435:
434:
433:
427:
421:
418:Swimmer's itch
415:
409:
403:
394:
381:
375:
369:
359:
351:
348:
343:Athlete's foot
333:Swimmer's itch
314:
311:
307:electric shock
298:
295:
267:
264:
245:scratch reflex
239:
236:
200:
199:Classification
197:
174:scratch reflex
140:
139:
130:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
77:
71:
70:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3698:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Dermatophytid
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3402:Breast eczema
3400:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Metal allergy
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:Tulip fingers
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3268:Sweat allergy
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:10.1038/82924
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
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1058:and possibly
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560:ingrown hairs
557:
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179:Unmyelinated
177:
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133:Antipruritics
131:
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41:
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3588:
3531:Pruritus ani
3528:by location:
3527:
3503:
3338:
3318:
3196:
3185:
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3150:
3139:
3124:
3109:
3081:. Retrieved
3077:the original
3043:(1): 72–77.
3040:
3036:
3001:
2997:
2955:
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2871:
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2138:
2134:
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2029:
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2011:. Retrieved
1991:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1956:
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1915:
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1901:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1831:
1827:
1817:
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1729:
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1628:
1596:(1): 30–36.
1593:
1589:
1543:
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1533:
1500:
1496:
1450:
1446:
1404:Pruritus ani
1377:
1365:
1362:Epidemiology
1356:
1349:
1342:
1330:Phototherapy
1328:
1310:
1267:
1217:
1213:
1210:Antipruritic
1190:ionophoresis
1178:hyperalgesia
1174:hyperalgesia
1163:
1142:inflammation
1107:Inflammatory
1105:
1069:
1053:
1032:brain tumors
1013:
1004:
994:
982:
978:
972:
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947:
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938:
917:
914:
901:
882:
873:layers, the
866:
865:
861:nerve fibres
840:
839:
832:unmyelinated
819:
817:
740:) or in the
727:
616:Polycythemia
496:Dermatologic
401:genital area
384:Insect bites
300:
292:
281:
269:
249:
241:
227:
223:
219:
216:chronic itch
215:
213:
208:
204:
202:
181:nerve fibers
178:
149:
145:
143:
137:phototherapy
96:Risk factors
3443:Id reaction
3427:Dyshidrosis
3422:Hand eczema
3347:Diaper rash
3176:MedlinePlus
2956:Dermatology
2249:(1): 7–26.
1398:Formication
1307:ruxolitinib
1186:neuropathic
1166:spinal cord
1146:substance P
1127:nociceptors
1117:(5-HT) and
1084:parasitosis
1072:psychiatric
1066:Psychogenic
1010:Neuropathic
920:excitotoxin
852:nociceptors
848:nociceptors
841:Nociceptors
750:psychogenic
738:neuropathic
665:Chloroquine
622:Psychiatric
597:Cholestasis
270:Events of "
191:bundle and
68:Dermatology
3643:Bromoderma
3407:Ear eczema
3291:Cradle cap
3248:and eczema
3246:Dermatitis
3198:Patient UK
3152:DiseasesDB
3073:"Pruritus"
2891:2023-01-14
2173:2023-07-27
2051:2020-06-24
2040:0398027978
2013:2016-03-05
2002:142001773X
1975:2014-04-09
1751:2022-07-02
1423:References
1352:emollients
1323:benzocaine
1321:, such as
1305:, such as
1293:Crotamiton
1278:, such as
1262:, such as
1256:(Benadryl)
1252:, such as
1154:mast cells
1135:hereditary
1111:bradykinin
1050:Neurogenic
997:exposure.
746:neurogenic
652:Medication
624:disease ("
603:Malignancy
463:patch test
455:poison oak
451:poison ivy
397:Pubic lice
356:Body louse
350:Infectious
272:contagious
3575:Aquadynia
3187:eMedicine
3083:22 August
2974:212399895
2763:1687-1537
2747:(2): 81.
2383:205437148
2217:208793207
2155:1469-493X
2113:2490-3329
1645:(3): 76.
1639:Medicines
1620:198998956
1368:psoriasis
1204:Treatment
1196:input in
1170:allodynia
1115:serotonin
1094:-related
1080:delusions
1062:opioids.
1060:synthetic
995:S. aureus
983:S. aureus
979:S. aureus
969:Infection
923:capsaicin
875:epidermis
828:histamine
724:Mechanism
712:Menopause
674:Bile acid
546:healing,
518:psoriasis
516:(such as
485:Urticaria
430:Tungiasis
424:Varicella
388:mosquitos
372:Head lice
368:infection
154:sensation
129:Treatment
63:Specialty
3680:Category
3500:Pruritus
3448:Candidid
3310:irritant
3306:allergic
3192:derm/946
3065:28727869
3057:11135647
3028:24819620
2941:23245607
2885:Archived
2863:28890086
2812:31106010
2722:31573591
2714:16297007
2673:31981369
2621:23996950
2613:10848733
2570:16296999
2521:17653196
2478:23263443
2429:37995657
2375:25420068
2283:Archived
2265:12509645
2209:12606187
2167:Archived
2163:37314034
2069:Archived
2045:Archived
2007:Archived
1969:Archived
1965:20672788
1934:12926805
1893:25772165
1850:16354198
1803:37611370
1795:17556587
1745:Archived
1714:49336771
1706:29929604
1671:31323753
1612:31364165
1568:13376216
1560:15375326
1517:16791143
1469:26015312
1386:See also
1280:mint oil
1150:neuronal
1096:neurotic
959:Crystrl2
956:Osmr and
930:saponins
889:spicules
835:C-fibres
773:chipmunk
607:lymphoma
502:Dandruff
479:sunlight
477: –
447:urushiol
392:chiggers
366:hookworm
150:pruritus
101:Dry skin
75:Symptoms
3509:Prurigo
3319:plants:
3146:D011537
3019:4081479
2932:6350784
2854:5658016
2803:6502296
2664:6984650
2578:7107271
2529:4407979
2501:Bibcode
2469:3557753
2340:9315918
2331:6793906
2289:25 July
1885:8867255
1775:Bibcode
1767:Science
1662:6789602
1525:9373105
1392:Feeling
1374:History
1297:scabies
1288:camphor
1284:menthol
1219:Topical
1198:chronic
1194:C-fiber
1139:chronic
1090:(as in
1056:opioids
845:C-fibre
809:lioness
669:malaria
659:opioids
642:Uraemia
638:illness
636:Thyroid
566:Xerosis
556:pimples
530:sunburn
412:Shaving
406:Scabies
322:Scabies
303:noxious
288:yawning
277:stimuli
256:chronic
252:hedonic
162:sensory
152:) is a
18:Itching
3382:Eczema
3339:other:
3181:003217
3063:
3055:
3026:
3016:
2972:
2962:
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2929:
2911:Lancet
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2493:Nature
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2189:Lancet
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1467:
1241:. The
1227:sprays
1223:creams
1200:pain.
1182:trauma
1042:, and
952:Il31ra
897:muscle
879:dermal
734:dermal
558:, and
536:, and
522:eczema
378:Herpes
313:Causes
87:Causes
3635:Other
3157:25363
3061:S2CID
2718:S2CID
2617:S2CID
2574:S2CID
2525:S2CID
2379:S2CID
2213:S2CID
1889:S2CID
1799:S2CID
1710:S2CID
1616:S2CID
1564:S2CID
1521:S2CID
1286:, or
1123:acute
1086:, or
991:siRNA
857:flare
748:, or
706:Other
552:moles
489:hives
457:, or
189:nerve
3504:Itch
3203:Itch
3141:MeSH
3130:9-CM
3085:2005
3053:PMID
3024:PMID
2970:OCLC
2960:ISBN
2937:PMID
2859:PMID
2831:Cell
2808:PMID
2759:ISSN
2710:PMID
2669:PMID
2609:PMID
2566:PMID
2517:PMID
2474:PMID
2425:PMID
2404:Cell
2371:PMID
2336:PMID
2291:2019
2261:PMID
2205:PMID
2159:PMID
2151:ISSN
2109:ISSN
2035:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1961:PMID
1930:PMID
1881:PMID
1865:Pain
1846:PMID
1791:PMID
1735:ISBN
1702:PMID
1667:PMID
1608:PMID
1556:PMID
1513:PMID
1465:PMID
1235:Oral
1225:and
1133:, a
987:PAR1
963:Hrh1
946:and
944:Nppb
871:skin
791:wolf
548:scar
544:Scab
185:skin
166:pain
146:itch
123:Pain
43:Itch
3135:698
3126:ICD
3120:L29
3111:ICD
3045:doi
3014:PMC
3006:doi
2927:PMC
2919:doi
2915:380
2849:PMC
2839:doi
2835:171
2798:PMC
2790:doi
2749:doi
2700:doi
2659:PMC
2651:doi
2601:doi
2597:142
2556:doi
2509:doi
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2464:PMC
2456:doi
2421:PMC
2413:doi
2409:186
2363:doi
2326:PMC
2318:doi
2251:doi
2243:QJM
2197:doi
2193:361
2143:doi
2099:doi
1920:doi
1873:doi
1836:doi
1832:125
1783:doi
1771:316
1694:doi
1657:PMC
1647:doi
1598:doi
1548:doi
1544:135
1505:doi
1455:doi
1338:UVB
1311:see
1268:see
1092:OCD
1082:of
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