1048:
1056:
1245:
88:
486:
100:
60:
3144:
1168:
961:
900:"decimated" their tribes, creating greater pressure for their lands to be taken from them. As tensions among Native Americans grew and with numerous attempts to relocate them from their traditional hunting and gathering land and sacred homelands, the Jicarilla became increasingly hostile in their efforts to protect their lands. The United States military developed a
975:, a Jicarilla chief, led a band of 30 warriors to raid the horse herd of a contractor for Fort Union. A detachment of 2nd U.S. Dragoons, led by Lieutenant David Bell, pursued the raiders. They engaged in a fight on the Canadian River and killed many of the Jicarilla, including the chief, who was repeatedly wounded and finally crushed to death under a boulder.
589:, a priest from New Mexico, documented a connection between the Jicarilla people and Taos. He wrote that the Jicarilla had a long history of living between the mountains and the villages, with pottery making being an important source of income. The clay used for the pottery came from the Taos and Picuris Pueblo areas.
1087:
After finally securing a reservation, it was spiritually disheartening for them to accept that they would no longer roam on their traditional holy lands and have access to their sacred places. When they arrived, the two bands settled in separate areas of the
Reservation. The animosities stemming from
652:
and the
Spanish settlers. In 1724, several Apache bands were annihilated by the Comanches, who forced them to "give up half their women and children, and then they burned several villages, killing all but sixty-nine men, two women, and three boys." The Jicarilla people were forced to seek refuge into
476:
By the 1800s, the
Jicarilla were planting a variety of crops along the rivers, especially along the upper Arkansas River and its tributaries, sometimes using irrigation to aid in growing squash, beans, pumpkins, melons, peas, wheat, and corn. They found farming in the mountains safer than on the open
951:
made treaties with the
Jicarilla and other Native American tribes of New Mexico to relocate them to reservations where they would peacefully take up agriculture on new lands. Both parties agreed to payments to compensate the Native Americans for their loss of access to hunting, gathering, and sacred
1198:
The Apache
Indians integrated the important value of sharing into their constitution by declaring that the resources of the reservation are "held for the benefit of the entire tribe" Further, all land on the reservation is held by the Jicarilla Apache Reservation. It is one of only two reservations
1194:
writes: "All the powers of the tribal governments reflected the traditional values of the Apache people. The protection, preservation, and conservation of the bounty of 'Mother Earth', and all its inhabitants is sacred value shared by all Indian people, and the
Apaches were most eager to have this
1067:
the
Jicarilla Apache, who became increasingly hostile to these pressures. In addition, relations with the Spanish also became hostile when they captured and sold Apache tribal members into slavery. After years of warfare, broken treaties, relocation, and being the only southwestern tribe without a
673:
bands in Texas. In 1779, a combined force of
Jicarilla, Ute, Pueblo, and Spanish soldiers defeated the Comanche, who, after another seven years and several more military campaigns, finally sued for peace. After that, the Jicarilla reestablished themselves in their old tribal territory in southern
1038:
A large unit under Major James H. Carleton fought again the
Jicarillas near Fisher's Peak in the Raton Mountains, killing several of them. Francisco Chacon replied by trying an ambush against the soldiers with 150 warriors, but his group was bypassed. Subsequently, five warriors were killed, six
1030:
as the principal guide. After a winter pursuit through the mountains, Cooke caught up with the
Jicarilla. Jicarilla leader, Flechas Rayadas, offered an agreement for peace in exchange for the horses and guns that the Jicarilla acquired from the Battle, but the offer was not accepted. On April 8,
1095:. As a means of survival, the tribe sold timber from the reservation. In 1907, additional land was secured for the reservation, totaling 742,315 acres (3,004 km), suitable for sheep ranching, which became profitable in the 1920s. Until that time, many people suffered from
908:
and troops to restrict attacks on westward travelers. Fort Union was established, in part, to provide protection from the Jicarillas. The disruption and "mutual incomprehensions" of one another's culture led to warfare among the Spanish, Native American nations, and Americans.
448:
of the western Plains. This culture is often associated with the Paloma and Quartelejo (also known as Cuartelejo) Apaches. Jicarilla Apache pottery has also been found at several Dismal River complex sites. Over time, some of the people from the Dismal River culture joined the
249:
translated as "people who came from below" because they believed themselves to be the sole descendants of the first people to emerge from the underworld. The underworld was the home of Ancestral Man and Ancestral Woman, who produced the first people. The Jicarilla believed
978:
In late March, Major George A. Blake, commanding officer at Burgwin Cantonment, sent a detachment of 1st U.S. Dragoon of 60 men (company I and part of company F) to patrol along the Santa Fe trail. On March 30, 1854, a combined force of about 250 Apaches and
952:
homeland. The U.S. government, however, pulled the funding for this agreement, betraying the Native American tribal members. Further complicating the situation, all the crops planted by the tribal members failed and the people continued raiding for survival.
789:. They formed an alliance with the Olleros, similar to the Muache alliance with the Llanero, against the Southern Plains Tribes such as the Comanche, Southern Arapaho, Southern Cheyenne, and Kiowa, their former allies. They maintained trade relations with
816:
by the Jicarilla. They hunted buffalo on the plains east of the Rio Grande, centering along the headwaters of the Canadian River. During the winter, they lived in the mountains between the Canadian River and the Rio Grande. They camped and traded near
333:
and other diseases. Additionally, they lacked opportunities for survival. By 1887, they received their reservation, which was expanded in 1907 to include more suitable land for ranching and agriculture. Over several decades, they discovered the rich
1154:
was created. A two-volume technical report was submitted to the Commission on Spanish and Mexican grants, both unconfirmed and confirmed as part of the case. The tribe was awarded $ 9,150,000 in the commission's final judgment on April 20, 1971.
916:, notes that: "The three cultural groups in the Southwest had different concepts of family life, personal values, social relations, religion, uses and ownership of land and other property, how best to obtain the provisions of life, and warfare."
1378:
neighbors into their own traditions. They are renowned for their fine basket making of distinctive diamond, cross, zig-zag designs, or representations of deer, horses or other animals. They are also known for their beadwork and for keeping
477:
plains. They primarily hunted buffalo into the 17th century, and, thereafter, hunted antelope, deer, mountain sheep, elk, and buffalo. Jicarilla women gathered berries, agave, honey, onions, potatoes, nuts, and seeds from the wild.
301:. Their diet and lifestyle were rich and varied. The Jicarilla's farming practices expanded to the point where they required considerable time and energy. As a result, the people became rather firmly settled and tended to engage in
1329:
migratory paths cross the reservation seasonally, including mountain lion, black bear, elk, Canada geese, and turkey. Rainbow, brown and cutthroat trout are stocked in seven lakes on the reservation, but annual conditions such as
1236:, a city near the extreme north border of New Mexico, serves as the capital of the Jicarilla Apache Nation, with over 95 percent of the reservation's population residing there. Most tribal offices are located in Dulce.
1158:
In 2019, the census showed that there were 3,353 people living on the reservation. The New Mexico Tourism Department reports that there are approximately "2,755 tribal members, most of whom live in the town of Dulce."
532:. It included select places for communicating with the Creator and spirits, as well as sacred rivers and mountains to be respected and conserved. Additionally, there were very specific places for obtaining items for
328:
The mid-1800s to the mid-1900s were particularly difficult for the Jicarilla. Their tribal bands were displaced, treaties were made and broken with them, and they experienced a significant loss of life due to
1841:
Morris Edward Opler, 1938, Myths and Tales of the Jicarilla Apache Indians: Memoirs of the American Folklore Society Vol. 31, 406 p. (Reprinted by Kraus Reprint Co., New York, 1969). (E99.J5 O6 1938a)
1545:
The Jicarilla people live in houses with a lifestyle similar to that of other Americans. The cost of food at local grocery stores is higher than in larger U.S. cities nearby. They have access to all
398:
by 1525 CE, possibly several hundred or more years earlier. They eventually settled on what they considered their land, bounded by four sacred rivers in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado–the
1039:
wounded, and seventeen women and children were scattered and may have died of cold and hunger during the flight. In May, Francisco Chacon sent word to Santa Fe for peace and surrendered at Abiquiu.
426:. By the 1600s, they inhabited the Chama Valley in present-day New Mexico and the western part of present-day Oklahoma. Before contact with the Spanish, the Apache people lived in relative peace.
1150:
As a means of repayment for lost tribal lands, the Jicarilla received a settlement in 1971 for $ 9.15 million. The Jicarilla Apache made a claim for compensation to the U.S. Government when the
558:
Traditional Jicarilla stories, such as White Shell Woman, Killer of the Enemies, Child of the Water, and others, feature people and places that are special to them. These places include the
3711:
995:, then known as Cieneguilla. The battle lasted for two or four hours, according to surviving soldier James A. Bennett (aka James Bronson). The Jicarilla, led by their principal chief,
3488:
3132:
2525:
2063:
2266:
1133:
2299:
Spanish and Mexican Land Grants and the Jicarilla Apache in New Mexico, 1689-1848: A Technical Report including a list of grants, confirmed and unconfirmed and summary of data
3726:
847:
2665:
Brooks, Clinton E.; Reeve, Frank D.; Bennett, James A. (1996). Forts and Forays: James A. Bennett, A Dragoon in New Mexico, 1850–1856. University of New Mexico Press.
1670:
1199:
in the United States where land is not owned by individuals but by the tribal nation as a whole. Tribal members are individuals who are at least 3/8 Jicarilla Apache.
2038:
682:
The geography of the Jicarilla tribal territory consists of two fundamental environments that helped shape the tribe's basic social organization into two bands: the
644:) who occupied the southern plains in a bid for control. As they were pushed off the plains, the Jicarilla moved to the mountains and near the pueblos and Spanish
3721:
1553:. This is largely due to a high incidence of abuse, which averages 1.7% in the Native American population and reaches 30% in some rural areas or reservations.
2715:
Davidson, Homer K. (1974). Black Jack Davidson, A Cavalry Commander on the Western Frontier: The Life of General John W. Davidson. A. H. Clark Co. Page 72.
1118:
Oil and gas development began on the reservation after World War II, generating up to $ 1 million annually. Some of this revenue was set aside for a tribal
3716:
3125:
1815:
1502:
2110:
3110:
1032:
3531:
1322:
In 2022, the U.S. Census Bureau reported that the reservation has a land area of 1,316.1 sq mi (3525,232 km) and had a population of 2,596.
1088:
this period have persisted into the twentieth century, with the Olleros generally identified as progressives and the Llaneros as conservatives.
1026:
quickly organized an expedition to pursue the Jicarilla with the help of 32 Pueblo Indian and Mexican scouts under Captain James H. Quinn, with
3118:
2609:
3493:
2911:
2889:
2862:
2844:
2636:
2507:
886:
310:
1709:
882:
866:
2067:
1561:
Children attend a public school on the reservation. Until the 1960s, few children graduated high school. However, since the 1960s, the
1259:
325:. These factors led to significant loss of property, expulsion from their sacred lands, and relocation to lands unsuited for survival.
230:
meaning "little basket", referring to the small sealed baskets they used as drinking vessels. To neighboring Apache bands, such as the
3149:
1613:
996:
754:
3063:
345:
Tribal members transitioned from a seminomadic lifestyle and are now supported by various industries on their reservation, including
3000:
2974:
2928:
2827:
2812:
2794:
2774:
2744:
2720:
2709:
2685:
2670:
2578:
1316:
1128:
1047:
2039:"This Land is Your Land, This is Mine: The Socioeconomic Implications of Land Use Among the Jicarilla Apache and Arden Communities"
1589:
1577:. Educational assistance offices were created by Apache tribes in the 1980s to help students navigate their educational career.
1244:
1063:
Beginning in the mid-1850s, following the westward expansion of the U.S. and its impact on their livelihoods, attempts began to
3248:
1549:
and use them based on their preferences and financial means. High unemployment and poverty-level income rates have led to high
1055:
944:
2756:. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History (Vol. 8). New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
3399:
3360:
3167:
2153:
662:
59:
305:
less frequently than other Eastern Apache groups. Starting in the 1700s, the Jicarilla experienced encroachment by colonial
2045:
1581:
1295:
846:
786:
219:
2692:
597:
The Apaches' traditional culture, economy, and lifestyle became strained by the arrival and growth of other populations,
3624:
3074:
2730:. Between the Mountains – Beyond the Mountains. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico Vol. 35, Albuquerque.
1023:
2415:
2320:
2225:
1747:
3649:
3524:
1597:
1300:
1176:
1123:
1012:
782:
2285:
Indian Claims Commission. Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Reservation, Vol. 25, Docket 22-A, p.248-49.
586:
2310:
Indian Claims Commission. Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Reservation, Vol. 25, Docket 22-A, p.248-49
1593:
1325:
The southern half of the reservation is open plains and the northern portion resides in the treed Rocky Mountains.
818:
766:
654:
262:
254:, their chief deity, created Ancestral Man and Ancestral Woman, as well as all the animals, the sun, and the moon.
2871:
Fort Union and the Frontier Army in the Southwest: Fort Union, New Mexico Military Operations Before the Civil War
896:
settlers erupted as all sought and laid claim to land in the southwest. Diseases to which Native Americans had no
3701:
1585:
48:
582:
in locations that held spiritual significance, some of which were shared with the Taos Pueblo in the Taos area.
414:–and containing sacred mountain peaks and ranges. The Jicarilla also ranged out into the plains of northwestern
3614:
3269:
1601:
1562:
1151:
1035:. The Jicarilla dispersed in small groups to evade further pursuit, but many died from the harsh cold weather.
469:, the Kiowa and the remaining people of Dismal River culture migrated south, where they eventually joined the
2105:
1708:
Kessel and Wooster identify the 8 related people, but break the Western Apache and Tonto further into bands:
3639:
3629:
3606:
1019:
988:
2148:
Haley, James L. "the Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait ", University of Oklahoma Press Norman 1981,
3706:
3634:
3619:
3517:
3453:
3253:
3172:
1206:
858:(pronounced sienna-GEE-ya; English: small swamp) was an engagement of a group of Jicarilla Apaches, their
714:
645:
138:
1390:. The Jicarilla language is spoken by about one half of the tribal members, most by older men and women.
693:
Beginning in the 19th century, after being pushed out of the plains, the Jicarilla split into two bands:
3654:
3589:
3498:
2951:
Opler, Morris. (1947). Mythology and folk belief in the maintenance of Jicarilla Apache tribal endogamy.
2270:
1655:
1137:
855:
614:
3018:
3417:
3378:
2780:
1494:
936:
924:
571:
567:
445:
391:
3564:
3463:
3407:
3373:
3289:
1717:
1680:
1546:
1107:, tuberculosis, and other diseases. After several difficult ranching periods, many of the previous
1103:
in 1914. By the 1920s, it seemed likely that the Jicarilla Apache nation may become extinct due to
1064:
742:
670:
641:
510:
470:
235:
161:
281:. For years, they lived a relatively peaceful life, traveling seasonally to traditional sites for
3644:
3458:
2869:
2643:
2616:
1650:
1521:
1073:
901:
897:
890:
346:
318:
199:
122:
1574:
1342:. As a result, most of the fish were killed off during those years. The reservation sits on the
3047:
3039:
3031:
3427:
3345:
3279:
2996:
2970:
2924:
2907:
2885:
2858:
2851:
2840:
2834:
2823:
2808:
2790:
2770:
2740:
2734:
2716:
2705:
2681:
2666:
2149:
1532:
1233:
1112:
1068:
reservation, the Jicarilla Llanero and Ollero bands united in 1873. They sent a delegation to
992:
948:
920:
870:
822:
778:
335:
153:
3584:
3412:
3383:
3340:
3330:
2941:
Opler, Morris. (1941). A Jicarilla expedition and scalp dance. (Narrated by Alasco Tisnado).
2918:
1570:
1550:
1498:
1425:
1326:
1308:
1077:
1069:
826:
790:
649:
598:
559:
544:
434:
294:
194:
165:
118:
3680:
3422:
3284:
3227:
3202:
3078:
2294:
2114:
1619:
1398:
1351:
1226:
1187:
members. In 2000, the tribe officially changed their name to the Jicarilla Apache Nation.
1144:
1091:
The land on the reservation, except that held by non-tribal members, was not suitable for
1081:
1000:
770:
702:
282:
227:
1809:
717:
of New Mexico and Colorado, settled down as farmers, became potters and lived partly in
3388:
3350:
3335:
3320:
2273:
1713:
1343:
1184:
1140:
940:
737:
for "Sand People," "Mountain People," or "Mountain Dwellers." The Spanish rendering is
563:
552:
490:
485:
411:
407:
339:
298:
177:
2557:
1986:
3695:
3579:
3540:
3468:
3222:
2966:
2526:"Repsol starts producing electricity at Jicarilla 2, its first solar plant in the US"
1829:
Official Website of the Jicarilla Apache Nation - ABOUT THE JICARILLA APACHE NATION
1631:
1418:
1380:
1375:
1312:
1011:, killing 22 and a wounding another 36 of 60 dragoon soldiers, who then retreated to
863:
758:
529:
521:
514:
494:
466:
462:
450:
441:
322:
169:
93:
1386:
As of 2000, about 70% of the tribe practice an organized religion, many of whom are
3594:
3432:
3368:
3325:
3312:
3274:
3217:
1637:
1517:
1516:
Although the mid twentieth century brought additional economic opportunities, high
1387:
1180:
1100:
1096:
774:
458:
330:
274:
173:
157:
134:
3574:
2767:
Reconfiguring the reservation: The Nez Perces, Jicarilla Apache and the Dawes Act.
2878:
2801:
2784:
2751:
2699:
3670:
1625:
1566:
1538:
1462:
1371:
1355:
1347:
1222:
1212:
1119:
1092:
972:
658:
610:
602:
575:
454:
430:
403:
286:
3026:
2301:. 2 volumes, 340 pp. Maps, Bibliography. Docket 22-A, Indian Claims Commission.
1167:
3554:
3232:
1721:
1687:
1660:
1472:
1367:
1288:
1115:. The Jicarilla suffered due to a lack of economic opportunities for decades.
1027:
859:
850:
Southwestern Defense System before the Civil War. Source:National Park Service
762:
555:. The Jicarilla people believe the "heart of the world" is located near Taos.
498:
399:
278:
270:
215:
105:
3071:
1274:
1261:
628:, who had obtained guns from the French, and their close allies and kin, the
3675:
3569:
3437:
2508:"PNM and Albuquerque, NM, break ground on 50 MW solar field on tribal lands"
1675:
1665:
1526:
Tiller's Guide to Indian Country: Economic Profiles of American Reservations
1509:
1218:
1004:
980:
893:
666:
637:
629:
618:
506:
502:
314:
306:
290:
231:
3055:
2572:
1484:
reservation government employees, which include about 50% of tribal members
960:
3207:
3153:
3143:
1450:
1446:
1108:
1104:
964:
932:
733:
neighbors. Ollero is Spanish for "potters." Their name for themselves is
726:
721:-like villages. They began subsidizing their livelihood through sales of
625:
551:
20 miles (32 km) north of Taos, and yellow ochre on a mountain near
533:
461:. Due to pressure from the west by the Comanche and from the east by the
429:
The Jicarilla people of the 1600s were seminomadic, engaging in seasonal
419:
374:
370:
354:
266:
17:
2897:
Indian War Sites: A Guidebook to Battlefields, Monuments, and Memorials.
3197:
1454:
1429:
1410:
1339:
1331:
1147:
on oil companies drilling for oil and natural gas on reservation land.
984:
928:
706:
579:
536:
366:
362:
302:
1458:
1442:
1338:-levels. From 1995 to 2000, the lake levels were severely low due to
805:
730:
718:
633:
606:
525:
437:
and Spaniards of New Spain, along the rivers within their territory.
423:
395:
350:
207:
2961:
Phone, Wilhelmina; Olson, Maureen; & Martinez, Matilda. (2007).
2610:"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Rio Arriba County, NM"
1569:
programs, funded by oil and gas revenues, provide opportunities for
1031:
Cooke's forces fought tribal members at their camp in the canyon of
632:, were expanding onto the plains, they pillaged the various eastern
206:), one of several loosely organized autonomous bands of the Eastern
2980:
Tuttle, Siri G.; & Sandoval, Merton. (2002). Jicarilla Apache.
2965:. Axelrod, Melissa; Gómez de García, Jule; Lachler, Jordan; &
2693:"Spanish Relations with the Apache Nations east of the Rio Grande"
2637:"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Sandoval County, NM"
1414:
1243:
1054:
1046:
1008:
959:
905:
809:
548:
415:
358:
258:
3509:
3102:
1808:
1622:, 19th century chief, involved in the Jicarilla uprising of 1854
1122:
fund and to develop the Stone Lake Lodge facility. In 1982, the
722:
578:
and the four sacred rivers. Additionally, the Jicarilla created
540:
3513:
3114:
3086:
2803:
To Love and Die in the West: the American Indian Wars, 1860-90
1616:, 19th century chief, leader of the Jicarilla uprising in 1854
1209:, with a president and vice-president serving four-year terms;
2880:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
2958:. Albuquerque: Native American Materials Development Center.
2728:
The Jicarilla Apaches and the Archaeology of the Taos Region
1215:, with eight members serving staggering four-year terms; and
3094:
3013:
2963:
Dictionary of Jicarilla Apache: Abáachi Mizaa Iłkee' Siijai
2759:
Gorenfeld, Will. (Feb, 2008). "The Battle of Cieneguilla."
1830:
1335:
1179:
that, in 1937, organized a formal government and adopted a
293:. The Jicarilla learned about farming and pottery from the
2917:
Warren, Nancy Hunter; Velarde Tiller, Veronica E. (2006).
2736:
Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia
1183:. Traditional tribal leaders were elected as their first
931:
on August 2, 1851, to protect westward travelers between
2899:
Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc.
3489:
List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado
1143: (1982) that the tribe had the authority to impose
1015:
lighter by 22 horses and most of the troops' supplies.
1374:
clans. They have incorporated some practices of their
1195:
concept incorporated into their tribal constitution."
40:
2680:, Revised Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Johnson Books.
2416:"Census profile: Jicarilla Apache Nation Reservation"
2321:"Census profile: Jicarilla Apache Nation Reservation"
1350:. The basin is the largest producer of oil along the
1202:
The government is made up of the following branches:
2249:
2247:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1441:
The Jicarilla Apache Nation's economy is based upon
1171:
Present location Apache peoples including Jicarilla.
1080:
created the Jicarilla Apache Reservation through an
967:
marking where the body of a killed dragoon was found
3663:
3605:
3547:
3481:
3446:
3397:
3359:
3311:
3302:
3262:
3241:
3190:
3181:
3160:
2818:Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert. (ed.) (2005).
2371:
2369:
2367:
144:
128:
112:
79:
69:
38:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2484:
2482:
2480:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1819:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 414.
1691:, 1971 film financed by the Jicarilla Apache tribe
1469:oil and gas wells, owned and operated by the tribe
1397:Puberty feast, called "keesta" in Jicarilla, is a
2991:Wilson, Alan, & Vigil Martine, Rita. (1996).
2982:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2701:"Dear Old Kit": The Historical Christopher Carson
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2024:
2022:
2020:
1791:
1789:
914:Fort Union and the Frontier Army in the Southwest
833:for "Plains People"; the Spanish picked it up as
773:, along the headwaters of the Rio Grande and the
3712:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
2820:Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare
1671:List of Indian reservations in the United States
1490:traditional arts, including basketry and pottery
3087:Jicarilla Apache Pottery/Walking Spirit Pottery
3051:(University of Virginia Electronic Text Center)
3043:(University of Virginia Electronic Text Center)
3035:(University of Virginia Electronic Text Center)
2954:Phone, Wilma; & Torivio, Patricia. (1981).
2946:Myths and tales of the Jicarilla Apache Indians
1742:
1740:
1248:Location of Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation
1907:
1905:
1565:educational programs and the Chester A. Faris
617:, and diseases not indigenous to the American
3525:
3126:
2237:
2235:
2233:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1573:. In the 1970s, some tribal members obtained
8:
2906:. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood of ABC-CLIO.
1928:
1926:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1683:, ethnographer who wrote about the Jicarilla
33:
3095:Jicarilla Apache Oil and Gas Administration
2010:
2008:
777:, centering in the vicinity of present-day
3727:Northern Rio Grande National Heritage Area
3532:
3518:
3510:
3308:
3187:
3133:
3119:
3111:
3022:(Jicarilla Apache Cultural Affairs Office)
1192:Culture and Customs of the Apache Indians,
297:and about survival on the plains from the
32:
3003:. (Includes book and cassette recording).
2904:Culture and Customs of the Apache Indians
1099:, and up to 90% of the tribe members had
713:, lived west of the Rio Grande along the
543:found 18 miles (29 km) southeast of
2733:Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M. (1998)
1803:
1801:
1166:
1111:relocated to the tribal headquarters in
845:
484:
2401:
2399:
2226:Jicarilla - Sociopolitical organization
1736:
1701:
1508:operation of tribe-owned radio station
881:By the mid-1800s, tensions between the
489:Apachean tribes ca. 18th century: WA –
365:. The Jicarilla are renowned for their
2807:Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
1524:prevails for tribal members. From the
1190:Veronica E. Velarde Tiller, author of
919:Fort Union was established by Colonel
741:meaning "mountain-valley people." The
648:, where they sought alliance with the
3494:List of prehistoric sites in Colorado
2874:. National Park Service Online Books.
2800:Hook, Jason; Pegler, Martin. (2001).
1503:Best Western Jicarilla Inn and Casino
390:The Jicarilla Apaches are one of the
245:The Jicarilla called themselves also
242:("People who live in fixed houses").
193:
7:
3722:Native American tribes in New Mexico
1059:Portrait of a Jicarilla maiden, 1905
869:on March 30, 1854, near what is now
80:Regions with significant populations
2902:Velarde Tiller, Veronica E. (2011)
1628:, 19th century chief killed in 1854
1421:, and a five-mile race in mid-July.
1354:and the second largest producer of
1254:Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation
621:, to which they had no resistance.
593:Pressures for Jicarilla Apache land
528:rivers was provided to them by the
444:have historical connections to the
3717:Native American tribes in Colorado
3090:(Sample of Micaceous Clay Pottery)
2853:Fly Fishing in Northern New Mexico
2789:. University of New Mexico Press.
1401:ceremony for girls or young women.
1307:from the Colorado border south to
1177:federally recognized tribal entity
25:
2956:Jicarilla mizaa medaóołkai dáłáéé
2920:The Jicarilla Apache: A Portrait.
2884:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2691:Carlisle, Jeffrey D. (May 2001).
2579:Federal Communications Commission
2263:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
1714:Aravaipa, White Mountain, Cibicue
1596:. Portions of the reservation in
1409:Little Beaver Celebration with a
1393:Ceremonial practices consist of:
1287:, is located within two northern
1229:judges assigned by the president.
1129:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
1051:Portrait of a Jicarilla man, 1904
800:, the plains people clan, a.k.a.
661:in New Mexico. Some moved to the
3142:
3106:(Jicarilla Hunting and Wildlife)
2923:University of New Mexico Press.
2857:University of New Mexico Press.
2769:University of New Mexico Press.
2704:, University of Oklahoma Press.
1590:Chama Valley Independent Schools
1366:The Jicarilla are traditionally
524:, the land enclosed by the four
98:
86:
64:Young Jicarilla Apache boy, 2009
58:
27:Ethnic group of Native Americans
3249:Southern Ute Indian Reservation
3072:Jicarilla Apache Nation History
3014:Jicarilla Apache Nation website
2839:Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing.
2786:Native Peoples of the Southwest
1580:Portions of the reservation in
829:. Their name for themselves is
729:and learned to farm from their
210:, refers to the members of the
137:, traditional tribal religion,
3168:Outline of Colorado prehistory
3103:Jicarilla Apache Game and Fish
3059:(Internet Sacred Text Archive)
1718:Northern Tonto, Southern Tonto
481:Sacred land and creation story
473:and Jicarilla Apache nations.
342:beneath the reservation land.
1:
3098:(Jicarilla Natural Resources)
3032:Myths of the Jicarilla Apache
2995:. Guilford, CT: Audio-Forum.
2850:Martin, Craig. (ed.) (2002).
2698:Carter, Harvey Lewis. (1990)
1594:Jemez Mountain Public Schools
1311:. The reservation sits along
1084:signed on February 11, 1887.
1076:. Eventually, U.S. President
690:, or mountain valley people.
3625:Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
2695:. University of North Texas.
2676:Cassells, E. Steve. (1997).
2558:"New Mexico Indian Casinos."
686:, or plains people, and the
665:in New Mexico or joined the
566:, the spring and marsh near
418:and the western portions of
394:groups that migrated out of
273:. They also ranged into the
220:Southern Athabaskan language
3650:White Mountain Apache Tribe
3082:(Apache Nugget Corporation)
2877:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000).
2822:. New York: Facts on File.
2064:"The Northern Utes of Utah"
1724:, a band of the Chiricahua.
1175:The Jicarilla Apache are a
605:. Many people died due to
265:and the plains of southern
257:The Jicarilla Apache led a
150:Southern Athabaskan peoples
3743:
2765:Greenwald, Emily. (2002).
2750:Goddard, Pliny E. (1911).
2726:Eiselt, B. Sunday. (2009)
2678:The Archeology of Colorado
819:Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico
767:Sangre de Cristo Mountains
655:Sangre de Cristo Mountains
263:Sangre de Cristo Mountains
2117:- The Albuquerque Tribune
1977:Carlisle, pp. 190-1, 260.
1748:"Jicarilla Apache Nation"
1586:Dulce Independent Schools
1563:Bureau of Indian Affairs'
1481:cattle and sheep ranching
1432:each September 14 and 15.
149:
133:
117:
84:
74:
57:
3615:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
3270:Battle of Beecher Island
3048:An Apache Medicine Dance
3019:Jicarilla Apache Culture
2833:King, Lesley S. (2011).
1634:(born 1937), philosopher
1602:Cuba Independent Schools
1487:Dulce business employees
1152:Indian Claims Commission
912:Leo E. Oliva, author of
678:Ollero and Llanero bands
3640:San Carlos Apache Tribe
3630:Jicarilla Apache Nation
3064:Jicarilla Apache Nation
3027:Jicarilla Apache: Tinde
2944:Opler, Morris. (1942).
2563:(retrieved 23 Dec 2009)
2182:Brooks, Reeve, Bennett.
1850:Carlisle, pp. 3, 45-46.
1816:Encyclopædia Britannica
1795:Kessel and Wooster, 95.
1512:(90.5 FM) in Dulce, NM.
1424:Stone Lake Fiesta with
1405:Annual events include:
1370:and are organized into
1020:Philip St. George Cooke
574:, and particularly the
212:Jicarilla Apache Nation
41:
3635:Mescalero Apache Tribe
3620:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
3454:Cynthia Irwin-Williams
3254:Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
3173:Prehistory of Colorado
2895:Rajtar, Steve. (1999)
2753:Jicarilla Apache texts
2573:"KCIE Facility Record"
2497:Warren, Tiller, 10-11.
2393:Warren, Tiller, 16-18.
1950:Velarde Tiller, 26-28.
1358:in the United States.
1275:36.55444°N 107.07389°W
1249:
1172:
1060:
1052:
968:
851:
517:
433:they learned from the
309:, pressure from other
139:Native American Church
3655:Yavapai Apache Nation
3590:Western Apache people
3499:Trail of the Ancients
3067:(New Mexico Magazine)
3040:The Jicarilla Genesis
2868:Oliva, Leo E. (1993).
2781:Griffin-Pierce, Trudy
2474:Velarde Tiller, 28-30
2051:on November 25, 2017.
1656:Battle of Cieneguilla
1247:
1170:
1058:
1050:
1043:Jicarilla reservation
1024:2nd Dragoons Regiment
963:
856:Battle of Cieneguilla
849:
842:Battle of Cieneguilla
615:Battle of Cieneguilla
587:Antonio José Martínez
488:
392:Athabaskan linguistic
277:starting before 1525
238:, they were known as
145:Related ethnic groups
3447:Noted archaeologists
3418:Dismal River culture
3379:Mount Albion complex
3182:Contemporary peoples
2836:Frommer's New Mexico
2447:Warren, Tiller, 7-8.
2384:Velarde Tiller, 143.
2375:Velarde Tiller, 122.
2352:Velarde Tiller, 124.
2253:Griffin-Pierce, 381.
2002:Griffin-Pierce, 380.
1859:Carlisle, pages 4-5.
1495:Apache Nugget Casino
1280:36.55444; -107.07389
987:, led by Lieutenant
956:Battle and aftermath
945:New Mexico Territory
937:New Mexico Territory
925:James Henry Carleton
923:, who ordered Major
867:1st Cavalry Regiment
837:- "Plains Dwellers".
753:) lived east of the
709:making clan, a.k.a.
636:peoples (Jicarilla,
539:, such as the white
446:Dismal River culture
214:currently living in
3464:Waldo Rudolph Wedel
3408:Ancestral Puebloans
3374:Basketmaker culture
3303:Precontact cultures
3290:Sand Creek massacre
2969:(Eds.). UNM Press.
2761:Wild West magazine.
2599:Velarde Tiller, 82.
2548:Warren, Tiller, 12.
2488:Warren, Tiller, 11.
2465:Velarde Tiller, 51.
2361:Warren, Tiller, 16.
1873:Velarde Tiller, 28.
1681:Morris Edward Opler
1640:(born 1964), potter
1547:modern conveniences
1346:, which is rich in
1271: /
1018:Lieutenant Colonel
765:, west towards the
743:Capote Band of Utes
313:tribes such as the
195:[xikaˈɾiʝa]
35:
3645:Tonto Apache Tribe
3459:Paul Sidney Martin
3184:native to Colorado
3150:Indigenous peoples
3077:2014-06-07 at the
2993:Apache (Jicarilla)
2644:U.S. Census Bureau
2617:U.S. Census Bureau
2113:2007-09-29 at the
2028:Hook, Pegler, 116.
1920:Cassells, pp. 236.
1720:- and include the
1651:Jicarilla language
1522:standard of living
1250:
1173:
1124:U.S. Supreme Court
1061:
1053:
989:John Wynn Davidson
969:
891:westward expanding
852:
711:Northern Jicarilla
518:
319:westward expansion
283:hunting, gathering
200:Jicarilla language
3689:
3688:
3507:
3506:
3477:
3476:
3428:Panhandle culture
3346:Plainview complex
3298:
3297:
3280:Comanche Campaign
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3023:
2912:978-0-313-36452-5
2890:978-0-19-513877-1
2863:978-0-8263-2761-1
2845:978-0-470-87617-6
2087:Goddard, 349-350.
1941:Greenwald, 95-97.
1810:"Jicarilla"
1752:www.newmexico.org
1582:Rio Arriba County
1533:Unemployment rate
1426:ceremonial dances
1332:low precipitation
1327:Mammals and birds
1296:Rio Arriba County
1163:Tribal government
1113:Dulce, New Mexico
993:Pilar, New Mexico
949:William Carr Lane
927:'s Company K 1st
921:Edwin Vose Sumner
871:Pilar, New Mexico
823:Pecos, New Mexico
802:Eastern Jicarilla
787:Rio Arriba County
725:clay pottery and
520:In the Jicarilla
336:natural resources
317:, and subsequent
261:existence in the
184:
183:
154:Chiricahua Apache
16:(Redirected from
3734:
3702:Jicarilla Apache
3534:
3527:
3520:
3511:
3482:Related articles
3413:Apishapa culture
3384:Oshara tradition
3341:Hell Gap complex
3331:Folsom tradition
3309:
3213:Jicarilla Apache
3188:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3021:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2614:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2584:
2581:, audio division
2570:
2564:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2343:Pritzker, 14-15.
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2242:
2239:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2216:Pritzker, 12-13.
2214:
2208:
2207:Carter, 134-139.
2205:
2199:
2196:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2173:Gorenfeld, Will.
2171:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2118:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2066:. Archived from
2060:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2044:. Archived from
2043:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2015:
2012:
2003:
2000:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1900:
1897:
1886:
1883:
1874:
1871:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1831:janofficial.com/
1827:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1805:
1796:
1793:
1784:
1781:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1744:
1725:
1706:
1614:Francisco Chacon
1575:graduate degrees
1571:higher education
1528:, 2005 edition:
1499:Cuba, New Mexico
1419:draft horse pull
1309:Cuba, New Mexico
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1078:Grover Cleveland
1070:Washington, D.C.
1005:flintlock rifles
997:Francisco Chacon
983:fought the U.S.
862:allies, and the
827:Taos, New Mexico
791:Puebloan peoples
761:and east of the
650:Puebloan peoples
613:, including the
599:Manifest Destiny
585:In 1865, Father
560:Rio Grande Gorge
295:Puebloan peoples
204:Jicarilla Dindéi
197:
192:
187:Jicarilla Apache
166:Mescalero Apache
104:
102:
101:
92:
90:
89:
70:Total population
62:
52:
49:Jicarilla Apache
44:
42:Jicarilla Dindéi
36:
34:Jicarilla Apache
21:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3659:
3601:
3543:
3538:
3508:
3503:
3473:
3442:
3423:Fremont culture
3393:
3355:
3304:
3294:
3285:Meeker Massacre
3258:
3237:
3183:
3177:
3156:
3141:
3139:
3079:Wayback Machine
3056:Jicarilla Texts
3010:
2938:
2936:Further reading
2657:
2648:
2646:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2587:
2571:
2567:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2420:Census Reporter
2414:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2325:Census Reporter
2319:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2295:Howard F. Cline
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:Haley, James L.
2197:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2121:
2115:Wayback Machine
2107:A losing battle
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1992:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:Gibbon, p. 213.
1931:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1765:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1647:
1620:Flechas Rayadas
1610:
1598:Sandoval County
1559:
1475:on tribal lands
1439:
1399:rite of passage
1383:-making alive.
1364:
1352:Rocky Mountains
1334:result in high
1301:Sandoval County
1279:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1242:
1227:appellate court
1165:
1145:severance taxes
1082:executive order
1072:, to request a
1045:
1013:Ranchos de Taos
1001:Flechas Rayadas
971:In March 1854,
958:
887:Native American
879:
844:
783:Tierra Amarilla
771:San Luis Valley
703:mountain people
680:
595:
483:
457:of present-day
388:
383:
311:Native American
228:Mexican Spanish
218:and speaking a
190:
151:
99:
97:
87:
85:
65:
53:
46:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3389:Picosa culture
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3351:Plano cultures
3348:
3343:
3338:
3336:Goshen complex
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:Clovis culture
3317:
3315:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3009:
3008:External links
3006:
3005:
3004:
2989:
2978:
2967:Burke, Sean M.
2959:
2952:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2915:
2900:
2893:
2875:
2866:
2848:
2831:
2816:
2798:
2778:
2763:
2757:
2748:
2731:
2724:
2713:
2696:
2689:
2674:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2628:
2601:
2585:
2577:United States
2565:
2550:
2541:
2517:
2499:
2490:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2456:Martin, 223-4.
2449:
2440:
2431:
2407:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2312:
2303:
2287:
2278:
2255:
2243:
2229:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2141:
2119:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2055:
2030:
2016:
2004:
1990:
1979:
1970:
1968:Eiselt, 59-60.
1961:
1959:Eiselt, 57-59.
1952:
1943:
1934:
1922:
1913:
1911:Greenwald, 97.
1901:
1887:
1875:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1822:
1797:
1785:
1763:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1608:Notable people
1606:
1558:
1555:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1403:
1402:
1363:
1360:
1344:San Juan Basin
1305:
1304:
1298:
1241:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1216:
1210:
1185:tribal council
1164:
1161:
1044:
1041:
1003:, fought with
957:
954:
941:Santa Fe Trail
902:defense system
878:
875:
843:
840:
839:
838:
794:
679:
676:
594:
591:
564:Picuris Pueblo
553:Picuris Pueblo
522:creation story
491:Western Apache
482:
479:
412:Canadian River
408:Arkansas River
387:
384:
382:
379:
340:San Juan Basin
299:Plains Indians
182:
181:
178:Western Apache
147:
146:
142:
141:
131:
130:
126:
125:
115:
114:
110:
109:
82:
81:
77:
76:
72:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
39:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3739:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:Apache tribes
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3541:Apache people
3535:
3530:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3469:Joe Ben Wheat
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3002:
3001:0-88432-903-8
2998:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:0-8263-4078-4
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2929:0-8263-3776-7
2926:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2828:0-8160-3337-4
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:1-57958-370-9
2810:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2795:0-8263-1908-4
2792:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2775:0-8263-2408-8
2772:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2745:0-8153-0725-X
2742:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:0-87062-109-2
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:0-8061-2253-6
2707:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:1-55566-193-9
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:0-8263-1690-5
2668:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2645:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:Pritzker, 13.
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2164:Davidson, 72.
2161:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2070:on 2016-05-08
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1899:Pritzker, 14.
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1885:Pritzker, 12.
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:Pritzker, 15.
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:Viola Cordova
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1600:are zoned to
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:are zoned to
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1465:, including:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1428:, rodeo, and
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1381:Apache fiddle
1377:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:U.S. Route 64
1310:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1255:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:sheep herders
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1057:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
976:
974:
966:
962:
955:
953:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:United States
892:
889:nations, and
888:
884:
876:
874:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
848:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:Conejos River
757:south of the
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:
694:
691:
689:
685:
677:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:north of the
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
592:
590:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
572:Hopewell Lake
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
515:Plains Apache
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
480:
478:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
438:
436:
435:Pueblo people
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:Early history
385:
380:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
332:
326:
324:
323:United States
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:and northern
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
188:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
148:
143:
140:
136:
132:
127:
124:
120:
116:
111:
107:
95:
94:United States
83:
78:
73:
68:
61:
56:
50:
43:
37:
19:
3664:Other topics
3559:
3433:Sopris phase
3369:Apex complex
3326:Cody complex
3313:Paleo-Indian
3275:Colorado War
3263:Major events
3242:Reservations
3212:
2992:
2985:
2981:
2962:
2955:
2945:
2919:
2903:
2896:
2879:
2870:
2852:
2835:
2819:
2802:
2785:
2766:
2760:
2752:
2735:
2727:
2700:
2677:
2647:. Retrieved
2631:
2620:. Retrieved
2604:
2576:
2568:
2561:500 Nations.
2560:
2553:
2544:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:
2520:
2512:Utility Dive
2511:
2502:
2493:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2438:Martin, 224.
2434:
2423:. Retrieved
2419:
2410:
2405:King, PT232.
2389:
2380:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2328:. Retrieved
2324:
2315:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2281:
2262:
2258:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2144:
2106:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:the original
2058:
2046:the original
2033:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1916:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1825:
1814:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:
1704:
1686:
1638:Tammie Allen
1579:
1560:
1544:
1525:
1518:unemployment
1515:
1493:Tribe-owned
1440:
1404:
1392:
1385:
1365:
1348:fossil fuels
1324:
1321:
1306:
1253:
1251:
1232:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1181:constitution
1174:
1157:
1149:
1127:
1117:
1101:tuberculosis
1097:malnutrition
1090:
1086:
1062:
1037:
1033:Ojo Caliente
1017:
977:
970:
947:'s Governor
918:
913:
911:
880:
853:
834:
830:
813:
801:
797:
775:Animas River
755:Great Divide
750:
746:
738:
734:
710:
698:
692:
687:
683:
681:
663:Pecos Pueblo
653:the eastern
623:
596:
584:
557:
519:
475:
471:Lipan Apache
459:South Dakota
451:Kiowa Apache
439:
428:
389:
344:
331:tuberculosis
327:
275:Great Plains
256:
251:
246:
244:
239:
223:
211:
203:
186:
185:
174:Tonto Apache
162:Lipan Apache
158:Kiowa Apache
135:Christianity
30:Ethnic group
3671:Apache Wars
3305:in Colorado
2276: (1982)
2014:Goddard, 8.
1626:Lobo Blanco
1567:scholarship
1551:crime rates
1539:Labor force
1473:solar farms
1463:agriculture
1372:matrilineal
1356:natural gas
1278: /
1266:107°04′26″W
1240:Reservation
1213:legislative
1120:scholarship
1093:agriculture
1074:reservation
973:Lobo Blanco
885:, multiple
804:, lived as
715:Chama River
659:Taos Pueblo
611:Indian Wars
603:Indian Wars
576:Taos Pueblo
455:Black Hills
431:agriculture
404:Pecos River
347:oil and gas
287:cultivation
259:seminomadic
247:Haisndayin,
226:comes from
222:. The term
3696:Categories
3555:Chiricahua
2988:, 105–112.
2783:. (2000).
2649:2022-07-12
2622:2022-07-12
2535:2024-06-28
2425:2024-06-28
2330:2021-12-03
2154:0806129786
2074:2012-03-11
1757:2021-12-03
1732:References
1710:San Carlos
1688:A Gunfight
1661:Dulce Base
1520:and a low
1388:Christians
1368:matrilocal
1291:counties:
1289:New Mexico
1263:36°33′16″N
1028:Kit Carson
877:Background
763:Rio Grande
674:Colorado.
601:, and the
534:ceremonial
499:Chiricahua
400:Rio Grande
291:river beds
271:New Mexico
240:Kinya-Inde
216:New Mexico
106:New Mexico
3676:Apacheria
3575:Mimbreños
3570:Mescalero
3560:Jicarilla
3438:Tipi ring
1987:Jicarilla
1676:Mescalero
1666:KCIE (FM)
1557:Education
1497:north of
1430:footraces
1221:, tribal
1207:executive
1126:ruled in
812:, called
769:, in the
723:micaceous
667:Mescalero
638:Mescalero
624:When the
619:continent
507:Jicarilla
503:Mescalero
315:Comanches
307:New Spain
232:Mescalero
224:jicarilla
123:Jicarilla
113:Languages
18:Jicarilla
3681:Language
3585:Salinero
3228:Shoshone
3208:Comanche
3203:Cheyenne
3161:Overview
3154:Colorado
3075:Archived
2111:Archived
1722:Mimbreno
1645:See also
1541:– 1,1051
1505:in Dulce
1501:and the
1447:forestry
1317:N.M. 537
1219:judicial
1105:trachoma
1065:relocate
985:dragoons
965:Cenotaph
933:Missouri
929:Dragoons
898:immunity
864:American
835:Llaneros
831:Gulgahén
798:Llaneros
735:Saidindê
727:basketry
684:Llaneros
646:missions
626:Comanche
568:El Prado
420:Oklahoma
375:beadwork
371:basketry
359:ranching
355:forestry
353:gaming,
267:Colorado
191:Spanish:
129:Religion
3400:Archaic
3361:Archaic
3198:Arapaho
3148:
2660:General
2096:Rajtar.
1535:– 14.2%
1455:tourism
1437:Economy
1411:pow-wow
1362:Culture
1340:drought
1022:of the
991:, near
939:on the
883:Spanish
751:Kahpota
739:Hoyeros
707:pottery
699:Olleros
688:Olleros
580:shrines
537:rituals
530:Creator
513:, Pl –
497:, Ch –
453:in the
381:History
367:pottery
363:tourism
338:of the
321:of the
303:warfare
119:English
3607:Tribes
3580:Plains
3223:Pawnee
3191:People
2999:
2973:
2927:
2910:
2888:
2861:
2843:
2826:
2811:
2793:
2773:
2743:
2719:
2708:
2684:
2669:
2530:REPSOL
2152:
2139:Oliva.
1592:, and
1478:timber
1461:, and
1459:retail
1451:gaming
1443:mining
1376:Pueblo
1009:arrows
999:, and
825:, and
814:kozhan
806:nomads
747:Kapota
731:Pueblo
719:Pueblo
701:, the
640:, and
634:Apache
609:, the
607:famine
547:, red
526:sacred
509:, L –
505:, J –
501:, M –
495:Navajo
493:, N –
467:French
463:Pawnee
442:Apache
424:Kansas
410:, and
396:Canada
373:, and
361:, and
351:casino
289:along
285:, and
252:Hascin
208:Apache
170:Navajo
103:
91:
45:
3595:Tonto
3565:Lipan
3548:Bands
3398:Post-
3218:Kiowa
2640:(PDF)
2613:(PDF)
2269:
2049:(PDF)
2042:(PDF)
1696:Notes
1415:rodeo
1256:, at
1234:Dulce
1223:court
1136:
906:forts
810:tipis
779:Chama
671:Lipan
642:Lipan
549:ochre
511:Lipan
416:Texas
236:Lipan
75:2,755
2997:ISBN
2971:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2908:ISBN
2886:ISBN
2859:ISBN
2841:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2809:ISBN
2791:ISBN
2771:ISBN
2741:ISBN
2717:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2682:ISBN
2667:ISBN
2271:U.S.
2150:ISBN
1510:KCIE
1315:and
1252:The
1225:and
1138:U.S.
1007:and
981:Utes
935:and
854:The
796:The
781:and
697:The
669:and
545:Taos
541:clay
465:and
440:The
422:and
234:and
3233:Ute
3152:of
2274:130
2267:455
1141:130
1134:455
904:of
860:Ute
808:in
785:of
630:Ute
3698::
2986:32
2984:,
2642:.
2615:.
2588:^
2575:.
2528:.
2510:.
2479:^
2418:.
2398:^
2366:^
2323:.
2297:,
2265:,
2246:^
2232:^
2187:^
2122:^
2019:^
2007:^
1993:^
1925:^
1904:^
1890:^
1878:^
1864:^
1813:.
1800:^
1788:^
1766:^
1750:.
1739:^
1716:,
1712:,
1604:.
1588:,
1457:,
1453:,
1449:,
1445:,
1417:,
1413:,
1336:pH
1319:.
1132:,
943:.
873:.
821:,
749:,
705:-
570:,
562:,
406:,
402:,
377:.
369:,
357:,
349:,
279:CE
202::
198:,
180:)
176:,
172:,
168:,
164:,
160:,
156:,
121:,
3533:e
3526:t
3519:v
3134:e
3127:t
3120:v
2977:.
2948:.
2931:.
2914:.
2892:.
2882:.
2865:.
2855:.
2847:.
2830:.
2815:.
2805:.
2797:.
2777:.
2747:.
2738:.
2723:.
2712:.
2688:.
2673:.
2652:.
2625:.
2583:.
2538:.
2514:.
2428:.
2333:.
2077:.
2053:.
1760:.
1303:.
793:.
745:(
189:(
152:(
108:)
96:(
51:)
47:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
