Journalism - Knowledge (XXG)

1641:, was published on 29 January 1780. This first effort at journalism enjoyed only a short stint yet it was a momentous development, as it gave birth to modern journalism in India. Following Hicky's efforts which had to be shut down just within two years of circulation, several English newspapers started publication in the aftermath. Most of them enjoyed a circulation figure of about 400 and were weeklies giving personal news items and classified advertisements about a variety of products. Later on, in the 1800s, English newspapers were started by Indian publishers with English-speaking Indians as the target audience. During that era vast differences in language was a major problem in facilitating smooth communication among the people of the country. This is because they hardly knew the languages prevalent in other parts of this vast land. However, English became a 1920: 1979: 2122:. Within the claim of credibility, journalists are expected to provide the public with reliable and trustworthy information, and allowing the public to question the nature of the information and its acquisition. The second claim of justifiable consequences centers on weighing the benefits and detriments of a potentially harmful story and acting accordingly. An example of justifiable consequence is exposing a professional with dubious practices; on the other hand, acting within justifiable consequence means writing compassionately about a family in mourning. The third claim is the claim of humanity which states that journalists are writing for a global population and therefore must serve everyone globally in their work, avoiding smaller loyalties to country, city, etc. 2141: 1796:

standing by. Lippmann argued that high-powered journalism was wasted on ordinary citizens, but was of genuine value to an elite class of administrators and experts. Dewey, on the other hand, believed not only that the public was capable of understanding the issues created or responded to by the elite, but also that it was in the public forum that decisions should be made after discussion and debate. When issues were thoroughly vetted, then the best ideas would bubble to the surface. The danger of demagoguery and false news did not trouble Dewey. His faith in popular democracy has been implemented in various degrees, and is now known as "

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information is organized into sections. This makes clear the distinction between content based on fact and on opinion. In other media, many of these distinctions break down. Readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand the journalist's intent. Opinion pieces are generally written by regular columnists or appear in a section titled "Op-ed", these reflect a journalist's own opinions and ideology. While

5203: 5215: 608: 903: 5311: 2064: 1777: 5243: 5294: 5277: 5260: 1362:, were even more distrusting of the journalistic press and effectively banned journalistic publications until the mid-19th century. As newspaper publication became a more and more established practice, publishers would increase publication to a weekly or daily rate. Newspapers were more heavily concentrated in cities that were centres of trade, such as 2012:. Their view is that journalism's first loyalty is to the citizenry and that journalists are thus obliged to tell the truth and must serve as an independent monitor of powerful individuals and institutions within society. In this view, the essence of journalism is to provide citizens with reliable information through the discipline of verification. 1697:. Still, critics note that although government's ability to suppress journalistic speech is heavily limited, the concentration of newspaper (and general media) ownership in the hands of a small number of private business owners leads to other biases in reporting and media self-censorship that benefits the interests of 2106:

There are over 242 codes of ethics in journalism that vary across various regions of the world. The codes of ethics are created through an interaction of different groups of people such as the public and journalists themselves. Most of the codes of ethics serve as a representation of the economic and

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Many debates centre on whether journalists are "supposed" to be "objective" and "neutral"; arguments include the fact that journalists produce news out of and as part of a particular social context, and that they are guided by professional codes of ethics and do their best to represent all legitimate

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produced a surge in Chinese nationalism, an end to censorship, and a demand for professional, nation-wide journalism. All the major cities launched such efforts. By the late 1920s, however, there was a much greater emphasis on advertising and expanding circulation, and much less interest in the sort

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page, it goes into depth on how journalism has evolved into what it is today. As of right now, there are a couple different routes one can take if interested in journalism. If one wanting to expand their skills as a journalist, there are many college courses and workshops one can take. If going the

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Governments have widely varying policies and practices towards journalists, which control what they can research and write, and what press organizations can publish. Some governments guarantee the freedom of the press; while other nations severely restrict what journalists can research or publish.

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Because of the pressure on journalists to report news promptly and before their competitors, factual errors occur more frequently than in writing produced and edited under less time pressure. Thus a typical issue of a major daily newspaper may contain several corrections of articles published the

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court. However, federal courts will refuse to force journalists to reveal their sources, unless the information the court seeks is highly relevant to the case and there is no other way to get it. State courts provide varying degrees of such protection. Journalists who refuse to testify even when

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debated the role of journalism in a democracy. Their differing philosophies still characterize an ongoing debate about the role of journalism in society. Lippmann's views prevailed for decades, helping to bolster the Progressives' confidence in decision-making by experts, with the general public

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Although it is not completely necessary to have attended college to be a journalist, over the past few years it has become more common to attend. With this becoming more popular, jobs are starting to require a degree to be hired. The first school of Journalism opened as part of the University of

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to collect facts. From this, the conclusion can be drawn that breaking news nowadays often stems from user-generated content, including videos and pictures posted online in social media. However, though 69.2% of the surveyed journalists agreed that social media allowed them to connect to their

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Hartmut Walravens: "The Early East Asian Press in the Eyes of the West. Some bibliographical notes", World Library and Information Congress, 72nd General Conference and Council of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), 20–24 August 2006, Seoul, Korea, p.

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within nations, often give up any expectation of protection by government, if not giving up their rights to protection from the government. Journalists who are captured or detained during a conflict are expected to be treated as civilians and to be released to their national government. Many

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for those who publish "knowingly false information" about the Russian armed forces and their operations, leading to some media outlets in Russia to stop reporting on Ukraine or shutting their media outlet. As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people were prosecuted under "fake news" laws in

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When crafting news stories, regardless of the medium, fairness and bias are issues of concern to journalists. Some stories are intended to represent the author's own opinion; others are more neutral or feature balanced points of view. In a traditional print newspaper and its online version,

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and fined or jailed. On the journalistic side of keeping sources confidential, there is also a risk to the journalist's credibility because there can be no actual confirmation of whether the information is valid. As such it is highly discouraged for journalists to have confidential sources

1332:, stating: "licensing of the press in Britain was abolished in 1695. Remember how the freedoms won here became a model for much of the rest of the world, and be conscious how the world still watches us to see how we protect those freedoms." The first successful English daily, the 1561:(1865–1922), "More than anyone... shaped the modern press. Developments he introduced or harnessed remain central: broad contents, exploitation of advertising revenue to subsidize prices, aggressive marketing, subordinate regional markets, independence from party control. His 1896:

edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length. The compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition. According to the Pew Research Center, the circulation for U.S. newspapers has fallen sharply in the 21st century. Digital-first,

1885:, and other electronic devices. News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues. 1811:

increased in popularity starting in the 1920s, becoming widespread in the 1930s. While most radio programming was oriented toward music, sports, and entertainment, radio also broadcast speeches and occasional news programming. Radio reached the peak of its importance during

1824:, radio would be heavily utilized by the state to broadcast political speeches by leadership. These broadcasts would very rarely have any additional editorial content or analysis, setting them apart from modern news reporting. The radio would however soon be eclipsed by 2168:

Journalists in many nations have some privileges that members of the general public do not, including better access to public events, crime scenes and press conferences, and to extended interviews with public officials, celebrities and others in the public eye.

1677:, American newspapers began to abandon their partisan politics in favor of less political reporting starting around 1900. Newspapers of this era embraced sensationalized reporting and larger headline typefaces and layouts, a style that would become dubbed " 846:

on the workings of the government. A single publication (such as a newspaper) contains many forms of journalism, each of which may be presented in different formats. Each section of a newspaper, magazine, or website may cater to a different audience.

1522:; which lacked any political agenda and was dedicated to providing a mix of sensational reporting to aid circulation, and serious articles to build prestige. By 1939 its circulation was over 1.7 million, double that of its nearest rival the tabloid 2059:

This is in stark contrast to the media climate prior to the 20th century, where the media market was dominated by smaller newspapers and pamphleteers who usually had an overt and often radical agenda, with no presumption of balance or objectivity.

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newspapers in America were established in the early 19th century, in the 20th century these newspapers truly flourished in major cities, with publishers playing a major role in politics and business affairs. Representative leaders included

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Because of these changes, the credibility ratings of news outlets has reached an all-time low. A 2014 study revealed that only 22% of Americans reported a "great deal" or "quite a lot of confidence" in either television news or newspapers.

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Consequently, this has resulted in arguments to reconsider journalism as a process distributed among many authors, including the socially mediating public, rather than as individual products and articles written by dedicated journalists.

2114:; individuals are not legally obliged to follow a certain set of rules like a doctor or a lawyer does. There have been discussions for creating a universal code of conduct in journalism. One suggestion centers on having three claims for 1850:, broadcast and reported to live on a variety of nationally syndicated television channels. During the 60s and 70s, television channels would begin adding regular morning or midday news shows. Starting in 1980 with the establishment of 2107:

political beliefs of the society where the code was written. Despite the fact that there are a variety of codes of ethics, some of the core elements present in all codes are: remaining objective, providing the truth, and being honest.

2968: 3288: 2056:. This includes points like respecting people's privacy and ensuring accuracy. However, the Media Standards Trust has criticized the PCC, claiming it needs to be radically changed to secure the public trust of newspapers. 823:

narrative with sufficient accuracy is sometimes challenged by the time available to spend with subjects, the affordances or constraints of the medium used to tell the story, and the evolving nature of people's identities.

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in the US for the school year of 2022 are: 1. Washington and Lee University. 2. Northwestern University. 3. Georgetown University. 4. Columbia University in the City of New York. 5. University of Wisconsin - Madison.

946:– the practice of finding stories in numbers, and using numbers to tell stories. Data journalists may use data to support their reporting. They may also report about uses and misuses of data. The US news organization 4353: 1150:

It's clear now that we didn't do enough to prevent these tools from being used for harm as well. That goes for fake news, foreign interference in elections, and hate speech, as well as developers and data

815:, healthy journalism in a democratic country must provide an opinion of people in power and who wish to be in power, must include a range of opinions and must regard the informational needs of all people. 758:

requires that bloggers who write about products received as promotional gifts, disclose that they received the products for free. This is intended to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers.

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has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through

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broadcast television channels would air 10-to-15-minute segments of news programming one or two times per evening. The era of live-TV news coverage would begin in the 1960s with the assassination of

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It is often published to intentionally mislead readers to ultimately benefit a cause, organization or an individual. A glaring example was the proliferation of fake news in social media during the

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The role and status of journalism, as well as mass media, has undergone changes over the last two decades, together with the advancement of digital technology and publication of news on the

1681:". Newspaper publishing became much more heavily professionalized in this era, and issues of writing quality and workroom discipline saw vast improvement. This era saw the establishment of 3188: 3296: 2814: 1919: 1146:, the CEO of Facebook, has acknowledged the company's role in this problem: in a testimony before a combined Senate Judiciary and Commerce committee hearing on 20 April 2018, he said: 1296:

spread, newspapers were established to provide increasingly literate audiences with the news. The first references to privately owned newspaper publishers in China date to the late

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being possible through the Internet. Using video camera-equipped smartphones, active citizens are now enabled to record footage of news events and upload them onto channels like

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Yang, Aimei; Taylor, Maureen; Saffer, Adam J (1 March 2016). "Ethical convergence, divergence or communitas? An examination of public relations and journalism codes of ethics".

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Journalistic conventions vary by country. In the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often regarded as journalists. The

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in the 16th century. These bulletins, however, were intended only for government officials, and thus were not journalistic news publications in the modern sense of the term.

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The rampant discrimination and segregation against African-Americans led to the founding their own daily and weekly newspapers, especially in large cities. While the first

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By 1900 popular journalism in Britain aimed at the largest possible audience, including the working class, had proven a success and made its profits through advertising.

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would reintroduce strict censorship laws in 1800, but after his reign print publications would flourish and play an important role in political culture. As part of the

4040: 1568: 1390:, newspapers motivated people to revolt against British rule by publishing grievances against the British crown and republishing pamphlets by revolutionaries such as 2942: 2036: 1234: 1276:

While publications reporting the news to the general public in a standardized fashion only began to appear in the 17th century and later, governments as early as

4208: 2002:, impartiality, fairness and public accountability – as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public. 1892:

have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, grappling with declining audiences. For example, between 2007 and 2012,

3572: 888:– journalists who self-censor and voluntarily cease speaking about issues that might embarrass their hosts, guests, or powerful politicians or businesspersons. 3963: 3937: 2731:

Heflin, Heflin (2015). "The Internet Is Not the Antidote: A Cultural-Historical Analysis of Journalism's Crisis of Credibility and the Internet as a Remedy".

643: 1558: 1552: 2892: 2140: 4145:"The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect – Introduction | Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ)" 746:

on the context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues.

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theories, hoaxes, and lies have been circulated under the guise of news reports to benefit specific candidates. One example is a fabricated report of

1074:. In a 2014 study of journalists in the United States, 40% of participants claimed they rely on social media as a source, with over 20% depending on 770:

departments. Many credible news organizations, or their employees, often belong to and abide by the ethics of professional organizations such as the

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liberal reforms in the late 19th century, and supported increased political and economic freedoms for peasants as well as the establishment of a

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Infelise, Mario. "Roman Avvisi: Information and Politics in the Seventeenth Century." Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700. Cambridge:

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The African American press: a history of news coverage during national crises, with special reference to four black newspapers, 1827–1965

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and other social media, results in a wider choice of official and unofficial sources, rather than only traditional media organizations.

775: 3787: 3144: 1029:– the practice of journalism by students at an educational institution, often covering topics particularly relevant to the student body 4539:

Kaltenbrunner, Andy and Matthias Karmasin and Daniela Kraus, eds. "The Journalism Report V: Innovation and Transition", Facultas, 2017

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private even when demanded by police or prosecutors; withholding their sources can land journalists in contempt of court, or in jail.

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In the 1920s in the United States, as newspapers dropped their blatant partisanship in search of new subscribers, political analyst

1614: 935:– tracks, records, analyzes and interprets the business, economic and financial activities and changes that take place in societies. 907: 3811:

Noortje Marres, "The issues deserve more credit: Pragmatist contributions to the study of public involvement in the controversy."

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Guardian. Many critics blamed Facebook for the spread of such material. Its news feed algorithm, in particular, was identified by

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Carl Bybee, "Can democracy survive in the post-factual age?: A return to the Lippmann-Dewey debate about the politics of news."

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governments around the world target journalists for intimidation, harassment, and violence because of the nature of their work.

1338:, was published from 1702 to 1735. While journalistic enterprises were started as private ventures in some regions, such as the 1130:

as the platform where the social media giant exercise billions of editorial decisions every day. Social media platforms such as

4707: 1973: 786:. Many news organizations also have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists' professional publications. For instance, 82: 2535:

Stone, Gerald C.; O'Donnell, Mary K.; Banning, Stephen (1 January 1997). "Public perceptions of a newspaper's watchdog role".

858: 4271: 3054: 1673:. Realizing that they could expand their audience by abandoning politically polarized content, thus making more money off of 1656: 1395: 1354:

kept tighter control of the press, treating it primarily as an outlet for government propaganda and subjecting it to uniform

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are controlled by government and are not independent. In others, news media are independent of the government and operate as

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across the country. Notable among this breed is the one named 'Bengal Gazette' started by Gangadhar Bhattacharyya in 1816.

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The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture: The transformation of the political culture, 1789–1848

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have grown in response to the need for high-quality information that the private sector has been struggling to provide.

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audience, only 30% thought it had a positive influence on news credibility. In addition to this, a recent study done by

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Alfred Hermida, et al. "The active recipient: Participatory journalism through the lens of the Dewey-Lippmann debate."

1099:"Fake news" is also deliberately untruthful information, which can often spread quickly on social media or by means of 3106: 1254: 629: 57: 4542:

Marthoz, J.-P. (2016). Giving up on the graft and the grind: Why journalists are failing to cover difficult stories.

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Timothy B. Weston, "China, professional journalism, and liberal internationalism in the era of the First World War."

3016: 2098:, based on early election returns that failed to anticipate the actual result of the 1948 US presidential election. 3249: 2286: 2279: 1912:(which is often discovered and used by mainstream news media outlets). News from a variety of online sources, like 1877:. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through 31: 3261: 3088: 2910: 2245: 1637: 1155:

Readers can often evaluate credibility of news by examining the credibility of the underlying news organization.

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Robinson, Sue (2011). ""Journalism as Process": The Organizational Implications of Participatory Online News".

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While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of –

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The digital era also introduced journalism whose development is done by ordinary citizens, with the rise of

1666: 1516:; circulation inched up to six million a day from five million in 1910. The major postwar success story was 957: 783: 344: 86: 2596: 1800:". The 1920s debate has been endlessly repeated across the globe, as journalists wrestle with their roles. 4945: 4870: 4747: 2235: 2204: 2082: 1451: 973: 319: 244: 122: 4086: 2039:

approved in 1993 Resolution 1003 on the Ethics of Journalism which recommends journalists to respect the

1617:"—a critique of vague, slovenly language—to every new recruit. In 2003, literary editor at the newspaper 838:

There are several forms of journalism with diverse audiences. Journalism is said to serve the role of a "

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headline read: "1,000 tanks massed on Polish border "; three days later she was the first to report the

1484: 1266: 1035:– writing that is light-hearted and entertaining. Considered less legitimate than mainstream journalism. 475: 460: 369: 354: 213: 203: 4038:

IFJ (International Federation of Journalists) – Declaration of Principles on the Conduct of Journalists

2203:, an extension of freedom of the press giving journalists a legal protection to keep the identity of a 1470:

newspapers had wide followings in France, Russia and Germany despite being outlawed by the government.

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A worldwide sample of 27,500 journalists in 67 countries in 2012–2016 produced the following profile:

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Nurit Schleifman, "A Russian Daily Newspaper and Its New Readership:" Severnaia Pchela", 1825–1840."

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Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe – Resolution 1003 (1993) on the ethics of journalism

2356: 5336: 5266: 5140: 5045: 4935: 4885: 4875: 4845: 4775: 4732: 4594: 3039: 2819: 2328: 2240: 2230: 1576: 1425: 1420:, playing a particularly famous role in arguing for the rights of the revolutionary lower classes. 1399: 1166:

to discredit what he perceived as negative news coverage of his candidacy and then the presidency.

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full college route, the average time is takes to graduate with a journalism degree is four years.

679:(professional or not), the methods of gathering information, and the organizing literary styles. 5025: 5000: 4940: 4905: 4815: 4800: 4795: 4717: 4501: 4391: 3660: 2744: 2713: 2552: 2517: 2479: 2335: 2293: 2028: 1963:

50 percent worked in print, 23 percent in television, 17 percent in radio, and 16 percent online.

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to country, as do perceptions of the profession, and the resulting status. In some nations, the

5219: 5166: 5151: 5118: 5040: 5030: 5020: 4920: 4861: 4840: 4830: 4820: 4752: 4493: 4440: 4334: 4224: 4102: 3971: 3832: 3718: 3694: 3666: 3526: 3315: 3271: 2824: 2575: 2471: 2216: 2119: 1854:, news channels began providing 24-hour news coverage, a format which persists through today. 1837: 1723: 1710: 1678: 1407: 1387: 1374:. The first newspapers in Latin America would be established in the mid-to-late 19th century. 1339: 1238: 1100: 1048: 1038: 1009: 1003: 902: 885: 833: 695: 612: 538: 523: 490: 414: 404: 394: 294: 218: 208: 198: 127: 5283: 3826: 3592: 1280:

made use of regularly published news bulletins. Similar publications were established in the

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previous day. Perhaps the most famous journalistic mistake caused by time pressure was the

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Stephen Lovell, "Broadcasting Bolshevik: The radio voice of Soviet culture, 1920s–1950s."

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Some journalistic Codes of Ethics, notably the European ones, also include a concern with

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Ward, Stephen (5 March 2018). "Philosophical Foundations for Global Journalism Ethics".

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has drastically changed the nature of journalistic reporting, giving rise to so-called

1054: 1042: 726:, and other personal electronic devices, as opposed to the more traditional formats of 584: 364: 117: 2893:"Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus" 894:– writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the opinions of the audience. 5330: 5097: 5068: 5015: 4950: 4658: 4527: 4505: 4395: 3710: 3690: 3487:

Stephen MacKinnon, "Toward a History of the Chinese Press in the Republican Period",

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This popular engine: New England newspapers during the American Revolution, 1775–1789

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The Struggle for the Soul of Journalism : The Pulpit Versus the Press 1833-1923

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Newspapers played a significant role in mobilizing popular support in favor of the

1328: 1297: 1159: 1067: 1051:– journalism that encompasses a global outlook focusing on intercontinental issues. 735: 574: 455: 445: 4489: 2513: 1489:

Journalism in China before 1910 primarily served the international community. The

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throughout the 19th century. In France, political newspapers sprang up during the

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62 percent identified as generalists and 23 percent as hard-news beat journalists

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shows that eight-in-ten Americans are getting their news from digital devices.

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and Tom Rosenstiel propose several guidelines for journalists in their book

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held the world record for daily circulation until his death. Prime Minister

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points of view. Additionally, the ability to render a subject's complex and

805: 743: 727: 559: 508: 435: 17: 4444: 1402:. News publications in the United States would remain proudly and publicly 1257:. At least 1,000 Russian journalists have fled Russia since February 2022. 4188: 3895:"The State of the News Media 2013: An Annual Report in American Journalism 3573:"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105" 5146: 4061:"ASNE (American Society of Newspapers Editors) – Statement of Principles" 2789:"Mark Zuckerberg is in denial about how Facebook is harming our politics" 2024: 1995: 1889: 1874: 1817: 1421: 1218: 1194: 1131: 911: 874: 854:

Photojournalists photographing US President Barack Obama in November 2013

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were major sources of up-to-date information on the ongoing war. In the

4701: 4648: 3964:"When the Local Paper Shrank, These Journalists Started an Alternative" 3828:

The Two W's of Journalism: The Why and What of Public Affairs Reporting

2850:"Trump finally admits that "fake news" just means news he doesn't like" 1924: 1909: 1351: 1230: 1190: 1135: 1013: 703: 683: 668: 569: 76: 3421:

Rhineland Radicals: The Democratic Movement and the Revolution of 1848

2969:"Coronavirus Law Used to Arrest Nigerian Journalist Over Health Story" 2672:"86% of Americans get news online from smartphone, computer or tablet" 4673: 4577: 4013:"Fourth Estate – Core Journalism Principles, Standards and Practices" 2929:"Bangladeshi journalists, cartoonist, arrested for Covid-19 coverage" 2875:"Turkey: COVID-19 pandemic increases climate of fear for journalists" 1371: 1367: 1347: 1170: 1139: 1123: 865:

and broadcast journalists interviewing a government official after a

663:

on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the "

660: 594: 4122: 3447:

Fighting Words: Imperial Censorship and the Russian Press, 1804–1906

3434:"The Russian Bulletin," 1863–1917: A Liberal Voice in Tsarist Russia 2943:"Iran: Press freedom violations recounted in real time January 2020" 1574:

Described as "the scoop of the century", as a rookie journalist for

1122:'s email which was published by a non-existent newspaper called The 924:

Media greeting Cap Anamur II's Rupert Neudeck in Hamburg, 1986 at a

3618:

Politics and the American press: the rise of objectivity, 1865–1920

3395:

Politics and the American press: The rise of objectivity, 1865–1920

2911:"Journalists detained, assaulted in India during COVID-19 lockdown" 2052:

In the UK, all newspapers are bound by the Code of Practice of the

3163:"Somali Journalists Arrested, Intimidated While Covering COVID-19" 2454:

McChesney, Robert W. (1 October 2012). "Farewell to Journalism?".

2155: 2139: 2062: 1991: 1977: 1918: 1913: 1861: 1775: 1198: 1178: 1174: 1017: 919: 901: 857: 849: 820: 707: 4148: 3222:"1K Journalists Have Fled Russia Since Ukraine Invasion – Report" 1982:

News photographers and reporters waiting behind a police line in

4890: 4692: 4643: 3204:"In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison" 3181:"Putin Signs Law Introducing Jail Terms for 'Fake News' on Army" 2210:

In the United States, there is no right to protect sources in a

1455: 1186: 808:

stories typically make efforts to remove opinion from the copy.

672: 664: 564: 264: 67: 4590: 2085:

for his "efforts to safeguard freedom of expression" in Russia.

1730:

and president of the National Afro-American Press Association;

1540:

was modeled after the photojournalism of the American magazine

3462:

J.H.W. Dietz Nachf., Hannover 1963, S. 50. fes.de. German text

3267:

The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China

2177: 2173: 1951:

61 percent specialized in journalism/communications at college

1893: 1851: 1496:

of advocacy journalism that had inspired the revolutionaries.

766:, have an editorial board, and exhibit separate editorial and 5225: 4586: 4565:

News Around the World: Content, Practitioners, and the Public

3556:"Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105" 1378:

News media and the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries

970:, gonzo journalism is a "highly personal style of reporting". 4524:

Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures around the Globe

3997:

Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures around the Globe

3145:"Some leaders use pandemic to sharpen tools against critics" 2160:

Number of journalists reported killed between 2002 and 2013

1665:

saw the advent of media empires controlled by the likes of

994:– coverage of all aspects of politics and political science 4209:"Italy – FNSI's La Carta dei Doveri (The Chart of Duties)" 4089:. 22 June 2008. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 4015:. Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corporation. Archived from 3531:

The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century British Politics

2655:"The American Journalist in the Digital Age: Key Findings" 1446:. Other liberal publications played a more moderate role: 1045:) – writing which emphasizes exaggerated claims or rumors. 976:– a type of online journalism that is presented on the web 4211:(in Italian). Archived from the original on 12 April 2008 3593:"George Orwell and the eternal truths of good journalism" 2199:

Journalists' interaction with sources sometimes involves

1571:

quipped it was "written by office boys for office boys".

4123:"(Society of Professional Journalists) – Code of Ethics" 3938:"Independent websites team up to boost rural journalism" 2945:. Reporters Without Borders. 14 May 2020. Archived from 1510:

The Parisian newspapers were largely stagnant after the

1386:

revolutions of the late 18th and 19th centuries. In the

1322:

was formally established in Great Britain in 1695, with

792:

code of standards and ethics is considered particularly

4293:

PACE Resolution 1003 (1993) on the Ethics of Journalism

4248:

Spain – FAPE's Código Deontológico (Deontological Code)

1948:

College degree: 56 percent; graduate degree: 29 percent

4458: 3055:"Concern for Rights in Montenegro amid COVID-19 Fight" 2387:"The FTC's Endorsement Guides: What People Are Asking" 1306:

Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien

900:– written or spoken journalism for radio or television 5191: 3075:"Kazakh journalists harassed over Covid-19 reporting" 1957:

47 percent were members of a professional association

988:– the practice of telling true stories through images 4189:

UK – Press Complaints Commission – Codes of Practice

1006:– the use of sensors to support journalistic inquiry 5128: 5055: 4860: 4762: 4684: 4624: 4558:

Global Journalism: Topical Issues and Media Systems

3663:: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle. 3017:"Protect Kenya's Journalists Reporting on Covid-19" 1621:wrote, "Even now, it is quoted in our style book". 1142:are distributors of disinformation or "fake news". 982:– in-depth reporting that uncovers social problems. 4536:. Columbia Missouri: University of Missouri Press. 3763:"How Long Do You Go to School to Be a Journalist?" 3587: 3585: 3825:Davis "Buzz" Merritt; Maxwell E. McCombs (2014). 1689:tried and failed to sue newspapers for reporting 671:to at least some degree of accuracy. The word, a 4229:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3749:The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom 3529:, "Northcliffe, Viscount." in John Ramsden, ed. 3089:"Azerbaijan: Crackdown on Critics Amid Pandemic" 762:In the US, many credible news organizations are 682:The appropriate role for journalism varies from 30:"Reportage" redirects here. For other uses, see 2037:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 1530:sponsored a highly successful women's magazine 1000:- conveys reporting about science to the public 4563:Shoemaker, Pamela J. and Akiba A. Cohen, eds. 4147:. Journalism.org. 19 June 2006. Archived from 939:Citizen journalism – participatory journalism. 4602: 2999:"Ethiopia: Free Speech at Risk Amid Covid-19" 2067: 1742:(1879–1940), the publisher and editor of the 738:. News organizations are challenged to fully 637: 8: 4556:de Beer Arnold S. and John C. Merrill, eds. 3866:International Symposium on Online Journalism 3354:William Sloan and Julie Hedgepeth Williams, 3270:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2118:, justifiable consequence, and the claim of 1772:Writing for experts or for ordinary citizens 1661:The late 19th and early 20th century in the 1492:overthrow of the old imperial regime in 1911 1237:for allegedly spreading fake news about the 3077:. Reporters Without Borders. 30 April 2020. 2813:Timberg, Craig; Romm, Tony (9 April 2018). 2189:Right to protect confidentiality of sources 1559:Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe 1553:History of journalism in the United Kingdom 1428:, radical liberal publications such as the 1398:publications motivated support against the 780:Investigative Reporters & Editors, Inc. 4609: 4595: 4587: 4360:: 11 – via Academic Search Complete. 1888:Notably, in the American media landscape, 1438:would motivate people toward deposing the 1057:– the covering of wars and armed conflicts 644: 630: 45: 4434: 3853:Journalism & Communication Monographs 3631:American Journalism: A History, 1690–1960 3397:(Cambridge University Press, 2002) p. 78. 2931:. Reporters Without Borders. 14 May 2020. 2763:"US election: Fake news becomes the news" 2698:Journalism & Communication Monographs 1103:. News cannot be regarded as "fake", but 950:is known as a pioneer of data journalism. 3889: 3887: 2054:Independent Press Standards Organisation 2043:, in particular in cases that are still 1584:was the first to report the outbreak of 5238: 5198: 4352:Wilson-Smith, Anthony (3 August 1998). 3687:A People's History of the United States 3460:Chronik der deutschen Sozialdemokratie. 2574:(2. ed., repr ed.). London: SAGE. 2348: 1693:in his handling of the purchase of the 1292:As mass-printing technologies like the 1158:The phrase was popularized and used by 546: 498: 427: 236: 140: 48: 27:Production of reports on current events 4312: 4310: 4308: 4222: 4100: 3717:(1st ed.). London: Routiedge. p. 482. 3324: 3313: 1016:that reports on matters pertaining to 713:The proliferation of the Internet and 659:is the production and distribution of 4369: 4367: 3962:Seelye, Katharine Q. (20 June 2021). 2648: 2646: 2644: 2110:Journalism does not have a universal 7: 4409:Gohdes, AR; Carey, SC (March 2017). 3715:The Media, Journalism, and Democracy 3633:(Macmillan, 3rd ed. 1962) pp. 603–05 3343:Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique 2367: 2365: 1233:journalists have been threatened or 4582:Society of Professional Journalists 4461:. Committee to Protect Journalists. 3369:Encyclopedia of American Journalism 3356:The early American press, 1690–1783 3191:from the original on 14 March 2022. 2602:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2595:Corcoran, Mark (21 February 2012). 2572:Journalism: principles and practice 2256:List of journalists killed in India 1312:, is often recognized as the first 1248:signed into law a bill introducing 1244:On 4 March 2022, Russian President 776:Society of Professional Journalists 3936:Bauder, David (18 November 2021). 3761:Rush, Morgan (28 September 2017). 3458:Franz Osterroth, Dieter Schuster: 1485:History of journalism § China 1250:prison sentences of up to 15 years 25: 4265:"Brazil – FENAJ's Code of Ethics" 3295:. 14 October 2017. Archived from 2261:Attacks on RTI activists in India 1615:Politics and the English Language 1430:Rheinische Zeitung, Pesti Hírlap, 1358:. Other governments, such as the 5309: 5292: 5275: 5258: 5241: 5213: 5201: 4549:Sterling, Christopher H. (ed.), 4191:(see item 12, "Discrimination") 3691:Harper Perennial Modern Classics 3111:Committee to Protect Journalists 2915:Committee to Protect Journalists 2146:imprisonment of their colleagues 1609:for seven years, and its editor 960:to capture journalistic footage. 772:American Society of News Editors 606: 56: 4270:(in Portuguese). Archived from 3879:Journal of Contemporary History 3543:Oxford Dictionary of Quotations 3474:(2003). "Print Media. France". 2975:. 20 April 2020. Archived from 2172:Journalists who elect to cover 2144:Turkish journalists protesting 1974:Journalism ethics and standards 1613:gave a copy of Orwell's essay " 1526:In addition to its daily paper 1112:2016 U.S. presidential election 742:their digital wing, as well as 4522:Hanitzsch, Thomas et al. eds. 3995:Thomas Hanitzsch, et al. eds. 3788:"2022 Best Journalism Schools" 3202:Weir, Fred (5 December 2022). 2741:10.1080/00947679.2015.12059127 2506:Visual Communication Quarterly 1734:(1865–1946), publisher of the 1718:(1870–1940), publisher of the 1685:as a legal norm, as President 1657:History of American journalism 1635:The first newspaper of India, 37:For the academic journal, see 1: 4674:Pundit / commentator 4490:10.1080/17512786.2016.1179587 4472:Lashmar, Paul (3 July 2017). 4354:"The Conflict of Journalists" 3406:Keith Michael Baker, et al., 2514:10.1080/15551393.2018.1498742 1169:In some countries, including 667:of the day" and that informs 595:Pundit / commentator 4376:Journal of Mass Media Ethics 4331:10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.08.001 3478:. Retrieved 1 November 2014. 2597:"Drone journalism takes off" 2468:10.1080/17512786.2012.683273 2301:Ryerson Review of Journalism 2019:references in news based on 1631:History of Indian journalism 1506:History of French journalism 133:Index of journalism articles 5179:List of journalism articles 4388:10.1207/s15327728jmme2001_2 2430:"What Is an Op-Ed Article?" 2215:ordered to can be found in 2068: 1960:80 percent worked full-time 1945:Mean years of experience:13 1726:(1863–1929), editor of the 1255:Russian invasion of Ukraine 5353: 4551:Encyclopedia of journalism 3646:(3rd ed, 1962) pp. 605–08. 3250:Cambridge University Press 2710:10.1177/152263791101300302 2549:10.1177/073953299701800108 2537:Newspaper Research Journal 2434:The Balance Small Business 2357:10 Most Censored Countries 2287:Columbia Journalism Review 2280:American Journalism Review 2192: 2129: 2010:The Elements of Journalism 1971: 1923:Journalist interviewing a 1835: 1654: 1628: 1603:worked as a journalist at 1550: 1503: 1482: 1458:in Russia. Farther to the 1346:, other countries such as 1264: 831: 36: 32:Reportage (disambiguation) 29: 5176: 4532:Rodgers, Ronald R. 2018. 4415:Journal of Peace Research 4283:(see Article 6, item XIV) 4107:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3831:. Routledge. p. 21. 3813:Social studies of science 3423:(Princeton, 1991), p. 99; 2246:List of journalism awards 2031:, and physical or mental 1755:Missouri in 1908. In the 1594:German invasion of Poland 618:Category: Journalism 4427:10.1177/0022343316680859 4195:14 December 2012 at the 4043:14 November 2012 at the 3252:, 2002. 212, 214, 216–17 2266:Journalistic objectivity 2041:presumption of innocence 1716:Robert Sengstacke Abbott 1452:Alexander II of Russia's 980:Investigative journalism 756:Federal Trade Commission 736:television news channels 4634:Journalists (reporters) 4553:, *(6 vol, SAGE, 2009). 4319:Public Relations Review 2628:Encyclopædia Britannica 1842:Starting in the 1940s, 1828:starting in the 1950s. 1667:William Randolph Hearst 1308:, published in 1605 in 1288:Early modern newspapers 784:Online News Association 555:Journalists (reporters) 4748:Editorial independence 4459:"Press Freedom Online" 3900:26 August 2017 at the 3792:www.collegefactual.com 3476:Encyclopedia Americana 2653:Willnat, Lars (2014). 2508:. 25: 4 (4): 199–210. 2497:Thomson, T.J. (2018). 2409:"Standards and Ethics" 2236:Glossary of journalism 2205:confidential informant 2161: 2153: 2086: 2083:2021 Nobel Peace Prize 1987: 1927: 1870: 1784: 1705:African-American press 1638:Hicky's Bengal Gazette 1153: 974:Interactive journalism 966:– first championed by 928: 915: 878: 855: 123:Editorial independence 5230:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 5104:Pink-slime journalism 5089:Horse race journalism 3747:Patrick S. Washburn, 2879:Amnesty International 2570:Harcup, Tony (2011). 2195:Protection of sources 2159: 2143: 2096:Chicago Daily Tribune 2066: 1981: 1922: 1865: 1779: 1757:History Of Journalism 1599:During World War II, 1483:Further information: 1267:History of journalism 1164:presidential campaign 1148: 923: 905: 861: 853: 804:, breaking news, and 764:incorporated entities 613:Journalism portal 476:Pink-slime journalism 461:Horse race journalism 5079:Freedom of the press 4578:Journalist's Toolbox 4298:26 June 2009 at the 4252:Principios Generales 4235:(section "Principi") 4176:26 June 2009 at the 3815:37.5 (2007): 759–80. 3734:Charles A. Simmons, 3709:Scammell, Margaret; 3616:Richard Lee Kaplan, 3504:83.2 (2010): 327–47. 3491:23#1 (1997) pp. 3–32 3380:Carol Sue Humphrey, 3278:(Paperback). p. xxi. 2251:Lists of journalists 2132:Freedom of the press 2092:Dewey Defeats Truman 1968:Ethics and standards 1931:Demographics in 2016 1899:non-profit newsrooms 1826:broadcast television 1798:community journalism 1701:and the government. 1683:freedom of the press 1456:parliamentary system 1448:The Russian Bulletin 1320:Freedom of the press 1253:connection with the 992:Political journalism 898:Broadcast journalism 881:Some forms include: 700:freedom of the press 451:Freedom of the press 39:Journalism (journal) 5141:Newspaper of record 4544:Index on Censorship 4478:Journalism Practice 3881:48.1 (2013): 78–97. 3644:American Journalism 3629:Frank Luther Mott, 3419:Sperber, Jonathan, 3393:Richard L. Kaplan, 2820:The Washington Post 2676:Pew Research Center 2456:Journalism Practice 2329:Journalism Practice 2231:Creative nonfiction 2180:between nations or 1590:The Daily Telegraph 1577:The Daily Telegraph 1426:Revolutions of 1848 1400:American Revolution 1326:, former editor of 1081:Pew Research Center 1072:citizen journalists 933:Business journalism 906:Journalists in the 892:Advocacy journalism 513:Newspaper of record 4277:on 3 October 2009. 3999:(2019) pp. 73–74. 3968:The New York Times 3855:1.1 (1999): 28–66. 3661:Empire of Illusion 3577:The New York Times 3562:. 10 January 2017. 3299:on 7 October 2011. 3228:. 3 February 2023. 3093:Human Rights Watch 3021:Human Rights Watch 3003:Human Rights Watch 2897:The Globe and Mail 2733:Journalism History 2624:"Gonzo Journalism" 2389:. 7 September 2017 2336:Journalism Studies 2315:Digital Journalism 2294:Health News Review 2162: 2154: 2152:, 10 December 2016 2087: 2029:sexual orientation 1988: 1928: 1906:citizen journalism 1871: 1809:Radio broadcasting 1785: 1765:journalism schools 1744:Pittsburgh Courier 1687:Theodore Roosevelt 1582:Clare Hollingworth 1524:Le Petit Parisien. 1474:Early 20th century 1282:Republic of Venice 1101:fake news websites 1033:Tabloid journalism 1027:Student journalism 998:Science journalism 968:Hunter S. Thompson 929: 916: 879: 856: 789:The New York Times 5189: 5188: 5167:Alternative media 5119:Yellow journalism 4753:Journalism school 4151:on 2 October 2013 3838:978-1-135-70471-1 3738:(McFarland, 2006) 3723:978-1-351-74711-0 3579:, 10 January 2017 3527:Colin Seymour-Ure 3445:Charles A. Ruus, 3371:(2008), pp. 17–21 3323:Missing or empty 2769:. 7 November 2016 2581:978-1-84787-250-0 2308:Academic journals 2217:contempt of court 1866:Journalists at a 1838:News broadcasting 1763:The top 5 ranked 1724:John Mitchell Jr. 1679:yellow journalism 1534:Another magazine 1408:French Revolution 1388:American Colonies 1340:Holy Roman Empire 1278:Han dynasty China 1239:COVID-19 pandemic 1049:Global journalism 1039:Yellow journalism 1010:Sports journalism 1004:Sensor journalism 886:Access journalism 867:building collapse 834:Journalism genres 696:freedom of speech 675:, applies to the 654: 653: 539:Alternative media 491:Yellow journalism 128:Journalism school 16:(Redirected from 5344: 5322: 5321:from Wikiversity 5314: 5313: 5312: 5305: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5288: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5254: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5234: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5197: 5114:Propaganda model 5109:Public relations 4611: 4604: 4597: 4588: 4510: 4509: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4371: 4362: 4361: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4314: 4303: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4255: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4234: 4228: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4205: 4199: 4186: 4180: 4172:(see clause 33) 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4063:. Archived from 4057: 4051: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4019:on 25 March 2019 4009: 4003: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3911: 3905: 3891: 3882: 3875: 3869: 3862: 3856: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3822: 3816: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3707: 3701: 3680: 3674: 3653: 3647: 3640: 3634: 3627: 3621: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3589: 3580: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3498: 3492: 3485: 3479: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3450: 3443: 3437: 3432:Daniel Balmuth, 3430: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3359: 3352: 3346: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3285: 3279: 3259: 3253: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3226:The Moscow Times 3218: 3212: 3211: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3187:. 4 March 2022. 3177: 3171: 3170: 3169:. 18 April 2020. 3167:Voice of America 3159: 3153: 3152: 3151:. 16 April 2020. 3141: 3135: 3134: 3130:Voice of America 3121: 3115: 3114: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3095:. 16 April 2020. 3085: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3063:. 26 March 2020. 3051: 3045: 3044: 3043:. 22 April 2020. 3031: 3025: 3024: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2917:. 28 April 2020. 2907: 2901: 2900: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2503: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2360: 2353: 2241:Hallin's spheres 2150:Human Rights Day 2081:was awarded the 2077:editor-in-chief 2076: 2073: 1939:57 percent male; 1868:press conference 1791:and philosopher 1720:Chicago Defender 964:Gonzo journalism 954:Drone journalism 926:press conference 908:Radio-Canada/CBC 813:Robert McChesney 692:private industry 646: 639: 632: 611: 610: 609: 486:Propaganda model 481:Public relations 60: 46: 21: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5315: 5310: 5308: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5253:from Wiktionary 5247: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5233:sister projects 5232: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5192: 5190: 5185: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5011:Photojournalism 4880:Interventionism 4856: 4855: 4854: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4620: 4615: 4574: 4546:, 45(2), 22–27. 4519: 4517:Further reading 4514: 4513: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4316: 4315: 4306: 4302:(see clause 22) 4300:Wayback Machine 4291: 4287: 4280: 4274: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4221: 4214: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4197:Wayback Machine 4187: 4183: 4178:Wayback Machine 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4045:Wayback Machine 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3902:Wayback Machine 3892: 3885: 3876: 3872: 3863: 3859: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3729: 3708: 3704: 3693:, 2005. p. 671 3681: 3677: 3654: 3650: 3641: 3637: 3628: 3624: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3590: 3583: 3571: 3567: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3523:P. 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Catterall 3521: 3517: 3513:Hutton 2:692–94 3512: 3508: 3502:Pacific Affairs 3499: 3495: 3486: 3482: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3440: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3414: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3388: 3379: 3375: 3366: 3362: 3353: 3349: 3340: 3336: 3322: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3260: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2899:. 3 April 2020. 2891: 2890: 2886: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2652: 2651: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2543:(1–2): 86–102. 2534: 2533: 2529: 2501: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2462:(5–6): 614–26. 2453: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2363: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2310: 2275: 2270: 2226: 2201:confidentiality 2197: 2191: 2138: 2130:Main articles: 2128: 2112:code of conduct 2104: 2102:Codes of ethics 2094:edition of the 2074: 1976: 1970: 1933: 1860: 1848:John F. Kennedy 1840: 1834: 1816:, as radio and 1789:Walter Lippmann 1781:Walter Lippmann 1774: 1752: 1740:Robert Lee Vann 1732:Anthony Overton 1728:Richmond Planet 1707: 1671:Joseph Pulitzer 1659: 1653: 1633: 1627: 1555: 1549: 1513:First World War 1508: 1502: 1487: 1481: 1476: 1442:governments of 1418:Jean-Paul Marat 1413:L'Ami du peuple 1380: 1324:Alan Rusbridger 1290: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1144:Mark Zuckerberg 1120:Hillary Clinton 1097: 1064: 986:Photojournalism 944:Data journalism 842:", acting as a 836: 830: 802:feature stories 752: 650: 607: 605: 385:Photojournalism 254:Interventionism 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5350: 5348: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5306: 5304:from Wikiquote 5289: 5272: 5255: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5210: 5208:Current events 5187: 5186: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 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4078: 4067:on 5 June 2008 4052: 4030: 4004: 3988: 3954: 3928: 3906: 3883: 3870: 3857: 3844: 3837: 3817: 3804: 3779: 3753: 3740: 3727: 3713:(11/22/2017). 3711:Semetko, Holli 3702: 3675: 3665:Nation Books. 3648: 3635: 3622: 3609: 3581: 3565: 3547: 3535: 3533:(2002) p. 475. 3515: 3506: 3493: 3480: 3464: 3451: 3438: 3425: 3412: 3399: 3386: 3373: 3360: 3347: 3345:(1987): 127–44 3334: 3302: 3280: 3262:Brook, Timothy 3254: 3241: 3231: 3213: 3194: 3172: 3154: 3136: 3116: 3098: 3080: 3066: 3060:Balkan Insight 3046: 3026: 3008: 2990: 2979:on 21 May 2020 2960: 2934: 2920: 2902: 2884: 2866: 2841: 2805: 2780: 2754: 2723: 2688: 2663: 2640: 2615: 2587: 2580: 2562: 2527: 2489: 2446: 2421: 2400: 2378: 2361: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2290: 2283: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2193:Main article: 2190: 2187: 2127: 2124: 2103: 2100: 2079:Dmitry Muratov 2017:discriminatory 1972:Main article: 1969: 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style 4696: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4659:Meteorologist 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4529: 4528:online review 4525: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4421:(2): 157–74. 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4325:(1): 146–60. 4324: 4320: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4286: 4273: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4163: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4034: 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1997: 1993: 1986:, in May 1994 1985: 1984:New York City 1980: 1975: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1844:United States 1839: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663:United States 1658: 1651:United States 1650: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1644:lingua franca 1640: 1639: 1632: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1619:Robert McCrum 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1601:George Orwell 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1554: 1547:Great Britain 1546: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1532:Marie-Claire. 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1486: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1465: 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March 2013. 876: 872: 871:Dar es Salaam 868: 864: 860: 852: 848: 845: 841: 840:fourth estate 835: 827: 825: 822: 816: 814: 811:According to 809: 807: 803: 797: 795: 791: 790: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 760: 757: 749: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 647: 642: 640: 635: 633: 628: 627: 625: 624: 619: 616: 614: 604: 603: 602: 601: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 580:Meteorologist 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 552: 551: 550: 545: 540: 537: 535: 534:News agencies 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 514: 510: 507: 506: 505: 504: 501: 497: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 471: 470:False balance 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 441:Fourth Estate 439: 437: 434: 433: 432: 431: 428:Social impact 426: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 390:Press release 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 350:Investigative 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 325:Fact-checking 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 290:Collaborative 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 255: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 241: 240: 235: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 164:Entertainment 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 145: 144: 139: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 88: 84: 81: 78: 74: 73:Writing style 71: 69: 66: 65: 64: 63: 59: 55: 54: 51: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5316: 5299: 5282: 5270:from Commons 5265: 5248: 5227: 5152:TV and radio 5084:Infotainment 5074:Fifth Estate 4971:Interpretive 4921:Comics-based 4669:Photographer 4617: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4533: 4523: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4453: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4379: 4375: 4357: 4347: 4322: 4318: 4288: 4272:the original 4259: 4251: 4245:(in Spanish) 4240: 4213:. 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