625:
45:
390:
1989:
486:. Farrukhzad was thus forced to pursue a more accommodative course of action. With the help of Juansher's father-in-law, the prince of Siwnik, they came to an agreement that gave Juansher considerable autonomy. The quick military response Juansher gave to a later Sasanian attempt to regain control over Albania demonstrated that the balance of power was still shifting in his favour. During this period (most likely during the end of the 640s), as other
502:
693:—the official religion of the Sasanian Empire—exerted a significant influence, particularly between the 6th and middle of the 7th-century. Despite being a Christian, Juansher continued to take part in the traditional Zoroastrian New Year's Feast of Nawasard with his personal bodyguards, and delight in the pagan performances of the
581:. Throughout this period, Juansher and the other Southern Caucasian rulers maintained their dominion as Byzantine subjects. Movses praises Juansher for launching a construction initiatives and winning the admiration of the adjacent rulers. However, the Byzantine-supported peace in the area was short-lived.
572:
Movses depicts
Juansher as a prominent local ruler during this period. When Juansher visited to see Constans II in person twice during his Southern Caucasian advance in 660–661, he received clear signs of favor on both occasions. He was officially anointed as king of "all the eastern peoples" at his
673:
notes that this assassination, like that of
Constans II, seemed to be "carefully planned." He also adds that "Perhaps Juanšer had baulked at the thought of sharing responsibility for killing the senior Christian ruler appointed by God to manage earthly affairs. More probably he simply knew too much
664:
at the time. Juansher reportedly played an important role in the decision (Constans II was assassinated on 15 July 669), being in return rewarded with many gifts, and with Siwnik added to his domain. He was also offered rule of
Adurbadagan, but declined and instead received one third of the tribute
492:
gained more control over their own territories, the
Sasanian Empire was fragmenting into a network of regional rulerships that would not necessarily form a united front against the Muslim invaders. In 651, Yazdegerd III was killed by a local miller, thus marking the end of the Sasanian Empire.
475:(in present-day northwestern Iran), most likely due to losing faith in the Sasanian Empire, realizing its impending downfall. While he was still in Adurbadagan, Juansher alienated Farrukhzad by turning down a marriage alliance. After that, he rebelled against the Sasanians.
211:
Following the fall of the
Sasanian Empire in 651, Juansher's father seemingly became the leader of Albania once more, due to his seniority. He took the safe route by acknowledging the suzerainty of the
536:, which had survived the Muslim conquests. Juansher's father seemingly became the leader of Albania once more, due to his seniority. He took the safe route by acknowledging the suzerainty of the
482:, were swiftly taken back by Sasanian forces, Juansher's guerrilla warfare proved to be extraordinarily effective, especially after he won the support of prominent figures in the neighbouring
565:
between 656–661, when
Constans II managed to exert his influence over all of the Southern Caucasus. The civil war ended with the dissolution of the Rashidun Caliphate, now replaced by the
460:, being assigned to protect Yazdegerd III so he could move out of the city. The court, ministries, and the majority of the populace of the city likely went along with Yazdegerd III.
204:(632–654). Realizing the impending downfall of the Sasanians, he withdrew to Albania, where he rebelled. Although he briefly lost control over the Albanian lowlands and its capital,
261:
and one third of the tribute collected from
Albania by the caliphate, which marked the zenith of Juansher's rule. He was himself assassinated on 14 September 669 during the
561:. Juansher's submission to the Byzantines most likely took place before Constans II's campaign to Armenia in the autumn of 653, but was first really implemented during the
2221:
2241:
2206:
342:. The head of the family's full titulature was thus "Lord of Gardman and Prince of Albania". Juansher was the second eldest of the four sons of the Albanian prince
2216:
660:) after being summoned by him. In 667/68, Juansher was amongst the figures summoned by Mu'awiya I to seek counsel on how to assassinate Constans II, who was in
624:
674:
about the conspiracy against
Constans. Whatever the reason, it seems likely that he had forfeited the trust of the caliph and paid for it with his life."
2226:
540:, but also instructed Juansher to establish contact with the Byzantine emperor and offer his services. Juansher sent a letter to the Byzantine emperor
452:, Juansher suffered a serious wound, in which the Arabs triumphed. Along with some others, he managed to escape by swimming to the other side of the
50:
425:(commander-in-chief) of the northern part of the empire. Juansher succeeded his father in 637. When Juansher arrived at the Sasanian capital of
706:
2191:
1581:
1530:
1506:
1422:
1333:
1306:
1282:
2236:
1371:"Religious Life in Caucasian Albania: Christianity vs Zoroastrianism / Религиозная жизнь в Кавказской Албании: христианство vs зороастризм"
616:
rivers. They gained much loot from the attack, which their king later returned after making peace with
Juansher during a summit meeting.
405:(632–654), Juansher was summoned to lead the Albanian contingent. Along with contingents from the neighbouring Sasanian-ruled regions of
2196:
1868:
1775:
Vacca, Alison (2020). "Buldān al-Rān: The Many
Definitions of Caucasian Albania in The Early Abbasid Period". In Hoyland, Robert (ed.).
1403:
Greenwood, Tim (2022). "Negotiating the North: Armenian Perspectives on the Conquest Era". In Osti, Letizia; van Berkel, Maaike (eds.).
577:
in Armenia. After the Muslim civil war ended, it took some time before the caliphate established its authority once again north of the
1784:
1750:
1641:
1609:
1557:
1255:
44:
733:. His second wife was a certain Xosrovanush, and his third was a daughter of the North Caucasian Hun king, whom he married in 665.
456:. When the Arabs later resumed their attacks and besieged Ctesiphon, Juansher led a force 3,000 soldiers on the right side of the
1443:
665:
collected from Albania by the caliphate. This marked the zenith of Juansher's rule. On 14 September 669, while celebrating the
551:), in which he offered to become his vassal. The latter accepted his offer, bestowing Juansher with the high-ranking title of
276:, the official religion of the Sasanian Empire. He notably appears in what is considered to be the first long secular poem in
1458:
1691:
596:
steppes, launched a series of raids into the Caucasus in 662. In 665, the Caucasus was attacked again, this time by the
406:
2231:
365:
163:
231:) and offer his services. Juansher submitted to the Byzantines, but this was implemented in practice only during the
1484:
257:) on how to assassinate Constans II, which took place in 15 July 669. As a reward, Juansher was given control over
1475:
402:
201:
467:, the brother and successor of Rostam. He participated in another crucial battle, which the 10th-century author
1651:
1597:
Imagining History at the Crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the Architects of the Written Georgian Past, vol. 1
557:. Juansher was also given the authority to assign a number of Roman titles to his subjects, and a piece of the
389:
726:
Juansher reportedly married three times. His first wife was the daughter of the prince of Siwnik, who died in
1861:
449:
1927:
1601:
574:
483:
1911:
265:
by a traitor named Varaznoy, probably due to falling out with the Caliph. He was succeeded by his nephew
1516:
670:
468:
1988:
1967:
2017:
2041:
1777:
From Albania to Arrān: The East Caucasus between the Ancient and Islamic Worlds (ca. 330 BCE–1000 CE)
1734:
From Albania to Arrān: The East Caucasus between the Ancient and Islamic Worlds (ca. 330 BCE–1000 CE)
1732:
1728:
1542:
From Albania to Arrān: The East Caucasus between the Ancient and Islamic Worlds (ca. 330 BCE–1000 CE)
597:
1731:(2020). "The Caucasus between Byzantium and the Caliphate (9th-10th c.)". In Hoyland, Robert (ed.).
2186:
2138:
715:
277:
1951:
471:
described as "a cruel defeat" for the Sasanians. In 644/45, Juansher went back to Albania through
2201:
2162:
2033:
1975:
1959:
1854:
1756:
1591:
1479:
689:
Although Christianity was the official religion of Albania and held significant political power,
666:
529:
262:
213:
1919:
1540:
Howard-Johnston, James (2020). "Caucasian Albania and its historian". In Hoyland, Robert (ed.).
1522:
Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century
600:, who were likely proxies of the Khazars. The Huns planned their invasion to coincide with the
2211:
2114:
2087:
2065:
1838:
1828:
1780:
1746:
1716:
1700:
1677:
1637:
1605:
1577:
1567:
1553:
1526:
1502:
1439:
1418:
1391:
1365:
1353:
1329:
1302:
1278:
1251:
678:
629:
566:
525:
479:
414:
361:
305:
266:
243:
236:
205:
179:
131:
126:
107:
91:
63:
2122:
2073:
2049:
196:
During his reign, Juansher changed his allegiance thrice. He started out as a subject to the
2146:
2057:
2009:
1897:
1738:
1708:
1696:
1629:
1619:
1545:
1494:
1467:
1410:
1383:
1321:
1243:
1233:
578:
533:
506:
410:
217:
54:
1667:
1463:
1343:
1270:
601:
453:
437:(military commander) of the Albanians was officially acknowledged by the Sasanian monarch
301:
197:
19:
1655:
1266:
1471:
1292:
711:
690:
553:
394:
369:
354:
281:
273:
314:(princes of Albania). Their ancestor, Mihran, was said to have received the region of
2180:
1760:
1498:
1453:
650:
635:
593:
438:
247:
1712:
1623:
2098:
1820:
613:
609:
589:
501:
457:
343:
183:
153:
81:
669:
at Partaw, he was assassinated by a traitor named Varaznoy. The English historian
1671:
1595:
1571:
1520:
1433:
1404:
1347:
1296:
1237:
235:
between 656–661, when Constans II managed to exert his influence over all of the
2154:
1935:
1387:
562:
541:
510:
472:
232:
221:
1742:
1549:
1414:
1325:
573:
second audience in the spring of 661, making him a client ruler comparable to
558:
464:
319:
1720:
1681:
1435:
The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the eighteenth century
1395:
2130:
1877:
1802:
528:
had to choose whether to cooperate with the nascent, but possibly momentary
426:
293:
175:
143:
182:, ruling the principality from 637 to 669. He was the son and successor of
1633:
1357:
1247:
2025:
1886:
432:
272:
Albeit a Christian, Juansher still participated in activities related to
208:, his guerrilla warfare forced the Sasanians to grant him more autonomy.
360:, meaning "young lion". He was most likely fluent in Middle Persian and
1998:
1943:
1573:
In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire
710:
includes a poem dedicated to Juansher by the 7th-century Armenian poet
605:
585:
420:
315:
297:
246:, and in 667 reportedly played an important role in counselling Caliph
138:
1189:
1187:
1185:
336:, a Mihranid prince conquered all of Albania and assumed the title of
1277:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 520–522.
955:
953:
696:
661:
632:
537:
373:
258:
1370:
1275:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/5: Armenia and Iran IV–Art in Iran I
524:
Following the fall of the Sasanian Empire, the local rulers in the
1406:
The Historian of Islam at Work: Essays in Honor of Hugh N. Kennedy
1316:
Daryaee, Touraj (2021). "Introduction". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).
623:
500:
1124:
1122:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1008:
1006:
1004:
904:
902:
1850:
1239:
History of the Caucasus: Volume 1: At the Crossroads of Empires
216:, but also instructed Juansher to establish contact with the
1846:
487:
418:
337:
309:
649:
In the same year, Juansher submitted to the Umayyad caliph
430:
865:
863:
787:
785:
694:
308:
since 252/3. It is uncertain how the Mihranids became
714:, which is considered the first long secular poem in
2085:
1996:
1884:
1376:Вестник древней истории (Herald of Ancient History)
814:
812:
159:
149:
137:
125:
114:
101:
97:
87:
77:
69:
61:
30:
1690:
1457:
1369:
49:A copy of the bronze sculpture of Juansher at the
478:Although the Albanian lowlands and its capital,
1298:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
1128:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1060:
1012:
995:
983:
959:
944:
908:
893:
1438:. Vol. II. Wayne State University Press.
1318:Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity
628:Sasanian-style coin minted in the name of the
463:For several more years, Juansher fought under
304:monarchs of Iran, who had held authority over
300:origin, they claimed to be descended from the
1862:
393:Map of the Byzantine-Iranian frontier during
8:
588:, who were expanding their dominance in the
280:, written by the 7th-century Armenian poet
1869:
1855:
1847:
1793:
1485:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
27:
1625:Poets, Heroes, and their Dragons (2 vols)
1493:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 840–847.
1024:
932:
842:
608:and Siwnik on the winter pastures of the
604:in order to ambush flocks and herds from
1048:
803:
791:
388:
51:National Museum of History of Azerbaijan
2222:People of the Muslim conquest of Persia
1217:
1205:
1193:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1072:
1036:
971:
869:
776:
769:
742:
397:. Albania is located on the upper right
2242:Vassal rulers of the Umayyad Caliphate
2207:Rebellions against the Sasanian Empire
1673:Studies in Christian Caucasian history
1349:The History of the Caucasian Albanians
920:
707:The History of the Caucasian Albanians
1660:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
854:
830:
818:
677:Juansher was succeeded by his nephew
7:
2217:Vassal rulers of the Sasanian Empire
881:
200:, under which he fought against the
1737:. Gorgias Press. pp. 149–191.
1544:. Gorgias Press. pp. 351–371.
413:, Juansher was part of the army of
53:. The original work is kept at the
242:In 665, Juansher submitted to the
14:
2227:Christians in the Sasanian Empire
1779:. Gorgias Press. pp. 37–85.
986:, p. 364 (see also note 42).
1987:
1699:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1499:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1287
43:
1713:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24958
1676:. Georgetown University Press.
655:
640:
546:
515:
443:
429:in 637 or 638, his position as
348:
324:
252:
226:
188:
1707:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1:
727:
403:Arab-Islamic invasion of Iran
372:and likely a small degree of
330:
202:Arab-Islamic invasion of Iran
2192:7th-century monarchs in Asia
1432:Hacikyan, Agop Jack (2002).
695:
488:
431:
419:
353:). His name is derived from
338:
310:
2237:Assassinated Iranian people
1576:. Oxford University Press.
1525:. Oxford University Press.
1409:. Brill. pp. 591–613.
1388:10.31857/S032103910018041-8
1196:, p. 122 (see note 2).
620:Under the Umayyad Caliphate
368:, and acquainted with some
119:
2258:
2197:7th-century Iranian people
1743:10.31826/9781463239893-011
1550:10.31826/9781463239893-019
704:A chapter of Movses' book
563:civil war in the caliphate
497:Under the Byzantine Empire
233:civil war in the caliphate
17:
1985:
1835:
1825:
1817:
1796:
1415:10.1163/9789004525245_030
1326:10.1163/9789004460669_002
1242:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
385:Under the Sasanian Empire
42:
35:
1265:Bosworth, C. E. (1986).
318:by the Sasanian monarch
296:. Despite the dynasty's
1833:637 – 14 September 669
1320:. Brill. pp. 1–3.
450:Battle of al-Qadisiyyah
1705:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1689:Vacca, Alison (2022).
1602:University of Michigan
1517:Howard-Johnston, James
646:
575:Hamazasp IV Mamikonian
521:
484:Principality of Iberia
448:). During the ensuing
398:
73:637 – 14 September 669
1729:Zuckerman, Constantin
1634:10.1163/9789004460737
1352:. Oxford University.
1248:10.5040/9780755639700
671:James Howard-Johnston
627:
504:
469:Movses Kaghankatvatsi
392:
292:Juansher belonged to
1129:Howard-Johnston 2020
1116:, pp. 197, 367.
1114:Howard-Johnston 2020
1102:Howard-Johnston 2020
1090:Howard-Johnston 2020
1061:Howard-Johnston 2020
1013:Howard-Johnston 2020
996:Howard-Johnston 2020
984:Howard-Johnston 2020
960:Howard-Johnston 2020
945:Howard-Johnston 2010
909:Howard-Johnston 2020
894:Howard-Johnston 2010
598:North Caucasian Huns
1652:Shahbazi, A. Shapur
1104:, pp. 366–367.
1063:, pp. 365–366.
962:, pp. 363–364.
716:Armenian literature
278:Armenian literature
110:, Caucasian Albania
2232:Princes of Gardman
2163:Varaz-Tiridates II
2126:(699-704, usurper)
1695:. In Fleet, Kate;
1656:"Sasanian dynasty"
1568:Hoyland, Robert G.
1366:Gadjiev, Murtazali
667:Feast of the Cross
647:
530:Rashidun Caliphate
522:
399:
263:Feast of the Cross
214:Rashidun Caliphate
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2135:
2127:
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2115:Varaz-Tiridates I
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2088:Caucasian Albania
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2014:
2003:
1980:
1972:
1968:Vahram-Arshusha V
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1891:
1845:
1844:
1839:Varaz-Tiridates I
1836:Succeeded by
1829:Caucasian Albania
1620:Russell, James R.
1583:978-0-19-991636-8
1532:978-0-19-920859-3
1508:978-90-04-11211-7
1424:978-90-04-52523-8
1335:978-0-9994755-8-4
1308:978-0-85771-666-8
1284:978-0-71009-105-5
1234:Baumer, Christoph
679:Varaz-Tiridates I
567:Umayyad Caliphate
526:Southern Caucasus
415:Rostam Farrokhzad
306:Caucasian Albania
267:Varaz-Tiridates I
244:Umayyad Caliphate
237:Southern Caucasus
180:Caucasian Albania
169:
168:
132:Varaz-Tiridates I
92:Varaz-Tiridates I
64:Caucasian Albania
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2001:
1991:
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1970:
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1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1889:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1818:Preceded by
1813:
1812:14 September 669
1803:Mihranid dynasty
1794:
1790:
1764:
1724:
1694:
1685:
1668:Toumanoff, Cyril
1663:
1647:
1615:
1592:Rapp, Stephen H.
1587:
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1480:Heinrichs, W. P.
1461:
1449:
1428:
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1344:Dowsett, Charles
1339:
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1271:Yarshater, Ehsan
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828:
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795:
789:
780:
774:
758:
747:
732:
729:
701:("ministrels").
700:
659:
657:
644:
642:
579:Zagros Mountains
550:
548:
534:Byzantine Empire
519:
517:
491:
447:
445:
436:
424:
364:, familiar with
352:
350:
341:
335:
332:
328:
326:
313:
294:Mihranid dynasty
256:
254:
230:
228:
192:
190:
105:14 September 669
47:
28:
2257:
2256:
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2177:
2176:
2175:
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2081:
1992:
1983:
1880:
1875:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1787:
1774:
1771:
1769:Further reading
1753:
1727:
1701:Rowson, Everett
1688:
1666:
1650:
1644:
1618:
1612:
1590:
1584:
1566:
1560:
1539:
1533:
1515:
1509:
1472:Bosworth, C. E.
1452:
1446:
1431:
1425:
1402:
1364:
1342:
1336:
1315:
1309:
1293:Daryaee, Touraj
1291:
1285:
1264:
1258:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1183:
1179:, p. 1127.
1175:
1171:
1167:, p. 1128.
1163:
1159:
1155:, pp. 2–3.
1151:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1079:
1071:
1067:
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978:
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966:
958:
951:
943:
939:
931:
927:
919:
915:
907:
900:
892:
888:
880:
876:
872:, p. 1126.
868:
861:
853:
849:
841:
837:
829:
825:
817:
810:
802:
798:
790:
783:
779:, p. 1125.
775:
771:
767:
762:
761:
748:
744:
739:
730:
724:
687:
654:
639:
622:
602:winter solstice
545:
514:
499:
454:Euphrates River
442:
387:
382:
347:
333:
323:
290:
251:
225:
198:Sasanian Empire
187:
106:
57:
26:
23:
20:Juansher (name)
12:
11:
5:
2255:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1786:978-1463239886
1785:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1752:978-1463239886
1751:
1725:
1697:Krämer, Gudrun
1686:
1664:
1648:
1643:978-9004460065
1642:
1616:
1611:978-0591308280
1610:
1588:
1582:
1564:
1559:978-1463239886
1558:
1537:
1531:
1513:
1507:
1476:van Donzel, E.
1464:Bearman, P. J.
1450:
1444:
1429:
1423:
1400:
1382:(3): 672–699.
1362:
1340:
1334:
1313:
1307:
1301:. I.B.Tauris.
1289:
1283:
1262:
1257:978-1788310079
1256:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1220:, p. 122.
1210:
1208:, p. 114.
1198:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1143:, p. 692.
1133:
1131:, p. 367.
1118:
1106:
1094:
1092:, p. 366.
1077:
1075:, p. 842.
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1027:, p. 605.
1025:Greenwood 2022
1017:
1015:, p. 365.
1000:
998:, p. 364.
988:
976:
964:
949:
947:, p. 137.
937:
935:, p. 392.
933:Toumanoff 1963
925:
923:, p. 163.
913:
911:, p. 363.
898:
896:, p. 115.
886:
884:, p. 120.
874:
859:
847:
845:, p. 158.
843:Zuckerman 2020
835:
823:
808:
796:
781:
768:
766:
763:
760:
759:
741:
740:
738:
735:
723:
720:
712:Davtak Kertogh
691:Zoroastrianism
686:
683:
658: 661–680
643: 661–680
621:
618:
554:protopatrikios
549: 641–668
518: 641–668
498:
495:
446: 632–651
395:Late Antiquity
386:
383:
381:
378:
351: 628–637
327: 590–628
289:
286:
282:Davtak Kertogh
274:Zoroastrianism
255: 661–680
229: 641–668
191: 628–637
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
116:
112:
111:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
59:
58:
48:
40:
39:
33:
32:
24:
18:For name, see
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2254:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
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2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2139:Narseh-Dzndak
2137:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:Bianquis, Th.
1465:
1460:
1455:
1454:Hawting, G.R.
1451:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:Shahbazi 2005
1045:
1042:
1039:, p. 37.
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
985:
980:
977:
974:, p. 52.
973:
968:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
941:
938:
934:
929:
926:
922:
917:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
890:
887:
883:
878:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
857:, p. 68.
856:
851:
848:
844:
839:
836:
833:, p. 66.
832:
827:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
804:Bosworth 1986
800:
797:
794:, p. 94.
793:
792:Hacikyan 2002
788:
786:
782:
778:
773:
770:
764:
756:
752:
749:Also spelled
746:
743:
736:
734:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
708:
702:
699:
698:
692:
684:
682:
680:
675:
672:
668:
663:
652:
637:
634:
631:
626:
619:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
512:
508:
503:
496:
494:
490:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
440:
439:Yazdegerd III
435:
434:
428:
423:
422:
416:
412:
408:
404:
396:
391:
384:
379:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
345:
340:
321:
317:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
223:
219:
215:
209:
207:
203:
199:
194:
185:
181:
177:
173:
165:
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
130:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
38:
34:
29:
21:
16:
2106:
2099:Varaz Grigor
1952:Arshusha III
1826:
1821:Varaz Grigor
1809:
1801:
1776:
1733:
1704:
1672:
1659:
1624:
1596:
1572:
1541:
1521:
1490:
1483:
1434:
1405:
1379:
1375:
1348:
1317:
1297:
1274:
1238:
1218:Dowsett 1961
1213:
1206:Dowsett 1961
1201:
1194:Dowsett 1961
1177:Russell 2020
1172:
1165:Russell 2020
1160:
1153:Daryaee 2021
1148:
1141:Gadjiev 2022
1136:
1109:
1097:
1073:Hawting 2000
1068:
1056:
1044:
1037:Daryaee 2014
1032:
1020:
991:
979:
972:Hoyland 2014
967:
940:
928:
916:
889:
877:
870:Russell 2020
850:
838:
826:
799:
777:Russell 2020
772:
754:
750:
745:
725:
705:
703:
688:
676:
648:
583:
571:
552:
523:
505:Coin of the
477:
462:
458:Tigris River
400:
357:
344:Varaz Grigor
291:
271:
241:
210:
195:
184:Varaz Grigor
171:
170:
164:Christianity
154:Varaz Grigor
82:Varaz Grigor
36:
15:
2155:Stephanos I
2034:Varaz-Bakur
1976:Arshusha VI
1960:Arshusha IV
1936:Arshusha II
1445:081-4330231
921:Baumer 2021
542:Constans II
511:Constans II
473:Adurbadagan
401:During the
222:Constans II
78:Predecessor
2187:669 deaths
2181:Categories
1920:Arshusha I
1459:"Umayyads"
855:Vacca 2022
831:Vacca 2022
819:Vacca 2022
765:References
731: 659
651:Mu'awiya I
636:Mu'awiya I
559:True Cross
465:Farrukhzad
334: 600
320:Khosrow II
311:Arranshahs
288:Background
248:Mu'awiya I
178:prince of
2202:Mihranids
2166:(821-822)
2158:(790-821)
2150:(770-790)
2142:(740-770)
2134:(705-740)
2131:Vardan II
2118:(669-705)
2110:(637-669)
2102:(628-637)
2091:(628–822)
2077:(570-600)
2069:(540-570)
2061:(510-540)
2053:(480-510)
2045:(450-480)
2037:(440-450)
2029:(430-440)
2021:(361-430)
2013:(330-361)
2002:(330–600)
1979:(???-748)
1971:(608-627)
1963:(540-608)
1955:(482-540)
1947:(470-482)
1939:(455-470)
1931:(430-455)
1923:(400-430)
1915:(394-400)
1907:(361-394)
1901:(330-361)
1890:(330–748)
1878:Mihranids
1827:Ruler of
1798:Juansher
1761:241889781
1721:1873-9830
1682:634666433
1628:. Brill.
1489:Volume X:
1396:0321-0391
882:Rapp 1997
755:Jevansher
751:Javanshir
532:, or the
507:Byzantine
427:Ctesiphon
358:Juwānshēr
339:Arranshah
218:Byzantine
144:Mihranids
88:Successor
62:Ruler of
55:Hermitage
37:Arranshah
25:Arranshah
2212:Patricii
2107:Juansher
2066:Vardan I
2026:Barzabod
1928:Bakur II
1905:Unknown
1887:Gogarene
1703:(eds.).
1670:(1963).
1654:(2005).
1622:(2020).
1594:(1997).
1570:(2014).
1519:(2010).
1482:(eds.).
1456:(2000).
1368:(2022).
1346:(1961).
1295:(2014).
1236:(2021).
509:emperor
489:spahbeds
433:sparapet
366:Albanian
362:Armenian
302:Sasanian
298:Parthian
220:emperor
176:Mihranid
174:was the
172:Juansher
160:Religion
31:Juansher
2123:Shiruye
2074:Vard II
2050:Armayel
1999:Gardman
1944:Varsken
1912:Bakur I
1692:"Arrān"
1273:(ed.).
1267:"Arrān"
1227:Sources
685:Culture
630:Umayyad
606:Ayrarat
586:Khazars
421:spahbed
411:Armenia
355:Persian
316:Gardman
139:Dynasty
2147:Gagikh
2058:Vard I
1808:
1783:
1759:
1749:
1719:
1680:
1640:
1608:
1580:
1556:
1529:
1505:
1478:&
1442:
1421:
1394:
1358:445781
1356:
1332:
1305:
1281:
1254:
722:Family
697:gusank
662:Sicily
633:caliph
610:Araxes
538:caliph
480:Partaw
417:, the
407:Siwnik
374:Arabic
329:). In
259:Siwnik
206:Partaw
150:Father
115:Spouse
108:Partaw
2018:Khurs
2010:Peroz
1898:Peroz
1810:Died:
1757:S2CID
1462:. In
1269:. In
737:Notes
594:Terek
590:Kuban
380:Reign
370:Greek
127:Issue
120:below
70:Reign
2042:Mihr
1781:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1717:ISSN
1678:OCLC
1638:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1392:ISSN
1354:OCLC
1330:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1252:ISBN
753:and
614:Kura
612:and
592:and
584:The
409:and
118:See
102:Died
2086:In
1997:In
1885:In
1739:doi
1709:doi
1630:doi
1546:doi
1495:doi
1491:T–U
1411:doi
1384:doi
1322:doi
1244:doi
193:).
2183::
1755:.
1745:.
1715:.
1658:.
1636:.
1604:.
1600:.
1552:.
1501:.
1487:.
1474:;
1470:;
1466:;
1417:.
1390:.
1380:82
1378:.
1374:.
1328:.
1250:.
1184:^
1121:^
1080:^
1003:^
952:^
901:^
862:^
811:^
784:^
728:c.
718:.
681:.
656:r.
641:r.
569:.
547:r.
516:r.
444:r.
376:.
349:r.
331:c.
325:r.
284:.
269:.
253:r.
239:.
227:r.
189:r.
1870:e
1863:t
1856:v
1789:.
1763:.
1741::
1723:.
1711::
1684:.
1662:.
1646:.
1632::
1614:.
1586:.
1562:.
1548::
1535:.
1511:.
1497::
1448:.
1427:.
1413::
1398:.
1386::
1360:.
1338:.
1324::
1311:.
1287:.
1260:.
1246::
1051:.
821:.
806:.
757:.
653:(
645:)
638:(
544:(
520:)
513:(
441:(
346:(
322:(
250:(
224:(
186:(
22:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
