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The word "jungle" carries connotations of untamed and uncontrollable nature and isolation from civilisation, along with the emotions that evokes: threat, confusion, powerlessness, disorientation and immobilisation. The change from "jungle" to "rainforest" as the preferred term for describing tropical
289:
Because
European explorers initially travelled through tropical forests largely by river, the dense tangled vegetation lining the stream banks gave a misleading impression that such jungle conditions existed throughout the entire forest. As a result, it was wrongly assumed that the entire forest was
305:
The terms "tropical forest" and "rainforest" have largely replaced "jungle" as the descriptor of humid tropical forests, a linguistic transition that has occurred since the 1970s. "Rainforest" itself did not appear in
English dictionaries prior to the 1970s. The word "jungle" accounted for over 80%
249:
and jungle, since the understorey of rainforests is typically open of vegetation due to a lack of sunlight, and hence relatively easy to traverse. Jungles may exist within, or at the borders of, tropical forests in areas where the woodland has been opened through natural disturbance such as
352:(1894)—though in the society of jungle animals portrayed in that book and obviously meant as a metaphor for human society, that phrase referred to an intricate code of laws which Kipling describes in detail, and not at all to a lawless chaos.
254:
vegetation that springs up following such disturbance, is dense and tangled and is a "typical" jungle. Jungle also typically forms along rainforest margins such as stream banks, once again due to the greater available light at ground level.
871:
Holguin, G. Guzman, M.A. &Bashan, Y. 1992 Two new nitrogen-fixing bacteria from the rhizosphere of mangrove trees: Their isolation, identification and in vitro interaction with rhizosphere
Staphylococcus sp. FEMS Microbiology Ecology
306:
of the terms used to refer to tropical forests in print media prior to the 1970s; since then it has been steadily replaced by "rainforest", although "jungle" still remains in common use when referring to tropical rainforests.
407:
compared Israel to "a villa in the jungle", a comparison which had been often quoted in
Israeli political debates. Barak's critics on the left side of Israeli politics strongly criticised the comparison.
366:
critics, often analyse the jungle within the concept of hierarchical domination and the demand western cultures often places on other cultures to conform to their standards of civilisation. For example:
326:
often refers to situations that are unruly or lawless, or where the only law is perceived to be "survival of the fittest". This reflects the view of "city people" that forests are such places.
39:
635:
Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. New ed. edited by
William Crooke, B.A.
541:
674:
356:
forests has been a response to an increasing perception of these forests as fragile and spiritual places, a viewpoint not in keeping with the darker connotations of "jungle".
336:(1906) to his famous book about the life of workers at the Chicago Stockyards, portraying the workers as being mercilessly exploited with no legal or other lawful recourse.
245:. Typically such vegetation is sufficiently dense to hinder movement by humans, requiring that travellers cut their way through. This definition draws a distinction between
765:
Kricher JC. 1997. A neotropical companion: an introduction to the animals, plants, and ecosystems of the New World tropics, 2nd edn. New Jersey: Princeton
University Press.
653:
265:
are commonly referred to as jungles of this type. Having a more open canopy than rainforests, monsoon forests typically have dense understoreys with numerous
801:
826:
710:
Nygren, A. 2006 Representations of
Tropical Forests and Tropical Forest-Dwellers in Travel Accounts of ‘National Geographic', Environmental Values 15
840:
633:
1041:
Slater, C (2004). Marketing the ‘rain forest’: Raw
Vanilla fragrance and the ongoing transformation of the jungle. Cultural Geographies 11:4
1003:. Volume 43 of Cambridge studies in American literature and culture Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press.
594:
Dove, Michael R. (1992). "The
Dialectical History of 'Jungle' in Pakistan: An Examination of the Relationship between Nature and Culture".
1050:
Gustavson, E. 2007 "Rhetoric: How
Politicians Manipulate Language and the Media to Shape Public Thought" Hinckley Journal of Politics 8
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was a resident of the jungle representing the savage, untamed and wild, yet still a white master of it; and in his essay "
290:
impenetrable jungle. This in turn appears to have given rise to the second popular usage of jungle as virtually any humid
1105:
938:
Birtles, T. G. 1997: "First contact: colonial European preconceptions of tropical Queensland rainforest and its people".
74:
120:
507:
208:
Because jungles occur on all inhabited landmasses and may incorporate numerous vegetation and land types in different
134:
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interpretation led to its connotation as a dense "tangled thicket". The term is prevalent in many languages of the
881:
Namdar, A. & Nusrath, A. 2010 Tsunami numerical modeling and mitigation. Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 12
805:
70:
461:
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302:, temperate rainforest, and mangroves with no reference to the vegetation structure or the ease of travel.
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M\Iyengar, M. O. T. 1930 Jungle in Relation to Malaria in Bengal. Indian Journal of Medical Research 18:1
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124:), meaning rough and arid. It came into the English language in the 18th century via the
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Purser, B. 2003. Jungle bugs: masters of camouflage and mimicry. Firefly Books, Toronto.
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become the source of temptation for white European characters like Marlowe and Kurtz.
1171:
1089:
Chinua, Achebe (1977). "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness'".
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Jungle Fever: Exploring Madness and Medicine in Twentieth-Century Tropical Narratives
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The jungle and the aroma of meats: an ecological theme in Hindu medicine. Volume 4
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Uri Avnery, "Barak: A Villa in the Jungle", Gush Shalom website, July 7, 2007
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Fearing, F. (1963) "The problem of metaphor" Southern Journal of Communication
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is land overgrown with tangled vegetation at ground level, especially in the
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Origin: Late 18th century from Sanskrit jāṅgala 'rough and arid (terrain)'.
515:
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Use of the jungle to represent savageness and ferocity in popular culture.
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111:
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44:
724:"SUNY Oneonta - Grow Intellectually. Thrive Socially. Live Purposefully"
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17:
98:. Application of the term has varied greatly during the past century.
989:
Slater, C (2003). In Search of the Rain Forest. Duke University Press
394:
372:
176:, where it is commonly used to refer to the plant growth replacing
313:
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65:
50:
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Jones, J. (1962) "The Thin Red Line". Dell Publishing New York
908:. Oneonta.edu (State University of New York College at Oneonta)
514:. Oxford University Press/Dictionary.com. 2020. Archived from
723:
273:
and low canopies of mangroves produce similar difficulties.
1001:
Dark Eden: the swamp in nineteenth-century American culture
250:
hurricanes, or through human activity such as logging. The
294:. Jungle in this context is particularly associated with
1137:Akiva Eldar, "The price of a villa in the jungle",
1061:
540:
285:Jungle lining a river bank in rainforest, Cameroon
148:has also been variously transcribed in English as
1068:. Convergences Series. Harvard University Press.
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233:Vine thicket, a typical tangled jungle, Australia
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343:" is also used in a similar context, drawn from
269:and shrubs making movement difficult, while the
216:of jungles cannot be straightforwardly defined.
906:"Tropical Wet Realms of Central Africa, Part 1"
29:An impassable dense forest (typically tropical)
1106:"The Iron Wall Versus the Villa in the Jungle"
8:
652:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1060:Said, Edward W. (2000). "Jungle Calling".
967:. Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville.
1104:Koplow, Michael J. (3 September 2020).
542:"Home : Oxford English Dictionary"
499:
73:is the only tropical rainforest in the
1064:Reflections on Exile: And Other Essays
825:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
818:
645:
7:
892:The Amazon: The World's Wild Places
596:Journal of Anthropological Research
237:One of the most common meanings of
94:and tangled vegetation, usually in
80:
25:
638:J. Murray, London. Archived from
184:that takes over abandoned areas.
1157:BBC - Science and Nature: Jungle
446:
432:
418:
164:. It has been suggested that an
940:Journal of Historical Geography
389:Nigerian novelist and theorist
225:As dense and tangled vegetation
999:Miller, David Cameron (1989).
508:"Meaning of jungle in English"
467:Arid Forest Research Institute
1:
75:U.S. National Forest Service
894:. Time-Life Books. New York
569:Francis Zimmermann (1999).
1204:
31:
904:Baumann, Paul R. (2009).
393:notes how the jungle and
139:
133:
119:
71:El Yunque National Forest
753:www.blueplanetbiomes.org
608:10.1086/jar.48.3.3630636
573:. Motilal Banarsidass.
558:(subscription required)
34:Jungle (disambiguation)
402:Israeli Prime Minister
319:
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200:archeological site in
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1162:"Biomes of the World"
890:Sterling, T. (1983).
341:The Law of the Jungle
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1091:Massachusetts Review
841:"Terrestrial Biomes"
298:, but may extend to
296:tropical rain forest
110:originates from the
32:For other uses, see
749:"Rainforest Biomes"
182:tropical vegetation
170:Indian subcontinent
695:2012-07-02 at the
690:Mysterious Journey
677:2012-10-10 at the
426:Environment portal
381:An Image of Africa
377:Johnny Weissmuller
320:
287:
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180:or to the unkempt
78:
64:
49:
1164:by Dennis Paulson
488:Amazon rainforest
386:Heart of Darkness
360:Cultural scholars
345:Rudyard Kipling's
128:word for forest (
96:tropical climates
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330:gave the title
322:As a metaphor,
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277:As moist forest
259:Monsoon forests
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144:) (Jangal).
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88:land covered
83:
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547:www.oed.com
369:Edward Said
310:As metaphor
196:Mound from
90:with dense
1172:Categories
812:2014-01-05
552:2019-04-01
494:References
478:Wilderness
473:Rainforest
405:Ehud Barak
339:The term "
333:The Jungle
271:prop roots
247:rainforest
172:, and the
130:Hindi/Urdu
126:Hindustani
55:Jungle on
43:Jungle in
1188:Landscape
1183:Metaphors
648:cite book
616:141730178
263:mangroves
106:The word
102:Etymology
1139:Ha'aretz
1111:11 March
821:cite web
786:11 March
733:11 March
693:Archived
675:Archived
632:(1903).
412:See also
383:" about
214:wildlife
202:Honduras
188:Wildlife
112:Sanskrit
61:Malaysia
45:Cambodia
1178:Forests
522:11 June
400:Former
243:tropics
162:juṅgala
146:Jāṅgala
116:jaṅgala
18:Jungles
1072:
1007:
971:
614:
577:
512:Lexico
469:(AFRI)
395:Africa
373:Tarzan
324:jungle
267:lianas
239:jungle
212:, the
160:, and
158:jungal
154:jangla
150:jangal
108:jungle
92:forest
84:jungle
851:(PDF)
844:(PDF)
612:S2CID
135:जङ्गल
121:जङ्गल
114:word
1113:2023
1070:ISBN
1005:ISBN
969:ISBN
914:2012
859:2012
827:link
788:2023
735:2023
654:link
575:ISBN
524:2020
261:and
141:جنگل
872:101
604:doi
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