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and size becoming its adult form. One stem will eventually take over, rising upward and producing the larger adult leaves. Once Kaikōmako grows past 2 m and enters its adult stage Kaikōmako can grow to be up to 10 metres (33 ft) tall. Many of the Kaikōmako trees that are in their adult stage will still feature lower-level juvenile leaves whilst having upper-level adult leaves. Kaikōmako is said to have this juvenile divaricate phase because it may enhance the plant's chance at capturing light, which would be advantageous to the plant as it grows in forests which can be covered by the
478:). As the name suggests, Kaikōmako fruit is often eaten by bellbirds. As the Kaikōmako plant fruits from January to May, the bellbird eats the fruit of the plant during these times. Honey bees have been observed to nest above the ground and have been found to nest in large holes in Kaikōmako trees. Honey bees also feed on and collect the nectar of the Kaikōmako tree when it is flowering (November to February). The fruit of Kaikōmako can be eaten by possums and other introduced mammals.
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development. Heteroblastic development occurs when the plant undergoes an abrupt change which can be in its form and its function. In Kaikōmako, this heteroblastic development happens from its intermediate stage to its adult stage at about 2 metres (6.6 ft), when the leaves change colour, shape
297:
with branches that zig-zag and tangle. As a juvenile, it has small leaves that are about 7 to 15 millimetres (0.28 to 0.59 in) long. Kaikōmako leaves in juvenile form make it easy to identify as they look like duck feet, which is why Kaikōmako is also known as duck's foot. When Kaikōmako grows
371:
Kaikōmako is found in lowland forests and coastal areas as it prefers milder temperatures. The location of Kaikōmako can affect the growth of the tree. Beddie found the trees that were less than half a kilometre from the sea, which were exposed to a strong sea breeze, were mostly short and stunted
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to adult size, which can be up to 10 meters high, and the plant grows into more of a tree form rather than a shrub, with one predominant branch growing into a single trunk. At its adult stage, Kaikōmako grows leaves that are about 5 cm long. Kaikōmako leaves are
412:. Kaikōmako can fruit at any stage of its development. Beddie shows photos of Kaikōmako twigs which have adult, intermediate and juvenile foliage, yet they're all fruiting. Beddie discussed how a seed from a juvenile fruit was germinated, and grew into a
352:, and in some islands near New Zealand. Kaikōmako is less common in the northern part of New Zealand as it prefers colder temperatures, so it is more common further south where it is colder. Kaikōmako was also thought to be present on
494:
to generate fire. Māori made fire by friction and used
Kaikomako as te hika (rubbing stick). Kaikōmako was used as it is a hard and durable wood and was rubbed with obsidian or a shell to make the stick sharp and then was used with
399:
of larger trees. Kaikōmako flowers from
November to February and fruits from January to May. The fruits of the Kaikōmako tree are usually black but Beddie wrote that the fruits are certainly purple when ripe in the
385:
Kaikōmako has three stages; juvenile, intermediate and adult. Kaikomako can fruit in its intermediate stage and even in its juvenile stage; this is known as precocious fruiting. Kaikōmako is described as a
265:, coming from the shape of the juvenile plant's leaf. Juvenile plants have small leaves with tangled, divaricating stems, while mature plants have much larger leaves and a normal tree architecture.
499:(another native New Zealand tree) by rubbing the Kaikōmako stick into the grooves of the Mahoe to make fire. Kaikōmako was used as te hika because in Māori mythology a Māori goddess of fire named
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and had leaves that were smaller than usual. Beddie also noted that they had almost no adult growth at all, and that there were no fruits found lower than 1.5 metres (4.9 feet) off the ground.
619:
723:
Burrows, C. J. (1995). Germination behaviour of the seeds of six New
Zealand woody plant species. In New Zealand Journal of Botany (Vol. 33). The Royal Society Te Aparangi.
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feed on old leaves of shrubs and trees, including the Kaikōmako tree. The adult and larva thrips both do this. This can cause leaf silvering and speckling on Kaikōmako.
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682:(Pennantiaceae) based on whole chloroplast genome and nuclear ribosomal 18S–26S repeat region sequences. (p. 16). PhytoKeys. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.155.53460
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but didn't produce fruit. Beddie also mentioned that because of Kaikōmako's precocious fruiting, as it had confused a lot of early experienced botanists.
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302:. When Kaikōmako is flowering, it has cream flowers that can completely cover the plant, and then small black/purple berries a few months later.
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Small, creamy flowers are produced between
November and February, followed by a shiny black fruit in autumn. They are a favourite food of the
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which are entire and oval shaped, and are about 10 by 8 millimetres (0.39 by 0.31 in) in size. As the plant grows, the first
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254:). Traditionally, Māori used the tree to make fire by repeatedly rubbing a pointed stick into a groove on a piece of
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which is from the Three Kings
Islands and is known as Three Kings Island Kaikōmako, was sister to a clade formed by
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1004:
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440:, which is found in Australia, is the sister to the rest of the genus. Maurin also found that the species
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714:, a divaricate shrub from New Zealand. In The New Zealand Journal of Botany (Vol. 36, pp. 141-148).
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but
Gardner disproved this, finding that the specimens that were found there were specimens of
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are shorter than the males, and the male flowers have a rudimentary ovary that doesn't have a
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region. Kaikōmako is dioecious, meaning it has female and male flowers. The female flower's
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549:. Taranaki Educational Resource: Research, Analysis and Information Network. Archived from
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left her magic flame preserved in a Kaikōmako stick for the use of man-kind to make fire.
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736:(Icacinaceae), a small isolated genusof Southern Hemisphere trees (Vol. 32, pp. 669-695).
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are about 9 x 8mm and are three-toothed. As a juvenile, the plant grows into a dense
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790:"Black Maire (Nestegis cunninghamii) decline in the Haurangi Forest Park"
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Butz Huryn V.M. (1995). Use of native New
Zealand plants by honey bees (
698:) on Great Barrier Island. Auckland Botanical Society Journal, 53: 75-76
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is different at each stage of its life. As a seedling, Kaikōmako has
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L.): a review. New
Zealand Journal of Botany (vol. 33, pp. 497-512).
620:"Seed collection and propagation guide for Native Trees and shrubs"
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Gardner, R. O. & De Lange, P. J. (2002). Revision of
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Kaikōmako is found in the North Island, South Island and
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Maurin, K. J. (2020). A dated phylogeny of the genus
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602:(Vol. 30, pp. 12-14). Wellington Botanical Society.
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428:contains only four species. Maurin studied the
651:. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. 2023
622:. New Zealand Department of Conservation. 2023
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598:Beddie, A. D. (1958). Precocious fruiting of
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710:Day, J. (1998). Architecture of juvenile
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795:. New Zealand Department of Conservation
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470:The name Kaikōmako translates to food (
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1015:def99192-6edf-4cad-9ba8-8854321a3623
490:Kaikōmako was used traditionally by
330:family are found elsewhere, such as
849:. London: Victor Gollancz Limited.
694:Gardner, R. (1998). No kaikomako (
466:Predators, parasites, and diseases
25:
1054:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:434486-1
521:"Traditional Plant Use By Māori"
390:juvenile (spread out) which has
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189:J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
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52:Scientific classification
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438:Pennantia cunninghamii
333:Pennantia cunninghamii
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845:Papakura, M. (1938).
816:"Pennantia corymbosa"
814:Martin, N.A. (2011).
645:"Pennantia corymbosa"
456:Pennantia endlicheri
271:
1103:Trees of New Zealand
788:Hosking, G. (1997).
474:) for the bellbird (
458:, which is found on
443:Pennantia baylisiana
381:Life cycle/Phenology
362:Pennantia corymbosa.
358:Melicytus micranthus
354:Great Barrier Island
311:Natural global range
227:New Zealand bellbird
201:, commonly known as
1108:Divaricating plants
900:Pennantia corymbosa
870:Pennantia corymbosa
822:. Landcare Research
712:Pennantia corymbosa
696:Pennantia corymbosa
600:Pennantia corymbosa
545:Pennantia corymbosa
316:Pennantia corymbosa
261:An English name is
248:) of the bellbird (
198:Pennantia corymbosa
183:Pennantia corymbosa
36:Pennantia corymbosa
847:The Old-Time Maori
553:on 6 February 2020
336:which is found in
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1036:Open Tree of Life
862:Taxon identifiers
344:New Zealand range
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165:P. corymbosa
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551:the original
547:(Kaikomako)"
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449:P. corymbosa
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281:Identifying
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974:iNaturalist
894:Wikispecies
747:"Kaikomako"
557:26 December
324:New Zealand
291:true leaves
277:Description
220:New Zealand
95:Angiosperms
1097:Categories
507:References
402:Wellington
388:divaricate
287:cotyledons
205:(from the
820:PlantSynz
734:Pennantia
680:Pennantia
527:25 August
434:Pennantia
430:phylogeny
425:Pennantia
338:Australia
300:evergreen
239:kaikōmako
216:dioecious
211:kaikōmako
203:kaikomako
159:Species:
152:Pennantia
65:Kingdom:
18:Kaikomako
1080:50154089
1075:Tropicos
992:434486-1
885:Q4046587
879:Wikidata
649:NZ Flora
451:and the
414:seedling
360:and not
137:Family:
121:Asterids
108:Eudicots
953:3596592
501:Mahuika
453:species
406:anthers
376:Ecology
367:Habitat
320:endemic
147:Genus:
131:Apiales
127:Order:
69:Plantae
1041:461722
1012:NZOR:
1005:159371
979:185249
914:138856
826:19 May
799:19 May
757:19 May
753:. 2023
655:19 May
626:19 May
480:Thrips
476:kōmako
410:stigma
397:canopy
251:kōmako
1067:21378
1023:NZPCN
966:27167
940:QNNCO
927:76JMN
793:(PDF)
497:Mahoe
492:Māori
421:genus
306:Range
295:shrub
256:mahoe
236:name
234:Māori
207:Māori
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
1049:POWO
1028:1103
1000:NCBI
987:IPNI
961:GRIN
948:GBIF
935:EPPO
909:APNI
828:2023
801:2023
759:2023
657:2023
628:2023
559:2022
529:2012
419:The
232:The
1062:RHS
922:CoL
751:EOL
472:kai
322:to
318:is
245:kai
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
