676:. Upon learning this, the Russian government sent a number of priests to the Subbotniks to try to persuade them to return to Russian Orthodoxy. When the priests did not meet with any appreciable success, the government decided to suppress the Subbotniks with force. In 1826, the government decided to deport those who lived openly as Subbotniks to internal exile in the above-mentioned regions in the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, and Siberia. At the same time, it prohibited Jews and members of the Russian Orthodox Church from settling among any Subbotniks.
86:
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provinces – even turned away from the fundamental
Christian doctrines of the Incarnation and the messiahship of Jesus to embrace the Mosaic law of the Old Testament. As the work of Aleksandr Lvov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Panchenko, Sergey Shtyrkov, and Nicholas Breyfogle demonstrate, these Russian sabbatarians developed strong communities that survived the severe persecution of both the imperial and Soviet governments. Although the Subbotniks did not, as a rule, follow the
501:
2174:
148:
45:
1356:, some of them began follow other practices of different Jewish communities, both talmudic and non-talmudic, even as they retained their separate ethnic identity. In the religious census of 1912, the Department of Spiritual Affairs of the Interior Ministry noted the presence of 8,412 Subbotniks who had fallen away from Orthodoxy, 12,305 Judaizing Talmudists, and 4,092 Russian
263:
1857:
1262:
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According to the testimony, private and official, of all those who studied their mode of life in tsarist times, the
Subbotniks were remarkably industrious; reading and writing, hospitable, not given to drunkenness, poverty, or prostitution. Up to 1820 the Subbotniks lived for the most part in the
864:
classified the
Subbotniks as a Christian sect and ineligible for aliyah to Israel, because no one knew if their ancestors had formally converted to Judaism (and there is much historic evidence that they did not). The ruling was abolished in 2014, with an attempt by the Interior Ministry to allow
1351:
There were very few Jews in the
Russian empire before 1772 and there is no indication of direct contact between Jews and the early Spiritual Christians... Most dramatically, in the late eighteenth century, the so called Subbotniks or Sabbatarians – ethnic Russians from the central and southern
1003:, who, to a degree, exemplified for them "a Jewish model to be imitated", "were occasional and never formally arranged since, in particular, normative Karaism denied the acceptance of proselytes and regarded the very existence of a community of Karaites of non-Jewish origin senseless."
873:
It has been difficult to estimate the exact number of
Subbotniks in Russia at any given time. The discrepancies between government statistics and the membership have varied widely. Official data from tsarist times placed the membership of the sect at several thousand. The writer
524:
The
Subbotniks observed the Sabbath on Saturday, and were also known as sabbatarians. They avoided work and tried to avoid discussing worldly affairs. Apart from practicing circumcision of boys, many began to slaughter their food animals according to the laws of
713:. They were noted for often being more religiously observant than the mostly secular Jewish Zionist population in that period. They Hebraized their surnames to assimilate. Within a short period, the descendants of Subbotnik Jews who arrived in
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and succeeded in gaining a measure of peace for a period. To compensate the Church for any loss of finances due to the
Subbotniks leaving their congregations, the members of the sect undertook to pay the Church the usual fee of two
1405:(c) Karaimites or Karimit ("Karaitizers'), who, like the Karaites q.v. recognize only the Pentateuch and reject the Talmud, but who do not observe all the Pentateuchal laws, e.g. that regarding circumcision
520:
or clergy. The
Subbotniks concealed their religious beliefs and rites from Orthodox Christians. The Russian government eventually deported the Subbotniks, isolating them from Orthodox Christians and Jews.
882:
of the
Judaizing sects, and not just the Subbotniks, as this estimate is not supported by any other historians. Apart from their religious rites, the Subbotniks were generally indistinguishable from
512:
movement in the 18th century. Imperial
Russian officials and Orthodox clergy considered the Subbotniks to be heretical to Russian Orthodox religion, and tried to suppress their sects and other
750:
and considered outsiders by the peasants, who noted their practice of some Jewish customs. During the Holocaust, Nazis killed thousands of Subbotniks. By contrast, they did not attack
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1996:
403:
On the whole, the Subbotniks probably differed little from other Judaizing societies in their early years. They first appeared toward the end of the 18th century during the reign of
702:
to escape religious persecution due to their differences with the Russian Orthodox Church. Some Subbotniks had immigrated to Ottoman Palestine even prior to the First Aliyah.
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Romantzov. In addition, Romantzov's young son was tortured with red-hot irons before being burned at the stake. The Subbotniks came to an agreement with the Russian Orthodox
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A 1912 religious census in Russia recorded 12,305 "Judaizing Talmudists", and 4,092 "Russian Karaites", and 8,412 Subbotniks who "had fallen away from Orthodoxy".
2005:
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1989:
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Subbotniks, meaning sabbatarians for their observance of the Sabbath on Saturday, as in the Hebrew Bible, rather than on Sunday, arose as part of the
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Following their massacre in the Holocaust, the Subbotniks came to have an increasingly nationalist self-identification as Jews. However, after the
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rather than on Sunday as in Christian practice (and hence were called "sabbatarians"). There were variations among their beliefs in relation to
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825:. The objective of teaching them Judaism and facilitate their formal conversion to Orthodox Judaism would make them eligible for
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878:, who was in personal contact with the Subbotniks, said in 1887 there were 2,500,000. Deinard may have included in his figures
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577:. After that year, the government deported those who openly acknowledged their membership in the sect to the foothills of the
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31:
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1248:"Identity, Assimilation and Revival: Ethnosocial Processes among the Jewish Population of the Former Soviet Union"
191:
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601:. In 1912, the government's Interior Ministry recorded 8,412 Subbotniks; 12,305 Judaizing Talmudists; and 4,092
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802:
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aloud, and the congregants prayed silently; during prayers a solemn silence was observed throughout the house.
541:(doorpost markings), and prayed in private houses of prayer. As their practice deepened, some acquired Jewish "
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94:
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After the fall of the Soviet Union, a few thousand Subbotniks left Russia for Israel. This coincided with the
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in the late 19th century had completely blended and inter-married into the wider Jewish population of Israel.
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and members of their immediate families. Since that period, Subbotniks remaining in Russia have encountered
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organization for outreach to "lost Jews" and related communities, appointed a rabbi for the Subbotniks at
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in order to escape oppression in the Russian Empire and later mostly intermarried with Jews. Examples of
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ruled the Subbotniks were not defined as Jewish and would have to undergo an Orthodox conversion. The
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due to their Jewish self-identity. They were relatively recent migrants to Ukraine from areas of
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959:. While not all statistics for all provinces are readily available, there are more than 2500 in
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The Subbotniks faced hurdles when intermarrying into the wider Jewish population, as they were
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In the early 21st century, the issue arose of the Jewish identity of some members of Moshav
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had settled in the Russian Empire. The Subbotniks were originally Christian peasants of the
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and reject the Talmud; however, it has been reported that they do not practice circumcision.
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620:'s policies of general tolerance, the Subbotniks enjoyed a great deal of freedom. But the
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1724:"Alexander Lvov. Plough and Pentateuch: Russian Judaizers as Textual Community (summary)"
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permitted the Subbotniks to profess their faith openly, but prohibited them from hiring
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Graph showing the location of Subbotnik populations in Russia in the early 19th century
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488:, Major-General Alik Ron, and former Israeli foreign, prime minister, and general
1427:"www.karaimskajazizn.estranky.cz – 7. Из архива караимского духовного правления"
936:
857:
147:
1783:
983:) for their liturgy, which in 1882 they were allowed to publish in Russian as "
1554:"Dr. Ruchama Weiss ▪ Rabbi Levi Brackman, "Russia's Subbotnik Jews get rabbi""
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633:
455:
1416:"Overview of Russian sects and persuasions" by T.J. Boutkevitch pages 382–384
2013:
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1233:
Rappaport Center for Assimilation Research and Strengthening Jewish Vitality
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by Isaak ben Solomon Ickowicz. The Subbotnik Karaites had contacts with the
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846:
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opposed them and killed about 100 Subbotniks and their spiritual leaders in
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466:
1621:"Subbotnik Jews in Russia and Israel (Евреи-субботники в России и Израиле)"
1146:
754:, accepting the state's records that they were ethnic Tatars (or Khazars).
262:
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Subbotnik communities were among early supporters of Zionism. During the
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1860: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1702:
1265: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1015:, living since the 19th century in the following countries and regions:
2026:
1501:
S.V. Bulgakov "Handbook of heresies, sects and schisms" under Караимиты
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1166:
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474:
377:
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H. Gray (2013). "8. 'Recrudescent forms' subsection C 'Karaimites'".
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from the Old Testament and were known as "Sabbatarians", part of the
411:, most of the sect's followers circumcised their boys, believed in a
389:
698:
at the end of the 19th century, thousands of Subbotniks settled in
529:
when they could learn the necessary rules. Some clandestinely used
1011:
Due to tsarist persecution, Subbotniks spread out creating a wide
838:
683:
654:
499:
424:
370:
261:
1130:(1886–1938), founding member of two Jewish self-defense militias
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956:
650:
443:
388:): in contrast to the other Subbotnik sects, they recognize the
1978:
545:" prayer books with Russian translation for their prayers. The
318:
There are three main groups of people described as Subbotniks:
1971:(Cубботники, Subbotniks) ...preserving our Subbotnik heritage.
141:
79:
38:
1535:[Spiritual Christianity and Sectarianism in Russia].
1968:
1831:
Holy Dissent: Jewish and Christian Mystics in Eastern Europe
1332:
Holy Dissent: Jewish and Christian Mystics in Eastern Europe
392:, but also practice some of the rules and precepts of the
664:, the Subbotniks began to feel restless. Some wanted to
2213:
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
1703:"Velvl Chernin, "Subbotnik Jews as a sub-ethnic group""
971:
From 1870 they began to use the "Everyday Prayers for
369:. They recognize only the scriptural authority of the
865:
remaining Subbotnik families to immigrate to Israel.
849:, who were Subbotniks, immigrants from former Soviet
288:, "Sabbatarians") is a common name for adherents of
2241:
2195:
2155:
2137:
2084:
2012:
172:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1633:Ari Ben Goldberg"'Abandoned' in the Jordan Valley"
1639:, 19 November 2001, reprinted at Molokane website
1606:Itamar Eichner, "Subbotnik Jews to resume aliyah"
903:Besides Tambov, Subbotnik Karaites also lived in
307:Judaism from Christianity. Other groups included
1537:Russkaya Mysl (Русская мысль, "Russian Thought")
413:unitary God rather than in the Christian Trinity
1808:Astyrev, N. "Subbotniki v Rossii i Sibiri". In
774:. They counted these people as a subset of the
770:government ceased to recognize the "Subbotnik"
1533:"Духовное христианство и сектантство в России"
1990:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1124: (1863–1967), farmer and Zionist pioneer
990:
984:
274:
8:
1893:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1778:
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1511:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
1298:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
299:The majority of Subbotniks were converts to
2124:Church of God International (United States)
1969:The Subbotniki Information Exchange website
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1748:
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1697:
1695:
1523:
1521:
680:Zionism and settlement in Ottoman Palestine
645:for every birth and three rubles for every
73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1997:
1983:
1975:
1449:
1447:
890:Russians in terms of dress and lifestyle.
365:), considering themselves as adherents of
1961:"Who are the Subbotniks?" (article is in
1650:Itamar Eichner Published: 3 November 2014
781:Between 1973 and 1991, the Subbotniks of
357:): also described as "Russian Karaites" (
250:Learn how and when to remove this message
232:Learn how and when to remove this message
130:Learn how and when to remove this message
1548:
1546:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
93:This article includes a list of general
1214:
407:. According to official reports of the
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454:(1729–1796), they adopted elements of
2037:Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement
283:
7:
2170:Sabbatarian Pentecostalists, Ukraine
2047:True and Free Seventh-day Adventists
2006:Seventh-day Sabbath-keeping churches
1784:"The Subbotnik Information Exchange"
292:religious movements that split from
170:adding citations to reliable sources
2228:World Mission Society Church of God
2076:United Sabbath-Day Adventist Church
1468:Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
1400:Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
657:or proselytizing among Christians.
2251:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
484:descended from Subbotniks include
465:Subbotnik families settled in the
349:Karaimites or Karaite Subbotniks (
99:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2256:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
1587:from the original on 9 April 2014
1581:"Subbotnik Jews to resume aliyah"
1579:Eichner, Itamar (11 March 2014).
997:Siddur Tefillot keMinhag haKaraim
805:to Israel of more than a million
54:This article has multiple issues.
2042:International Missionary Society
1883:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1855:
1834:. Wayne State University Press.
1676:"Valvl Chernin "The Subbotniks""
1288:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1260:
612:Under Alexander I and Nicholas I
322:Judaizing Talmudists: Subbotnik
296:sects in the late 18th century.
146:
84:
43:
2282:Groups who converted to Judaism
1431:www.karaimskajazizn.estranky.cz
1246:Khanin, Ze’ev; Chernin, Velvl.
504:A Subbotnik, early 20th century
473:, in the 1880s, as part of the
157:needs additional citations for
62:or discuss these issues on the
1942:Saving Russia’s Subbotnik Jews
1:
2203:Church of Christ (Fettingite)
2119:Grace Communion International
2022:Seventh-day Adventist Church
1901:Univ. Isr. 1854, p. 396.
1871:"Subbotniki ("Sabbatarians")"
1276:"Subbotniki ("Sabbatarians")"
992:Poryadok molitv dlya karaimov
744:local Ukrainian collaborators
672:in order to learn more about
2287:Nontrinitarian denominations
2182:Soldiers of the Cross Church
1608:Published: 3 November 2014,
1403:. Vol. 7. p. 612.
1337:Wayne State University Press
330:, also described as "Gery" (
2071:United Seventh-Day Brethren
2066:Adventist Church of Promise
2032:Church of God (Seventh-Day)
1187:Righteous among the Nations
991:
986:Порядок молитв для караимов
813:. In the 21st century, the
537:(ritual tassels), and
27:Russian religious movements
2323:
2094:Philadelphia Church of God
1869:; Hurwitz, S (1901–1906).
1274:; Hurwitz, S (1901–1906).
772:as a legal ethnic category
32:Subbotnik (disambiguation)
29:
2302:Seventh-day denominations
1539:. Translated by Janos, S.
985:
853:. In 2004, the Sephardic
440:First Partition of Poland
433:Eastern Orthodox doctrine
385:
362:
354:
343:
335:
275:
1142:Christianity and Judaism
845:north of Jericho in the
803:1990s Post-Soviet aliyah
469:at the time part of the
431:, and other elements of
2165:Nazareth Baptist Church
2099:Church of the Great God
1959:Ken sos los Subbotniks?
1880:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1583:. Israel Jewish Scene.
1285:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1227:Chernin, Velvl (2007).
995:). It was based on the
811:status-related problems
632:, including the former
448:Russian Orthodox Church
114:more precise citations.
2129:Restored Church of God
1877:; et al. (eds.).
1282:; et al. (eds.).
1202:Spiritual Christianity
961:Privolnoye, Azerbaijan
691:
668:and traveled into the
505:
460:Spiritual Christianity
450:. During the reign of
285:[sʊˈbotnʲɪkʲɪ]
267:
1934:Saving the Subbotniks
855:Chief Rabbi of Israel
687:
503:
344:Субботники-Талмудисты
265:
2147:Seventh Day Baptists
2114:Global Church of God
2109:United Church of God
2104:Living Church of God
1637:The Jerusalem Report
1339:. pp. 358–359.
415:, accepted only the
355:Субботники-Караимиты
346:), or "Shaposhniki".
313:Spiritual Christians
309:Judaizing Christians
166:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2307:Jewish Christianity
2244:Saturday and Sunday
1926:Save the Subbotniks
1913:Armenian Subbotniks
1728:lvov.judaica.spb.ru
1610:Israel Jewish Scene
1455:Gray, Louis Herbert
707:not considered Jews
510:Spiritual Christian
452:Catherine the Great
421:Sabbath on Saturday
419:, and observed the
405:Catherine the Great
386:Молокане-субботники
2292:Religion in Israel
1929:(17 February 2005)
1917:Articles from the
1850:Russkaya Istoriya,
1192:Righteous gentiles
894:Subbotnik Karaites
738:were killed by SS
692:
670:Pale of Settlement
549:(cantor) read the
506:
268:
2269:
2268:
2261:Iglesia ni Cristo
2187:True Jesus Church
1950:Russian Runaround
1889:cite encyclopedia
1867:Rosenthal, Herman
1810:Syeverny Vyestnik
1560:. 9 December 2010
1529:Berdyaev, Nikolai
1294:cite encyclopedia
1272:Rosenthal, Herman
1197:San Nicandro Jews
1172:Messianic Judaism
977:Abraham Firkovich
862:Interior Ministry
841:, located in the
715:Ottoman Palestine
700:Ottoman Palestine
628:, in present-day
338:), "Talmudisty" (
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1044:Southern Dobruja
1001:Crimean Karaites
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797:Post-Soviet era
787:Voronezh Oblast
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728:
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682:
666:embrace Judaism
614:
589:governments of
557:governments of
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363:Русские Караимы
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183: –
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155:This article
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2297:Russian Jews
2222:
2086:Armstrongism
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1878:
1849:
1848:Kostomarov,
1830:
1816:
1809:
1802:Bibliography
1787:. Retrieved
1731:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1682:. Retrieved
1670:
1660:
1655:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1557:
1536:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1487:– via
1481:. Retrieved
1466:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:
1421:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1367:
1350:
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1283:
1256:
1241:
1232:
1010:
1007:Distribution
996:
970:
902:
899:Distribution
879:
872:
836:
807:Russian Jews
800:
780:
778:population.
761:
729:
704:
696:First Aliyah
693:
659:
615:
555:
531:phylacteries
523:
507:
490:Ariel Sharon
482:Israeli Jews
478:First Aliyah
464:
437:
417:Hebrew Bible
402:
399:
317:
298:
270:
269:
246:
228:
219:
209:
202:
195:
188:
181:"Subbotniks"
176:
164:Please help
159:verification
156:
126:
117:
98:
70:
63:
57:
56:Please help
53:
36:
2173: [
2157:Pentecostal
1459:"Judaizing"
937:Novorossiya
858:Shlomo Amar
829:to Israel.
742:troops and
618:Alexander I
294:Sabbatarian
120:August 2013
112:introducing
2276:Categories
2223:Subbotniks
1373:"Bulgakov"
1209:References
1157:Ger toshav
1110:Uzbekistan
1030:Azerbaijan
949:Azerbaijan
931:along the
876:E. Deinard
869:Statistics
662:Nicholas I
634:archbishop
462:movement.
456:Mosaic Law
376:Subbotnik
276:Субботники
271:Subbotniks
192:newspapers
95:references
59:improve it
18:Karaimites
2014:Adventist
1965:), Turkey
1921:website:
1564:22 August
1531:(1999) .
1473:Edinburgh
1395:Judaizing
1182:Proselyte
1162:Judaizers
1025:Australia
925:Khakassia
847:West Bank
734:areas of
726:Holocaust
599:Yeniseisk
514:Judaizers
467:Holy Land
65:talk page
1828:(2011).
1818:Ha-Meliẓ
1662:Ha-Meliẓ
1585:Archived
1558:Ynetnews
1457:(1914).
1358:Karaites
1329:(2011).
1177:Noahides
1152:Frankism
1135:See also
1040:Bulgaria
1013:diaspora
973:Karaites
758:Post-WW2
748:Voronezh
647:marriage
606:Karaites
587:Siberian
579:Caucasus
559:Voronezh
527:shechita
378:Molokans
324:converts
301:Rabbinic
2233:AEMINPU
2139:Baptist
2027:Abajiri
1864::
1852:vol. i.
1591:9 April
1465:(ed.).
1269::
1167:Khazars
1100:Uruguay
1095:Ukraine
1086:region)
1080:Romania
1070:Moldova
1055:Georgia
1046:region)
1035:Belarus
1020:Armenia
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981:Vilnius
979:(1870,
963:alone.
945:Armenia
888:secular
851:Georgia
783:Ilyinka
736:Ukraine
711:halakha
674:Judaism
638:priests
630:Belarus
626:Mogilev
603:Russian
595:Tobolsk
591:Irkutsk
575:Saratov
551:prayers
539:mezuzot
535:tzitzit
496:History
475:Zionist
382:Russian
359:Russian
351:Russian
340:Russian
332:Russian
305:Karaite
290:Russian
206:scholar
108:improve
2196:Others
1963:Ladino
1838:
1789:4 June
1733:30 May
1708:30 May
1684:30 May
1483:7 June
1436:30 May
1378:30 May
1354:Talmud
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1147:Dönmeh
1090:Russia
1075:Poland
1065:Israel
1050:France
827:aliyah
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791:Israel
768:Soviet
766:, the
660:Under
655:rabbis
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616:Under
597:, and
573:, and
567:Moscow
547:hazzan
543:siddur
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371:Torah
213:JSTOR
199:books
1895:link
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1791:2019
1735:2019
1710:2019
1686:2019
1593:2014
1566:2015
1485:2020
1438:2019
1380:2019
1341:ISBN
1300:link
1060:Iran
957:Iran
947:and
651:tsar
571:Tula
444:Jews
336:Геры
311:and
281:IPA:
185:news
935:in
886:or
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189:·
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127:(
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