Karkota dynasty - Knowledge (XXG)

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Yudhisthira I, himself. Ditto as to Yudhishtira II or the three successors of Narendraditya. Biswas however notes that coins and inscriptions attesting to the immediate predecessor of Yudhisthira I (Narendraditya Khinkhila) have been excavated, as have been coins minted by Pravarsena II.Noting that contemporary Huna kings are located across three books and spaced out by over 1000 years, Biswas proposes that Kalhana had the names of individual kings and content (including popular legends) about their rule but not the chronological framework to fit them. Pravarsena II was Mihirakula's brother and he was alive as late as 597 A.D.; he was succeeded by Narendraditya Khinkhila, whose reign, assuming the regnal spans of the first book of Rajtarangini to be correct, ended in around 633 AD. He was followed by a Yudhisthira, who was defeated by (Durlabhaka) Pratapaditya — content-parts of both books thus stand true, if these two rulers were concurrent, which automatically follows if we assume Yudhisthira I and Yudhisthira II to be the

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indicated by shallow , uneven incisions peculiar to Kashmiri bronzes . The narrow , recessed portions between the two tiers appear to be crushed by the entwined tails of two nāgas who , at the same time , are engaged in adoring the deity . The rock formations obviously represent a mountain , but the exact significance of the behaviour of the någas is not known . Clad in a dhoti , the Bodhisattva is elaborately crowned and ornamented . His hair is gathered up behind in what is generally known as the Parthian bob and is held in place by a filet . Five identical effigies of a seated Buddha - each showing the samadhimudra - are delineated on the crown and at the back . The Bodhisattva carries the thunderbolt ( vajra ) against his chest and a bell ( ghanță ) against his thigh . Because of the emblems and the manner in which they are disposed , the Bodhisattva may be identified as Vajrasattva .

1115: 662: 1302: 694:, who ruled hundreds of years later. Across the first three books, Kalhana reshuffles multiple names, retrofits the same stories, assigns abnormally long reigns, and telescopes some rulers into the past. Durlabhavardhana—the founder of the Karkotas—was held to be under the employment of Baladitya, the last ruler of the Gonanda dynasty (II). Baladitya had no male heir but a daughter Anaṅgalekhā and did not wish his territory to be annexed by in-laws. To avert such a possibility he had her married to Durlabhavardhana, who was from a low caste. However, after Baladitya's death, Durlabhavardhana ascended to the throne with help from a minister, and claimed descent from the mythical Naga king 1696:

Ravana, Indrajit et al — among ancestors.Pratapaditya's successors (second book) are noted to be Jalauka and Tunjina I. The latter was deposed by Vijaya from another family, who was succeeded by his son Jayendra. The next ruler was his minister Samdhimati, who went on to abdicate the throne after a few decades.The third book starts with Meghavahana, the great-great-grandson of Yudhisthira I, being restored to the vacant throne from his exile. There is also a Yudhisthir II, the son of Pravarsena II and grandson of Toramana (grandson of Meghavahana). He is dated to 170-210 AD and had a son Lakhana-Narendraditya; Baladitya is noted to be Narendraditya's nephew (and his third successor).

1066: 1379: 628:, an 11th-century work by Kalhana, was aimed at sketching an outline of Kashmir's history since ancient times, and it did discuss the Karkota dynasty in depth. Kalhana depended on a variety of material including earlier historical works, dynastic genealogies, inscriptions, coins and Puranas. The work has a contested repute of being the only pre-modern work in Sanskrit resembling Western notions of history; however, its historical accuracy is disputed—Zutshi and other scholars find the poem to be a blend of "mythical, political, social, spiritual, and geographical" narratives, which aimed at defining Kashmir as an idealised ethical space. 1364: 735: 53: 1099: 583:, believed to have been commissioned by Durlabhavardhana, the first ruler of the dynasty, provides information on contemporary affairs. However, not only that the Purana was penned to reconstruct Kashmir as one of the most sacred space in the subcontinental cosmos by attributing Brahminical divinity to its geographical features and then, establish Durlabhavardhana as its rightful king but also that there have been interpolations as late as the 10th century, the text cannot be treated as objectivist history. The 1395: 1278:

engaged (for the first time) in critical discussions surrounding poetic theory, praxis and semantic cognition using tools from mīmāṃsā etc.; a grand universe of poetry, rigidly theorising the many elements of aesthetics, their scopes and inter-relation was sought to be created. Kuttanimata was penned by Damodaragupta in his court. Among other noted figures were the grammarian Kṣīra, the poets Manoratha, Śaṅkhadatta, Caṭaka, and Sandhimat, and a Buddhist philosopher Dharmottara.

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different time-spans and their details remain hazy. Gobl notes the Alchon Hunas to have migrated to the Kapisa-Kabul area, after Mihirakula's defeat in India. This has been since accepted by Alram and others; numismatic evidence supports such proposition. The ruler who defeated the native Nezak kings is variably identified as Pravarsena II (Gobl) and Narendraditya Khinkhila (

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Ajitapida. Under his rule, merchants declared independence at the outposts of the territory. Within a few years, Sukhavarman set out to assume the throne for himself but was murdered by a relative; finally, his son Avantivarman deposed Utpalapida and claimed the throne c. 855 with help from minister Sura, thus establishing the

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time-span on an artistic analysis of the statue. D.C. Sircar as well as Petech date the inscription to sixth or seventh century. Melzer notes that the inscribed Khinkhila was "most probably" a different ruler than Khingila (first paragraph), who could not have existed before the second half of 6th century. However,

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The first book of Rajatarangini ends with Yudhisthira I being deposed by Pratapaditya c.180 B.C. Yudhisthira I, the son of a Narendraditya Khinkhila is noted to be the 9th successor of Mihirakula (who is dated to around 704 BC). Mihirakula, in turn, has figures from the Ramayana pantheon — Vibhisana,

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Candrapika had multiple Vishnu shrines installed. Jayapida set up Buddhist Viharas and commissioned the construction of multiple Buddha statues; he also established a new capital town at Jayapura (current day Andrkoth). Lalitaditya commissioned a number of shrines in Kashmir, including the now-ruined

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writes that Jayapada's court was responsible for birthing the "school of literary criticism in Kashmir". Two literary theorists were installed in his office: Vāmana as a minister and Udbhaṭa as the chief scholar. Udbhata wrote four works—Kumārasambhava, a poem on the theme of the marriage of Śiva and

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Jayapida ruled for 31 years and partook in multiple conquests to faraway territories in an apparent bid to out-rival Muktapida; however, Kalhana's narrative is noted to be excessively exaggerated and in absence of other corroborating sources from across a vast geographical region, the authenticity of

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and Durlabhaka became known as Pratapaditya, adopting the surname of his maternal grandfather. Durlabhaka is assigned a regnal span of 50 years (662−712). He had a brother Malhana. Durlabhaka married Narendraprabhā, who had been earlier married to Nona, a wealthy merchant from outside Kashmir. He had

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And as usually happens the achievements of Lalitaditya must have been coloured and exaggerated by popular imagination during the four centuries or so that intervened between Kalhana and the events of the reign of the Kashmir king. This is illustrated by the stories of Lalitaditya's miraculous powers

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Fig 59a: Vajrasattva Kashmir , 8th century H : 65/8 in . ( 16.9 cm ) Pan - Asian Collection A regal Bodhisattva is seated on a lotus which rests on a pedestal of unusual form. The pedestal is composed of two tiers of jagged and contorted rock formations, the stylized design of the rockery being

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Son of Lalitaditya and his first queen Kamaladevi, his short reign of one year and half a month was marked by a succession struggle between him and his half-brother. No evidence other than the Rajatarangini exists to corroborate his reign. Kalhana held him to be a virtuous ruler. After being subject

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rejects that Narendraditya Khinkhila ruled Kashmir at all and assigns him to sometime "before or long before" 600; the inscribed ruler is dated to 753. Overall, Melzer notes that there might have been multiple Huna rulers of the name Khingila (or variants) who had ruled different territories across

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Kāvyālaṃkāra; another (now-lost) commentary on the Nāṭyaśāstra; and a mostly-lost but extensive Vivaraṇa on Bhāmaha—in what Bronner notes to be an unprecedented volume of literature production by contemporary standards. Vāmana composed sūtra texts. Both aimed at an audience of literary scholars and

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Tribhuvanapida's son, Ajitapida was nominated by Utpala immediately after Cippatajayapida's death. A few years afterwards, Mamma waged a successful battle against Utpala, and installed Anangipida. Three years later, Utpala's son Sukhavarman rebelled successfully and installed Utpalapida, a son of

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Vajraditya's reign saw a successful raid by the Governor of Sindh and introduction of slave trade. He had numerous concubines and at-least four wives Meghavali, Amrtaprabha, Manjarika and Mamma; his four sons were Tribhuvanapida (from Meghabali), Jayapida (from Amrtaprabha), Prithivyapida I (from

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named "Durlabhasvāmin"; his wife had constructed a Buddhist monastery - Anangabhavana. He also introduced a distinct style of architecture into Kashmir by borrowing post-Gupta trends from Sarnath, Nalanda etc. Durlabhaka established the city of Pratāpapura (current day Tapar between Baramula and

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but this is disputed by others. Dhavalikar as well as Tucci reject that the two rulers are same and note that there are too many possibilities to date the inscribed king; Tucci however dates the inscription to late fifth or early sixth on a paleographic analysis and Dhavalikar confirms the same

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Kalhana notes their romantic overtures to have started when Durlabhaka accepted Nona's invite to have a stay in his residence. The invite was a reciprocation of Durlabhaka having honoured Nona with a stay at the royal palace, for having constructed an accommodation for Brahmins in his homeland

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Mihirakula has been precisely dated to 502 - 530 AD on the basis of inscriptions and coins; he was a Huna ruler. He has been similarly confirmed to be Toramana's son and immediate successor. Biswas notes that no historical evidence has been located for the first six successors of Mihirakula or

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received an embassy from Candrapida requesting aid against Arab invasions. Candrapida did not receive any help but nonetheless, managed to defend his territory. In 720, Xuanzong sent an envoy to bestow upon him, the title "King of Kashmir". These diplomatic exchanges led to the formation of an

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follows her interpretation in one of his works. However, Gudrun Melzer notes that Biswas did not take into account a different chronology proposed by two German historians (Humbach and Göbl), which has since received eminence in Huna studies; scholars have disputed her dating and commentary on

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Gobl and Kuwayama notes a Khingila (not Narendraditya Khinkhila in the above note) to precede Toramana, based on numismatic and literary evidence. In contrast, Biswas had noted Tijin (Thunjina II in the third book of Rajatarangini) to be Toramana's father and predecessor. Melzer expresses

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The five brothers had set up a Shiva shrine—Jayesvara during Cippatajayapida's rule. After coming to the helm, they commissioned multiple towns and temples—Utapalasvāmin, Padmasvāmin, Dharmasvāmin, Kalyanasvāmin, Mamasvāmin, Utpalapura, Padmapura, etc. Padma's wife had two mathas built.

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Candrapida-Vajraditya is mentioned in the Chinese Tang Chronicle as a contemporary of the period CE 716-720 and Muktapida-Lalitaditya was mentioned in the same chronicle as a contemporary of the period CE 736-747 and according to the Rajatarangini was in conflict with the Indian king

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Cippatajayapida (var. Brhaspati) was crowned in 837/8. However, due to his young age, the real power was vested in the five brothers of Jayadevi—Padma, Utpala, Kalyana, Mamma, and Dharma—who followed the orders of Jayadevi but yet engaged in an acute mismanagement of affairs.

1726:. All the three works are currently lost or untraceable. However, a partial translation (in English) of Shah's manuscript was published over a journal in 1918 by Pandit Ananda Kaul.Biswas hyothesizes a probable time-frame for the predecessors based on Kaul's translation. 1316:

Sculpting proliferated during the Karkota dynasty, and Rajatarangini notes of several bronzes. Lalitaditya commissioned numerous gold and silver images for temples and monasteries across faiths, and his span is considered to be the zenith of Kashmiri sculpture.

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After Cippatajayapida was murdered in around 840, having ruled for twelve years, the brothers gained considerable power but fought each other to retain complete control of the empire, whilst installing puppet kings belonging to the Karkota lineage.

705:, and taking into account numismatic as well as literary sources, the dates of the Gonanda rulers are adjusted and Biswas deems the first ruler of the Karkota dynasty to be Durlabhaka Pratapaditya, who claimed the throne after defeating 957:

Little is noted about his rule in Rajatarangini except that he was tyrannical and oppressed the Brahmins. He bore the name Udayaditya, and was murdered after four years; the practice of magic-rites by Brahmins is held to be the cause.

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Son of Lalitaditya and his second queen Chakramardika, he was also known as Bappiyaka. No evidence other than the Rajatarangini exists to corroborate his reign. Kalhana noted the seven years of his rule to have been cruel.

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Metallic coins as well as cowrie shells were used as currency. The state collected a variety of taxes—customs-levy, prostitution-levy, market-tax etc.—corruption was rampant and Damodaragupta takes frequent digs.

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notes the fourth book to be accurate in its chronology (down to day) in that it aligns perfectly with contemporary Chinese sources; however a correction of +25 years need to be introduced throughout the dynasty.

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imperial alliance between the Tangs and Karakotas; in 722, after the Tangs emerged victorious against Tibet, the Chinese court credits Kashmir for having provided ample food to their troops stationed in Gilgit.

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Kalhana condemns Lalitapida as a recklessly extravagant ruler, whose court was infested with courtesans/concubines and jesters, and provided no patronage to learning. He ruled for twelve years and had donated

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Kalhana misunderstood a Karkota Vamsavali to be in Laukika Samvat, when it was actually in Kali Samvat. Both calendars were used in medieval Kashmir and the beginning of Laukika Samvat equals Kali Samvat 25

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Durlabhaka's reign saw increasing trade relation with neighbouring polities and the development of the Classical Kārkoṭa style of sculpture. Kalhana records him to have impressive military prowess. Several

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The Karkota rulers constructed several shrines to Vishnu in their dominions. They however also allowed Buddhism to flourish under them. Stupa, Chaitya and Vihara can be found in the ruins of their capital.

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According to Kalhana, he ruled for a span of four years and one month. He was overthrown by Samgramapida I, who ruled for seven days. Tribhuvanapida, despite being the eldest, had abdicated the throne.

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A world conqueror, Lalitaditya Muktapida (724/725−760/761) is credited by Kalhana with extensive conquests spanning major parts of India, Afghanistan and Central Asia; he is said to have even subdued

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Durlabhaka suppressed his desires for being unworthy of a king but fell gradually ill, till Nona learned of it. He offered Narendraprabha as a Devadasi, urging him to marry her and regain his health.

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and imposed a cruel taxation regime on Brahmins, forcing them to emigrate; he was cursed to death by a Brahmin. Jayapida had two sons—Lalitapida (from Durga) and Samgramapida II (from Kalyanadevi).

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Kalhana does not note any additional detail except not finding either of them to be worthy of wielding royal power, and Stein reiterates that no other evidence of these rulers have been located.

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Nonetheless, historical accuracy increases drastically from the fourth book onward, with the narration of Karkota dynasty and Rajatarangini has been heavily used to reconstruct Kashmiri history.

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Lalitapida was succeeded by his step-brother Samgramapida II, also known as Prithivyapida II. He had at least one son - Anangipida and ruled for seven years; Kalhana notes no additional detail.

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were prevalent. The dynasty (at least, the earlier rulers) had sought to restore Hinduism after a lengthy span of Buddhist influence in the valley; however a syncretic environment flourished.

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Inden, Ronald; Inden, Professor of South Asian History Ronald; Walters, Jonathan S.; Walters, Jonathan; Ali, Daud; Ali, Lecturer in Ancient and Medieval Indian History Daud (8 June 2000).

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On a reading of Kuttanimata, the society seems to be unequal and dominated by merchant communities. Materialism was in vogue among the elites, and prostitution received state patronage.

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During the Karkota period, especially in the reign of the 8th-century ruler Lalitaditya, the central Kashmir valley became the setting of a brilliant intellectual and artistic culture.

3268:"Kalhaņa tells us little about Durlabha-vardhana (...) The mixed metal coins bearing the legend Sri Durlabha on the obverse and jayati Kidāra on the reverse, belong to this monarch." 690:, which ruled for about 590 years till the establishment of the Karkotas; on cross-vetting with coins and inscriptions, names of some of these rulers are found to correspond with the 1002:, winning Kannauj. Kalhana lived around four centuries after Lalitaditya, and popular imagination appears to have embellished Lalitaditya's achievements by then. A century before, 4073: 2966: 1114: 1006:

noted the Kashmiris to celebrate an annual festival in commemoration of Lalitaditya, who "defeated the Turks and ruled over the world". Lalitaditya is also known from the

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Maulavi Hasan Shah wrote a history of Kashmir (not published; late 19th century), based on a Persian translation of Ratnakara Purana by Mulla Ahmed, court poet of

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during 7th and 8th centuries. Their rule saw a period of political expansion, economic prosperity and emergence of Kashmir as a centre of culture and scholarship.

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found little amiss with Kalhana's claims and accepted them as "historical fact"; Goetz's acceptance has since penetrated into the work of numerous scholars like

4697: 4147: 1758:). In contrast, Biswas rejects these theories of migration on a critical reading of Puranas, Rajatarangini, Xuanzang's chronicles and other literary sources. 661: 52: 1051:

to treachery by his minister, Kuvalayapida realised the folly of material gains, abdicated the throne, and retreated to a holy forest where he attained

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Stein had rejected Kalhana's description of Lalitaditya's conquests as "mythology" and noted his ignorance about territories outside Kashmir. However,

4237: 3216: 1261:, was crafted around the same times. A famed patron of arts, Lalitaditya invited scholars from abroad to his court and promoted study of religions. 1301: 3876:

Bronner, Yigal (2016). "Understanding Udbhaṭa: The Invention of Kashmiri Poetics in the Jayāpīḍa Moment". In Franco, Eli; Ratié, Isabelle (eds.).

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Witzel, Michael (2016). "Kashmiri Brahmins under the Karkota, Utpala and Lohara Dynasties, 625-1101 CE". In Franco, Eli; Ratié, Isabelle (eds.).

1285:, under the patronage of Cippatajayapida; in fifty cantos and 4351 verses, it is the largest surviving Mahākāvya and is based on the defeat of 701:

Atreyi Biswas however rejects this literal description of the establishment of the Karkota dynasty as fictitious. In a critical reading of the

4015: 3990: 3926: 3885: 3802: 3573: 3456: 3234: 3148: 2960: 2877: 2850: 2697: 2670: 2643: 2318: 1940: 1901: 1935:. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series: 23. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. pp. 60–61, 73, 298–300. 1065: 1149:, whilst away in a conquest. Returning to Kashmir, he found his brother-in-law Jajja to have usurped the throne but went on to defeat him. 679:

Scholars disagree on the specifics of establishment of the Karkotas, though it is held that their establishment followed the rule of the

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Sanderson, Alexis (2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Einoo, Shingo (ed.).

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to ward off the Tibetan troops. Tansen Sen notes this king to be Tarapida; however other scholars have identified him with Candrapida.

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Coins issued by all major rulers until Muktapida (and Jayapida) have been excavated; these coins were always inscribed in the name of

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were built by Lalitaditya. It is the oldest known Sun temple in India and was also one of the biggest temple complexes at the time.

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The extents of prior Buddhist influence is doubtful; the religious culture of Hunas is subject to extensive debates in scholarship.

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Kalhana assigns a regnal span of thirty-six years from 625 to 661/2. He was also known as Prajnaditya and gifted many villages (

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Melzer, Gudrun; Sander, Lore (2006). "A Copper Scroll Inscription from the Time of the Alchon Huns". In Braarvig, Jens (ed.).

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reservations on all of these readings.Biswas identifies her Narendraditya Khinkhila with the "Shahi Khimgala" mentioned over

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Sculptures in the Martand Temple. The trefoil arch is a characteristic feature of Brahminical temple architecture in Kashmir.

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Hunting was a popular sport for the princely class. Theaters were frequently organised and there were halls for the purpose;

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to have visited Kashmir twice during his reign, Durlabhavardhana controlled vast swaths of territories including modern day

1145:'s great-great-grandfather Narendra was a minister in his court. Jayapida married Kalyanadevi, daughter of King Jayanta of 4707: 1016: 4287: 1652: 734: 2552:"From conqueror to connoisseur: Kalhaṇa's account of Jayāpīḍa and the fashioning of Kashmir as a Kingdom of learning" 2416: 1309: 848: 4230: 1098: 965:

seeking defection to Kashmir; the-then King (unnamed) apparently consented and urged for military assistance from

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Kalhana notes him to have been assassinated by his brother, Tarapida, who recruited a Brahmin for the purpose.

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identifies Khingila (first paragraph) with Narendraditya Khinkhila; he is noted to be the second successor of

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ruler of Kashmir. His father Durlabhavardhana would have been a subordinate king under the-then Huna ruler,

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Around Abhinavagupta: Aspects of the Intellectual History of Kashmir from the Ninth to the Eleventh Century

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Around Abhinavagupta: Aspects of the Intellectual History of Kashmir from the Ninth to the Eleventh Century

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Larson, Gerald James (2007). "Nagas, Monks, Tantrics and Poets". In Pal, Pratapaditya; Ames, Frank (eds.).

934:. Kalhana paints a benevolent and virtuous image of the ruler—two stories are narrated to the same effect. 4588: 4461: 4356: 1324:

works (typically, faces) have been located. Stone sculptures dedicated to Durlabhaka have been excavated.

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Dāmodaraguptaviracitaṃ Kuṭṭanīmatam — The Bawd's Counsel: Being an Eighth-century Verse Novel in Sanskrit

3128: 1896:. Leipziger Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte Süd- und Zentralasiens. Münster, Germany. pp. 609–643. 1825: 1174:

He had one son Cippatajayapida, from his concubine Jayadevi, who was the daughter of a spirit distiller.

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Siudmak, John (2007). "Religious architecture: 500 - 1200". In Pal, Pratapaditya; Ames, Frank (eds.).

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Siudmak, John (2007). "Religious architecture: 500 - 1200". In Pal, Pratapaditya; Ames, Frank (eds.).

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Brahmin immigrants from Indus and Dravida regions were settled in Kashmir during Jayapida's reign;

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Kuawayama, Shōshin (1999). "Historical Notes on Kāpiśī and Kābul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries".

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and numerous Buddhist structures. He also established several towns, including a new capital at

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Kalhana notes his later years to be tyrannical when Jayapida sought to (unsuccessfully) rescind

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Numerous Brahmin immigrants were brought to Kashmir during his time including the ancestors of

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Srinagar) and the shrine of Malhanasvāmin; his wife had established the Narendreśvara Temple.

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Candrapida ruled from 712/13−720 and bore the name Vajraditya. He is otherwise known from the

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Kalhana notes Jayapida to be a liberal patron of arts and even invited scholars from abroad;

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Twist, Rebecca L. (Art Department, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR 97123, USA) (2018).

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At least three other Rajataranginis were composed in medieval Kashmir. They are since-lost.

1027:. Sen, comparing Kalhana's account with contemporary Chinese and Tibetan sources including 4598: 4545: 4481: 4307: 3173:

History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750

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is another local and contemporary source; it played similar roles in the Karkota polity.

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Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David Dean; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2003). "Conclusion".

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Udbhata was probably senior to Vāmana and might have begun his career under Lalitaditya.

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the raids and other events must be disputed. He was also known by the name Vinayaditya.

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Stein notes that the cause might have been derived from contemporary Tantric tradition.

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Pal, Pratapaditya (2007). "Faith And Form". In Pal, Pratapaditya; Ames, Frank (eds.).

3394:, datable from the Tang Chronicle and other Chinese sources to c. CE 691-731 or later. 2600:

Dezső, Csaba (2020). "X.1.3: The Kashmir Secular Tradition". In Balogh, Daniel (ed.).

4686: 4635: 4383: 3048: 2583: 2529: 2398: 2069: 1746: 1643: 1039: 1020: 796:) to Brahmins. Rajatarangini records no military activity during his reign; assuming 624: 599: 595: 214: 158: 149: 2223:"Dāmodaragupta's Kuṭṭanīmata : Its VaITS as a Source of Ancient Indian History" 4608: 4486: 4439: 4262: 3140: 1350: 1024: 309: 2941:"THE HUNS OF CENTRAL ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA: THE KIDARITE AND HEPHTHALITE WHITE HUNS" 2451:"Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India" 2341:. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Especially Blessed Landscape/Peripheral Kingdom. 2038:"Puranic Texts from Kashmir: Vitasta and River Ceremonials in the Nilamata Purana" 563: 3916: 3669: 3563: 3271: 2867: 4434: 4366: 4297: 3743: 3391: 1755: 1742: 1146: 1122: 999: 881: 862: 691: 680: 669: 496: 444: 289: 243: 3032: 2432: 2359:"Translating the Past: Rethinking "Rajatarangini" Narratives in Colonial India" 2053: 4429: 2602:

Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History

2374: 1321: 1282: 1142: 987: 966: 765: 721:

would never have existed at all or were subordinate kings under the Karkotas.

710: 508: 352: 3959: 3843: 3617: 3533: 3494: 3423: 3330: 3252:

Zinbun (Annals of the Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University)

3102: 3040: 3016: 2917: 2575: 2567: 2521: 2513: 2474: 2382: 2238: 2150: 2100: 2061: 2037: 1042:. A brilliant intellectual and artistic culture flourished during his reign. 825:

three sons—Chandrapida, Tarapida and Lalitaditya—in descending order of age.

3744:"Images of the Crowned Buddha along the Silk Road: Iconography and Ideology" 3724: 3698: 3372: 3287: 2988: 1633: 1228: 1153: 1003: 830: 791: 695: 336: 203: 194: 3650: 2551: 2497: 2190: 1268:

notes his court to have ushered a breakthrough moment in Kashmiri poetics.

2952: 1069:

Coin of king Vajraditya (Vigraha Deva) of the Karkota dynasty, c. 763−770.

4319: 1337: 1221: 797: 761: 744: 666: 591: 590:

Other sources include the chronicles of a multitude of Buddhist pilgrims—

504: 372: 362: 167: 4035:: Critical Edition, Including Commentaries, and Annotated Translation". 3967: 3943: 3541: 3517: 3502: 3478: 3431: 3407: 3338: 3314: 3110: 3086: 2925: 2901: 2390: 2358: 2246: 2222: 2108: 2084: 835:

were established by Hanumant, son of his minister Uda (var. Oda, Aida).

4552: 4097: 3851: 3819: 2991:(2016). "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly". 2689:

Querying the Medieval: Texts and the History of Practices in South Asia

2482: 2450: 1647: 1286: 1274: 1107: 872: 300: 17: 3625: 3593: 2158: 2126: 698:, establishing the Karkota dynasty. Witzel seems to accept this view. 3760: 3725:"Buddha Shakyamuni or the Jina Buddha Vairochana (LACMA Collections)" 1333: 1053: 645: 603: 4089: 3835: 3702: 3376: 3291: 3221:. Proceedings of the British Academy (1 ed.). British Academy. 2638:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp. 112–113, 135, 138, 143. 2466: 2180: 1830:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (f). 843: 614:

on erotics but gave a lively account of contemporary Kashmiri life.

3609: 2142: 3918:

The Dhvanyāloka of Ānandavardhana with the Locana of Abhinavagupta

3671:

The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu

1962:

The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences

1819: 1817: 1300: 1290: 1130: 1113: 1103: 1097: 1064: 982: 961:

In October–November 724, Chinese chronicles mention of an unhappy

842: 672: 660: 562: 500: 4215: 567:

Maximum extent of the Karkota Empire circa 750 CE at the time of

4219: 1257:

is believed to have been commissioned by Durlabhavardhana. The

4172:

Schroeder, Ulrich von (1981). "North-Western India: Kashmir".

3448:

1. Historical and Cultural Background of Kashmir Up to 1003 AD

2310:

1. Historical and Cultural Background of Kashmir Up to 1003 AD

58: 4148:"Sculpture and Bronze Images from Kashmir | Encyclopedia.com" 3703:"Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly" 3377:"Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly" 3292:"Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly" 3315:"The Institution of Devadāsīs in Literature and Archaeology" 2804:

Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir

2427:. Japanese Association for South Asian Studies: 10–11, 30. 938:'s great-grandfather Saktisvāmin was one of his ministers. 4118:. Asia Society ; 5 Continents. pp. 67–69, 75–82. 3795:

Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600-1800

2417:"On Indian Historical Writing: The role of the Vamsavalis" 3981:

Goodall, Dominic; Desző, Csaba, eds. (16 November 2012).

2182:

Imperial Purāṇas: Kashmir as Vaiṣṇava Center of the World

3479:"Vaishnavism in Kashmir During the Time of the Karkotas" 546:

ascended the throne of Kashmir in 855, establishing the

2337:

Zutshi, Chitralekha (2019). "Kashmir as Sacred Space".

1991:

Zutshi, Chitralekha (2019). "Kashmir as Sacred Space".

606:

and others—who visited Kashmir during the dynasty. The

3985:. Groningen Oriental Studies - 23. Brill. p. 21. 3204:. Vol. III. Oslo: Hermes Publishing. p. 257. 27:

625 – 855 CE dynasty of Kashmir and neighbouring areas

3562:

Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). "The Himalayan Kingdom".

3518:"'Albīrūnī's India' as a Source of Political History" 3273:

A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1. A.D. 300-985

1273:

Pārvatī; Kāvyālaṃkārasaṃgraha, a short commentary on

2872:. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 59. 778:

Karkota coins are simplified/symbolised versions of

4659: 4568: 4404: 4253: 4193:. Asia Society ; 5 Continents. pp. 56–57. 1860:. Asia Society ; 5 Continents. pp. 36–37. 1332:Durlabhavardhana, built a shrine dedicated to Lord 492: 402: 392: 378: 368: 358: 348: 34: 2902:"Bronzes of Kashmir: Their Sources and Influences" 2662:India As Seen In The Kuttanimata Of Damodara Gupta 717:. Baladitya and his immediate predecessors of the 3944:"System of Land Grants in Early Medieval Kashmir" 3319:Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 2845:. Associated University Press. p. 156, K47. 2842:Himalayan Bronzes: Technology, Style, and Choices 820:Per Kalhana, Anaṅgalekhā had him declared as her 738:Coin of Durlabhavardhana, founder of the dynasty. 3215:Sims-Williams, Nicholas, ed. (23 January 2003). 3017:"Kalhana's Rājataranginī: A Gender Perspective1" 2692:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 74–77. 4208:. Asia Society ; 5 Continents. p. 46. 3356:(2 ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 44. 2556:The Indian Economic & Social History Review 2502:The Indian Economic & Social History Review 2498:"Preface: Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī: What is it?" 3202:Buddhist Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection 4231: 8: 4136:. New York: Hacker Art Books. pp. 9–10. 4031:Pasedach, Peter (9 July 2018). "Ratnākara's 3774:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3170:Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996). 1995:. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Aryavarta. 1078:Manjarika) and Samgramapida I (from Mamma). 610:, penned by a court-poet of Jayapida, was a 3797:. New York: Other Press. pp. 254–260. 3668:Michell, George; Davies, Philip H. (1989). 2636:The Political History of the Hūṇas in India 1125:-pravartana mudrā. Circa 725–750, Kashmir, 339:, with neighbouring polities, circa 700 CE. 4238: 4224: 4216: 4178:. Visual Dharma Publications. p. 101. 3948:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 3900:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3778:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3483:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 3412:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 2227:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 2089:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 1916:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 889: Kingdom of Kashmir (Karkota dynasty) 675:, Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, 8th century. 31: 3759: 3135:, American Cancer Society, pp. 1–2, 2604:. Groningen: Barkhuis. pp. 296–308. 2127:"The Purāṇas and Jyotiḥśāstra: Astronomy" 4010:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 77. 3598:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3276:. People's Publishing House. p. 30. 2665:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 16. 2131:Journal of the American Oriental Society 1409: 733: 550:and ending the rule of Karkota dynasty. 335:Heartland of the Karkota dynasty around 4078:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 4072:Kossak, Steven; Lerner, Martin (1994). 3565:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 3367: 3365: 3363: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2313:. Brill. pp. 11, 16–19, 251, 262. 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 1813: 1669: 1359: 4718:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India 4703:9th-century disestablishments in India 4127: 4125: 4109: 4107: 4074:"The Arts of South and Southeast Asia" 3893: 3767: 3587: 3585: 3568:. New Age International. p. 294. 3195: 3193: 3122: 3120: 3080: 3078: 2895: 2893: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2595: 2593: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2444: 2442: 2410: 2408: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2120: 2118: 1909: 1887: 1778: 1776: 1704: 1702: 1498:Vajraditya or Bapyayika or Lalitapida 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2332: 2330: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1954: 1952: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1102:Coin of king Jayapida "Vinayaditya". 401: 391: 387: 7: 3594:"Warrior Ascetics in Indian History" 3354:Early History and Culture of Kashmir 3227:10.5871/bacad/9780197262856.001.0001 2906:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 1986: 1984: 1982: 4698:7th-century establishments in India 3408:"Revenue System of Ancient Kashmir" 3015:Rangachari, Devika (1 April 2002). 2999:. Numismatic Society of Bombay: 98. 2659:Shastri, A. M. (31 December 1996). 1933:Genesis and Development of Tantrism 686:Kalhana's third book mentions of a 3218:Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples 2939:Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015). 2013:Witzel, Michael (September 1991). 1749:and dated to sometime before 600. 1411:List of Karkota rulers of Kashmir 25: 990:Stupa, built during the reign of 520:(c. 625 − 855 CE) ruled over the 3445:Siudmak, John (1 January 2013). 2307:Siudmak, John (1 January 2013). 1827:A Historical atlas of South Asia 1824:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 1393: 1377: 1362: 1231:is noted to be a popular drama. 476: 451: 437: 69: 51: 3820:"Prostitution in Ancient India" 3818:Bhattacharji, Sukumari (1987). 2550:Bronner, Yigal (1 April 2013). 2496:Shulman, David (1 April 2013). 2179:Inden, Ronald (22 March 2018), 1388:built by Lalitaditya Muktapida. 847:Candrapida was affected by the 524:and some northern parts of the 3451:. Brill. pp. 11, 16, 18. 3141:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe049 2826:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2036:Sharma, Mahesh (1 July 2008). 1959:Siudmak, John (5 April 2013). 1: 3674:. Penguin Books. p. 96. 3639:Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977). 3270:Majumdar, R. C., ed. (1981). 2822:"The Bodhisattva Vajrasattva" 4055:"Metropolitan Museum of Art" 4008:History of Indian Literature 3921:. Harvard University Press. 3176:. UNESCO. pp. 169–170. 3129:"Karkota dynasty of Kashmir" 3021:The Medieval History Journal 2363:The Journal of Asian Studies 2357:ZUTSHI, CHITRALEKHA (2011). 3592:Lorenzen, David N. (1978). 3406:Rana, Suman Jamwal (1998). 3352:Ray, Sunil Chandra (1970). 2221:Ray, Sunil Chandra (1957). 1653:List of monarchs of Kashmir 1452:Chandrapeeda or Varnaditya 1441:Durlabhaka or Pratipaditya 747:king standing, with legend 4734: 4132:Pal, Pratapaditya (1975). 4006:Winternitz, Moriz (1985). 3133:The Encyclopedia of Empire 3033:10.1177/097194580200500103 2900:Pal, Pratapaditya (1973). 2866:Pal, Pratapaditya (1975). 2839:Reedy, Chandra L. (1997). 2802:Stein, Marc Aurel (1900). 2433:10.11384/jjasas1989.1990.1 2054:10.1177/026272800802800201 1573:Other puppet rulers under 1310:Metropolitan Museum of Art 976: 849:Umayyad campaigns in India 683:in the region of Kashmir. 4667:Template:History of India 4037:World Sanskrit Conference 2947:. Routledge. p. 58. 2375:10.1017/S0021911810002998 2015:"THE BRAHMINS OF KASHMIR" 1571: 726:Narendraditya Khinkhila. 416: 412: 388: 46: 41: 4672:Template:Medieval Deccan 3091:Journal of Asian History 2568:10.1177/0019464613487098 2514:10.1177/0019464613487096 2415:Witzel, Michael (1990). 1259:Vishnudharmottara Purana 943:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 760:abstract seated goddess 585:Vishnudharmottara Purana 3915:Ānandavardhana (1990). 3645:. Abhinav. p. 95. 3522:Central Asiatic Journal 3516:SHARMA, ARVIND (1982). 3127:Pal, Sayantani (2016), 2634:Biswas, Atreyi (1971). 2125:Pingree, David (1990). 1463:Tarapida or Udayaditya 715:Narendraditya Khinkhila 4462:Kingdom of Bundelkhand 4357:Kingdom of Anahilavada 2191:10.5281/zenodo.1205493 2083:Jamwal, Suman (2011). 1384:Central temple of the 1313: 1134: 1111: 1070: 995: 921: 787: 764:, holding garland and 676: 576: 404:• Disestablished 4631:Sultanate of Khandesh 4467:Kingdom of Trikalinga 4410:(Post Tripartite Era) 4315:Kingdom of Mahishmati 3729:collections.lacma.org 3477:SAXENA, HINA (1995). 3313:AROLE, MEERA (1990). 2953:10.4324/9781315661704 1738:a Ganesha inscription 1475:Lalitaditya Muktapida 1304: 1117: 1101: 1068: 1035:, agrees with Stein. 992:Lalitaditya Muktapida 986: 979:Lalitaditya Muktapida 846: 737: 664: 594:(May 631−April 633), 569:Lalitaditya Muktapida 566: 4708:Dynasties of Kashmir 4621:Sultanate of Gujarat 4511:Kingdom of Jaisalmer 4175:Indo-Tibetan Bronzes 4152:www.encyclopedia.com 3942:SINGH, Y.B. (1991). 3656:recorded by Kalhana. 3642:Yaśovarman of Kanauj 3085:SEN, TANSEN (2004). 2449:Roy, Kumkum (1994). 1308:, Kashmir, 775−800. 1244:Art and architecture 857: Desert areas ( 688:Gonanda dynasty (II) 459:Gonanda dynasty (II) 331:class=notpageimage| 4616:Sultanate of Bengal 4531:Sultanate of Multan 4420:Kingdom of Junagadh 4406:Middle Medieval Era 4379:Tripartite Struggle 4320:Kingdom of Samatata 4273:Kingdom of Thanesar 4206:The arts of Kashmir 4191:The arts of Kashmir 4116:The arts of Kashmir 3754:(92): 25, Fig. 31. 2969:on 25 November 2021 2808:Archibald Constable 2042:South Asia Research 1858:The arts of Kashmir 1412: 526:Indian subcontinent 394:• Established 4641:Kingdom of Bikaner 4626:Sultanate of Malwa 4584:Sultanate of Delhi 4536:Kingdom of Mithila 4521:Kingdom of Kalyani 4452:Kingdom of Sambhar 4447:Kingdom of Amarkot 4330:Kingdom of Kashmir 4283:Kingdom of Gurjara 4278:Kingdom of Valabhi 4268:Kingdom of Kannauj 4255:Early Medieval Era 4134:Bronzes of Kashmir 2912:(5207): 727, 746. 2869:Bronzes of Kashmir 1658:Martand Sun Temple 1564:Chipyata-Jayapida 1410: 1386:Martand Sun Temple 1371:Martand Sun Temple 1347:Martand Sun Temple 1328:Shrines and cities 1314: 1135: 1112: 1071: 1033:pilgrim-chronicles 1029:official histories 996: 922: 810:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 788: 677: 577: 534:Martand Sun Temple 4680: 4679: 4651:Kingdom of Orissa 4570:Late Medieval Era 4526:Kingdom of Marwar 4477:Kingdom of Bengal 4425:Emirate of Multan 4374:Kingdom of Dahala 4362:Kingdom of Bengal 4059:www.metmuseum.org 4017:978-81-208-0056-4 3992:978-90-69-80158-2 3928:978-0-674-20278-8 3887:978-3-643-90697-7 3804:978-1-59051-044-5 3707:Numismatic Digest 3575:978-81-224-1198-0 3458:978-90-04-24832-8 3381:Numismatic Digest 3296:Numismatic Digest 3236:978-0-19-726285-6 3150:978-1-118-45507-4 2993:Numismatic Digest 2962:978-1-317-34090-4 2879:978-3-201-00929-4 2852:978-0-87413-570-1 2699:978-0-19-512430-9 2672:978-81-208-1336-6 2645:978-0-88386-301-5 2320:978-90-04-24832-8 2020:. pp. 24–28. 1942:978-4-903235-08-0 1903:978-3-643-90697-7 1625: 1624: 1430:Durlabhavardhana 1127:Jammu and Kashmir 917:Umayyad Caliphate 780:Late Kushan coins 665:Sculpture of the 538:Anantnag district 514: 513: 488: 487: 484: 483: 464: 463: 16:(Redirected from 4725: 4646:Kingdom of Mewat 4636:Kingdom of Sindh 4576: 4575: 4553:Lords of Magadha 4516:Kingdom of Kutch 4499:Kingdom of Sindh 4494:Kingdom of Amber 4472:Kingdom of Malwa 4457:Kingdom of Mewar 4412: 4411: 4352:Kingdom of Gauda 4325:Kingdom of Nepal 4293:Kingdom of Sindh 4288:Kingdom of Malwa 4240: 4233: 4226: 4217: 4210: 4209: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4111: 4102: 4101: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3899: 3891: 3873: 3856: 3855: 3824:Social Scientist 3815: 3809: 3808: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3773: 3765: 3763: 3761:10.3390/h7040092 3739: 3733: 3732: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3559: 3546: 3545: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3474: 3463: 3462: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3369: 3358: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3124: 3115: 3114: 3082: 3053: 3052: 3012: 3001: 3000: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2965:. Archived from 2936: 2930: 2929: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2799: 2704: 2703: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2631: 2616: 2615: 2597: 2588: 2587: 2547: 2534: 2533: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2455:Social Scientist 2446: 2437: 2436: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2354: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2325: 2324: 2304: 2251: 2250: 2218: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2176: 2163: 2162: 2122: 2113: 2112: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2033: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2010: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1977: 1976: 1956: 1947: 1946: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1907: 1889: 1862: 1861: 1853: 1842: 1841: 1821: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1751:Shōshin Kuwayama 1733: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1706: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1639:History of India 1553:Sangramapida II 1509:Prithivyapida I 1413: 1397: 1381: 1366: 1306:Vaikuntha Vishnu 1281:Ratnakara wrote 1119:Vairocana Buddha 914: 909:(c.475–c.776 CE) 907:Maitraka Kingdom 904: 899:(c. 632– 712 CE) 897:Kingdom of Sindh 894: 888: 879: 870: 856: 730:Durlabhavardhana 723:Ahmad Hasan Dani 648:on the reverse. 480: 479: 468: 467: 455: 454: 441: 440: 434: 433: 418: 417: 325: 323: 314: 312: 305: 303: 296: 294: 285: 283: 274: 272: 261: 259: 250: 248: 239: 237: 230: 228: 219: 217: 210: 208: 199: 197: 190: 188: 181: 179: 172: 170: 163: 161: 154: 152: 145: 143: 136: 134: 125: 123: 116: 114: 105: 103: 94: 92: 85: 83: 74: 73: 65: 63: 55: 32: 21: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4713:Hindu dynasties 4693:Karkota dynasty 4683: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4655: 4574:(Sultanate Era) 4573: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4400: 4384:Kingdom of Lata 4263:Magadhan Empire 4249: 4244: 4214: 4213: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4090:10.2307/3269200 4071: 4070: 4066: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3892: 3888: 3875: 3874: 3859: 3836:10.2307/3520437 3817: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3766: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3591: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3561: 3560: 3549: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3476: 3475: 3466: 3459: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3371: 3370: 3361: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3084: 3083: 3056: 3014: 3013: 3004: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2963: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2880: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2806:. Westminster: 2801: 2800: 2707: 2700: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2633: 2632: 2619: 2612: 2599: 2598: 2591: 2549: 2548: 2537: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2467:10.2307/3517849 2448: 2447: 2440: 2414: 2413: 2406: 2356: 2355: 2346: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2306: 2305: 2254: 2220: 2219: 2204: 2195: 2193: 2178: 2177: 2166: 2124: 2123: 2116: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2035: 2034: 2025: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2000: 1990: 1989: 1980: 1973: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1908: 1904: 1891: 1890: 1865: 1855: 1854: 1845: 1838: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1700: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1630: 1408: 1401: 1398: 1389: 1382: 1373: 1367: 1330: 1299: 1255:Nilamata Purana 1251: 1246: 1237: 1222:Devadasi system 1214: 1197: 1188: 1186:Cippatajayapida 1180: 1178:Samgramapida II 1164: 1121:performing the 1096: 1084: 1082:Prithivyapida I 1063: 1048: 981: 975: 955: 930:under the name 920: 912: 910: 902: 900: 892: 890: 886: 884: 877: 875: 868: 866: 859:Registan Desert 854: 852: 841: 818: 777: 756: 739: 732: 719:Gonanda dynasty 659: 654: 642: 620: 581:Nilamata Purana 561: 556: 518:Karkota dynasty 507: 503: 499: 477: 452: 438: 405: 395: 383:Classical India 344: 343: 342: 341: 340: 333: 327: 326: 321: 319: 317: 315: 310: 308: 306: 301: 299: 297: 292: 290: 288: 286: 281: 279: 277: 275: 269: 266: 264: 262: 257: 255: 253: 251: 246: 244: 242: 240: 235: 233: 231: 226: 224: 222: 220: 215: 213: 211: 206: 204: 202: 200: 195: 193: 191: 186: 184: 182: 177: 175: 173: 168: 166: 164: 159: 157: 155: 150: 148: 146: 141: 139: 137: 132: 130: 128: 126: 121: 119: 117: 112: 110: 108: 106: 101: 99: 97: 95: 90: 88: 86: 81: 79: 77: 75: 68: 66: 61: 59: 57: 37: 36:Karkota dynasty 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4685: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4580: 4578: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4247:Medieval India 4245: 4243: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4220: 4212: 4211: 4196: 4181: 4164: 4139: 4121: 4103: 4064: 4046: 4023: 4016: 3998: 3991: 3973: 3934: 3927: 3907: 3886: 3857: 3810: 3803: 3785: 3734: 3716: 3690: 3680: 3660: 3631: 3610:10.2307/600151 3581: 3574: 3547: 3508: 3464: 3457: 3437: 3398: 3359: 3344: 3305: 3279: 3261: 3242: 3235: 3207: 3189: 3182: 3162: 3149: 3116: 3097:(2): 141–162. 3054: 3002: 2980: 2961: 2931: 2889: 2878: 2858: 2851: 2831: 2813: 2705: 2698: 2678: 2671: 2651: 2644: 2617: 2610: 2589: 2562:(2): 161–177. 2535: 2508:(2): 127–130. 2488: 2438: 2404: 2344: 2326: 2319: 2252: 2202: 2164: 2143:10.2307/604530 2114: 2075: 2048:(2): 123–145. 2023: 1998: 1978: 1972:978-9004248328 1971: 1948: 1941: 1923: 1902: 1863: 1843: 1836: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1793: 1784: 1772: 1760: 1728: 1724:Zain-ul-Abidin 1715: 1698: 1688: 1678: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1641: 1636: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1575:Utpala dynasty 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487:Kuvalayaditya 1485: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1407: 1406:List of rulers 1404: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1392: 1390: 1383: 1376: 1374: 1368: 1361: 1329: 1326: 1298: 1295: 1270:Daniel Ingalls 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1213: 1210: 1206:Utpala dynasty 1196: 1195:Disintegration 1193: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1163: 1160: 1095: 1092: 1083: 1080: 1062: 1059: 1047: 1044: 994:, 8th century. 977:Main article: 974: 971: 954: 951: 936:Jayanta Bhatta 932:Zhentuoluobili 911: 901: 891: 885: 876: 867: 853: 851:in 711-715 AD. 840: 837: 817: 814: 784:Kidarite coins 753:Sharada script 731: 728: 658: 655: 653: 650: 641: 638: 633:Michael Witzel 619: 616: 560: 557: 555: 552: 548:Utpala dynasty 522:Kashmir valley 512: 511: 494: 490: 489: 486: 485: 482: 481: 474: 472:Utpala dynasty 465: 462: 461: 456: 448: 447: 442: 430: 429: 424: 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 403: 400: 399: 396: 393: 390: 389: 386: 385: 380: 379:Historical era 376: 375: 370: 366: 365: 360: 356: 355: 350: 346: 345: 334: 329: 328: 316: 307: 298: 287: 276: 263: 252: 241: 232: 221: 212: 201: 192: 183: 174: 165: 156: 147: 138: 127: 118: 107: 96: 87: 76: 67: 56: 50: 49: 48: 47: 44: 43: 39: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4730: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4567: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4403: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4218: 4207: 4200: 4197: 4192: 4185: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4168: 4165: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4135: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3681:9780140081442 3677: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3393: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3274: 3265: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3183:9789231032110 3179: 3175: 3174: 3166: 3163: 3152: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3027:(1): 46, 48. 3026: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2679: 2674: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2611:9789493194014 2607: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1924: 1919: 1913: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1747:Pravarsena II 1744: 1739: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1689: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1644:Rajatarangini 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1520:Sangramapida 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1405: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1369:Ruins of the 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1320:Contemporary 1318: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1266:Yigal Bronner 1262: 1260: 1256: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1201: 1194: 1192: 1185: 1183: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1040:Abhinavagupta 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:Hermann Goetz 1013: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1001: 993: 989: 985: 980: 972: 970: 968: 964: 959: 952: 950: 947: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 928: 918: 908: 898: 883: 874: 864: 860: 850: 845: 838: 836: 834: 833: 826: 823: 815: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794: 785: 781: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 750: 749:Jayati Kidāra 746: 742: 736: 729: 727: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 703:Rajatarangini 699: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 674: 671: 668: 663: 657:Establishment 656: 651: 649: 647: 639: 637: 634: 629: 627: 626: 625:Rajatarangini 618:Rajatarangini 617: 615: 613: 612:didactic work 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 574: 570: 565: 558: 553: 551: 549: 545: 544:Avanti Varman 541: 539: 535: 529: 527: 523: 519: 510: 506: 502: 498: 495: 493:Today part of 491: 475: 473: 470: 469: 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