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378:(c. 1274 BC), Kizzuwatna supplied troops to the Hittite king. As master equestrians, some of the first in the areas south of the Caucasus region, they provided the horses, which were later favoured by King Solomon and allowed the more aggressive use of the Hittite chariot than their Egyptian and Assyrian rivals were able.
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meaning "land on this side" in relation to the mountains. Though
Kizzuwatna Luwian differs from Empire Luwian spoken in the Hittite heartland, incantations written in Kizzuwatna Luwian appear untranslated in Hittite ritual texts. Hurrian culture became more prominent in Kizzuwatna once it entered the
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is believed to have temporarily displaced the people of the
Cilician plain, but many among the entourage of the Sea peoples were likely to have been composed of Luwian and Hurrians, possibly to ensure that they had a stake in how the invasions ended for their people, rather than being simple victims
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The
Kizzuwatna were master craftsman, mining experts and blacksmiths. Being the first to work "black iron", which is understood to have been iron of meteoric origin, into weapons such as maces, swords and warheads for spears. Their location in the mineral-rich Tarsus Range gave them ample materials
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likely continued the policy of his father. The exceedingly rough and unfavourable terrain of the Tarsus
Mountains made it likely that to remain in a position of prominence among their Hurrian- and Luwian- speaking neighbours, the Kizzuwatna requested favourable terms for the treaties, and that they
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Kozal, Ekin and Novák, Mirko: Facing
Muwattalli. Some Thoughts on the Visibility and Function of the Rock Reliefs at Sirkeli Höyük, Cilicia, in: E. Kozal, M. Akar, Y. Heffron, Ç. Çilingiroğlu, T.E. Şerifoğlu, C. Çakırlar, S. Ünlüsoy and E. Jean (eds.),
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Dialoguesin the Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology Studies in Honor of Marie-Henriette and Charles Gates, Alter Orient und Altes Testament 445
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Certainties in Near Eastern Archaeology, A Festschrift in Honor of K. Aslıhan Yener for her 40 years of Field Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean
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171:. The slopes of the mountain range are still partly covered by woods. Annual winter rains made agriculture possible in the area at a very early date (see
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Forlanini, Massimo: How to infer
Ancient Roads and Intineraries from heterogenous Hittite Texts: The Case of the Cilician (Kizzuwatnean) Road System,
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Novák, Mirko and
Rutishauser, Susanne: Tutḫaliya, Šunaššura und die Grenze zwischen Ḫatti und Kizzuwatna, in: C. Mittermayer, S. Ecklin (eds.),
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Novák, Mirko: Kizzuwatna, Ḥiyawa, Quwe – Ein Abriss der
Kulturgeschichte des Ebenen Kilikien, in J. Becker, R. Hempelmann, E. Rehm (ed.),
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Kozal, Ekin and Novák, Mirko: Alalakh and Kizzuwatna. Some Thoughts on the Synchronization, in: Ç. Maner, A. Gilbert, M. Horowitz (ed.),
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claimed to have reached the Taurus Mountains (the silver mountains) in the 23rd century BC. However, archaeology has yet to confirm any
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Hurrians predate the Hittites and Luwians in the area, who probably arrived around 2000 BC as part of the imperial expansion under
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of Kizzuwatna had to sign a treaty with Idrimi. The treaty was for fugitives exchanges between Idrimi and Pilliya.
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became more powerful. He concluded a treaty with Sunassura, and took it away from the domination of Mitanni.
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Novák, Mirko and Rutishauser, Susanne: Kizzuwatna: Archaeology. In: M. Weeden und L.Z. Ullmann (ed.),
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during this period, that played a political role in the rivalry between Hittites and the Mitanni.
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Yakubovich, Ilya (2011). "Luwian and the Luwians". In Steadman, Sharon; McMahon, Gregory (eds.).
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Several ethnic groups coexisted in Kizzuwatna and their culture represents a fusion of
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Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday
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represents a "s" sound (as in "sun") in Hittite and Luwian transliteration ( in the
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in the Anatolian Highlands went through Kizzuwatna by the early 2nd millennium BC.
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kingdom in the 2nd millennium BC. It was situated in the highlands of southeastern
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Kulturlandschaft Syrien – Zentrum und Peripherie.Festschrift für Jan-Waalke Meyer
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to the north. The earliest Hittite records seem to refer to Kizzuwatna and
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usually represents "sh" (as in "shun") in other languages in the IPA.
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On Kizzuwatna's north-eastern border, there also existed the state of
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The country possessed valuable resources, such as silver mines in the
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and Kizzuwatna c. 1290 BC and borders the Egyptian kingdom (green)
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Hittite Landscape and Geography. Handbuch der Orientalistik I,121
306:, Kizzuwatna became a strategic partner because of its location.
135:, in the highlands. In a later era, the same region was known as
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Archi, Alfonso (2003-07-21). "Middle Hittite—"Middle Kingdom"".
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States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC
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States and territories established in the 2nd millennium BC
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was also integrated into the Hittite one, and the goddess
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465:. Oxford University Press. pp. 536–537, 539.
695:, Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2017, pp. 371–388.
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
650:Kizzuwatna and the problem of Hittite geography
537:. Penn State University Press. pp. 1–12.
435:Sunassura II / Šunaššura II - contemporary of
333:Pilliya also made peace with the Hittite king
232:sphere of influence of the Hurrian kingdom of
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274:influence in the area. The trade routes from
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131:. The centre of the kingdom was the city of
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175:). The plains at the lower course of the
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
652:, Yale university press, New Haven 1940.
366:Kizzuwatna rebelled during the reign of
258:towards the end of the 13th century BC.
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709:, Brill, Leiden 2017, pp. 296–317.
702:, Brill, Leiden 2017, pp. 134–145.
664:Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language
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463:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia
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254:of Kizzuwatna became very important in
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385:Around 1200 BC, an invasion by the
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509:Treaty between Idrimi and Pilliya
179:provided rich cultivated fields.
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485:"Tablet/Seal Impression #131447"
310:made a treaty with Hittite King
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645:, Scholars Press, Atlanta 1996.
570:International Phonetic Alphabet
347:At the time of Kizzuwatna king
351:(Sunassura), the Hittite king
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1339:Former countries in West Asia
1329:States in Bronze Age Anatolia
374:for 200 years. In the famous
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242:, queen of the Hittite king
620:Ancient regions of Anatolia
363:were subsequently granted.
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511:(Alalakh Tab. 3) etana.org
219:. However, its first king
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429:Sunassura I / Šunaššura I
16:Ancient Anatolian kingdom
643:Hittite Diplomatic Texts
32:This article includes a
215:-influenced dialect of
61:more precise citations.
680:, 2013, pp. 1–34.
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666:, Brill, Leiden 2010.
421:Paddatisu / Paddatišu
358:His adopted son king
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521:Kingdoms of Anatolia
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123:. It encircled the
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1126:Pontus
1055:Urartu
1036:Kummuh
1024:Gurgum
1007:Mushki
987:Etiuni
957:Aeolia
932:Wilusa
853:Kaskia
795:Arzawa
736:38; 36
549:
342:Ishuwa
320:Idrimi
293:Arzawa
223:had a
217:Luwian
195:, and
189:Luwian
183:People
161:Arzawa
121:Turkey
1044:Tabal
1016:Atuna
1002:Lydia
997:Lycia
992:Ionia
982:Doris
962:Caria
927:Urumu
922:Urshu
888:Nairi
883:Mysia
868:Luwia
863:Lukka
834:Isuwa
815:Hatti
448:Notes
439:king
432:Talzu
405:Kings
297:Luwia
281:karum
266:King
252:Hebat
157:Hatti
96:; in
40:, or
1040:Quwê
936:Troy
912:Seha
893:Pala
878:Mira
722:36°E
719:38°N
547:ISBN
496:2015
399:Quwe
207:and
143:Land
105:Qode
101:Kode
92:(or
539:doi
467:doi
103:or
1305::
1042:,
1038:,
1034:,
1030:,
1026:,
1022:,
1018:,
840:,
836:,
545:.
487:.
299:.
236:.
191:,
139:.
44:,
36:,
1180:e
1173:t
1166:v
1046:)
1014:(
934:/
900:/
844:)
832:(
768:e
761:t
754:v
574:š
566:Š
555:.
541::
498:.
473:.
469::
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
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