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system in the
Ndughore Valley, with its complexity and well-designed canal network, constitutes a sophisticated irrigation system. Pig rearing, not extensively discussed in the New Georgia region, is documented in the Ndughore Valley sites, with surplus from irrigated taro fields likely supporting pig herds, contributing to ritualised feasting and status competition.
576:
Roviana lagoon research, spans the Bao period (1200 to 400 BC) and the
Roviana period (400 BC to European contact). The latter witnessed new architectural forms, settlement patterns, and material culture, including coral-rubble skull shrines, fortification sites, and shell rings like hokata arm rings and bakiha rings of tridacna shell.
591:
Ancestral shrines in the
Ndughore valley align with the broader pattern for New Georgia, conferring power in headhunting raids and participating in the regional shell exchange network. While the archaeology of Kolombangara Island remains little known, the study of Ndughore Valley sites sheds light on
554:
Hena (site SN-4-12): Characterized as a small site of special function on a flat-topped mound, Hena contained an ancestral shrine supported by a stone-faced terrace. Two rectangular platforms flanked the terrace with anthropomorphic facial motifs. While the exact nature of activities at Hena remained
579:
This distinctive New
Georgia cultural system, predating European contact, intensified in the nineteenth century due to increased trade. Andrew Cheyne's 1844 trading post on Simbo Island linked iron axe heads to ritualised headhunting, especially with the introduction of muskets. Headhunting and the
525:
Agegelai (site SN-4-4): The most extensive irrigation system recorded, Agegelai, was located upstream of Aghara on the north bank of the
Ndughore River. Mapped in 1971, it had 91 individual pond fields, well-constructed stone retaining walls, and a hydrologically complex design utilizing water from
509:
The same three components constituted the traditional agricultural regime on
Kolombangara, based on discussions with Ghatere elders and observations in the Ndughore valley. The swidden component left little trace, but the tree component, including Canarium nut trees, breadfruit, sago, and betel nut
550:
Vavalondu (site SN-4-9): Further inland on the same ridge as
Heriana, Vavalondu occupied a gently sloping area on the ridge crest, featuring an ancestral shrine, house foundations, and anvil stones for processing nali nuts. Insights into ritual practices and daily activities were gleaned from this
675:
In
January 1944 a detachment of 1 officer and 6 enlisted men from the 350th Engineer General Service Regiment stationed at Munda, established a vegetable farm on the abandoned Japanese airstrip at Vila. The British government furnished 16 male natives to help with the project. With seeds acquired
546:
Heriana (site SN-4-6): A small settlement on the same ridge as
Patusugha, but at a higher elevation, Heriana had no fortification features. Cleared, mapped, and excavated, the site, described by informant Pahu, revealed four distinct features, including house foundations and earth ovens, shedding
534:
Seven sites on the northwestern side of the
Ndughore Valley were surveyed, with triangulated locations indicated in Figure 1 using compass bearings in the pre-GPS era. Two main clusters emerged: sites SN-4-2, -6, and -9 on the ridge above the Aghara and Agegelai irrigation complexes, and SN-4-12,
496:
Early European contact introduced disease, causing social disruption and depopulation. Simultaneously, subsistence changes saw men adopting migration as a way of life. Shifting cultivation on interior ridges vanished, and stone-faced pond field irrigation ceased by the late 1930s. Economic shifts
488:
The Ndughore Valley choice for study was influenced by extensive remains of former Ghatere agricultural systems, known as Ingoana. Pahu, Ghatere's oldest resident and main informant, traced his genealogy four generations back to Valaka, the Ingoana's founding ancestor. Descendants of the Ndughore
475:
Over 30 days, collaborating with locals unveiled Ndughore Valley's cultural landscape during early European contact. Limited 1971 knowledge hindered Kolombangara research dissemination. Despite this, the expanded Western Solomons' archaeological record enriches understanding, contributing to New
583:
Insights into this nineteenth-century cultural system come from the archaeological landscape of Kolombangara's Ndughore Valley. The economic base of the Ingoana people included swidden cultivation, arboriculture centred on canarium (nali nuts), and pond irrigation of taro. The Agegelai terraced
562:
Ivivu (site SN-4-5): The highest and most inland site, Ivivu, was a fortified hamlet modified for musket attacks. Situated on a steep ridge, Ivivu featured level terraces and platforms, defensive fosses, and a protective stone wall. An ancestral shrine at the site contained human remains, shell
513:
The most noticeable traces of the former three-tier agricultural system were linked to irrigated pond fields. Ghatere people guided researchers to formerly irrigated complexes in the Ndughore valley. Archaeological remains of irrigation are now described, with sites numbered using Roger Green's
575:
Decades after the 1971 fieldwork on Kolombangara, renewed archaeological research in the New Georgia Group has established a regional cultural sequence for the Ndughore settlement landscape in the wider New Georgia Islands context. The 'Munda tradition,' defined by Walter and Sheppard based on
542:
Patusugha (site SN-4-2): Spanning the western ridge overlooking the Ndughore valley, Patusugha, at an elevation of approximately 200 m, was where cultivators of the Aghara irrigation system once lived. Accessible by climbing a steep ridge from Aghara, the site covered about 70 m of ridge, with
505:
Bayliss-Smith et al. (2003) examined rainforest composition and human disturbance history in the western Solomon Islands, describing an agroforestry system in the Marovo Lagoon region of New Georgia Island around 1800. This system included irrigated taro pond fields, mixed bush-fallow swiddens
587:
Settlement patterns emphasised defence and fortification during increased inter-island raiding and headhunting. Residential sites like Patusugha, Heriana, and Vavalondu were on defensible hilltops, resembling small hamlets. Ivivu, modified in response to firearms, deviated from this pattern.
521:
Aghara (site SN-4-1): Aghara irrigation complex, recorded by A. M. Hocart in 1908, featured terraces dammed with stones. Mapped in 1971, it included 43 stone-faced pond fields organized into subsystems. Radiocarbon dating suggested the system's age range from AD 1504-1590 to AD 1616-modern.
489:'tribe,' once among seven tribes on Kolombangara, the Ingoana traditionally occupied land from north of Hunda to beyond Iriri. During the visit, Ingoana of Iriri and Ghatere were separated by Vavanga and Papele villages. Kolombangara inhabitants spoke Nduke, a single Austronesian language.
699:
Beginning in 2019, the Chinese state-owned China Forestry Group Corporation expressed interest in purchasing the hardwood forestry plantation that makes up much of the island, including a port and former airstrip that could be used as a base for Chinese military assets.
435:
covers some 80,000 ha of marine waters around the island, the site boundaries based on a seaward extension of 7 km from the coast, to encompass foraging and transit areas for the Heinroth's shearwaters that are believed to breed in the uplands of the island.
566:
In summary, the survey of these northwestern Ndughore Valley sites revealed diverse features, including irrigation complexes, settlement sites, and ritual and defensive structures, providing valuable insights into their historical, cultural, and functional aspects.
558:
Domana (site SN-4-13): Identified as a small ritual site, Domana consisted of a prominent upright volcanic slab flanked by fallen volcanic slabs. Referred to as a "devil's place" by informants, no additional information on its function or purpose was provided.
484:
Kolombangara, a circular extinct stratovolcano 15 km in diameter and 1770 m high at Mt. Veve, lies northwest of New Georgia Island. The Ndughore Valley, carved into the island's southwestern flank, stretches 6 km inland, with Ghatere village at its mouth.
517:
Daratovu (sites SN-4-10 and -11): Two small ovulologha irrigation systems were located on steep side channels of the upper Ndughore River at Daratovu. Both had stone terraces running across narrow, steep stream channels, forming 'barrage' terracing.
492:
Pahu's cosmogonic account places the Kolombangara people's origin in the central caldera. Pre-colonial pacification saw them in small interior hamlets. European arrival and firearms led to hamlet modification for defence and shelter creation.
471:
Led by Roger Green and Douglas Yen, the Southeast Solomon Islands Cultural History Programme (1970-1972) delved into archipelagic agricultural systems. In 1971, Yen and team explored Kolombangara, revealing promising irrigation remnants.
350:
is located. The island is heavily forested, with few inhabitants. There are two notable settlements, Ringgi and Mongga, the former being the larger. The most significant industry on the island is logging, principally based at Poitete.
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Bayliss-Smith, T., Prebble, M., & Manebosa, S. (2019). "Saltwater and bush in New Georgia, Solomon Islands: Exchange relations, agricultural intensification and limits to social complexity." In M. Leclerc and J. Flexner (Eds.),
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Site SN-4-7: On the ridge to Patusugha, an earth oven and a flat stone with indentations for cracking nali (canarium) nuts were noted. Marked for further investigation as Site SN-4-7, no further exploration occurred.
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comprises 30,963 ha of forested land covering the central caldera and the high ridges of Mounts Veve and Rano, with four corridors down through lowland forest to the coast. The birds include
650:, who manned a secret observation post at the top of the island's Mount Veve volcano, spotted the explosion. After decoding news that the explosion he had witnessed was probably from the lost
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on the south shore of the island, and in May 1943 based several military units with over ten thousand troops garrisoned on the southeast side of the island under the command of Major General
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in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The name is from a local language, a rough translation of its meaning is "Water Lord" with approximately 80 rivers and streams running down its flanks.
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After destroyers succeeded in sinking the supply ships three nights later and isolating the garrison of 12,400 there, US forces were able to "leapfrog" Kolombangara to land on
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Aswani, S., & Sheppard, P. (2003). "The archaeology and ethnohistory of exchange in precolonial and colonial Roviana: Gifts, commodities, and inalienable possessions."
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Bayliss-Smith, T., & Hviding, E. (2015). "Landesque capital as an alternative to food storage in Melanesia: Irrigated taro terraces in New Georgia, Solomon Islands."
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Thomas, T. (2009). "Communities of practice in the archaeological record of New Georgia, Rendova and Tetepare." In P. Sheppard, T. Thomas and G. Summerhayes (Eds.),
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turtle shell trade intertwined in the late nineteenth century, contributing to ongoing feuds and retaliatory raids that depopulated many parts of the archipelago.
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Yen, D.E., Kirch, P.V., Rosendahl, P., & Riley, T. (1972). "Prehistoric agriculture in the upper Makaha Valley, Oahu." In D.E. Yen and E. Ladd (Eds.),
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Walter, R., & Sheppard, P.J. (2006). "Archaeology in Melanesia: A case study from the Western Province of the Solomon Islands." In I. Lilley (Ed.),
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scattered house foundations, stone outbuildings, or earth terraces. Excavations provided insights into the site's historical and cultural aspects.
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Thomas, T., Sheppard, P., & Walter, R. (2001). "Landscape, violence and social bodies: Ritualized architecture in a Solomon Islands society."
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Bayliss-Smith, T., Hviding, E., & Witmore, T. (2003). "Rainforest composition and histories of human disturbance in the Solomon Islands."
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Bayliss-Smith, T., & Hviding, E. (2012). "Irrigated taro, malaria and the expansion of chiefdoms: Ruta in New Georgia, Solomon Islands."
680:, many vegetables were sent back to the base hospital to supplement the dehydrated meals served the recuperating veterans. The main item was
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Chikamori, M. (1967). "Preliminary report on the archaeological researches in Western Solomon Islands." In M. Chikamori and S. Itoh (Eds.),
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Walter, R., & Sheppard, P.J. (2009). "A review of Solomon Island archaeology." In P. Sheppard, T. Thomas and G. Summerhayes (Eds.),
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Edge-Partington, T., & Joyce, T.A. (1904). "Note on funerary ornaments from Rubiana and a coffin from Sta. Anna, Solomon Islands."
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trees, was evident. Canarium or nali nut held cultural importance, featuring in feasts and preparation areas at archaeological sites.
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to look for possible survivors. Their efforts led to the subsequent discovery and rescue of John F. Kennedy and the surviving crew.
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Walter, R., Thomas, T., & Sheppard, P.J. (2004). "Cult assemblages and ritual practice in Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands."
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settlement patterns, economic production systems, and external exchange relationships during the early European contact period.
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from taro-dominated to yam-sweet potato agriculture by 1971 reflect agricultural technology regression or 'disintensification.'
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Dickinson, W.R. (2006). "Temper sands in prehistoric oceanian pottery: Geotectonics, sedimentology, petrography, provenance."
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Thomas, T. (2019). "Axes of entanglement in the New Georgia group, Solomon Islands." In M. Leclerc and J. Flexner (Eds.),
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Georgia's early European contact insights. Logging since 1971 likely caused significant archaeological site destruction.
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Yen, D.E. (1976). "Agricultural systems and prehistory in the Solomon Islands." In R.C. Green and M. Cresswell (Eds.),
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Summerhayes, G.R., & Scales, I. (2005). "New Lapita pottery finds from Kolombangara, Western Solomon Islands."
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Brookfield, H.C. (1972). "Intensification and disintensification in Pacific agriculture: A theoretical approach."
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Thomas, T. (2014). "Shrines in the landscape of New Georgia." In H. Martinsson-Wallin and T. Thomas (Eds.),
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Shineberg, D. (1971). "The trading voyages of Andrew Cheyne, pp. 1841–1844." Australian National University.
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616:, in an attempt to establish a defence line through the Central Solomons. Naval battles nearby included the
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Spriggs, M. (1990). "Why irrigation matters in Pacific prehistory." In D.E. Yen and J.M.J. Mummery (Eds.),
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valuables, and pottery sherds, highlighting defensive modifications and potential historical disturbances.
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Miller, D. (1978). "An organizational approach to exchange media: An example from the Western Solomons."
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The first recorded sighting of Kolombangara by western explorers was in 1568 by the Spanish explorer
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Walter, R., & Sheppard, P.J. (2001). "Nusa Roviana: The archaeology of a Melanesian chiefdom."
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producing dryland taro and yams, and fallow secondary forest enriched with Canarium nut trees.
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Specialised ritual sites, such as Hena and Domana, were also part of the settlement pattern.
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Archaeologies of Island Melanesia: Current approaches to landscapes, exchange and practice,
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to the west. The Japanese evacuated Kolombangara between September 23 and October 4, 1943.
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Almost perfectly round in shape and about 30 km (19 miles) across, the island is a
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Woodford, C.M. (1905). "Further note on funerary ornaments from the Solomon Islands."
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Edge-Partington, T.W. (1907). "Ingava, Chief of Rubiana, Solomon Islands: Died 1906."
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The social forest: Landowners, development conflicts and the state in Solomon Islands
771:"Australia urged to intervene as China tries to buy a strategic Solomon Islands port"
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Sommerville, B.T. (1897). "Ethnographical notes in New Georgia, Solomon Islands."
631:" supply convoy which resulted in the ramming and explosion of U.S. torpedo boat
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PT 109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy
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Hocart, A.M. (1922). "The cult of the dead in Eddystone of the Solomons."
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Eiryo Solomon Shoto ni Okeru Kokogaku-teki, Minzokugakuteki Choza Ryakuho.
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the island and the waters around it were the scene of much fighting. The
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The Ndughore Settlement Landscape in Broader New Georgia Islands Context
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Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 72. Australian National University.
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Hocart, A.M. (1931). "Warfare in Eddystone of the Solomon Islands."
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The most famous and bloody battle was the mission to intercept the "
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Since 1978, the island has been part of the independent state of
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pp. 103–116. Terra Australis 51. Australian National University.
2003:
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Grigg, Angus; March, Stephanie; Donaldson, Amy (31 July 2022).
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Pacific production systems: Approaches to economic prehistory,
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pp. 35–52. Terra Australis 51. Australian National University.
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Two sites associated with the island have been identified by
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that reaches an elevation of 1,770 metres (5,807 ft) at
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Barrau, J. (1958). "Subsistence agriculture in Melanesia."
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Archaeology of Oceania, Australia and the Pacific Islands,
448:. On March 15, 1893 Kolombangara was declared part of the
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916:(Unpublished PhD Thesis). Australian National University.
318:. The island forms part of the southern boundary of the
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Makaha Valley Historical Project: Interim Report No. 3,
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Solomon Islands languages: An internal classification.
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unclear, the presence of ritual elements was evident.
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Pacificwrecks.com: "Kolombangara, a military history"
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General map of Kolombangara with neighbouring islands
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New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph 28.
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One of the Solomon Islands in the south-west Pacific
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
893:Tridacna gigas: Objects de prestige en Mélanésie.
501:Irrigation and Agriculture in the Ndughore Valley
977:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,
924:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,
886:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,
879:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,
853:Privately published by Kaimeido (in Japanese).
547:light on its structure and occupation period.
535:-13, and -5 on a higher ridge further inland.
2015:
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808:Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin (Vol. 219).
8:
346:, upon which the Western provincial capital
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2184:Important Bird Areas of the Solomon Islands
367:(IBAs) because they support populations of
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2008:
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526:the Ndughore River and a small tributary.
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2204:World War II sites in the Solomon Islands
1034:Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 11.
982:Tryon, D.T., & Hackman, B.D. (1983).
891:Lancrenon, E., & Zanette, D. (2011).
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
608:used an airstrip on some flat ground at
1011:New Zealand Archaeological Association.
953:New Zealand Archaeological Association.
709:
530:Ridgetop Settlements and Fortifications
2189:Stratovolcanoes of the Solomon Islands
342:. West-southwest of Kolombangara is
907:National sites survey summary report.
223:687.8 km (265.6 sq mi)
7:
959:Monuments and people in the Pacific,
44:adding citations to reliable sources
1044:Pacific Anthropological Records 18.
935:Occasional Papers in Prehistory 18.
2199:Western Province (Solomon Islands)
1005:Lapita, ancestors and descendants,
970:Archaeologies of Island Melanesia,
949:Lapita, ancestors and descendants,
860:The Geological Society of America.
480:The Ingoana of the Ndughore Valley
14:
963:Studies in Global Archaeology 20.
909:National Museum, Solomon Islands.
455:. The island was occupied by the
2100:Andrew Kirksey and Harold Marney
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260:
20:
2132:The Search for Kennedy's PT 109
937:Australian National University.
31:needs additional citations for
2179:Islands of the Solomon Islands
2158:Kasolo Island (Kennedy Island)
750:. BirdLife International. 2010
724:. BirdLife International. 2010
413:North Melanesian cuckooshrikes
377:Kolombangara Upland Forest IBA
1:
991:Journal of Field Archaeology,
298:group of the nation state of
718:"Kolombangara Upland Forest"
2209:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
2090:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
659:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
459:in the early stages of the
239:1,770 m (5810 ft)
2225:
822:Environmental Archaeology,
815:Senri Ethnological Series,
446:Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira
425:Kolombangara leaf warblers
1046:Bernice P. Bishop Museum.
639:and his crew. Australian
334:, while to the southeast
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148:
136:
1071:Global Volcanism Program
1076:Smithsonian Institution
1000:pp. 137–159. Blackwell.
942:Archaeology in Oceania,
678:International Red Cross
450:British Solomon Islands
433:Kolombangara Marine IBA
429:Kolombangara white-eyes
322:; to the northwest the
231:30 km (19 mi)
622:Battle of Kolombangara
606:Imperial Japanese Army
397:Heinroth's shearwaters
361:BirdLife International
294:) is an island in the
236:Highest elevation
1218:Cyprian Bridge Island
912:Scales, I.A. (2003).
801:Current Anthropology,
794:Additional literature
744:"Kolombangara Marine"
648:Arthur Reginald Evans
421:Kolombangara monarchs
417:white-winged fantails
381:yellow-legged pigeons
2194:Subduction volcanoes
965:Uppsala Universitet.
810:Bishop Museum Press.
401:Sanford's sea eagles
385:crested cuckoo-doves
365:Important Bird Areas
40:improve this article
2066:Japanese destroyer
1763:New Georgia Islands
1544:Indispensable Reefs
1531:Rennell and Bellona
905:Miller, D. (1979).
618:Battle of Kula Gulf
296:New Georgia Islands
290:(sometimes spelled
214:New Georgia Islands
190: /
167:South Pacific Ocean
123:
1693:Santa Cruz Islands
1631:Nalongo and Nupani
1435:Langa Langa Lagoon
1016:World Archaeology,
858:Special Paper 406.
844:Pacific Viewpoint,
748:BirdLife Data Zone
722:BirdLife Data Zone
409:black-faced pittas
375:bird species. The
326:separates it from
244:Highest point
2166:
2165:
1997:
1996:
1930:Shortland Islands
895:Au Vent des Iles.
688:Post-World War II
656:Solomon Islanders
514:system. Notably:
320:New Georgia Sound
285:
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194:7.967°S 157.067°E
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1977:Treasury Islands
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389:Mayr's swiftlets
373:restricted range
338:lies across the
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29:This article
27:
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18:
17:
2139:
2131:
2067:
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2052:
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1803:Kolombangara
1802:
1606:Reef Islands
1584:Bass Islands
1579:Duff Islands
1354:Makira-Ulawa
1339:Santa Isabel
1088:
1079:. Retrieved
1069:
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1018:36, 142–157.
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814:
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803:44, S51–S78.
800:
779:. Retrieved
774:
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747:
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726:. Retrieved
721:
712:
698:
691:
676:through the
674:
667:
663:dugout canoe
651:
641:coastwatcher
635:, manned by
626:
602:World War II
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453:protectorate
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344:Ghizo Island
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292:Kulambangara
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288:Kolombangara
287:
286:
258:
122:Kolombangara
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2142:(2015 book)
2134:(2002 film)
1863:New Georgia
1494:Ontong Java
1430:Anuta Paina
1266:Marau Sound
1256:Guadalcanal
1248:Guadalcanal
1136:by province
1042:pp. 59–94.
1032:pp. 61–74.
1007:pp. 35–72.
979:7, 545–572.
961:pp. 47–76.
881:52, 71–112.
682:watermelons
461:Pacific War
355:Environment
336:New Georgia
210:Archipelago
197: /
173:Coordinates
2173:Categories
1848:Mondomondo
1718:Temotu Noi
1549:North Reef
1479:Maramasike
1469:Maana'omba
1447:Lau Lagoon
1377:Malaupaina
1314:Kerehikapa
1281:Tavanipupu
1261:Korasahalu
1081:2021-06-28
1025:20, 38–39.
944:40, 14–20.
846:13, 30–48.
704:References
467:Archeology
369:threatened
324:Vella Gulf
316:Mount Veve
247:Mount Veve
96:April 2014
66:newspapers
2121:1963 Film
2116:1962 Song
2095:Reg Evans
1970:Shortland
1950:Magusaiai
1868:Nggatokae
1484:Mbasakana
1387:Olu Malau
1372:Malaulalo
1334:San Jorge
1324:Maleivona
1161:Tanambogo
754:8 October
728:8 October
340:Kula Gulf
306:Geography
158:Geography
1987:Stirling
1965:Pirumeri
1955:Masamasa
1923:Vonavona
1903:Tetepare
1883:Ranongga
1873:Nusatupe
1833:Matikuri
1798:Kingguru
1758:Mborokua
1733:Vanikoro
1723:Tinakula
1666:Nifiloli
1646:Ngatendo
1641:Ngandeli
1611:Fenualoa
1601:Fatutaka
1519:Tehaolei
1504:Sikaiana
1457:Funaafou
1304:Arnarvon
1223:Nuatambu
1213:Choiseul
1205:Choiseul
900:Mankind,
781:2 August
775:ABC News
276:Province
185:157°04′E
163:Location
2151:Related
2068:Amagiri
2047:PT boat
1935:Balalae
1913:Vangunu
1888:Rendova
1878:Olasana
1823:Lumbari
1808:Liapari
1788:Kennedy
1773:Arundel
1750:Western
1740:Tikopia
1621:Makalom
1594:Taumako
1556:Rennell
1539:Bellona
1514:Matuavi
1474:Malaita
1462:Sulufou
1452:Adagege
1440:Laulasi
1417:Malaita
1397:Owariki
1392:Owaraha
1362:Ali'ite
1286:Vulelua
1228:Rob Roy
1183:Mbanika
1143:Central
1130:Islands
600:During
440:History
280:Western
80:scholar
2078:People
2053:PT-109
2032:PT-109
1898:Telina
1853:Nakaza
1828:Marovo
1793:Kiambe
1728:Utupua
1686:Pileni
1681:Pigeon
1671:Nukapu
1626:Matema
1616:Lomlom
1566:Temotu
1367:Makira
1344:Sikopo
1319:Mahige
1296:Isabel
1271:Marapa
1238:Wagina
1188:Pavuvu
1166:Tulagi
1156:Gavutu
829:Ambio,
652:PT-109
633:PT-109
551:site.
431:. The
265:
228:Length
182:7°58′S
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
2109:Media
2060:PT-59
2040:Craft
1945:Fauro
1940:Faisi
1893:Simbo
1843:Mbulo
1838:Mbava
1813:Logha
1778:Ghizo
1768:Akara
1713:Teanu
1708:Nendö
1698:Banie
1651:Ngawa
1636:Ngalo
1589:Tahua
1574:Anuta
1509:Faore
1425:Alite
1407:Ulawa
1329:Ramos
1276:Nughu
1178:Aeaun
661:in a
130:Nduke
87:JSTOR
73:books
1982:Mono
1960:Ovau
1908:Uepi
1858:Naru
1818:Lola
1783:Ghoi
1703:Malo
1489:Ndai
1233:Taro
1195:Savo
1023:Man,
872:Man,
865:Man,
783:2022
756:2020
730:2020
620:and
610:Vila
427:and
348:Gizo
332:Gizo
330:and
220:Area
59:news
1402:Ugi
1382:Pio
1132:of
371:or
363:as
42:by
2175::
1074:.
1068:.
773:.
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696:.
684:.
643:,
624:.
463:.
423:,
419:,
415:,
411:,
407:,
403:,
399:,
395:,
391:,
387:,
383:,
2023:e
2016:t
2009:v
1115:e
1108:t
1101:v
1084:.
785:.
758:.
732:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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