35:
87:
for the attainment of stated aims. A konfederacja often took the form of an armed rebellion aimed at redressing perceived abuses or trespasses of some (e.g. royal) authority. Such "confederations" acted in lieu of state authority or to force their demands upon that authority. They could be seen as a
166:("rebellion"), although some of the rokosz would be eventually recognized by the king, who could even join them himself. Most pro-royal confederations were usually formed as a response to an anti-royal one, and some would take a form of an extraordinary session of the parliament (
188:
Each confederation had a key document explaining its goals, known as the act of the confederation, which was deposited with the court (usually the local court for the region the confederation was formed). Additional resolutions of the confederates, known as
193:, would also be deposited with the court. Membership of the confederation was voluntary, and required an oath. The executive branch of a confederation was headed by a marshal, and a group of advisers, each known as
66:
155:
With the beginning of the 17th century, confederations became an increasingly significant element of the
Commonwealth's political scene. In the 17th and 18th centuries, confederations were organized by
152:) that if the monarch did not recognize or abused the rights and privileges of the nobility (szlachta), the nobles would no longer be bound to obey him and would have the legal right to disobey him.
104:
In the late 13th century, confederations of cities, aiming to support public safety and provide security from rampant banditry, appeared, with the first confederation being that of several towns (
128:, confederations (essentially vigilance committees) formed to replace the inactive royal court, protect internal order, and defend the country from external dangers. The confederations, as a
226:, unlike the national Sejm, which was paralyzed by the veto during this period. On some occasions, a confederated sejm was formed from the whole membership of the national Sejm, so that the
564:
534:
124:) in 1298. In the mid-14th century, confederations of nobility, directed against the central authorities, emerged, with the first such confederation being that of 1352. During
233:
Confederations were proscribed by law in 1717, but continued to operate, indicating a weakness of the
Commonwealth's central authority. They were also abolished by the
220:" evolved. It was a parliament session (sejm) that operated under the rules of a confederation. Its primary purpose was to avoid being subject to disruption by the
600:
258:
241:
of 1788–1792, itself a confederated sejm). But in practice this prohibition was not observed. The May 3rd
Constitution was overthrown in mid-1792, by the
1120:
1086:
1049:
987:
947:
910:
873:
785:
735:
173:
Confederations where usually formed in one part of the country, and could expand into "general confederations" taking in most or all of the
933:
174:
84:
28:
438:
574:
250:
1174:
178:
315:
370:
96:
in the
Commonwealth, and as a way for the nobles to act on their grievances and against the state's central authority.
466:
302:
234:
520:
510:
500:
209:, but afterwards, majority voting became more common. The chief military commanders of confederations were known as
490:
422:
254:
456:
205:), which made decisions by majority vote. Until around the mid-18th century, resolutions of the council had to be
1143:
Gdańskie
Towarzystwo Naukowe; Gdańskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. Wydział I—Nauk Społecznych i Humanistycznych (1986).
43:
476:
434:
182:
506:
496:
450:
309:
584:
516:
340:
242:
486:
364:
360:
640:
594:
540:
462:
428:
418:
412:
376:
350:
39:
550:
526:
444:
390:
588:
480:
470:
530:
402:
149:
560:
129:
93:
160:, and were either pro- or anti-royal. A confederation not recognized by the king was considered a
34:
327:
137:
1116:
1082:
1045:
983:
943:
906:
869:
781:
775:
731:
570:
217:
1076:
937:
973:
896:
859:
721:
635:
89:
1109:
Bohdan
Ryszewski; Izabella Rdzanek; Poland. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych (1997).
59:
979:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
902:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
865:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
727:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
630:
612:
578:
544:
384:
286:
270:
253:. The ensuing Russian military intervention led (to the Confederates' surprise) to the
246:
238:
141:
121:
1112:
Archiwistyka i bibliotekoznawstwo: prace dedykowane
Profesorowi Bohdanowi Ryszewskiemu
1168:
334:
222:
1144:
1110:
1039:
1014:
977:
900:
863:
725:
396:
323:
210:
125:
333:
a confederation in Radom, formed by magnates, nobility and town, in support of
177:. However, even such general confederations would be formed separately for the
608:
554:
266:
201:). A confederation would also have a larger council, similar to a parliament (
133:
206:
17:
105:
299:
a confederation of towns from 1349–1350, aiming to provide public safety;
157:
79:
380:
354:
306:
293:
113:
625:
604:
262:
162:
117:
109:
73:
939:
Democratic government in Poland: constitutional politics since 1989
197:. A marshal and associated konsyliarze were known as a generality (
493:, both formed against the Saxon king Augustus II of Poland (1715);
344:
319:
33:
406:
167:
563:
formed by the religious minorities (dissidents) in support of
1075:
J. K. Fedorowicz; Maria
Bogucka; Henryk Samsonowicz (1982).
760:
Juliusz
Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,
704:
Juliusz
Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,
289:
in 1298, aiming to provide public safety, recreated in 1302;
144:
sworn by every Polish king since 1576. They stated (in the
764:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, pp. 216–217
708:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, pp. 225–226
393:
of the town and the nobility against a disliked official;
1070:
1068:
1078:
A Republic of nobles: studies in Polish history to 1864
1115:. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych. p. 90.
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
557:
believers, demanding the restoration of rights (1767);
547:
believers, demanding the restoration of rights (1767);
447:
for the election of Michał Korybut Wiśnowiecki (1673);
83:(nobility), clergy, cities, or military forces in the
968:
966:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
716:
714:
249:
and eventually joined, under extreme duress, by King
216:
Also in the 18th century an institution known as a "
343:, during a dispute about clergy's right to collect
281:Some confederations from Polish history included:
175:voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
322:, aiming to provide security for the period of
601:General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland
259:General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland
1008:
1006:
8:
1149:. Gdańskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. p. 126
756:
754:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
565:Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł
535:Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł
777:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
581:and the religious minorities (1768–1772);
305:in Greater Poland, opposing the disliked
296:in 1311, aiming to provide public safety;
77:association formed by Polish–Lithuanian
652:
170:), as happened in 1710, 1717 and 1735.
146:articulus de non praestanda oboedientia
27:For the Polish political alliance, see
942:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 11–12.
587:formed by conservatives opposing the
469:, both formed against the Saxon king
316:Confederation of Bartosz of Odolanowo
58:
7:
1044:. Wydawn. Naukowe PWN. p. 103.
479:formed in support of the Saxon king
459:(Wielkopolska Confederation) (1703);
371:Confederation of Spytek of Melsztyn
762:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego
706:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego
421:military and nobility against the
353:, supporting the king against the
29:Confederation (political alliance)
25:
774:Halina Lerski (30 January 1996).
553:(Thorn Confederation) formed by
303:Confederation of Maciej Borkowic
1016:Historia państwa i prawa Polski
982:. EJJ Books. pp. 184–185.
868:. EJJ Books. pp. 136–138.
730:. EJJ Books. pp. 125–132.
373:supporting the Hussites (1439);
1041:Historia ustroju Polski X-XX w
453:supporting Sweden (1703–1709);
179:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
85:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
379:of Prussian towns, formed in
245:of Polish magnates backed by
148:, a rule dating to 1501 from
575:Stanisław August Poniatowski
573:formed by opponents of king
457:Greater Poland Confederation
326:following the death of king
292:a confederation of towns in
285:a confederation of towns in
1081:. CUP Archive. p. 15.
1019:. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe
439:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
235:Constitution of May 3, 1791
1191:
905:. EJJ Books. p. 178.
255:Second Partition of Poland
71:, "confederation") was an
26:
780:. ABC-CLIO. p. 193.
435:Szczebrzesz Confederation
230:would not operate there.
60:[kɔ̃fɛdɛˈrat͡sja]
44:Walery Eljasz-Radzikowski
1013:Juliusz Bardach (1964).
507:Kolbuszowa Confederation
477:Sandomierz Confederation
437:against the election of
269:'s campaign against the
183:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
585:Targowica Confederation
497:Grudziądz Confederation
491:Tarnogród Confederation
451:Starogard Confederation
310:Wierzbięta of Paniewice
243:Targowica Confederation
195:konsyliarz konfederacji
38:The swearing in of the
1038:Marian Kallas (1996).
641:Private defence agency
419:Tyszowce Confederation
413:Zebrzydowski Rebellion
377:Prussian Confederation
341:Piotrków Confederation
277:List of confederations
88:primary expression of
47:
40:Tyszowce Confederation
1175:Polish confederations
589:Constitution of 3 May
521:Stanisław Leszczyński
511:Stanisław Leszczyński
501:Stanisław Leszczyński
487:Gorzyce Confederation
481:Augustus II of Poland
471:Augustus II of Poland
365:Korczyn Confederation
361:Sieradz Confederation
357:invasion (1423–1424);
257:in 1793. In 1812 the
132:, were recognized in
42:in 1655, painting by
37:
595:Grodno Confederation
517:Dzików Confederation
467:Warsaw Confederation
463:Opatów Confederation
403:Warsaw Confederation
351:Wieluń Confederation
150:Privilege of Mielnik
140:(1573), part of the
100:History and function
561:Radom Confederation
551:Toruń Confederation
541:Słuck Confederation
527:Wilno Confederation
445:Gołąb Confederation
429:Lubomirski's Rokosz
391:Lwów Confedeeration
251:Stanisław II August
130:right of revolution
94:right of revolution
138:Henrician articles
48:
1122:978-83-86643-32-5
1088:978-0-521-24093-2
1051:978-83-01-12163-1
989:978-0-7818-0637-4
949:978-0-333-77475-5
912:978-0-7818-0637-4
875:978-0-7818-0637-4
787:978-0-313-03456-5
737:978-0-7818-0637-4
571:Bar Confederation
531:Czaroryski family
218:confederated sejm
16:(Redirected from
1182:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1010:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
970:
961:
960:
958:
956:
930:
924:
923:
921:
919:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
856:
799:
798:
796:
794:
771:
765:
758:
749:
748:
746:
744:
718:
709:
702:
611:and against the
607:, in support of
423:Swedish invasion
237:(adopted by the
90:direct democracy
70:
69:
68:
62:
57:
21:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1146:Rocznik gdański
1142:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1004:
994:
992:
990:
972:
971:
964:
954:
952:
950:
932:
931:
927:
917:
915:
913:
895:
894:
890:
880:
878:
876:
858:
857:
802:
792:
790:
788:
773:
772:
768:
759:
752:
742:
740:
738:
720:
719:
712:
703:
654:
649:
622:
279:
102:
65:
64:
63:
55:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1135:
1121:
1101:
1087:
1064:
1050:
1030:
1002:
988:
962:
948:
934:George Sanford
925:
911:
888:
874:
800:
786:
766:
750:
736:
710:
651:
650:
648:
645:
644:
643:
638:
633:
631:Golden Liberty
628:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:Russian Empire
598:
592:
582:
579:Russian Empire
568:
558:
548:
545:Greek Orthodox
538:
524:
514:
504:
494:
484:
474:
460:
454:
448:
442:
432:
426:
416:
410:
400:
394:
388:
385:Teutonic Order
383:, against the
374:
368:
358:
348:
338:
331:
313:
300:
297:
290:
287:Greater Poland
278:
275:
271:Russian Empire
261:was formed in
247:Russian Empire
239:Four-Year Sejm
142:pacta conventa
122:Greater Poland
101:
98:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1187:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1136:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1003:
991:
985:
981:
980:
975:
974:Jacek Jędruch
969:
967:
963:
951:
945:
941:
940:
935:
929:
926:
914:
908:
904:
903:
898:
897:Jacek Jędruch
892:
889:
877:
871:
867:
866:
861:
860:Jacek Jędruch
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
801:
789:
783:
779:
778:
770:
767:
763:
757:
755:
751:
739:
733:
729:
728:
723:
722:Jacek Jędruch
717:
715:
711:
707:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
653:
646:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
586:
583:
580:
576:
572:
569:
566:
562:
559:
556:
552:
549:
546:
542:
539:
536:
532:
528:
525:
522:
518:
515:
512:
508:
505:
502:
498:
495:
492:
488:
485:
482:
478:
475:
472:
468:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
382:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
356:
352:
349:
346:
342:
339:
336:
335:Queen Jadwiga
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
311:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
291:
288:
284:
283:
282:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
224:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
186:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
164:
159:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
99:
97:
95:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
75:
67:
61:
53:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
1151:. Retrieved
1145:
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1111:
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1077:
1055:. Retrieved
1040:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1015:
993:. Retrieved
978:
953:. Retrieved
938:
928:
916:. Retrieved
901:
891:
879:. Retrieved
864:
791:. Retrieved
776:
769:
761:
741:. Retrieved
726:
705:
615:(1812–1813).
603:, formed in
591:(1792–1793);
503:(1733–1734);
431:(1665–1666);
405:, formed in
347:(1406–1407);
318:, formed in
312:(1352–1358);
280:
232:
228:liberum veto
227:
223:liberum veto
221:
215:
211:regimentarze
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:
181:and for the
172:
161:
154:
145:
136:through the
126:interregnums
103:
78:
72:
52:konfederacja
51:
49:
18:Konfederacja
597:(1793); and
519:supporting
509:supporting
499:supporting
397:Chicken War
324:interregnum
199:generalność
793:17 January
647:References
609:Napoleon I
555:Protestant
543:formed by
529:formed by
267:Napoleon I
203:walna rada
134:Polish law
995:13 August
918:13 August
881:13 August
743:13 August
207:unanimous
1169:Category
976:(1998).
936:(2002).
899:(1998).
862:(1998).
724:(1998).
620:See also
533:against
158:magnates
80:szlachta
1153:7 March
1128:7 March
1094:7 March
1057:7 March
1023:7 March
567:(1767);
537:(1764);
523:(1734);
513:(1734);
483:(1704);
473:(1704);
441:(1672);
425:(1655);
415:(1605);
409:(1573);
399:(1537);
381:Kwidzyn
367:(1438);
355:Hussite
330:(1382);
328:Louis I
307:starost
294:Silesia
191:sanctia
114:Gniezno
56:Polish:
1119:
1085:
1048:
986:
955:5 July
946:
909:
872:
784:
734:
626:Sejmik
605:Warsaw
263:Warsaw
163:rokosz
118:Kalisz
110:Pyzdry
106:Poznań
74:ad hoc
636:Thing
345:tithe
320:Radom
1155:2012
1130:2012
1117:ISBN
1096:2012
1083:ISBN
1059:2012
1046:ISBN
1025:2012
997:2011
984:ISBN
957:2011
944:ISBN
920:2011
907:ISBN
883:2011
870:ISBN
795:2012
782:ISBN
745:2011
732:ISBN
489:and
465:and
407:Sejm
363:and
168:sejm
116:and
92:and
265:to
120:in
1171::
1067:^
1005:^
965:^
803:^
753:^
713:^
655:^
577:,
273:.
213:.
185:.
112:,
108:,
50:A
1157:.
1132:.
1098:.
1061:.
1027:.
999:.
959:.
922:.
885:.
797:.
747:.
387:;
337:;
54:(
46:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
