942:
1059:
82:
581:
47:
1130:. He argued that lectins may damage a person's blood type by interfering with digestion, food metabolism, hormones, insulin productionāand so should be avoided. D'Adamo provided no scientific evidence nor published data for his claims, and his diet has been criticized for making inaccurate statements about biochemistry.
1076:
Lectins are widespread in nature, and many foods contain the proteins. Some lectins can be harmful if poorly cooked or consumed in great quantities. They are most potent when raw as boiling, stewing or soaking in water for several hours can render most lectins inactive. Cooking raw beans at low heat,
1644:
Arasu, Abirami; Kumaresan, Venkatesh; Sathyamoorthi, Akila; Palanisamy, Rajesh; Prabha, Nagaram; Bhatt, Prasanth; Roy, Arpita; Thirumalai, Muthukumaresan
Kuppusamy; Gnanam, Annie J.; Pasupuleti, Mukesh; Marimuthu, Kasi; Arockiaraj, Jesu (2013). "Fish lily type lectin-1 contains Ī²-prism architecture:
2062:
Villegas-Coronado, Diana; Guzman-Partida, Ana MarĆa; Aispuro-Hernandez, Emmanuel; Vazquez-Moreno, Luz; Huerta-Ocampo, JosĆ© Ćngel; Sarabia-Sainz, JosĆ© Andre-i; Teran-Saavedra, Nayelli
Guadalupe; Minjarez-Osorio, Christian; Castro-Longoria, Reina; Maldonado, Amir; Lagarda-Diaz, Irlanda (2022).
2202:
1374:
Brudner, Matthew; Karpel, Marshall; Lear, Calli; Chen, Li; Yantosca, L. Michael; Scully, Corinne; Sarraju, Ashish; Sokolovska, Anna; Zariffard, M. Reza; Eisen, Damon P.; et al. (April 2, 2013). Schneider, Bradley S. (ed.).
116:. Lectins have a role in recognition at the cellular and molecular level and play numerous roles in biological recognition phenomena involving cells, carbohydrates, and proteins. Lectins also mediate attachment and binding of
1100:. The binding of lectins to cells in the digestive tract may disrupt the breakdown and absorption of some nutrients, and as they bind to cells for long periods of time, some theories hold that they may play a role in certain
1112:, but research supporting claims of long-term health effects in humans is limited and most existing studies have focused on developing countries where malnutrition may be a factor, or dietary choices are otherwise limited.
668:(X-type lectins) bind microbial glycans and may function in the innate immune system as well. Lectins may be involved in pattern recognition and pathogen elimination in the innate immunity of vertebrates including fishes.
964:, have been used widely as model systems to understand the molecular basis of how proteins recognize carbohydrates, because they are relatively easy to obtain and have a wide variety of sugar specificities. The many
696:
and perhaps in the seed's survival itself. The binding of glycoproteins on the surface of parasitic cells also is believed to be a function. Several plant lectins have been found to recognize noncarbohydrate
941:
2704:
2237:
1250:
Although they were first discovered more than 100 years ago in plants, now lectins are known to be present throughout nature. The earliest description of a lectin is believed to have been given by
1749:
L.Y. Yatsu, T.J. Jacks, Association of lysosomal activity with aleurone grains in plant seeds, Archives of
Biochemistry and Biophysics, Volume 124, 1968, Pages 466-471, ISSN 0003-9861,
1172:
Lectins are one of many toxic constituents of many raw plants that are inactivated by proper processing and preparation (e.g., cooking with heat, fermentation). For example, raw
127:
Lectins are found in many foods. Some foods, such as beans and grains, need to be cooked, fermented or sprouted to reduce lectin content. Some lectins are beneficial, such as
154:
plants, and dairy; binding can prevent their attachment to the carbohydrates within the cell membrane. The selectivity of lectins means that they are useful for analyzing
2106:
732:
Lectin receptor kinases (LecRKs) are believed to recognize damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are created or released from herbivore attack. In
2320:
Taylor, Steve (2008). "40: Food
Toxicology (Lectins: Cell-Agglutinating and Sugar-Specific Proteins)". In Metcalfe, Dean; Sampson, Hugh; Simon, Ronald (eds.).
1152:. His book cites studies that have nothing to do with lectins, and some that showācontrary to his own recommendationsāthat avoiding the whole grains
1022:
One example of the powerful biological attributes of lectins is the biochemical warfare agent ricin. The protein ricin is isolated from seeds of the
2618:
2530:
2393:
2268:
1954:
2063:"Characterization and expression of prohibitin during the mexican bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus, Boheman, 1833) larvae development".
925:, show specific agglutinating activity against human A-type erythrocytes. Anti-B agglutinins such as anti-BCJ and anti-BLD separated from
2673:
1763:
R. Bartenschlager; S. Sparacio (2007). "Hepatitis C Virus
Molecular Clones and Their Replication Capacity in Vivo and in Cell Culture".
1271:, which is now the most-used lectin for characterization and purification of sugar-containing molecules and cellular structures. The
2795:
2683:
Proteopedia shows more than 800 three-dimensional molecular models of lectins, fragments of lectins and complexes with carbohydrates
2304:
2190:
2170:
739:
664:. Other immune lectins play a role in self-nonself discrimination and they likely modulate inflammatory and autoreactive processes.
971:
Legume seed lectins have been studied for their insecticidal potential and have shown harmful effects for the development of pest.
2520:
749:
Extraction of proteins and lectins can be extracted via similar processes, also with their analysis, and discovery. For example
2915:
1126:
The first writer to advocate a lectin-free diet was Peter J. D'Adamo, a naturopathic physician best known for promoting the
1204:, which are specific sugar-binding proteins exhibiting reversible carbohydrate-binding activities. Lectins are similar to
2981:
159:
1680:
Oldroyd, Giles E.D.; Downie, J. Allan (2008). "Coordinating Nodule
Morphogenesis with Rhizobial Infection in Legumes".
2831:
1284:
889:
550:
2695:
1715:
Komath SS, Kavitha M, Swamy MJ (March 2006). "Beyond carbohydrate binding: new directions in plant lectin research".
2126:
2859:
2296:
968:
of legume lectins have led to a detailed insight of the atomic interactions between carbohydrates and proteins.
1181:
999:
344:
1219:
is the most important grain legume crop in this category. Its seeds contain high activity of soybean lectins (
1148:: tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, bell peppers, and chili peppers. Gundry's claims about lectins are considered
224:
branched Ī±-mannosidic structures (high Ī±-mannose type, or hybrid type and biantennary complex type N-Glycans)
1595:
Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin M, Patel F, Wilken R, Raychaudhuri S, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB (2015).
1377:"Lectin-Dependent Enhancement of Ebola Virus Infection via Soluble and Transmembrane C-type Lectin Receptors"
822:. Some of the glycolipids and glycoproteins on an individual's red blood cells can be identified by lectins.
2677:
1251:
1231:
Long before a deeper understanding of their numerous biological functions, the plant lectins, also known as
991:
980:
590:
566:
408:
105:
2555:"Applications of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules in Life and Materials Science: Recent and Future Trends"
738:, legume-type LecRKs Clade 1 has 11 LecRK proteins. LecRK-1.8 has been reported to recognize extracellular
3086:
3076:
1290:
1042:
One domain is a lectin that binds cell surface galactosyl residues and enables the protein to enter cells.
743:
657:
533:
alone and then together with
Elizabeth Shapleigh introduced the term "lectin" in 1954 from the Latin word
1049:
that cleaves nucleobases from ribosomal RNA, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death.
2846:
2788:
2264:
1849:"Role of the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein in the Mechanism of Paramyxovirus-Cell Membrane Fusion"
1003:
390:
275:
2145:
828:
769:
on the host cell surface (liver cells) to initiate infection. To avoid clearance from the body by the
692:
The large concentration of lectins in plant seeds decreases with growth, and suggests a role in plant
2426:
1518:
1388:
1255:
1145:
1105:
893:
770:
215:
1509:
Boyd, W.C.; Shapleigh, E. (1954). "Specific precipitation activity of plant agglutinins (lectins)".
3071:
3033:
1232:
1177:
957:
638:
376:
2088:
2044:
1847:
Takimoto, Toru; Taylor, Garry L.; Connaris, Helen C.; Crennell, Susan J.; Portner, Allen (2002).
1577:
1220:
1063:
965:
718:
101:
725:. These interactions may be physiologically relevant, since some of these molecules function as
2417:
Sharon, Nathan; Lis, Halina (1972). "Lectins: Cell-Agglutinating and Sugar-Specific
Proteins".
3081:
2645:
2614:
2586:
2526:
2501:
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2399:
2389:
2358:
2300:
2186:
2166:
2080:
2003:
1950:
1927:
1886:
1868:
1829:
1780:
1732:
1697:
1662:
1626:
1569:
1534:
1467:
1416:
1356:
1258:. Stillmark isolated ricin, an extremely toxic hemagglutinin, from seeds of the castor plant (
1189:
446:
316:
259:
1693:
1084:
Some studies have found that lectins may interfere with absorption of some minerals, such as
753:
contains compounds of interest within the studies of extraction and purification of proteins
3091:
3038:
2853:
2781:
2637:
2576:
2566:
2491:
2481:
2434:
2381:
2348:
2219:
2072:
2034:
1993:
1983:
1917:
1876:
1860:
1819:
1811:
1772:
1724:
1689:
1654:
1616:
1608:
1561:
1526:
1457:
1447:
1406:
1396:
1346:
1338:
1260:
1212:
1121:
1023:
554:
514:
322:
300:
147:
2699:
2242:
2130:
1185:
1127:
1027:
802:
585:
530:
143:
2519:
Els. J. M. Van Damme; Willy J. Peumans; llArpad
Pusztai; Susan Bardocz (March 30, 1998).
1267:
The first lectin to be purified on a large scale and available on a commercial basis was
598:
determinant); only a part of the oligosaccharide (central, in grey) is shown for clarity.
2430:
1522:
1392:
60:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
3028:
2581:
2554:
2380:. Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry. Vol. 35. pp. 127ā340.
1998:
1971:
1864:
1621:
1596:
1565:
1462:
1435:
1411:
1376:
1351:
1326:
1296:
1268:
1236:
961:
946:
846:
837:
661:
646:
634:
residues, which results in removal of certain glycoproteins from the circulatory system
570:
494:
426:
239:
209:
113:
109:
2641:
2496:
2461:
2385:
1881:
1848:
81:
3065:
3045:
2823:
2664:
2273:
2092:
1824:
1799:
1272:
1244:
1201:
1149:
1133:
786:
766:
678:
653:
612:
364:
2048:
1815:
1581:
1243:
and animals) and used in biomedicine for blood cell testing and in biochemistry for
1058:
2971:
2900:
1776:
1101:
868:
855:
819:
726:
618:
558:
93:
2486:
2065:
Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
2682:
2438:
2039:
2022:
1658:
1530:
1401:
979:
Concanavalin A and other commercially available lectins have been used widely in
2764:
2751:
2738:
2725:
2716:
1173:
1141:
1078:
1046:
1011:
904:
794:
762:
734:
702:
693:
595:
61:
2628:
Ni Y, Tizard I (1996). "Lectin-carbohydrate interaction in the immune system".
2076:
1800:"Bacterial adhesins: common themes and variations in architecture and assembly"
1750:
1612:
818:
Purified lectins are important in a clinical setting because they are used for
3006:
2353:
2336:
1305:
1205:
1093:
1068:
1035:
1007:
750:
722:
665:
562:
155:
151:
1906:"History of lectins: From hemagglutinins to biological recognition molecules"
1872:
630:
As a receptor on the surface of mammalian liver cells for the recognition of
2841:
2767:
2754:
2741:
2728:
2719:
1988:
1922:
1905:
1597:"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity"
1164:
will allow increase of harmful bacteria while diminishing helpful bacteria.
987:
798:
714:
686:
631:
574:
271:
2590:
2571:
2362:
2084:
2007:
1931:
1890:
1784:
1736:
1701:
1666:
1630:
1538:
1471:
1420:
1211:
Many legume seeds have been proven to contain high lectin activity, termed
580:
46:
2692:
2649:
2505:
2446:
2337:"Modulation of immune function by dietary lectins in rheumatoid arthritis"
1970:
Swanson, M. D.; Winter, H. C.; Goldstein, I. J.; Markovitz, D. M. (2010).
1833:
1573:
1485:
1434:
Chan, Charles KF; Ransom, Ryan C; Longaker, Michael T (13 December 2016).
933:, respectively, are of value both in routine blood grouping and research.
2986:
2976:
2966:
2950:
2945:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2403:
1972:"A Lectin Isolated from Bananas is a Potent Inhibitor of HIV Replication"
1360:
1342:
1109:
995:
782:
778:
682:
642:
117:
32:
2123:
1452:
3023:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2804:
1300:
1216:
1085:
950:
790:
706:
698:
338:
245:
Fucosylated core region of bi- and triantennary complex type N-Glycans
195:
128:
121:
97:
17:
2669:
685:
binding, this proposed function was ruled out through lectin-knockout
3050:
2892:
2665:
Major Lectins & Conjugated Lectins from different natural sources
1728:
1157:
911:
742:
molecules and LecRK-1.9 has been reported to recognize extracellular
710:
476:
28:
627:
The binding of soluble extracellular and intercellular glycoproteins
2773:
2553:
Aksakal, R.; Mertens, C.; Soete, M.; Badi, N.; Du Prez, F. (2021).
805:
family, use this mechanism to bind and gain entry to target cells.
3016:
3011:
2836:
1240:
1153:
1057:
1031:
940:
915:
900:
880:
774:
579:
396:
289:
136:
132:
80:
2522:
Handbook of Plant Lectins: Properties and Biomedical Applications
1235:, were noted for their particularly high specificity for foreign
1140:(2017). It excludes a large range of commonplace foods including
2910:
2905:
2688:
EY Laboratories, Inc., Lectin and Lectin Conjugates manufacturer
2378:
The Lectins: Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins of Plants and Animals
2335:
Cordain, Loren; Toohey, L.; Smith, M. J.; Hickey, M. S. (2007).
1097:
1089:
896:
781:
that infect human cells) often express surface lectins known as
2777:
2269:"Lectin-free is the new food fad that deserves to be skewered"
1161:
40:
588:(shown in grey) bound in the binding site of a plant lectin (
2460:
Ellen, R.P.; Fillery, E.D.; Chan, K.H.; Grove, D.A. (1980).
2021:
Viswambari Devi, R.; Basilrose, M. R.; Mercy, P. D. (2010).
832:
is used to identify cells that belong to the A1 blood group.
637:
As a receptor that recognizes hydrolytic enzymes containing
2322:
Food Allergy: Adverse Reactions to Foods and Food Additives
1552:
Walker, R. (2007). "The use of lectins in histopathology".
131:, which promotes bone growth, while others may be powerful
2709:
2238:"Going 'lectin-free' is the latest pseudoscience diet fad"
2203:"Going 'lectin-free' is the latest pseudoscience diet fad"
986:
In general, proteins may be characterized with respect to
2687:
2297:"'The Plant Paradox' by Steven Gundry MD ā A Commentary"
652:
Lectins are known to play important roles in the innate
863:
Non blood-group antigens can be identified by lectins:
681:) is still uncertain. Once thought to be necessary for
660:, help mediate the first-line defense against invading
150:, which bind to ingested lectins from grains, legumes,
2710:
Medicago AB, Lectin and Lectin Conjugates manufacturer
2295:
T. Colin Campbell; Thomas Campbell (23 August 2017).
158:, and they have been researched for potential use in
2124:
Glyco Station, Lec Chip, Glycan profiling technology
2999:
2959:
2891:
2822:
2815:
2220:"Ask the Expert: Clearing Up Lectin Misconceptions"
2181:Stare, Fredrick John; Whelan, Elizabeth M. (1998).
1327:"Cell-to-Cell Binding Induced by Different Lectins"
2226:. Vol. 19, No. 10, p. 10. Retrieved December 2021.
1208:in their ability to agglutinate red blood cells.
1200:Lectins are considered a major family of protein
641:, and targets these proteins for delivery to the
402:GlcNAcĪ²1-4GlcNAcĪ²1-4GlcNAc, Neu5Ac (sialic acid)
1254:in his doctoral thesis presented in 1888 to the
1014:-field fluorescence-assisted lectin microarray.
937:In studying carbohydrate recognition by proteins
649:is one type of defect in this particular system.
1176:naturally contain toxic levels of lectin (e.g.
553:to a soluble carbohydrate or to a carbohydrate
265:Ī± 1-3 and Ī± 1-6 linked high mannose structures
2462:"Sialidase-Enhanced Lectin-Like Mechanism for
2148:. Harvard School of Public Health. 2019-01-24.
859:is used to identify the M blood group antigen.
850:is used to identify the N blood group antigen.
841:is used to identify the H blood group antigen.
58:about mapping to Pfam/InterPro of major types.
2789:
8:
2157:
2155:
1751:https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(68)90354-8
1275:are probably the most well-studied lectins.
104:that are part of other molecules, so cause
2819:
2796:
2782:
2774:
2140:
2138:
1325:URS Rutishauser; Leo Sachs (May 1, 1975).
1144:, legumes, and most fruit, as well as the
2705:Immobilized lectins, chromatography media
2693:Recombinant Protein Purification Handbook
2580:
2570:
2495:
2485:
2376:Goldstein, Erwin; Hayes, Colleen (1978).
2352:
2038:
1997:
1987:
1921:
1880:
1823:
1620:
1461:
1451:
1410:
1400:
1350:
607:Lectins have these functions in animals:
594:isolectin IV in complex with the Lewis b
350:(Sia)GalĪ²1-3GalNAcĪ±1-Ser/Thr (T-Antigen)
1694:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092839
1136:proposed a lectin-free diet in his book
569:certain animal cells and/or precipitate
520:FucĪ±1-2GalĪ²1-4(FucĪ±1-3/4)GalĪ²1-4GlcNAc,
169:
108:of particular cells or precipitation of
2525:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 7ā8.
1317:
990:and carbohydrate structure by means of
793:on host cell-surface glycoproteins and
470:Neu5Ac/GcĪ±2,3GalĪ²1,3(Neu5AcĪ±2,6)GalNac
221:Ī±-D-mannosyl and Ī±-D-glucosyl residues
124:, and fungi to their intended targets.
624:The regulation of blood protein levels
2613:(Second ed.). Berlin: Springer.
1949:. Boston: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.
7:
2023:"Prospect for lectins in arthropods"
956:Lectins from legume plants, such as
328:GalĪ²1-3GalNAcĪ±1-Ser/Thr (T-Antigen)
142:Lectins may be disabled by specific
2674:Consortium for Functional Glycomics
2609:Halina Lis; Sharon, Nathan (2007).
2163:Controversies in Food and Nutrition
2161:Goldstein, Myrna Chandler. (2002).
1081:, will not remove all the lectins.
677:The function of lectins in plants (
100:that are highly specific for sugar
1865:10.1128/JVI.76.24.13028-13033.2002
1566:10.1111/j.1365-2559.1985.tb02790.x
765:viral glycoproteins may attach to
25:
2324:(4th ed.). pp. 498ā507.
2185:. Hunter House Inc. pp. 209ā212.
1645:Immunological characterization".
1436:"Lectins bring benefits to bones"
442:Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin
2236:Rosenbloom, Cara (7 July 2017).
2165:. Greenwood Press. pp. 221ā222.
814:In medicine and medical research
523:R2-GlcNAcĪ²1-4(FucĪ±1-6)GlcNAc-R1
462:Maackia amurensis hemoagglutinin
174:Table of the major plant lectins
45:
1976:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1816:10.1128/JB.181.4.1059-1071.1999
1798:Soto, GE; Hultgren, SJ (1999).
1180:). Adverse effects may include
2916:Myelin-associated glycoprotein
2672:, a collaboration between the
1777:10.1016/j.virusres.2007.02.022
1682:Annual Review of Plant Biology
949:of fish muscles infected by a
884:is used to identify R antigen.
797:. Multiple viruses, including
573:. Most lectins do not possess
1:
2642:10.1016/S0165-2427(96)05718-2
2487:10.1128/IAI.27.2.335-343.1980
2386:10.1016/S0065-2318(08)60220-6
1004:affinity immunoelectrophoreis
983:for purifying glycoproteins.
921:. Achylectins, isolated from
892:is used to trace the path of
789:that bind to tissue-specific
452:Neu5Ac/GcĪ±2,3GalĪ²1,4Glc(NAc)
370:GalNAcĪ±-Ser/Thr (Tn-Antigen)
162:to transfer pest resistance.
2982:N-Acetylglucosamine receptor
2670:Functional Glycomics Gateway
2439:10.1126/science.177.4053.949
2341:British Journal of Nutrition
2040:10.1080/11250003.2010.492794
1659:10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.020
1531:10.1126/science.119.3091.419
1402:10.1371/journal.pone.0060838
1006:with lectins, as well as in
160:genetically engineered crops
38:Carbohydrate-binding protein
2832:Asialoglycoprotein receptor
2209:. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
1904:Sharon, N.; Lis, H (2004).
1285:Glycan-protein interactions
1062:Leucoagglutinin is a toxic
890:anterograde labeling method
801:and several viruses in the
721:, as well as water-soluble
3108:
2201:Rosenbloom, Cara. (2017).
2077:10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110770
2027:Italian Journal of Zoology
1613:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002
1119:
1045:The second domain is an N-
541:, to choose or pick out).
537:, "chosen" (from the verb
26:
2860:proteochondroitin sulfate
2354:10.1017/S0007114500000271
2111:legacy.gelifesciences.com
1945:Carlson, Neil R. (2007).
490:Ulex europaeus agglutinin
474:
406:
374:
269:
193:
172:
2630:Vet Immunol Immunopathol
1182:nutritional deficiencies
1000:affinity electrophoresis
914:) from bananas inhibits
345:Artocarpus integrifolius
27:Not to be confused with
2678:Nature Publishing Group
1989:10.1074/jbc.M109.034926
1331:Journal of Cell Biology
1252:Peter Hermann Stillmark
992:affinity chromatography
981:affinity chromatography
591:Griffonia simplicifolia
510:Aleuria aurantia lectin
409:N-acetylneuraminic acid
2572:10.1002/advs.202004038
2474:Infection and Immunity
2468:Actinomyces naeslundii
2218:Amidor, Toby. (2017).
1947:Physiology of behavior
1291:Bacillus thuringiensis
1077:though, such as in a
1073:
1018:In biochemical warfare
953:
923:Tachypleus tridentatus
658:mannose-binding lectin
656:. Lectins such as the
599:
86:
85:Lateral hemagglutinine
56:is missing information
2847:Mannan-binding lectin
1923:10.1093/glycob/cwh122
1146:nightshade vegetables
1061:
975:As a biochemical tool
944:
888:In neuroscience, the
705:in nature, including
583:
432:Neu5AcĪ±2-6Gal(NAc)-R
391:Wheat germ agglutinin
276:N-acetylgalactosamine
84:
2464:Actinomyces viscosus
2107:"Immobilized Lectin"
1647:Molecular Immunology
1343:10.1083/jcb.65.2.247
1256:University of Dorpat
1106:rheumatoid arthritis
903:, a lectin from the
871:is used to identify
771:innate immune system
757:Bacteria and viruses
557:that is a part of a
545:Biological functions
216:Canavalia ensiformis
180: Lectin Symbol
3034:Phytohaemagglutinin
2431:1972Sci...177..949S
2207:The Washington Post
1859:(24): 13028ā13033.
1853:Journal of Virology
1523:1954Sci...119..419B
1453:10.7554/eLife.22926
1393:2013PLoSO...860838B
1233:phytohemagglutinins
1178:phytohaemagglutinin
1104:conditions such as
773:, pathogens (e.g.,
701:that are primarily
639:mannose-6-phosphate
377:N-acetylglucosamine
2723:, pokeweed lectin
2698:2008-12-05 at the
2183:Fad-Free Nutrition
2129:2010-02-23 at the
1221:soybean agglutinin
1074:
1064:phytohemagglutinin
1026:and comprises two
966:crystal structures
954:
927:Charybdis japonica
719:indole acetic acid
617:The regulation of
611:The regulation of
600:
360:Hairy vetch lectin
306:GalĪ²1-4GalNAcĪ²1-R
296:agglutinin, RCA120
87:
3059:
3058:
2995:
2994:
2620:978-1-4020-6605-4
2565:(2004038): 1ā22.
2532:978-0-471-96445-2
2470:Hemagglutination"
2425:(4053): 949ā959.
2395:978-0-12-007235-4
2224:Today's Dietitian
1982:(12): 8646ā8655.
1956:978-0-205-46724-2
1717:Org. Biomol. Chem
1560:(10): 1121ā1124.
1491:. Interchim. 2010
1138:The Plant Paradox
829:Dolichos biflorus
565:. They typically
528:
527:
466:Maackia amurensis
447:Maackia amurensis
422:Elderberry lectin
397:Triticum vulgaris
317:Peanut agglutinin
294:Ricinus communis
260:Galanthus nivalis
79:
78:
16:(Redirected from
3099:
3039:Pokeweed mitogen
2854:Mannose receptor
2820:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2775:
2653:
2636:(1ā3): 205ā223.
2624:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2559:Advanced Science
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2267:(27 July 2017).
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2233:
2227:
2216:
2210:
2199:
2193:
2179:
2173:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2133:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1810:(4): 1059ā1071.
1795:
1789:
1788:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1729:10.1039/b515446d
1712:
1706:
1705:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1455:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1322:
1261:Ricinus communis
1239:(e.g., those of
1213:hemagglutination
1196:Hemagglutination
1122:lectin-free diet
1116:Lectin-free diet
1024:castor oil plant
931:Lymantria dispar
515:Aleuria aurantia
323:Arachis hypogaea
301:Ricinus communis
198:-binding lectins
170:
148:oligosaccharides
74:
71:
65:
49:
41:
21:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
2991:
2955:
2887:
2811:
2802:
2700:Wayback Machine
2661:
2656:
2627:
2621:
2608:
2604:
2602:Further reading
2599:
2598:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2396:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2265:Warner, Anthony
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2243:Washington Post
2235:
2234:
2230:
2217:
2213:
2200:
2196:
2180:
2176:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2131:Wayback Machine
2122:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2020:
2019:
2015:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1916:(11): 53Rā62R.
1903:
1902:
1898:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1281:
1237:glycoconjugates
1229:
1198:
1170:
1128:Blood type diet
1124:
1118:
1056:
1028:protein domains
1020:
977:
939:
816:
811:
803:Paramyxoviridae
759:
675:
605:
586:oligosaccharide
571:glycoconjugates
547:
531:William C. Boyd
521:
479:binding lectins
411:binding lectins
379:binding lectins
278:binding lectins
255:Snowdrop lectin
222:
168:
114:polysaccharides
110:glycoconjugates
75:
69:
66:
59:
50:
39:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3105:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3029:Concanavalin A
3021:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2824:C-type lectins
2817:
2813:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2667:
2660:
2659:External links
2657:
2655:
2654:
2625:
2619:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2545:
2531:
2511:
2480:(2): 335ā343.
2452:
2409:
2394:
2368:
2347:(3): 207ā217.
2327:
2312:
2305:
2287:
2256:
2228:
2211:
2194:
2174:
2151:
2134:
2116:
2098:
2054:
2033:(3): 254ā260.
2013:
1962:
1955:
1937:
1896:
1839:
1790:
1771:(2): 195ā207.
1765:Virus Research
1755:
1742:
1723:(6): 973ā988.
1707:
1672:
1653:(4): 497ā506.
1636:
1587:
1554:Histopathology
1544:
1501:
1477:
1426:
1366:
1337:(2): 247ā257.
1316:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1297:Lectin pathway
1294:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1273:legume lectins
1269:concanavalin A
1228:
1225:
1197:
1194:
1169:
1166:
1120:Main article:
1117:
1114:
1055:
1054:Dietary lectin
1052:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1019:
1016:
976:
973:
962:concanavalin A
947:histochemistry
938:
935:
886:
885:
878:A lectin from
876:
867:A lectin from
861:
860:
853:A lectin from
851:
847:Vicia graminea
844:A lectin from
842:
838:Ulex europaeus
835:A lectin from
833:
826:A lectin from
815:
812:
810:
807:
787:hemagglutinins
777:particles and
767:C-type lectins
758:
755:
674:
671:
670:
669:
662:microorganisms
650:
647:I-cell disease
635:
628:
625:
622:
615:
604:
601:
546:
543:
526:
525:
518:
511:
508:
502:
501:
498:
495:Ulex europaeus
491:
488:
482:
481:
472:
471:
468:
463:
460:
454:
453:
450:
443:
440:
434:
433:
430:
427:Sambucus nigra
423:
420:
414:
413:
404:
403:
400:
393:
388:
382:
381:
372:
371:
368:
361:
358:
352:
351:
348:
341:
336:
330:
329:
326:
319:
314:
308:
307:
304:
297:
287:
281:
280:
267:
266:
263:
256:
253:
247:
246:
243:
240:Lens culinaris
236:
233:
227:
226:
219:
212:
210:Concanavalin A
207:
201:
200:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
177:
176:
167:
164:
77:
76:
53:
51:
44:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3104:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Glycoproteins
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Carbohydrates
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Legume lectin
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2306:9780062427137
2302:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2274:New Scientist
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:0-89793-237-4
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:0-313-31787-9
2168:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:(3091): 419.
1516:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1487:
1486:"Lectin list"
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:(4): e60838.
1386:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1245:fractionation
1242:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:antinutrients
1195:
1193:
1192:) reactions.
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:pseudoscience
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:Steven Gundry
1131:
1129:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1066:found in raw
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:jequirity pea
1033:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
974:
972:
969:
967:
963:
959:
952:
948:
943:
936:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
895:
891:
883:
882:
877:
874:
870:
866:
865:
864:
858:
857:
852:
849:
848:
843:
840:
839:
834:
831:
830:
825:
824:
823:
821:
813:
808:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
756:
754:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
736:
730:
728:
727:phytohormones
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
679:legume lectin
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:immune system
651:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:
629:
626:
623:
620:
616:
614:
613:cell adhesion
610:
609:
608:
602:
597:
593:
592:
587:
582:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
524:
519:
517:
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
500:FucĪ±1-2Gal-R
499:
497:
496:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
480:
478:
473:
469:
467:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
451:
449:
448:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
429:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
412:
410:
405:
401:
399:
398:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
380:
378:
373:
369:
367:
366:
365:Vicia villosa
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
349:
347:
346:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
327:
325:
324:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
305:
303:
302:
298:
295:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
277:
273:
268:
264:
262:
261:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
244:
242:
241:
237:
235:Lentil lectin
234:
232:
229:
228:
225:
220:
218:
217:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
199:
197:
192:
189:Ligand motif
188:
185:
182:
179:
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2747:Pterocarpus
2739:Proteopedia
2726:Proteopedia
2717:Proteopedia
1804:J Bacteriol
1688:: 519ā546.
1607:(6): 1ā13.
1601:J Autoimmun
1108:and type 1
1079:slow cooker
1047:glycosidase
1008:microarrays
905:kidney bean
795:glycolipids
763:hepatitis C
746:molecules.
735:Arabidopsis
703:hydrophobic
694:germination
666:Intelectins
596:blood group
567:agglutinate
183:Lectin name
3072:Immunology
3066:Categories
2734:Artocarpus
2299:. Harper.
2071:: 110770.
1495:2010-05-05
1312:References
1306:Toxalbumin
1206:antibodies
1094:phosphorus
1069:Vicia faba
1012:evanescent
988:glycoforms
910:A lectin (
751:cottonseed
723:porphyrins
577:activity.
563:glycolipid
156:blood type
152:nightshade
135:such as
2842:Collectin
2146:"Lectins"
2093:249145357
1873:0022-538X
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1034:from the
799:influenza
715:cytokinin
689:studies.
687:transgene
643:lysosomes
632:galactose
621:synthesis
575:enzymatic
272:Galactose
166:Etymology
96:-binding
62:talk page
3082:Proteins
3024:Mitogens
2987:Selectin
2977:Galectin
2967:Calnexin
2951:SIGLEC12
2946:SIGLEC10
2881:Neurocan
2876:Brevican
2871:Versican
2866:Aggrecan
2762:lectin
2749:lectin
2696:Archived
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2538:18 April
2363:10884708
2127:Archived
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1381:PLOS ONE
1279:See also
1190:allergic
1168:Toxicity
1110:diabetes
1010:, as in
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951:myxozoan
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894:efferent
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783:adhesins
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683:rhizobia
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70:May 2019
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3092:Lectins
2941:SIGLEC9
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2809:lectins
2805:Protein
2736:lectin
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1519:Bibcode
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1463:5154756
1412:3614905
1389:Bibcode
1352:2109424
1301:ficolin
1227:History
1217:Soybean
1086:calcium
945:Lectin
791:glycans
707:adenine
699:ligands
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339:Jacalin
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2089:S2CID
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