1894:
1415:
1292:
927:
2019:
1789:
1496:
1571:
770:
1867:
64:
1205:
44:
477:
would-be predator and—in the case of an attack—draws attention to the tail, which increases the lizard's chance of escaping. Although it has been suggested that it also functions as a territorial display, studies have been unable to find support for this, as the tail curling does not vary when another member of the same species is present.
639:
found in the coastal dunes of BahĂa de las
Calderas in the southwestern Dominican Republic. This species differs from the rest within Leiocephalidae in that its bony parietal table is U-shaped versus V-shaped, the males have 3–4 enlarged post-postcloacal scales versus 2, and there are specific sexual dimorphism trails.
638:
and mostly inhabit fairly open habitats in a generally well-studied part of the world. Consequently, the majority of the species and subspecies already were scientifically described several decades ago. In 2016, the first new curly-tailed lizard since the early 1980s was described. The species was
476:
As suggested by their name, most species of this family often lift their tail and curl it. This is done both when a potential predator is present and when not present, although in some curly-tailed lizard species it increases when a predator is present. It shows the fitness of the lizard to a
283:, sharing traits not present in other curlytail lizards from the Greater Antilles and other areas, such as the absence of enlarged snout scales. The second most basal of the recent curlytail lizards is another recently extinct species,
547:
genus to be entirely wiped out from the Lesser
Antilles following European colonization; other reptilian genera that have also seen significant extirpations in the Lesser Antilles, such as
508:
in Cuba. Primary threats to their survival are habitat loss (for example, expanding agriculture, charcoal production and grazing goats) and introduced predators (for example,
212:
One of the defining features of these lizards is that their tail often curls over. They were previously regarded as members of the subfamily
Leiocephalinae within the family
489:, are common and widespread. Others are rare and highly threatened, especially those restricted to a single small island or a single location on a larger island, like the
1893:
2405:
260:; however, its deep divergence time from other lizards supports a much more complex and less straightforward history in the West Indies compared to other modern taxa.
2401:
2256:"Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species"
3148:
1414:
3109:
3235:
3135:
1291:
2596:
Cooper, W.E. (2007). "Escape and its relationship to pursuit-deterrent signaling in the Cuban curly-tailed lizard
Leiocephalus carinatus".
1801:
926:
2999:
2465:
2310:"Historical and fossil evidence of an extinct endemic species of Leiocephalus (Squamata: Leiocephalidae) from the Guadeloupe Islands"
523:, including all of the Jamaican, Puerto Rican and Lesser Antillean members of the genus. Some of these are only known from fossil or
2377:
2765:
3197:
595:
are known from the Lesser
Antilles, which has raised doubts about their being only recently extirpated from this area; however,
449:
The curly-tailed lizards vary in size depending on species, but typically are approximately 9 cm (3.5 in) in snout-to-
2973:(1827). "A Description of a new Genus and some new species of Saurian Reptiles; with a Revision of the Species of Chameleons".
2636:"Why do curly tail lizards (genus Leiocephalus) curl their tails? An assessment of displays toward conspecifics and predators"
2484:
820:
3140:
2822:
Köhler, Gunther; Bobadilla, Marcos J. RodrĂguez; Hedges, S. Blair (13 June 2016). "A new dune-dwelling lizard of the genus
2018:
417:, with some members of the Lesser Antillean radiation surviving to recent times, perhaps remaining widespread until after
1534:
2877:
63:
3070:
2987:
1661:
808:
754:
599:
fossil bones are small and closely resemble those of other lizard species, which may explain the lack of detection of
618:, have not been seen since the 1960s and 1970s and are recognized as critically endangered, possibly extinct, by the
252:, about 91 million years ago. As with many other higher-order taxa endemic to the Caribbean, it likely colonized the
469:
such as insects, but also commonly take flowers and fruits. Large individuals will eat small vertebrates, including
1421:
3153:
1900:
1839:
1795:
1577:
686:
381:
2991:
2156:
1159:
418:
2609:
157:
2128:
1502:
1097:
1004:
423:
273:
1359:
457:, pterygoid teeth, or palatine teeth. Additionally, these lizards are observed to have overlapping scales.
3225:
3023:
1788:
1741:
1652:
1524:
1495:
1477:
1067:
776:
711:
707:
691:
505:
375:
333:
327:
321:
3075:
3230:
3174:
2209:
2180:
2053:
1768:
1677:
1570:
1298:
1034:
933:
509:
490:
433:
410:
285:
279:
241:
2216:
in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than
2919:
2699:
2255:
3202:
3096:
2647:
1468:
1211:
1134:
2942:
2742:
2717:
967:
812:
2800:
2108:
2088:
2066:
2025:
1873:
1168:
1040:
727:
485:
The conservation status of the species in this family varies greatly. Several species, for example
414:
312:
307:
3002:
Special
Publication No. 1. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 216 pp. (
769:
2859:
2613:
2395:
2345:
386:
58:
2457:
2450:
2309:
3179:
3061:
1866:
3161:
3083:
2851:
2843:
2578:
2461:
2383:
2373:
2337:
2329:
2283:
2275:
1430:
1103:
532:
3189:
971:
263:
Phylogenetic analysis on the genus supports some members of the now-extinct Lesser
Antillean
3166:
2970:
2914:
2835:
2780:
2694:
2655:
2605:
2568:
2558:
2525:
2321:
2267:
2144:
2062:
1844:
1586:
797:
781:
717:
652:
560:
497:
358:
298:
198:
176:
1340:
603:
fossil bones from these areas aside from by the most highly trained palaeo-herpetologists.
2104:
2096:
829:
406:
249:
153:
2896:
2676:
2651:
2573:
2546:
2116:
2037:
1481:
1236:
859:
825:
720:
curly-tailed lizard, Alto Velo curlytail (likely better regarded as a separate species)
592:
362:
350:
3219:
2905:
2685:
2349:
2120:
2030:
1224:
397:
Curlytail lizards formerly had a much wider native range, being distributed south to
2635:
2617:
1434:
1204:
2863:
848:
623:
555:
454:
237:
213:
125:
3088:
2452:
A Field Guide to the
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America
651:, listed alphabetically by scientific name, are recognized as being valid by the
3122:
3055:
2547:"Predation-associated modulation of movement-based signals by a Bahamian lizard"
2271:
2196:
2148:
576:
549:
528:
402:
346:
294:
245:
206:
138:
3046:
2839:
2325:
2188:
1220:
1114:
1080:
1076:
648:
635:
584:
568:
438:
428:
370:
2847:
2387:
2333:
2279:
2766:"Extinct, obscure or imaginary: The lizard species with the smallest ranges"
2563:
2204:
1852:
903:
524:
466:
75:
43:
17:
2855:
2582:
2423:
2341:
2287:
1777:
La DĂ©sirade curlytail lizard, curlytail roquet (extinct, late 19th century)
373:(Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and nearby small islands. Additionally,
2308:
Bochaton, Corentin; Charles, Laurent; Lenoble, Arnaud (15 February 2021).
3040:
2213:
2168:
2112:
580:
564:
544:
257:
253:
202:
115:
95:
2882:
2514:"Herbivory in the Northern Curly-tailed Lizard (Leiocephalus carinatus)"
3114:
2192:
2172:
2164:
2140:
2136:
2100:
1751:
1538:
1172:
1118:
1051:
1047:
1017:
536:
520:
398:
354:
290:
217:
105:
2895:
Inchaustegui, S.; Landestoy, M.; Powell, R. & Hedges, B. (2017) .
2785:
2660:
1750:
Haitian black-throated curlytail, Lapierre curlytail lizard (possibly
337:, than to the other, more basal Lesser Antillean and Navassa species.
3127:
2370:
Herpetology : an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles
1143:
1107:
1013:
450:
302:
85:
3017:
2530:
2513:
301:. Another extinct species from the Lesser Antilles known only from
470:
248:, with it diverging from the rest of the suborder as early as the
221:
619:
539:
survived until comparatively recently, during the 19th century.
421:. The last surviving members of the Lesser Antillean radiation,
366:
3021:
2479:
2477:
535:, but others such as two Lesser Antillean species and one from
3101:
2975:
Philosoph. Mag. Ann. Chem. Math. Astron. Nat. Hist. Gen. Sci.
1480:
striped curlytail, Guantanamo striped curly-tailed lizard,
1307:
Cuban side-blotched curlytail, Monte Verde curlytail lizard
2610:
10.1655/0018-0831(2007)63[144:EAIRTP]2.0.CO;2
2545:
Steinberg; Losos; Schoener; Spiller; Kolbe; Leal (2004).
1909:
Cuban striped curlytail, Cabo
Corrientes curlytail lizard
2826:(Iguania, Leiocephalidae) from the Dominican Republic".
575:
from the Lesser
Antilles may be due to their inhabiting
315:, is thought to be more closely related to more derived
2947:
Caribherp: Amphibians and reptiles of Caribbean Islands
1511:
Hispaniolan masked curlytail, Haitian curlytail lizard
409:. They went extinct in most of this range during the
1855:
curlytail lizard, Pale-bellied Hispaniolan curlytail
3030:
2996:
A Check-list of West Indian Amphibians and Reptiles
2512:Kircher, B.L.; C.D. Robinson; M.A. Johnson (2014).
2456:(3 ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp.
2449:
2372:. Caldwell, Janalee P. (4th ed.). Amsterdam.
1808:red-sided curlytail, red-sided curly-tailed lizard
788:saw-scaled curlytail, northern curly-tailed lizard
441:, went extinct during the early-mid 19th century.
293:, followed by all other members of the genus from
2920:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T75306189A75607464.en
2712:
2710:
2700:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T75310301A75607524.en
271:, with the last-surviving members of this group,
2737:
2735:
240:evidence supports Leiocephalidae being the most
2254:Zheng, Yuchi; Wiens, John J. (1 January 2016).
1016:curlytail, Central Haitian curlytail (possibly
319:from the Bahamas and Greater Antilles, such as
2629:
2627:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2507:
2505:
942:Cuban brown curlytail, Cuban curlytail lizard
267:radiation being the most basal of the recent
8:
2443:
2441:
920:Bahama Islands, the Cayman Islands and Cuba
2417:
2415:
2404:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1686:pallid curlytail, mountain curlytail lizard
3018:
2400:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2123:, but might have survived to recent times)
465:The curly-tailed lizards mostly forage on
42:
33:
2918:
2784:
2698:
2659:
2572:
2562:
2529:
662:
494:Leiocephalus (barahonensis) altavelensis
2485:"Search results | The Reptile Database"
2229:
1589:curlytail, Bastion Cay curlytail lizard
2393:
583:areas that were heavily exploited and
2260:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2040:curlytail, Cayman curly-tailed lizard
1878:Kohler, Bobadilla, & Hedges, 2016
7:
2634:Kircher, B.K.; M.A. Johnson (2017).
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
1851:Hispaniolan pale-bellied curlytail,
1773:Bochaton, Charles, and Lenoble, 2021
345:Curlytail lizards are native to the
2906:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2686:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1664:curlytail, spotted curlytail lizard
659:Extant and recently extinct species
622:. They are among the "most wanted"
481:Conservation status and extinctions
3000:Carnegie Museum of Natural History
587:by early colonists. Few confirmed
563:on at least some islands, such as
527:remains and became extinct in the
25:
2448:Conant, R.; J.T. Collins (1998).
880:, South Central Cuba, Playa Larga
2017:
1892:
1865:
1787:
1569:
1494:
1413:
1290:
1203:
925:
768:
606:In modern times, three species,
62:
2764:Meiri, S.; et al. (2017).
2743:"73. Lapierre Curlytail Lizard"
2718:"57. Central Haitian Curlytail"
1966:A. Schwartz & Garrido, 1968
1950:A. Schwartz & Garrido, 1968
1942:A. Schwartz & Garrido, 1968
1926:A. Schwartz & Garrido, 1968
1703:A. Schwartz & Garrido, 1968
1394:A. Schwartz & Garrido, 1967
1324:A. Schwartz & Garrido, 1967
1316:A. Schwartz & Garrido, 1967
216:. There are presently 30 known
3236:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
2801:"75. Atalaye Curlytail Lizard"
591:fossil remains from after the
453:length. These lizards have no
256:from South America during the
1:
2883:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
2489:reptile-database.reptarium.cz
571:. This mass disappearance of
2081:Fossil and subfossil species
2773:Diversity and Distributions
2272:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009
2199:or Holocene of Puerto Rico)
1537:curlytail lizard (possibly
1533:Haitian striped curlytail,
634:Lizards of this family are
244:extant member of the clade
3252:
2984:, new genus, p. 207).
1882:Hispaniolan dune curlytail
1422:Leiocephalus melanochlorus
1192:Barbour & Shreve, 1935
1072:Barbour & Shreve, 1935
647:The following species and
500:and critically endangered
205:lizards restricted to the
2941:Hedges, S. Blair (2021).
2913:: e.T75306189A115482003.
2899:Leiocephalus altavelensis
2840:10.11646/zootaxa.4121.5.2
2368:J., Vitt, Laurie (2014).
2326:10.11646/zootaxa.4927.3.4
1901:Leiocephalus stictigaster
1840:Leiocephalus semilineatus
1796:Leiocephalus schreibersii
1644:Turks and Caicos Islands
1578:Leiocephalus psammodromus
687:Leiocephalus barahonensis
382:Leiocephalus schreibersii
59:Scientific classification
57:
50:
41:
36:
2693:: e.T75310301A75607524.
2244:. www.dahmstierleben.de.
2157:Leiocephalus jamaicensis
1160:Leiocephalus loxogrammus
698:orange-bellied curlytail
630:Newly discovered species
353:(living) species in the
2885:. Accessed 2 July 2019.
2564:10.1073/pnas.1407190111
2129:Leiocephalus etheridgei
1503:Leiocephalus personatus
1098:Leiocephalus herminieri
1005:Leiocephalus endomychus
608:Leiocephalus endomychus
2167:, Late Pleistocene or
2163:– Jamaican curlytail (
1742:Leiocephalus rhutidira
1653:Leiocephalus punctatus
1525:Leiocephalus pratensis
1068:Leiocephalus greenwayi
777:Leiocephalus carinatus
643:Species and subspecies
616:Leiocephalus rhutidira
612:Leiocephalus pratensis
487:Leiocephalus carinatus
376:Leiocephalus carinatus
52:Leiocephalus carinatus
3175:Paleobiology Database
2518:Caribbean Herpetology
2181:Leiocephalus partitus
2054:Leiocephalus vinculum
1987:L. s. septentrionalis
1769:Leiocephalus roquetus
1678:Leiocephalus raviceps
1299:Leiocephalus macropus
1035:Leiocephalus eremitus
934:Leiocephalus cubensis
510:small Indian mongoose
491:critically endangered
419:European colonization
411:Quaternary extinction
3014:, pp. 126–140).
2679:Leiocephalus onaneyi
1754:, last seen in 1978)
1541:, last seen in 1966)
1469:Leiocephalus onaneyi
1285:Dominican Republic.
1223:maskless curlytail,
1212:Leiocephalus lunatus
1135:Leiocephalus inaguae
1126:Trinidad and Tobago
1020:, last seen in 1976)
502:Leiocephalus onaneyi
195:curly-tailed lizards
189:, also known as the
37:Curly-tailed lizard
2652:2017Ethol.123..342K
2214:trinomial authority
2109:Antigua and Barbuda
2089:Leiocephalus cuneus
2026:Leiocephalus varius
1874:Leiocephalus sixtoi
1825:(Gravenhorst, 1838)
1451:L. m. melanochlorus
1268:L. l. melaenoscelis
515:Several species of
506:Guantánamo Province
415:Holocene extinction
405:and several of the
393:Former distribution
313:Antigua and Barbuda
2210:binomial authority
2003:L. s. stictigaster
1971:L. s. ophiplacodes
1822:L. s. schreibersii
1708:L. r. kilinikowski
1635:L. p. psammodromus
1437:curlytailed lizard
1375:L. m. lenticulatus
1348:L. m. hyacinthurus
1117:curlytail lizard (
1050:curlytail lizard (
870:K.P. Schmidt, 1936
735:L. b. barahonensis
704:L. b. altavelensis
561:relict populations
543:is the only known
3213:
3212:
3162:Open Tree of Life
3024:Taxon identifiers
2786:10.1111/ddi.12678
2675:Fong, A. (2017).
2661:10.1111/eth.12603
2557:(25): 9187–9192.
2266:(Pt B): 537–547.
2078:
2077:
2006:A. Schwartz, 1959
1998:A. Schwartz, 1959
1982:A. Schwartz, 1964
1974:A. Schwartz, 1964
1958:A. Schwartz, 1960
1934:A. Schwartz, 1959
1918:A. Schwartz, 1959
1905:A. Schwartz, 1959
1817:A. Schwartz, 1968
1774:
1746:A. Schwartz, 1979
1727:A. Schwartz, 1960
1711:A. Schwartz, 1960
1630:A. Schwartz, 1967
1622:A. Schwartz, 1967
1614:A. Schwartz, 1967
1606:A. Schwartz, 1967
1598:A. Schwartz, 1967
1550:A. Schwartz, 1979
1356:L. m. immaculatus
1279:A. Schwartz, 1967
1271:A. Schwartz, 1967
1247:A. Schwartz, 1967
1181:L. l. loxogrammus
1009:A. Schwartz, 1967
990:A. Schwartz, 1959
982:A. Schwartz, 1959
979:L. c. pambasileus
959:A. Schwartz, 1959
915:
907:
896:
888:
879:
875:L. c. labrossytus
871:
863:
852:
841:
833:
816:
801:
533:pre-Columbian era
191:curlytail lizards
184:
183:
180:
161:
16:(Redirected from
3243:
3206:
3205:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3104:
3092:
3091:
3079:
3078:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3019:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2943:"Isla Alto Velo"
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2892:
2886:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2566:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2455:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2391:
2365:
2354:
2353:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2251:
2245:
2234:
2186:
2162:
2145:Late Pleistocene
2134:
2111:and potentially
2094:
2069:curlytail lizard
2059:
2045:Cayman Islands.
2034:
2021:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1939:L. s. gibarensis
1935:
1931:L. s. exotheotus
1927:
1919:
1906:
1896:
1879:
1869:
1848:
1826:
1818:
1805:
1791:
1772:
1747:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1683:
1658:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1587:Turks and Caicos
1583:
1573:
1559:
1551:
1530:
1508:
1498:
1484:curlytail lizard
1474:
1455:
1447:
1427:
1417:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1352:
1344:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1304:
1294:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1233:L. l. arenicolor
1227:curlytail lizard
1217:
1207:
1193:
1185:
1175:curlytail lizard
1165:
1146:curlytail lizard
1140:
1111:
1083:curlytail lizard
1073:
1044:
1010:
991:
983:
975:
960:
952:
939:
929:
913:
902:
894:
892:L. c. mogotensis
886:
877:
869:
858:
847:
839:
824:
807:
796:
785:
772:
758:
747:
739:
731:
715:
695:
663:
653:Reptile Database
498:Alto Velo Island
359:Turks and Caicos
299:Greater Antilles
175:
152:
67:
66:
46:
34:
29:Genus of lizards
21:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3074:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3026:
3008:L. barahonensis
2980:(9): 207–214. (
2967:
2965:Further reading
2962:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2875:
2871:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2392:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2357:
2307:
2306:
2295:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2242:Dahms Tierleben
2235:
2231:
2226:
2184:
2161:Etheridge, 1966
2160:
2132:
2105:Late Quaternary
2097:Leeward Islands
2093:Etheridge, 1964
2092:
2083:
2057:
2029:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1979:L. s. parasphex
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1947:L. s. lipomator
1941:
1933:
1925:
1923:L. s. celeustes
1917:
1904:
1877:
1843:
1824:
1816:
1814:L. s. nesomorus
1799:
1745:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1692:L. r. delavarai
1681:
1662:Crooked Acklins
1656:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1619:L. p. hyphantus
1613:
1611:L. p. cacodoxus
1605:
1603:L. p. apocrinus
1597:
1581:
1558:(Cochran, 1928)
1557:
1555:L. p. pratensis
1549:
1529:(Cochran, 1928)
1528:
1506:
1472:
1453:
1445:
1443:L. m. hypsistus
1425:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1358:
1350:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1321:L. m. asbolomus
1315:
1302:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1235:
1215:
1191:
1183:
1163:
1138:
1121:, 19th century)
1101:
1088:Bahama Islands
1071:
1059:Navassa Island
1054:, 19th century)
1038:
1008:
989:
987:L. c. paraphrus
981:
966:
958:
950:
937:
900:L. c. virescens
884:L. c. microcyon
794:L. c. carinatus
780:
753:
751:L. b. oxygaster
745:
737:
726:
706:
690:
669:Scientific name
661:
645:
632:
559:, still retain
483:
463:
447:
445:General anatomy
407:Lesser Antilles
395:
343:
250:Late Cretaceous
235:
174:
151:
61:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3249:
3247:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3194:
3184:
3171:
3158:
3145:
3132:
3119:
3106:
3093:
3080:
3067:
3052:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2985:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2933:
2887:
2869:
2814:
2803:. EDGE species
2792:
2779:(2): 262–273.
2756:
2745:. EDGE species
2731:
2720:. EDGE species
2706:
2667:
2646:(5): 342–347.
2623:
2604:(2): 144–150.
2588:
2537:
2531:10.31611/ch.50
2501:
2473:
2467:978-0395904527
2466:
2437:
2411:
2378:
2355:
2320:(3): 383–409.
2293:
2246:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2201:
2200:
2176:
2152:
2124:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2060:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1963:L. s. naranjoi
1960:
1955:L. s. lucianus
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1915:L. s. astictus
1910:
1907:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1849:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1809:
1806:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1748:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1716:L. r. raviceps
1713:
1705:
1697:
1687:
1684:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1595:L. p. aphretor
1590:
1584:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1547:L. p. chimarus
1542:
1531:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1446:Schwartz, 1966
1438:
1428:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1383:L. m. macropus
1380:
1372:
1367:L. m. koopmani
1364:
1353:
1345:
1337:L. m. hoplites
1334:
1326:
1318:
1313:L. m. aegialus
1308:
1305:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1189:L. l. parnelli
1186:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1112:
1104:A.M.C. Duméril
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1074:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1045:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1011:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
992:
984:
976:
961:
953:
948:L. c. cubensis
943:
940:
930:
922:
921:
918:
917:
916:
914:Schwartz, 1959
908:
897:
895:Schwartz, 1959
889:
887:Schwartz, 1959
881:
878:Schwartz, 1959
872:
867:L. c. hodsdoni
864:
853:
842:
840:Schwartz, 1959
837:L. c. cayensis
834:
817:
805:L. c. aquarius
802:
789:
786:
773:
765:
764:
761:
760:
759:
748:
743:L. b. beatanus
740:
732:
721:
699:
696:
683:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
660:
657:
644:
641:
631:
628:
593:early Holocene
482:
479:
462:
459:
446:
443:
394:
391:
363:Cayman Islands
342:
339:
234:
231:
187:Leiocephalidae
182:
181:
167:
163:
162:
149:Leiocephalidae
146:
142:
141:
136:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3248:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Lizard genera
3224:
3223:
3221:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2834:(5): 517–32.
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:Herpetologica
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2425:
2424:"All Islands"
2418:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2379:9780123869197
2375:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:Pregill, 1981
2183:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:Pregill, 1981
2131:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2121:Marie-Galante
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2058:Cochran, 1928
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1995:L. s. sierrae
1993:
1990:Garrido, 1975
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1724:L. r. uzzelli
1722:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1695:Garrido, 1973
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:Cochran, 1931
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1638:Barbour, 1920
1636:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:Barbour, 1920
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1473:Garrido, 1973
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1402:Garrido, 1979
1400:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1378:Garrido, 1973
1376:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:Garrido, 1979
1330:
1329:L. m. felinoi
1327:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1276:L. l. thomasi
1274:
1269:
1266:
1263:Cochran, 1934
1261:
1260:L. l. lunatus
1258:
1255:Cochran, 1934
1253:
1252:L. l. louisae
1250:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:Santo Domingo
1222:
1219:
1216:Cochran, 1934
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:Cochran, 1931
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
999:
995:
988:
985:
980:
977:
973:
969:
965:
962:
957:
954:
949:
946:
945:
944:
941:
936:
935:
931:
928:
924:
923:
919:
912:
909:
905:
901:
898:
893:
890:
885:
882:
876:
873:
868:
865:
861:
857:
854:
850:
846:
843:
838:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:
821:L. c. armouri
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:
799:
795:
792:
791:
790:
787:
783:
779:
778:
774:
771:
767:
766:
762:
756:
752:
749:
744:
741:
738:Schmidt, 1921
736:
733:
729:
725:
722:
719:
713:
709:
705:
702:
701:
700:
697:
693:
689:
688:
684:
682:
681:
678:Distribution
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
664:
658:
656:
654:
650:
642:
640:
637:
629:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:
552:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
480:
478:
474:
472:
468:
460:
458:
456:
455:femoral pores
452:
444:
442:
440:
436:
435:
430:
426:
425:
424:L. herminieri
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
392:
390:
388:
384:
383:
378:
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
340:
338:
336:
335:
330:
329:
324:
323:
318:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:
282:
281:
276:
275:
274:L. herminieri
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
232:
230:
228:
227:
223:
220:, all in the
219:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
178:
173:
172:
168:
165:
164:
159:
155:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
32:
27:
19:
3231:Leiocephalus
3062:Leiocephalus
3032:Leiocephalus
3031:
3012:L. viniculum
3011:
3007:
3004:Leiocephalus
3003:
2995:
2982:Leiocephalus
2981:
2977:
2974:
2952:14 September
2950:. Retrieved
2946:
2936:
2926:14 September
2924:. Retrieved
2910:
2904:
2898:
2890:
2878:Leiocephalus
2876:
2872:
2831:
2827:
2824:Leiocephalus
2823:
2817:
2805:. Retrieved
2795:
2776:
2772:
2759:
2747:. Retrieved
2722:. Retrieved
2690:
2684:
2678:
2670:
2643:
2639:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2521:
2517:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:
2451:
2428:. Retrieved
2369:
2317:
2313:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2218:Leiocephalus
2217:
2203:
2202:
2179:
2155:
2127:
2087:
2052:
2024:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1899:
1887:Hispaniola.
1872:
1860:Hispaniola.
1838:
1821:
1813:
1794:
1782:Guadeloupe.
1767:
1740:
1723:
1719:(Cope, 1863)
1715:
1707:
1700:L. r. jaumei
1699:
1691:
1682:(Cope, 1863)
1676:
1651:
1634:
1627:L. p. mounax
1626:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1576:
1554:
1546:
1523:
1516:Hispaniola.
1507:(Cope, 1863)
1501:
1467:
1454:(Cope, 1863)
1450:
1442:
1426:(Cope, 1863)
1420:
1399:L. m. torrei
1398:
1391:L. m. phylax
1390:
1386:(Cope, 1863)
1382:
1374:
1366:
1355:
1347:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1303:(Cope, 1863)
1297:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1244:L. l. lewisi
1243:
1232:
1210:
1188:
1184:(Cope, 1887)
1180:
1169:San Salvador
1164:(Cope, 1887)
1158:
1133:
1096:
1066:
1033:
1003:
986:
978:
963:
955:
951:(Gray, 1840)
947:
938:(Gray, 1840)
932:
911:L. c. zayasi
910:
899:
891:
883:
874:
866:
856:L. c. granti
855:
849:K.P. Schmidt
844:
836:
819:
804:
793:
775:
750:
742:
734:
724:L. b. aureus
723:
703:
685:
646:
633:
624:EDGE species
615:
611:
607:
605:
601:Leiocephalus
600:
597:Leiocephalus
596:
589:Leiocephalus
588:
573:Leiocephalus
572:
556:Diploglossus
554:
548:
541:Leiocephalus
540:
519:are already
517:Leiocephalus
516:
514:
501:
493:
486:
484:
475:
464:
448:
432:
422:
401:and east to
396:
389:to Florida.
380:
374:
344:
341:Distribution
334:L. punctatus
332:
328:L. greenwayi
326:
322:L. carinatus
320:
317:Leiocephalus
316:
306:
284:
278:
272:
269:Leiocephalus
268:
265:Leiocephalus
264:
262:
238:Phylogenetic
236:
226:Leiocephalus
225:
224:
214:Tropiduridae
209:
194:
190:
186:
185:
171:Leiocephalus
170:
169:
148:
132:
51:
31:
26:
18:Leiocephalus
3123:iNaturalist
3056:Wikispecies
2426:. CaribHerp
2422:Hedges, B.
2238:Leiocepalus
2197:Pleistocene
2191:curlytail (
2149:Puerto Rico
2139:curlytail (
2117:La DĂ©sirade
2099:curlytail (
2065:curlytail,
1831:Hispaniola
1802:Gravenhorst
1433:curlytail,
1221:Hispaniolan
1171:curlytail,
1079:curlytail,
964:L. c. minor
956:L. c. gigas
845:L. c. coryi
763:Hispaniola
755:A. Schwartz
746:Noble, 1923
672:Common Name
577:dry forests
529:Pleistocene
434:L. roquetus
403:Puerto Rico
349:, with the
347:West Indies
295:the Bahamas
286:L. eremitus
280:L. roquetus
246:Pleurodonta
207:West Indies
139:Pleurodonta
3220:Categories
2988:Schwartz A
2224:References
1478:Guantanamo
1115:Martinique
1077:East Plana
675:Subspecies
649:subspecies
585:deforested
569:Montserrat
467:arthropods
439:Martinique
429:Guadeloupe
387:introduced
385:have been
371:Hispaniola
122:Suborder:
3006:species,
2848:1175-5334
2396:cite book
2388:839312807
2350:232337806
2334:1175-5334
2280:1055-7903
2205:Nota bene
2067:Cochran's
1853:Thomazeau
1669:Bahamas.
1370:Zug, 1959
1351:Zug, 1959
1081:Plana Cay
904:Stejneger
718:Alto Velo
525:subfossil
308:L. cuneus
305:remains,
158:Etheridge
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
3047:Q1529907
3041:Wikidata
2994:(1975).
2992:Thomas R
2856:27395240
2640:Ethology
2618:86526680
2583:24843163
2342:33756701
2288:26475614
2169:Holocene
2113:Anguilla
1198:Bahamas
1151:Bahamas
809:Schwartz
581:littoral
565:Dominica
545:squamate
461:Behavior
258:Cenozoic
254:Antilles
233:Taxonomy
203:iguanian
145:Family:
116:Squamata
106:Reptilia
96:Chordata
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
3190:4215876
3115:2449813
2971:Gray JE
2881:at the
2864:9386834
2828:Zootaxa
2648:Bibcode
2574:4078856
2524:: 1–2.
2494:1 March
2458:244–246
2314:Zootaxa
2193:extinct
2189:Guánica
2173:Jamaica
2165:extinct
2141:extinct
2137:Morovis
2101:extinct
2074:Haiti.
1804:, 1838)
1759:Haiti.
1752:extinct
1564:Haiti.
1539:extinct
1535:Atalaye
1460:Haiti.
1435:Jérémie
1431:Tiburon
1237:Mertens
1173:Rum Cay
1119:extinct
1110:, 1837)
1052:extinct
1048:Navassa
1043:, 1868)
1018:extinct
972:Garrido
826:Barbour
728:Cochran
712:Hassler
692:Schmidt
636:diurnal
537:Navassa
521:extinct
399:Jamaica
355:Bahamas
291:Navassa
218:species
197:, is a
166:Genus:
126:Iguania
112:Order:
102:Class:
3203:324675
3187:uBio:
3167:970144
3141:173931
3076:172699
2862:
2854:
2846:
2807:2 July
2749:2 July
2724:2 July
2616:
2581:
2571:
2464:
2430:2 July
2386:
2376:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2286:
2278:
2119:, and
2063:Gonave
2038:Cayman
2033:, 1887
2031:Garman
2012:Cuba.
1847:, 1920
1733:Cuba.
1489:Cuba.
1482:Sierra
1408:Cuba.
1362:, 1958
1343:, 1959
1239:, 1939
1144:Inagua
1108:Bibron
1106:&
1025:Haiti
1014:Hinche
996:Cuba.
974:, 1970
970:&
968:Varona
906:, 1901
862:, 1957
851:, 1936
832:, 1935
830:Shreve
828:&
815:, 1956
811:&
800:, 1827
784:, 1827
757:, 1967
730:, 1934
714:, 1933
710:&
694:, 1921
471:anoles
351:extant
303:fossil
199:family
179:, 1827
160:, 1989
156:&
3198:WoRMS
3180:37869
3154:38931
3128:39279
3102:14304
2860:S2CID
2769:(PDF)
2614:S2CID
2346:S2CID
1360:Hardy
813:Ogren
708:Noble
666:Image
504:from
496:from
289:from
242:basal
222:genus
154:Frost
133:Clade
3149:NCBI
3136:ITIS
3110:GBIF
3089:5BVW
3071:BOLD
2954:2021
2928:2021
2911:2016
2852:PMID
2844:ISSN
2832:4121
2809:2019
2751:2019
2726:2019
2691:2017
2579:PMID
2551:PNAS
2496:2021
2462:ISBN
2432:2019
2406:link
2402:link
2384:OCLC
2374:ISBN
2338:PMID
2330:ISSN
2318:4927
2284:PMID
2276:ISSN
2208:: A
1845:Dunn
1041:Cope
860:Rabb
798:Gray
782:Gray
620:IUCN
614:and
567:and
451:vent
431:and
379:and
367:Cuba
331:and
297:and
277:and
177:Gray
3097:EoL
3084:CoL
2915:doi
2836:doi
2781:doi
2695:doi
2656:doi
2644:123
2606:doi
2569:PMC
2559:doi
2526:doi
2322:doi
2268:doi
2240:".
2212:or
2171:of
2147:of
2107:of
1341:Zug
579:in
553:or
550:Boa
531:or
512:).
437:of
427:of
413:or
311:of
201:of
193:or
3222::
3200::
3177::
3164::
3151::
3138::
3125::
3112::
3099::
3086::
3073::
3058::
3043::
3010:–
2998:.
2990:,
2945:.
2909:.
2903:.
2858:.
2850:.
2842:.
2830:.
2777:24
2775:.
2771:.
2734:^
2709:^
2689:.
2683:.
2654:.
2642:.
2638:.
2626:^
2612:.
2602:63
2600:.
2577:.
2567:.
2555:11
2553:.
2549:.
2522:50
2520:.
2516:.
2504:^
2487:.
2476:^
2460:.
2440:^
2414:^
2398:}}
2394:{{
2382:.
2358:^
2344:.
2336:.
2328:.
2316:.
2312:.
2296:^
2282:.
2274:.
2264:94
2262:.
2258:.
2220:.
2195:,
2187:–
2143:,
2135:–
2115:,
2103:,
2095:–
716:–
655:.
626:.
610:,
473:.
369:,
365:,
361:,
357:,
325:,
229:.
135::
2978:2
2956:.
2930:.
2917::
2901:"
2897:"
2866:.
2838::
2811:.
2789:.
2783::
2753:.
2728:.
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2697::
2681:"
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2664:.
2658::
2650::
2620:.
2608::
2585:.
2561::
2534:.
2528::
2498:.
2470:.
2434:.
2408:)
2390:.
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2290:.
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210:.
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