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1271:). In 1575, after Muscovy attacked Danish claims in Livonia, Frederick II dropped out of the competition, as did the Holy Roman Emperor. After this Johan III held off on his pursuit for more land due to Muscovy obtaining lands that Sweden controlled. He used the next two years of truce to get in a better position. In 1578, he resumed the fight, not only for Livonia, but also for everywhere due to an understanding that he made with the
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administration). Later, from
September, the civil administration that had been decreed in the previous July was actually set up. Lohse and, for that matter, Koch would not bow to his authority seeking to administer their territories with the independence and authority of gauleiters. On 1 April 1942, an
2471:
A division into five rival small principalities thus developed during the thirteenth century: the State of the
Teutonic Order, the Archbishopric of Riga, the bishoprics of Dorpat, Oesel–Wiek and Courland. The five principalities formed the Livonian Confederation, the Ordenstaat, until its dissolution
1229:
King Magnus of
Livonia. Nevertheless, there is no reason to speak about any strong pro-Swedish sentiments among the residents of Reval. The citizens who had fled to the Bishopric of Dorpat or had been deported to Muscovy hailed Magnus as their saviour until 1571. Analysis indicates that during the
1228:
It is, however, more difficult to estimate the scope and magnitude of the support Magnus received in
Livonian cities. Compared to the Harrien-Wierland gentry, the Reval city council, and hence probably the majority of citizens, demonstrated a much more reserved attitude towards Denmark and towards
1192:
made a treaty with Erik XIV of Sweden in August 1561. Magnus and his brother
Frederick II were in great disagreement, and Frederick II negotiated a treaty with Ivan IV on 7 August 1562 to help his brother obtain more land and to stall further Swedish advances. Erik XIV did not like this, and the
2063:
had total management of economic aspects in the territories and the Reich postal service administered the East territories' postal services. These German central government interventions in the affairs of
Ostland, overriding the appropriate ministries was known as "Sonderverwaltungen" (special
1233:
a pro-independence wing emerged among the
Livonian gentry and townspeople, forming the so-called "Peace Party". Dismissing hostilities, these forces perceived an agreement with Muscovy as a chance to escape the atrocities of war and to avoid the division of Livonia. Thus Magnus, who represented
2068:(lit. "working sphere", a name for the party cadre organisation outside the reich proper) was established in the civil-administration part of the occupied Soviet territories, whereupon Koch and Lohse gradually ceased communication with him, preferring to deal directly with Hitler through
2043:'s (Minister für die besetzten Ostgebiete (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories)) ministerial authority was, in practice, severely limited. The first reason was that many of the practicalities were commanded elsewhere: the
1212:
Johan III, due to his friendship with Poland, began a policy against
Muscovy. He would try to obtain more land in Livonia and to dominate Denmark. After all parties had been financially drained, Frederick II let his ally, King
1164:
in 1562. Wanting to obtain his own land in
Livonia, he loaned Poland money and then claimed the castles that they had pawned as his own instead of using them to pressure Poland. After Johan returned to
358:
1683:, became a very important Swedish dominion, with Riga being the second largest Swedish city and Livonia paying for one third of the Swedish war costs. Sweden lost Swedish Livonia,
1998:). The structure of the Reichskommissariats was defined by the same decree. Local administration in the Reichskommissariats was to be organized under a "National Director" (
2738:
the
English version includes the description of 438 well-preserved historical manors of nowadays Estonia (historically – northern part of Old-Livonia/Alt-Livland)
908:
1646:
of Poland-Lithuania, nor recognized by Denmark). The Kingdom of Livonia was beaten back by Muscovy on all fronts. In 1578, Magnus of Livonia retired to The
2560:
2331:
1118:
2002:) in Estonia, a "General Director" in Latvia and a "General Adviser" in Lithuania. The local administration of the Reichskommissariat Ostland was under
997:, organised the five ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire in Medieval Livonia (Livonian Order, Courland, Ösel–Wiek, Dorpat and Riga) into the
1052:, (who had become Bishop of Courland and of Ösel-Wiek) in 1560 and his supporters looked particularly good in 1560 (and in 1570). In 1560 he had been
1676:
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1371:
and became a dependent vassal of Lithuania. Eight years later, in 1569, when the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland formed the
651:
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374:". Alternative names of the order include the Christ Knights, Sword Brethren, and the Militia of Christ of Livonia. Following their defeat by
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Shortly after that, Erik XIV quickly lost any allies that he was about to obtain, either in the form of Magnus or of the Archbishop of
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2326:
1990:
Ostland was one of the Reichskommissariats established, by a Decree of the Führer dated 17 July 1941, as administrative units of the "
1435:
751:
were incorporated into the Teutonic Knights as the Livonian Order in 1237. Between 1237 and 1290, the Livonian Order conquered all of
497:
in his letter of 24 November 1232; however, no known information regarding the knights' possible activities in Finland has survived. (
1403:
1375:, Livonia became a joint domain administered directly by the king and grand duke. Having rejected peace proposals from its enemies,
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629:, who sailed (1200) with a convoy of ships filled with armed crusaders to carve out a Catholic territory in the east as part of the
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1201:, Denmark, and Poland. While only losing land and trade, Frederick II and Magnus were not faring well. But in 1568 Erik XIV became
222:
1798:
in 1721. Peter the Great confirmed German as the exclusive official language. Russia then added Polish Livonia in 1772 during the
1446:
in 1580, giving him the titles in Livonia. That war would last from 1577 to 1582. Muscovy recognized Polish–Lithuanian control of
2080:
had a special command encompassing both military and civil administration territories and engaged in "anti-partisan" atrocities.
1618:
In the next phase of the conflict, in 1577, Ivan IV took advantage of the Commonwealth's internal strife (called the war against
1347:
920:
214:
154:
2405:]. Die Geschichte des Deutschen als Fremdsprache (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 59.
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city. He offered them goods to submit to him as well as threatening them. By 6 June 1561,they submitted to him contrary to the
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that never before did he experience the fear than now, where even in his land, where people send by Moscow are everywhere
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823:-trade-route and practically all trade in the North, and with that all of Europe. Due to the religious upheavals of the
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formed the nucleus of the new ruling class of Livonia after the Livonian Crusade, and they eventually became known as
226:
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Pihlajamäki, Heikki (2017). "The outset: The Livonian and Swedish Legal orders at the Time of the Swedish Conquest".
2072:
and the party chancellery. In the process, they also displaced all other actors including notably the SS, except in
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81:
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describe conditions within the Order's territory. The Teutonic Order fell into decline following its defeat in the
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Based on a guarantee by Sigismund II Augustus from the 1560s, the German language retained its official status.
815:) and the West Sea (Atlantic) are equally in danger. Duke Barnim the Elder, 50 years duke of Pomerania, warned,
1612:
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with Gustav, but nothing resulted because on 29 September 1560, Gustav I Vasa died. The chances for success of
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887:. The other forces opposed this appointment. The Livonian Order saw no other way than to seek protection from
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between the World Wars, southern Livonia became an administrative region under the traditional Latvian name
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in 1525, but the Livonian Order managed to maintain an independent existence. During the many years of the
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1563:(1575) and overrunning much of Grand Duchy of Lithuania up to some 250 km (160 mi) proximity of
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became king in September 1560 he took quick actions to get involved in the war. He negotiated a continued
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525:, clothing and policy) as an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, headed by their own Master (himself
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Atlas of Livonia, or of the Two Governments and Duchies Livonia and Estonia, and of the Province of Oesel
2449:
Conquest and the Law in Swedish Livonia (ca. 1630–1710): A Case of Legal Pluralism in Early Modern Europe
95:
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is spoken by fewer than 100 individuals as a second language, and is understood to be fast approaching
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fought against Latvian and Estonian troops for control over Livonia, but their attempts were defeated.
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decimated the Order. This disaster led the surviving Brothers to become incorporated into the Order of
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2011:
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1275:. In 1578, Magnus retired to the Rzeczpospolita and his brother all but gave up the land in Livonia.
1115:
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846:) was under continuous ban by the Empire. The Hanseatic League was greatly weakened by this and the
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Beginning in the 12th century CE, Livonia became a target for economic and political expansion by
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subsequently succeeded it as the official language in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries.
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History, philosophically illustrated, from the fall of the Roman empire to the French revolution
1607:
took his place. After all parties had been financially drained, Frederick II let his ally, King
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in Poland, invaded Livonia, quickly taking almost the entire territory, with the exception of
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2114:. The last native Livonian speaker died in June 2013. The unofficial anthem of Livonians is
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for assistance, but Valdemar instead arranged a deal with the Brotherhood and conquered the
370:
sanctioned the establishment in 1204. The membership of the order comprised German "warrior
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from Muscovian territories. During his first offensive in 1579, with 22,000 men, he retook
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The Peace Party, however, had its own armed forces – scattered bands of household troops (
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from the 1220s gives a firsthand account of the Christianization of Livonia, granted as a
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379:
230:
1427:
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that Moscow has its eyes on much more than only a few harbors or the province of Liefland
2425:
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founded in 1201. He ordered (1215) the construction of a cathedral and became the first
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1962:
1783:
1717:
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in 1346. Livonia, as understood after the retreat of Denmark in 1346, bordered on the
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209:
102:
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was given roughly the same area as the former Duchy of Livonia after the 1626–1629
1364:
1230:
1020:
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260:
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Suvorov A.A. governor-general in 1861–66 :: ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SAINT PETERSBURG
1824:
In 1796, the Riga Governorate was renamed as the Governorate of Livonia (Russian:
1289:
2447:
451:, where the walls of the Master's castle still stand. Other strongholds included
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1851:
1639:
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1177:
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795:(1558–1582), however, they suffered a decisive defeat at the hands of troops of
530:
506:
234:
44:
1664:
1169:, Erik XIV forbade him to deal with any foreign countries without his consent.
149:
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which he had taken possession of, but they refused to give him any more land.
1104:
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468:
464:
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1259:; 30 weeks), and in 1574–1576 (first on Sweden's side, then came the sale of
431:. From its foundation, the undisciplined Order tended to ignore its supposed
195:
By the end of the 13th century, the name was extended to most of present-day
2526:
2522:
Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1 Vol 1 Introduction to Russian History
2044:
1855:
1567:. Eventually, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland formed the
1388:
1125:, the last Master of the Teutonic Order, gave to Magnus the portions of the
1092:
412:
238:
185:
2669:
1872:
1619:
1587:, Denmark, Poland, and Sweden broke out. While only losing land and trade,
692:, where Albert's brother Hermann established himself as the prince-bishop (
311:
1979:
2722:
2136:
1181:
1081:
872:), but not sending Ivan IV troops as requested in his struggles with the
752:
452:
444:
409:
2055:(Reich Director of Labour) had control over manpower and working areas,
1774:
1025:
861:) diffused the greatest threat by remaining on friendly terms with Tsar
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1946:
1934:
1930:
1913:
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1518:
1490:
1467:
1463:
1423:
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1096:
1077:
1057:
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768:
517:
in the following year, and from that point on they became known as the
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249:
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17:
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253:
189:
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Deutsch-Baltische Ritterschaften in Livland, Kurland, Estland, Oesel
1744:) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the
942:— functioned as the established language of the Livonian lands, but
225:(northern Estonia conquered by Denmark in the 13th century) to the
2741:
1978:
1917:
1871:
1815:
1773:
1716:
1663:
1631:
1538:
1354:
1288:
1149:
1137:
1024:
820:
719:
646:
480:
282:
264:
160:
148:
140:
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1643:
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of Kettler to the burghers. King Eric's brother and future King
803:
in 1560 and continued living under great threat. Letters to the
595:
397:
371:
315:
30:
This article is about the region in Europe. For other uses, see
1850:). Livonia remained within the Russian Empire until the end of
1426:; during the second, in 1580, with 29,000-strong army, he took
923:
for his family. Most of the remaining lands were seized by the
907:
with Sigismund II Augustus and his representatives (especially
248:, the territory of Livonia was reduced to the southern half of
2735:
1247:) under diverse command, which only united in action in 1565 (
787:
in 1410 and the secularization of its Prussian territories by
38:
2717:
2562:
Foreword to the Past: a cultural history of the Baltic People
1862:
Governors-General of Estonia, Livonia, and Courland 1845–1876
1611:, know that he was ready for peace. On 15 December 1570, the
1221:, know that he was ready for peace. On 15 December 1570, the
919:. In the southern part of the Brothers' lands, he set up the
831:
could not send troops, which it could not afford anyway. The
483:
belonged to the five-member entourage of the Order's Master.
314:
established a trading post on the site of the future city of
1383:
devastated Muscovian territories and burnt down Moscow (see
1642:
of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (not ratified by the
1068:, and as their prospective ruler by the authorities of the
288:
759:, but their attack on northern Russia was repelled in the
731:
The Livonian Order was a largely autonomous branch of the
2692:. Society for promoting Christian knowledge. p. 121.
2399:
Deutsch als Fremdsprache im Russland des 18. Jahrhunderts
27:
Historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea
1438:
had trouble continuing the fight against Muscovy unlike
1430:, and in 1581 with a 100,000-strong army he started the
521:. They continued, however, to function in all respects (
1650:, and his brother all but gave up the land in Livonia.
1176:. Magnus was upset that he had been tricked out of his
386:
as an autonomous branch (1237) and became known as the
2118:, sharing the melody of Finnish and Estonian anthems.
2098:
The historical land of Livonia has been split between
2009:. Below him, there was an administrative hierarchy: a
1197:(1563-1570) broke out, with Sweden pitted against the
835:
was not able to help for much of the same reason, and
2356:
1414:(1576). Stefan Batory replied with a series of three
903:
of Riga and the Brothers in 1557. After coming to an
443:
for Denmark. The Brotherhood had its headquarters at
2188:
Les pays baltiques, le pluriculturalisme en héritage
1454:
died in 1583, Poland invaded his territories in The
1379:
found himself in a difficult position by 1579, when
2403:
German as a foreign language in 18th-century Russia
1786:conquered Swedish Livonia during the course of the
1622:in Polish historiography), and during the reign of
1395:had thoroughly disrupted the government, while The
259:The indigenous inhabitants of Livonia were various
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2594:
1888:— an area roughly corresponding to the historical
706:describes the conquest of Livonia by the Germans.
658:Livonia consisted of the following subdivisions:
2452:. The Northern World. Leiden: Brill. p. 24.
2335:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 816–817.
1892:— were administratively subordinated to a common
1599:did not fare well. But, in 1569, Erik XIV became
1458:, and Frederick II decided to sell his rights of
1238:, proved a suitable figurehead for this faction.
666:(founded by Albert in 1202, assimilated into the
1949:, encompassing the then much larger counties of
1301:, superimposed on present-day national borders.
637:Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights 1237–1561
404:of Livonia), founded the Brotherhood to aid the
382:in 1236, the surviving Brothers merged into the
2731:Joann Portantiuse Liivimaa kaart 1573. aastast
1896:. Amongst the holders of this post were Count
1880:From 1845 to 1876, the Baltic governorates of
1752:, since it was formed in the 1620s out of the
899:), who had intervened in a war between Bishop
807:arrived from many European countries, warning
2482:
2480:
1829:
1205:and his brother Johan took his place as King
505:in 1249.) In the Battle of Saule in 1236 the
153:Swedish Livonia, between Swedish Estonia and
8:
2241:
267:tribes in the south. The descendants of the
2051:managed the military and security aspects,
1297:with its major subdivisions after the 1618
739:from 1418 to 1561. After being defeated by
435:to the bishops. In 1218, Albert asked King
2207:; S. Pourchier-Plasseraud; Armeline, 2022.
879:In 1570, Tsar Ivan IV of Russia installed
2554:
2552:
2550:
1442:and Poland. He came to an agreement with
1225:concluded the Northern Seven Years' War.
915:, secularized the Order and converted to
188:, who lived on the shores of present-day
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
2664:. The Latvian Legation. pp. 69–80.
2495:: R. Paknio leidykla. pp. 256–259.
2392:
2390:
2388:
2309:
2307:
1986:advances from 22 June to 25 August 1941.
1543:Livonia, as shown in the map of 1573 of
735:(or Teutonic Order) and a member of the
330:Livonian Brothers of the Sword 1204–1237
213:, reached its greatest extent after the
2303:
2217:
1908:Vidzeme in Independent Latvia 1918–1940
948:
850:fought its last great war. The emperor
606:but not known as) the King of Germany,
535:
501:eventually took over Finland after the
348:of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (
310:. Around 1160, Hanseatic traders from
2489:Senosios Lietuvos istorija 1009 – 1795
2152:
2128:
1091:conditionally recognised his right of
652:Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights
643:Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights
2239:, German and Scandinavian languages:
1234:Denmark and later struck a deal with
934:From the 14th to the 16th centuries,
7:
2559:Szilvia Rédey, Endre Bojtár (1999).
2362:"Arkistolaitos - Sähköiset palvelut"
1868:Governor-General of Baltic provinces
1011:was chosen as the site of the diet.
560:Teutonic Knight and Livonian Brother
344:(Albert of Buxhoeveden) founded the
67:adding citations to reliable sources
1792:Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia
1697:Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia
1418:against Muscovy, trying to cut The
1391:have fatally affected the economy,
2689:The Counter-reformation, 1550–1600
1555:were initially successful, taking
1436:Frederick II of Denmark and Norway
1406:and acquired an energetic leader,
931:re-occupied the north of Estonia.
244:As a consequence of the 1558–1583
207:(1193–1290). Medieval Livonia, or
25:
2567:Central European University Press
1790:and acquired the province in the
2426:The History of the Baltic States
2314:
1806:Governorate of Livonia 1796–1918
1348:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
1007:was formed in 1419. The city of
979:Livonian Confederation 1418–1561
963:
951:
938:- as spoken in the towns of the
921:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
767:the Order purchased the rest of
565:
553:
538:
529:subject to the Teutonic Order's
354:Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae
43:
2325:; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "
1707:Livonian Voivodeship 1620s–1772
1695:almost 100 years later, by the
1668:The Baltics in the 17th century
1397:Grand Principality of Lithuania
1267:, and the loss of territory to
1034:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
958:Livonian knight in 16th century
867:
856:
841:
612:
54:needs additional citations for
1750:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1569:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1373:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1308:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
1295:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1219:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
874:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
749:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
336:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
201:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1:
2783:Historical regions in Estonia
2487:Alfredas Bumblauskas (2005).
1898:Alexander Arkadyevich Suvorov
1679:. The area, usually known as
1404:Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
1036:once again asked for help of
911:), the last Livonian Master,
909:Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł
777:Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
677:(an archbishopric from 1255);
572:Seal of the Livonian Brothers
489:asked the Brothers to defend
215:Saint George's Night Uprising
180:on the eastern shores of the
2778:Historical regions in Latvia
2519:(1981). D. Obolensky (ed.).
2323:Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch
1529:Kingdom of Livonia 1570–1578
1285:Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621)
1160:married the Polish princess
463:. The commanders of Fellin,
427:living on the shores of the
237:and Russia to the east, and
2357:National Archive of Finland
2347:"Letter by Pope Gregory IX"
2084:Baltic countries since 1990
2078:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
1830:
1579:did not like this, and the
1462:. Except for the island of
765:St. George's Night Uprising
763:(1268). In 1346, after the
591:Livonian Chronicle of Henry
227:State of the Teutonic Order
217:of 1343-1345, which forced
2799:
2531:Cambridge University Press
2355:. In Latin. Hosted by the
2087:
1975:Reichskommissariat Ostland
1972:
1911:
1902:Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov
1865:
1809:
1794:in 1710, confirmed by the
1767:
1764:Riga Governorate 1721–1796
1728:The Livonian Voivodeship (
1710:
1657:
1532:
1282:
1279:Duchy of Livonia 1561–1621
1018:
982:
713:
640:
581:
578:Livonian Crusade 1198–1227
333:
29:
2288:
1825:
1758:First Partition of Poland
1654:Swedish Livonia 1629–1721
1581:Northern Seven Years' War
1195:Northern Seven Years' War
1119:Christoph von Mecklenburg
811:... the East Sea (Ostsee-
781:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
703:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
408:in the conversion of the
252:and the northern half of
203:had conquered during the
1369:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1359:Livonia on the 1570 map.
1317:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
925:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
710:Livonian Order 1237–1561
287:Livonia in Europe, 1190
263:tribes in the north and
184:. It is named after the
32:Livonia (disambiguation)
2603:Oxford University Press
2397:Koch, Kristine (2002).
2332:Encyclopædia Britannica
2228:
1831:Liflyandskaya guberniya
1589:Frederick II of Denmark
1545:Theatrum orbis terrarum
1190:Frederick II of Denmark
1108:Wilhelm von Brandenburg
1101:Principality of Estonia
897:Grand Duke of Lithuania
461:Ascheraden (Aizkraukle)
320:Albrecht von Buxthoeven
302:, particularly for the
2736:Estonian Manors Portal
2380:Diplomatarium Fennicum
2276:
2268:
2256:
2242:
2236:
2116:Min izāmō, min sindimō
1996:Greater Germanic Reich
1987:
1938:
1877:
1847:
1839:
1821:
1812:Governorate of Livonia
1779:
1742:Województwo inflanckie
1741:
1733:
1725:
1669:
1548:
1515:województwo parnawskie
1487:województwo wendeńskie
1367:, Livonia fell to the
1360:
1352:
1087:were on his side; the
1062:Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
1030:
1015:Livonian War 1558–1583
999:Livonian Confederation
985:Livonian Confederation
773:Valdemar IV of Denmark
747:, the remnants of the
737:Livonian Confederation
728:
655:
503:Second Swedish Crusade
437:Valdemar II of Denmark
363:
353:
291:
199:and Latvia, which the
172:or in earlier records
166:
158:
146:
2748:World Digital Library
1982:
1921:
1875:
1826:Лифляндская губе́рния
1819:
1777:
1720:
1667:
1648:Bishopric of Courland
1542:
1501:województwo dorpackie
1448:Ducatus Ultradunensis
1358:
1292:
1215:Sigismund II Augustus
1112:Archbishopric of Riga
1066:Bishopric of Courland
1028:
889:Sigismund II Augustus
848:city state of Luebeck
789:Albert of Brandenburg
723:
662:a state ruled by the
650:
286:
164:
152:
144:
2684:Beresford James Kidd
2166:History of Lithuania
1800:Partitions of Poland
1722:Inflanty Voivodeship
1713:Livonian Voivodeship
1476:Inflanty Voivodeship
1474:by 1585. As of 1598
1450:only in 1582. After
1363:In 1561, during the
627:Archbishop of Bremen
619:Albert of Buxthoeven
469:Marienburg (Alūksne)
63:improve this article
2768:Geography of Latvia
2428:By Kevin O'Connor;
1992:Großdeutsches Reich
1734:Livonijos vaivadija
1593:Magnus von Lyffland
1585:Free City of Lübeck
1511:Parnawa Voivodeship
1452:Magnus von Lyffland
1387:), the drought and
1350:, Commonwealth fief
1199:Free City of Lübeck
1162:Catherine Jagiellon
1103:). Then along with
1070:Bishopric of Dorpat
819:. At stake was the
743:forces in the 1236
495:Novgorodian attacks
481:Weißenstein (Paide)
465:Goldingen (Kuldīga)
2773:Historical regions
2353:on 14 August 2007.
2247:, archaic German:
2200:Les Germano-baltes
2156:History of Estonia
2132:Bishopric of Reval
1988:
1939:
1878:
1848:Liivimaa kubermang
1822:
1788:Great Northern War
1780:
1754:Wenden Voivodeship
1726:
1677:Polish–Swedish War
1670:
1605:John III of Sweden
1577:Eric XIV of Sweden
1571:in 1569 under the
1549:
1535:Kingdom of Livonia
1497:Dorpat Voivodeship
1483:Wenden Voivodeship
1478:was divided onto:
1420:Kingdom of Livonia
1385:Russo-Crimean Wars
1361:
1353:
1207:John III of Sweden
1134:Eric XIV of Sweden
1127:Kingdom of Livonia
1074:Bishopric of Reval
1044:also began direct
1038:Gustav I of Sweden
1031:
991:Archbishop of Riga
805:Holy Roman Emperor
785:Battle of Grunwald
729:
680:the Bishoprics of
656:
457:Segewold (Sigulda)
364:Schwertbrüderorden
292:
167:
159:
147:
2597:Europe: a History
2491:(in Lithuanian).
2195:; Armeline, 2020.
2178:
2177:
2171:History of Poland
2161:History of Latvia
2147:Duchy of Courland
2108:Livonian language
1969:Ostland 1941–1944
1636:Magnus of Livonia
1613:Treaty of Stettin
1609:Zygmunt II August
1553:Ivan the Terrible
1456:Duchy of Courland
1377:Ivan the Terrible
1269:Tsardom of Russia
1255:), in 1570–1571 (
1223:Treaty of Stettin
1144:and spoke to the
1042:Kingdom of Poland
995:Johannes Ambundii
970:Livonian lady by
936:Middle Low German
863:Ivan IV of Russia
829:Holy Roman Empire
761:Battle of Rakvere
675:Bishopric of Riga
445:Fellin (Viljandi)
406:Bishopric of Riga
368:Pope Innocent III
178:historical region
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
2790:
2727:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2656:Alfrēds Bīlmanis
2652:
2646:
2645:
2638:"Modern History"
2630:
2624:
2623:
2600:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2556:
2545:
2544:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2443:
2437:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2394:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2364:. Archived from
2354:
2349:. Archived from
2343:
2337:
2336:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2291:
2290:
2245:
2222:
2126:
2125:
2106:ever since. The
2041:Alfred Rosenberg
2039:, respectively.
2022:Gebietskomissars
1894:Governor-General
1890:medieval Livonia
1840:Vidzemes guberņa
1833:
1827:
1796:Treaty of Nystad
1770:Riga Governorate
1746:Duchy of Livonia
1701:Treaty of Nystad
1699:in 1710 and the
1603:and his brother
1345:
1335:Duchy of Prussia
1332:
1326:Duchy of Livonia
1323:
1314:
1305:
1299:Truce of Deulino
967:
955:
940:Hanseatic League
913:Gotthard Kettler
871:
870: 1533–1584
869:
860:
859: 1564–1576
858:
845:
844: 1525–1568
843:
833:Duchy of Prussia
801:Battle of Ergeme
797:Muscovite Russia
733:Teutonic Knights
725:Medieval Livonia
668:Teutonic Knights
631:Livonian Crusade
616:
615: 1198–1208
614:
608:Philip of Swabia
584:Livonian Crusade
569:
557:
542:
515:Teutonic Knights
441:north of Estonia
361:
308:Cistercian Order
304:Hanseatic League
223:Duchy of Estonia
205:Livonian Crusade
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2753:
2752:
2725:
2718:Virtual Livonia
2714:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2569:. p. 172.
2558:
2557:
2548:
2541:
2533:. p. 101.
2515:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2396:
2395:
2386:
2371:
2369:
2360:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2205:Yves Plasseraud
2193:Yves Plasseraud
2183:
2181:Further reading
2124:
2096:
2088:Main articles:
2086:
2074:Central Belarus
2028:Hauptkommissars
2012:Generalkomissar
1977:
1971:
1941:In independent
1916:
1910:
1884:, Livonia, and
1870:
1864:
1814:
1808:
1772:
1766:
1715:
1709:
1685:Swedish Estonia
1681:Swedish Livonia
1662:
1660:Swedish Livonia
1656:
1638:recognized the
1615:was concluded.
1573:Union of Lublin
1537:
1531:
1470:was out of the
1410:, supported by
1400:had united with
1381:Crimean Khanate
1351:
1343:
1341:
1330:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1293:Outline of the
1287:
1281:
1249:Battle of Pärnu
1184:. After Sweden
1023:
1017:
987:
981:
974:
968:
959:
956:
885:King of Livonia
866:
855:
840:
755:, Livonia, and
745:Battle of Saule
718:
712:
645:
639:
611:
586:
580:
573:
570:
561:
558:
549:
543:
487:Pope Gregory IX
473:Reval (Tallinn)
447:in present-day
380:Battle of Saule
357:
338:
332:
318:, which Bishop
281:
231:Gulf of Finland
165:Livonia in 1820
145:Livonia in 1534
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2739:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2713:
2712:External links
2710:
2707:
2706:
2695:
2675:
2647:
2644:. p. 258.
2625:
2615:
2582:
2575:
2546:
2539:
2508:
2501:
2476:
2458:
2438:
2418:
2411:
2384:
2382:from the menu.
2368:on 8 June 2007
2338:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2142:Livonian Coast
2139:
2134:
2123:
2120:
2085:
2082:
2076:, where HSSPF
2070:Martin Bormann
2066:arbeitsbereich
2057:Hermann Göring
2037:Hauptgenbietes
2017:Generalbezirke
2004:Reichskomissar
2000:Reichskomissar
1973:Main article:
1970:
1967:
1912:Main article:
1909:
1906:
1876:Livonia, 1898.
1866:Main article:
1863:
1860:
1810:Main article:
1807:
1804:
1784:Russian Empire
1768:Main article:
1765:
1762:
1748:, part of the
1711:Main article:
1708:
1705:
1693:Russian Empire
1658:Main article:
1655:
1652:
1551:The armies of
1533:Main article:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1508:
1494:
1432:Siege of Pskov
1412:Ottoman Empire
1342:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1283:Main article:
1280:
1277:
1273:Rzeczpospolita
1257:Siege of Reval
1253:Siege of Reval
1089:Livonian Order
1019:Main article:
1016:
1013:
983:Main article:
980:
977:
976:
975:
972:Albrecht Dürer
969:
962:
960:
957:
950:
927:. Denmark and
893:King of Poland
716:Livonian Order
714:Main article:
711:
708:
698:
697:
678:
671:
664:Livonian Order
641:Main article:
638:
635:
582:Main article:
579:
576:
575:
574:
571:
564:
562:
559:
552:
550:
544:
537:
519:Livonian Order
453:Wenden (Cēsis)
388:Livonian Order
384:Teutonic Order
378:forces in the
346:military order
342:Albert of Riga
334:Main article:
331:
328:
280:
277:
273:Baltic Germans
241:to the south.
233:in the north,
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2795:
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2699:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2661:Baltic Essays
2657:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:George Miller
2629:
2626:
2622:
2621:Livonia 1561.
2618:
2616:0-19-820171-0
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2591:Norman Davies
2586:
2583:
2578:
2576:963-9116-42-4
2572:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2540:0-521-28038-9
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2502:9986-830-89-3
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2461:
2459:9789004331532
2455:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2434:0-313-32355-0
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2412:3-11-017503-7
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
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2367:
2363:
2358:
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2258:
2254:
2250:
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2244:
2238:
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2226:
2221:
2218:
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2206:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:
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2184:
2180:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
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2157:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:Fritz Sauckel
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:administered
2030:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:Hinrich Lohse
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1820:Europe, 1815.
1818:
1813:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:Europe, 1740.
1776:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:, 1620s–1772.
1723:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:Stefan Batory
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
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1480:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:Stefan Batory
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:Europe, 1550.
1027:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
989:In 1418, the
986:
978:
973:
966:
961:
954:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
864:
853:
852:Maximilian II
849:
838:
837:Duke Albrecht
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
726:
722:
717:
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609:
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546:Baltic Tribes
541:
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80: –
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74:Find sources:
68:
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52:This article
50:
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2511:
2488:
2470:
2463:. Retrieved
2448:
2441:
2421:
2402:
2398:
2379:
2370:. Retrieved
2366:the original
2351:the original
2341:
2330:
2280:
2248:
2240:
2220:
2198:
2186:
2115:
2097:
2065:
2061:Albert Speer
2036:
2033:Kreigsbietes
2032:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1940:
1879:
1823:
1781:
1727:
1671:
1617:
1583:between the
1550:
1524:
1514:
1500:
1486:
1428:Velikie Luki
1365:Livonian War
1362:
1265:Danish Crown
1242:
1240:
1231:Livonian War
1227:
1211:
1171:
1131:
1046:negotiations
1032:
1021:Livonian War
1002:
1001:. A diet or
988:
933:
878:
827:the distant
816:
808:
793:Livonian War
730:
701:
699:
657:
621:, nephew of
603:
600:Hohenstaufen
589:
587:
531:Grand Master
526:
511:Semigallians
485:
429:Gulf of Riga
421:Semigallians
396:, bishop of
392:
339:
326:of Livonia.
293:
258:
246:Livonian War
243:
221:to sell the
208:
194:
173:
169:
168:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
2726:(in German)
2605:. pp.
2517:Robert Auty
1852:World War I
1640:sovereignty
1634:. In 1578,
1559:(1563) and
1460:inheritance
1178:inheritance
1154:persuasions
1064:and by the
944:High German
917:Lutheranism
881:Duke Magnus
825:Reformation
507:Lithuanians
366:) in 1202;
235:Lake Peipus
2757:Categories
2601:. Oxford:
2298:References
2265:Lithuanian
2112:extinction
1900:and Count
1730:Lithuanian
1416:offensives
1393:Oprichnina
1105:Archbishop
1054:recognised
1040:, and the
813:Baltic Sea
771:from King
757:Semigallia
741:Lithuanian
623:Hartwig II
548:, ca 1200.
475:, and the
425:Latgalians
376:Lithuanian
182:Baltic Sea
89:newspapers
2746:from the
2527:Cambridge
2289:Лифляндия
2281:Liwlandia
2045:Wehrmacht
2015:led each
1856:Freikorps
1760:in 1772.
1756:till the
1703:in 1721.
1597:Œsel-Wiek
1389:epidemics
1337:, Polish
1261:Ösel–Wiek
1116:Coadjutor
1093:ownership
1076:with the
1058:sovereign
1056:as their
905:agreement
727:ca. 1260.
686:Ösel-Wiek
670:in 1237);
433:vassalage
417:Livonians
413:Curonians
359:‹See Tfd›
269:crusaders
239:Lithuania
186:Livonians
119:June 2008
78:"Livonia"
2686:(1933).
2658:(1945).
2636:(1832).
2593:(1996).
2472:in 1561.
2277:Inflanty
2269:Livonija
2257:Lijfland
2249:Liefland
2237:Liivimaa
2233:Estonian
2225:Livonian
2137:Courland
2122:See also
2047:and the
1959:Valmiera
1937:in 1923.
1886:Courland
1844:Estonian
1444:John III
1244:Hofleute
1186:occupied
1182:Holstein
1146:burghers
1114:and his
1082:Wierland
779:and the
753:Courland
682:Courland
604:de facto
362:German:
306:and the
155:Courland
2763:Livonia
2670:1535884
2493:Vilnius
2465:19 June
2436:; p. 23
2327:Livonia
2285:Russian
2261:Latvian
2243:Livland
2104:Estonia
2090:Estonia
1947:Vidzeme
1935:Tallinn
1933:around
1931:Estonia
1925:around
1914:Vidzeme
1882:Estonia
1836:Latvian
1691:to the
1595:of the
1565:Vilnius
1561:Parnawa
1557:Polotsk
1519:Parnawa
1468:Denmark
1424:Polotsk
1263:to the
1236:Ivan IV
1188:Reval,
1167:Finland
1142:Muscovy
1123:Kettler
1110:of the
1097:Estonia
1078:Harrien
1060:by the
1004:Landtag
901:William
799:in the
769:Estonia
598:by the
527:de jure
491:Finland
477:bailiff
449:Estonia
340:Bishop
300:Germans
279:History
250:Estonia
219:Denmark
197:Estonia
176:, is a
174:Livland
170:Livonia
157:(1600s)
103:scholar
18:Livland
2668:
2613:
2573:
2537:
2499:
2456:
2432:
2409:
2372:29 May
2359:. See
2319:
2273:Polish
2229:Līvõmō
2100:Latvia
2094:Latvia
1984:German
1961:, and
1943:Latvia
1923:Latvia
1738:Polish
1689:Ingria
1673:Sweden
1620:Gdańsk
1601:insane
1505:Dorpat
1472:Baltic
1440:Sweden
1346:
1344:
1333:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1203:insane
1085:gentry
1072:; the
1050:Magnus
929:Sweden
775:. The
690:Dorpat
688:, and
625:, the
499:Sweden
423:, and
394:Albert
312:Lübeck
265:Baltic
261:Finnic
254:Latvia
190:Latvia
105:
98:
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2401:[
2253:Dutch
2212:Notes
1963:Valka
1955:Cēsis
1632:Reval
1158:Johan
1150:Reval
1140:with
1138:peace
1132:Once
821:Narva
493:from
410:pagan
372:monks
350:Latin
296:Danes
110:JSTOR
96:books
2666:OCLC
2611:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2535:ISBN
2497:ISBN
2467:2020
2454:ISBN
2430:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2378:and
2374:2007
2263:and
2102:and
2092:and
2059:and
2035:and
2025:and
1951:Riga
1927:Riga
1782:The
1687:and
1644:Sejm
1630:and
1628:Riga
1591:and
1491:Kieś
1464:Œsel
1402:The
1339:fief
1251:and
1174:Riga
1009:Walk
895:and
700:The
673:the
596:fief
588:The
523:rule
509:and
459:and
400:(or
398:Riga
316:Riga
298:and
82:news
2607:555
2329:".
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