3448:
1061:
2784:
804:
521:
matters when they hold a position of power within the Church, since this constitutes a conflict of interest between matters of the spirit and matters of the State. The eighth
Conclusion points out the ludicrousness, in the minds of Lollards, of the reverence that is directed toward images of Christ's suffering. "If the cross of Christ, the nails, spear, and crown of thorns are to be honoured, then why not honour Judas's lips, if only they could be found?"
33:
410:
the host is the real body of Christ in the form of bread". Throughout his questioning he insisted that he was "not bound to believe otherwise than Holy
Scripture says". Following the questioning, Wyche eventually recanted, after he was excommunicated and imprisoned. A suspect in 1517 summed up the Lollards' position: "Summe folys cummyn to churche thynckyng to see the good Lorde – what shulde they see there but bredde and wyne?"
670:
1118:
1263:
3725:
1104:
855:
99:
1146:
1132:
308:
409:
by a priest. In the early 15th century a priest named
Richard Wyche was accused of false doctrine. When asked about consecration during his questioning, he repeated only his belief in the Real Presence. When asked if the host was still bread even after consecration, he answered only: "I believe that
515:
by posting them on the doors of
Westminster Hall in February 1395. While by no means a central statement of belief of the Lollards, the Twelve Conclusions reveal certain basic Lollard ideas. The first Conclusion rejects the acquisition of temporal wealth by Church leaders, as accumulating wealth
520:
of the
Eucharist is a debatable doctrine that is not clearly defined in the Bible. Whether the bread remains bread or becomes the literal body of Christ is not specified uniformly in the gospels. The sixth Conclusion states that officials of the Church should not concern themselves with secular
789:
to the list, and other potential members of this circle have been identified by their wills, which contain
Lollard-inspired language about how their bodies are to be plainly buried and permitted to return to the soil whence they came. There is little indication that the Lollard Knights were
983:, there are records of about 310 Lollards being prosecuted or forced to abjure from 1510 to 1532. In Lincoln diocese, 45 cases against Lollardy were heard in 1506–1507 and in 1521 there were 50 abjurations and 5 burnings of Lollards. In 1511,
561:
Later
Lollards believed that people deserved access to a copy of their own Bible. Many attempted to distribute English copies; however, due to the lack of a printing press and low literacy levels, it was difficult to accomplish this goal.
794:
years later, rarely gave any hint of open rebellion. However, they displayed a remarkable ability to retain important positions without falling victim to the various prosecutions of
Wycliffe's followers occurring during their lifetimes.
741:
After 1382, royalty and nobility found
Lollardy to be a threat not only to the Church, but to English society in general. The Lollards' small measure of protection evaporated. This change in status was also affected by the departure of
3447:
917:, in which Lollardy played a role. Since Lollards had been underground for more than a hundred years, the extent of Lollardy and its ideas at the time of the Reformation is uncertain and a point of debate. Ancestors of
3182:
1018:, Protestant views that echo the Wycliffite/Lollard teaching. He advocated closing of all monasteries, and notably provided economic estimates of the revenues of various monastic and church institutions.
565:
However, a notable feature of some
Lollard inquisitions was the common claim of illiteracy (or vision impairment) as a defense against the suspicion of Lollardy raised by possession of vernacular texts.
1092:. The fox lured the geese closer and closer with its eloquent words until it was able to snatch a victim to devour. The moral of the story being that foolish people are seduced by false teachers.
901:
An insurrection was nipped in the bud in 1428, feared to involve several thousand Lollards, intent on "destroying the English church." It was associated with Lollard missionary William White.
949:
the "foster-child" of the Wycliffite heresy. Scholars debate whether Protestants actually drew influence from Lollardy or whether they referred to it to create a sense of tradition.
3175:
689:
also protected Wycliffe and similar academics on the grounds of academic freedom and, initially, allowed such persons to retain their positions despite their controversial views.
476:, the Lollards challenged the Church's authority to invest or to deny the divine authority to make a man a priest. Denying any special status to the priesthood, Lollards thought
761:
Paul Strohm has asked: "Was the Lollard a genuine threat or a political pawn, agent of destabilising challenge, or a hapless threat of self-legitimizing Lancastrian discourse?"
550:
underpinned Wycliffe's beliefs, but distinguished it from the more radical ideology that anything not permitted by scripture is forbidden. Instead, Hudson notes that Wycliffe's
172:("to mutter, mumble"). The word is much older than its English use; there were Lollards in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 14th century who were akin to the
3168:
524:
Expensive church artwork was seen as an excess; they believed effort should be placed on helping the needy and preaching rather than working on expensive decorations.
832:
By the early 15th century, stern measures were undertaken by Church and state which drove Lollardy underground. One such measure was the 1410 burning at the stake of
319:
According to scholar Margaret Aston, as Wycliffe's academic theology percolated to the masses, it changed measureably, some parts strengthening and others weakening.
132:
in general. The alternative, "Wycliffite", is generally accepted to be a more neutral term covering those of similar opinions, but having an academic background.
685:
and other anti-clerical nobility, who may have wanted to use Lollard-advocated clerical reform to acquire new sources of revenue from England's monasteries. The
2696:
575:
2783:
1283:
3116:
499:. They had a poor opinion of the trappings of the Catholic Church, including holy water, bells, organs, and church buildings. They rejected the value of
3133:
2251:
356:
128:
in particular, and were energized by the translation of the Bible into the English language. By the mid-15th century, "lollard" had come to mean a
3195:
2219:
512:
415:
2194:
2133:
1869:
1724:
1656:
1583:
1546:
1464:
537:
3657:
1499:
673:
Beginning of the Gospel of John from a pocket Wycliffe translation that may have been used by a roving Lollard preacher (late 14th century)
480:
to a priest was unnecessary since according to them priests did not have the ability to forgive sins. Lollards challenged the practice of
1849:
979:
Despite the debate about the extent of Lollard influence there are ample records of the persecution of Lollards from this period. In the
421:
3422:
1278:
738:
to bishops. However, the government and royals were hesitant, as they did not want to encourage subjects to criticize religious powers.
405:
of 1382. William Sawtry, a priest, was reportedly burned in 1401 for his belief that "bread remains in the same nature as before" after
964:
in 1532, one of the last Lollards to be made victim. A gruesome reminder of this persecution is the 'Lollards Pit' in Thorpe Wood, now
3110:
2834:
2637:
2614:
2588:
2563:
2467:
2445:
2392:
2366:
2343:
2311:
2285:
2259:
2165:
1946:
1640:
777:, in his Chronicle, identifies the principal Lollard Knights as Thomas Latimer, John Trussell, Lewis Clifford, Sir John Peche (son of
87:
2958:
1963:
889:
and organized an insurrection, which included an attempted kidnapping of the king. The rebellion failed, and Oldcastle was executed.
294:
way. The region of Guyenne was at that time under English dominion, and his preaching influenced pious lay English. He was burned at
2689:
2493:
2075:
2046:
1751:
1509:
1439:
1414:
1242:
2576:
Wyclif and the Oxford Schools: The Relation of the "Summa de Ente" to Scholastic Debates at Oxford in the Later Fourteenth Century
1486:
On the dating of "The Plowman's Tale", see Andrew N. Warn, "The Genesis of The Plowman's Tale, Yearbook of English Studies 2" 1972
3677:
3055:
2376:
1029:
was not the source, as Lutheranism did not advocate iconoclasm. Lollards were persecuted again between 1554 and 1559 during the
3634:
657:
427:
336:
1768:
1799:
2659:
773:(1377–99) were known as "Lollard Knights" either during or after their lives due to their acceptance of Wycliffe's claims.
3191:
3067:
2933:
2682:
3499:
2325:
2303:
516:
leads them away from religious concerns and towards greed. The fourth Conclusion deals with the Lollard view that the
811:
Religious and secular authorities strongly opposed Lollardy. In eventual response to the revolting Lollards, the law
2606:
2580:
2485:
2215:
2157:
1030:
528:
were also seen as dangerous since many seemed to be worshipping the icons more fervently than they worshipped God.
433:
143:, but its origin is uncertain. The earliest official use of the name in England occurs in 1387 in a mandate of the
355:", a 16th-century Lollard poem, argues that theological debate about orthodox doctrine is less important than the
2664:
1329:
1176:
466:
413:
Lollard teachings on the Eucharist are attested to in numerous primary source documents; it is the fourth of the
298:
in the 1370s. Earlier, another Waldensian teacher, also named "Lolhard", was tried for heresy in Austria in 1315.
153:
821:; traditionally heresy had been defined as an error in theological belief, but this statute equated theological
609:
Special vows were considered to be in conflict with the divine order established by Christ and were regarded as
120:
was the popular derogatory nickname given to those without an academic background, educated (if at all) only in
3368:
3160:
2948:
1080:. These representations alluded to the story of the preaching fox found in popular medieval literature such as
885:, was brought to trial in 1413 after evidence of his Lollard beliefs was uncovered. Oldcastle escaped from the
697:
212:
2629:
2358:
1198:
929:(who raised Edward VI and Elizabeth I) had Lollard associations. Many critics of the Reformation, including
2402:
Lowe, Ben (2004). "Teaching in the 'Schole of Christ': Law, Learning, and Love in Early Lollard Pacifism".
3729:
3672:
2331:
922:
813:
678:
541:
250:, while its generic meaning "a lazy vagabond, an idler, a fraudulent beggar" is not recorded before 1582.
1896:
1021:
The extent of Lollardy in the general populace at this time is unknown, but the prevalence of Protestant
3704:
2335:
877:
770:
734:, preached Lollardy. Prior to 1382, Wycliffite beliefs were tolerated in government as they endorsed in
477:
389:
312:
177:
1060:
893:
made Lollardy seem even more threatening to the state, and persecution of Lollards became more severe.
352:
3652:
3100:
3062:
2991:
2938:
2738:
1186:
686:
473:
462:
280:
83:
75:
803:
3564:
3544:
3333:
3271:
3204:
2969:
2705:
1109:
934:
914:
818:
727:
721:
496:
144:
63:
56:
3072:
2849:
2555:
2535:
2511:
2477:
2437:
2419:
1993:
1387:
869:
837:
836:, a layman and craftsman who refused to renounce his Lollardy. He was the first layman to suffer
731:
701:
650:
445:
348:
136:
1348:. Translated by Joseph F. Sohm (Third English ed.). Scottsdale, Pennsylvania: Herald Press.
790:
specifically known as such during their lifetimes; they were men of discretion, and unlike Sir
62:
religious movement that was active in England from the mid-14th century until the 16th-century
3750:
3577:
3504:
3239:
3105:
3050:
2943:
2844:
2824:
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2733:
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2610:
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2339:
2307:
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2255:
2190:
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2149:
2129:
2104:
2071:
2042:
1985:
1942:
1916:
1865:
1747:
1720:
1652:
1579:
1542:
1505:
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1435:
1410:
1379:
1238:
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1034:
984:
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942:
782:
735:
709:
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638:
reduced the main beliefs of Lollardy to four, to an extent eliding the Wycliffite doctrine of
481:
344:
187:
Originally the Dutch word was a colloquial name for a group of buriers of the dead during the
2123:
730:
in 1381. While Wycliffe and other Lollards opposed the revolt, one of the peasants' leaders,
3709:
3432:
3040:
2527:
2411:
2231:
2096:
1975:
1908:
1857:
1268:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1213:
1026:
926:
881:
849:
755:
402:
121:
2091:
Marc'hadour, Germain (1 June 1984). "Margaret Aston, "William White's Lollard Followers"".
1861:
1068:
The Roman Catholic Church used art as an anti-Lollard weapon. Lollards were represented as
32:
3410:
3400:
3011:
2953:
2455:
2384:
1123:
886:
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to be a form of idolatry. Oaths, fasting and prayers for the dead were thought to have no
485:
71:
2927:
1600:
558:
to be "the only valid source of doctrine and the only pertinent measure of legitimacy."
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340:
220:
103:
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2423:
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1997:
1934:
1274:
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1203:
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Fox preaching to the gullible fowl, misericord (1491–1494), quire at Ripon Cathedral.
973:
965:
918:
910:
786:
751:
743:
682:
632:
332:
125:
67:
37:
1980:
1010:. He argued that earthly rulers have the right to strip Church properties, and that
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3582:
3484:
3427:
3390:
3353:
3296:
3217:
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2012:
1941:(2nd ed.). Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 46–60.
598:. Non-observance of dietary restrictions was used as evidence of heresy in another
406:
276:
158:
140:
59:
1776:
40:
is shown giving the Bible translation that bore his name to his Lollard followers.
1807:
1741:
1714:
1407:
Reading Literature Historically: Drama and Poetry from Chaucer to the Reformation
1040:
The similarity between Lollards and later English Protestant groups, such as the
3687:
3627:
3617:
3597:
3587:
3554:
3456:
3405:
3395:
3291:
3227:
3212:
2881:
2870:
2829:
2669:
2547:
2321:
1208:
946:
930:
439:
291:
188:
181:
3724:
1482:
The Plowman's Tale: The c. 1532 and 1606 Editions of a Spurious Canterbury Tale
1117:
1025:
in England suggests Lollard ideas may still have had some popular influence if
854:
311:
Map of Lollardy's influence. Areas of Lollardy's influence before the death of
98:
3692:
3612:
3524:
3519:
3494:
3489:
3469:
3464:
3363:
3348:
3343:
3328:
3316:
3286:
2865:
1099:
1077:
1022:
1007:
991:
833:
778:
681:
by the Catholic Church, initially Wycliffe and the Lollards were sheltered by
617:
500:
492:
488:
as such temporal matters would likely interfere with their spiritual mission.
173:
2515:
2503:
2108:
2100:
1989:
1920:
1599:
Wycliffe, John; Camden Society (Great Britain); Todd, James Henthorn (1842).
1383:
3682:
3662:
3622:
3602:
3592:
3549:
3539:
3534:
3509:
3479:
3385:
3306:
3276:
3244:
3006:
3001:
2743:
1103:
1052:, also suggests some continuation of Lollard ideas through the Reformation.
999:
987:
presided over the abjuration of 41 Lollards from Kent and the burning of 5.
635:
517:
328:
2531:
2235:
956:
for the Lollard cause were executed during the next century, including the
602:
case against Thomas Mone, where it was alleged that a piglet was eaten for
343:, taught a view of the real presence of Christ in Holy Communion known as "
2415:
1299:
3514:
3281:
3254:
3249:
3222:
3019:
2996:
2805:
2727:
1171:
1166:
1045:
1041:
1003:
957:
873:
826:
610:
315:
are in green. Areas where Lollardy spread in the 15th century are in red.
192:
1391:
1367:
17:
3311:
2921:
2764:
2539:
2013:"Documents on the changing status of the English Vernacular, 1500–1540"
1083:
1049:
747:
599:
591:
458:
307:
295:
287:
2674:
1848:
Kelly, Stephen (29 June 2017). Hiscock, Andrew; Wilcox, Helen (eds.).
2656:—society dedicated to providing a forum for the study of the Lollards
2248:
Lollards and Reformers: Images and Literacy in Late Medieval Religion
1015:
953:
822:
603:
579:
129:
79:
238:
232:
205:
1854:
The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern English Literature and Religion
1346:
The Bloody Theater or Martyrs Mirror of the Defenseless Christians
1073:
1059:
1011:
853:
802:
668:
587:
555:
401:
Wycliffite teachings on the Eucharist were declared heresy at the
306:
265:
197:
162:
97:
31:
2484:. Royal Historical Society, Camden, Fifth Series, 23. Cambridge:
195:, Alexian Brothers or Cellites. These were known colloquially as
2653:
1309:
595:
525:
224:
3164:
2678:
2381:
The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History
1432:
What is a lollard?: dissent and belief in late medieval England
246:"to mutter, mumble") is recorded as an alternative spelling of
2125:
The Local Origins of Modern Society: Gloucestershire 1500-1800
1671:
1069:
2516:"Heresy, Orthodoxy and English Vernacular Religion 1480–1525"
1964:"From Minority to Maturity: The Evolution of Later Lollardy"
286:
the surname "Lolhard" of an eminent Franciscan preacher in
2220:"Voicing Dissent: Heresy Trials in Later Medieval England"
2068:
Lollards & Protestants in the Diocese of York, 1509–58
1605:. London: Printed for the Camden Society, by J. B. Nichols
540:. Lollards opposed many practices of the Catholic church.
457:
The Lollards did not believe that the church practices of
3150:
indicate their inclusion to be controversial or disputed.
2460:
John Wycliffe and the Beginnings of English Nonconformity
2434:
Lollardy and Orthodox Religion in Pre-Reformation England
1457:
Signes and Sothe: Language in the Piers Plowman Tradition
623:
Some Lollards believed work was permissible on Sundays.
781:
of Wormleighton), Richard Storey, and Reginald Hilton.
586:
it was presented as evidence that a servant girl found
807:
Lollard Richard Wyche being burnt at the stake in 1440
3192:
Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church
1968:
Socio-Historical Examination of Religion and Ministry
1037:, which specifically suppressed heresy and Lollardy.
82:. The Lollards' demands were primarily for reform of
1897:"Lollardy and the Reformation: Survival or Revival?"
1501:
English Medieval Misericords: The Margins of Meaning
1072:
dressed as monks or priests preaching to a flock of
933:, equated Protestants with Lollards. Leaders of the
692:
A primary religious opponent of the Wycliffites was
219:("to sing softly"), from their chants for the dead.
3643:
3563:
3455:
3203:
3126:
3083:
3033:
2984:
2914:
2907:
2858:
2798:
2791:
2757:
2719:
2712:
1716:
Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History
1235:
Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme
726:Lollards first faced serious persecution after the
422:
Sixteen Points on which the Bishops accuse Lollards
2182:
386:In what manner it is present need not be debated,
1504:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. p. 60.
511:One group of Lollards petitioned Parliament with
2355:The Detection of Heresy in Late Medieval England
1713:Bucholz, Robert; Key, Newton (23 October 2019).
861:being burnt for insurrection and Lollard heresy.
279:(tares), supposedly a reference to the biblical
2278:Lollardy and the Gentry in the Late Middle Ages
1539:A History of the Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist
382:His flesh and blood, through his subtle works,
361:
253:Two other possibilities for the derivation of
180:, and other sectaries similar to the recusant
124:, who were reputed to follow the teachings of
3176:
2690:
2185:Holy Terrors: Gargoyles on Medieval Buildings
769:A group of gentry active during the reign of
576:fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
8:
1800:"Heretical Sects in Pre-Reformation England"
1287:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
646:opposition to pilgrimages and saint worship,
380:I say the truth through true understanding:
135:The term is said to have been coined by the
2552:The Lollards: Social History in Perspective
2039:Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape
1574:Crossley-Holland, Nicole (1 January 1991).
1409:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 152.
351:, as taught by the Roman Catholic Church. "
269:
203:(Middle Dutch for "mumbling brothers"), or
3183:
3169:
3161:
3117:Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola)
2911:
2795:
2716:
2697:
2683:
2675:
1430:Hornbeck, J. Patrick (10 September 2010).
1314:Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
3134:Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism
1979:
1743:The Culture of Food in England, 1200–1500
754:) who left England in 1386 to pursue the
149:nomine seu ritu Lollardorum confoederatos
2603:The World of Rural Dissenters, 1520–1725
2154:The World of Rural Dissenters, 1520–1725
1843:
1841:
1256:
1254:
909:Lollards were effectively absorbed into
817:was enacted in 1401 during the reign of
2379:(1988). "The Ideology of Reformation".
2041:. JM Dent & Sons. pp. 137–38.
1434:. Oxford University Press. p. 72.
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1225:
606:dinner when eating meat was forbidden.
366:His flesh and blode, through his mastry
86:. They formulated their beliefs in the
2462:. London: English Universities Press.
1697:
1685:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1561:
1524:
1480:McCarl, Mary Rhinelander, ed. (1997).
513:The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards
491:They considered praying to saints and
374:But as Christ was/ when he was on-lyve
370:Howe it is there/ it nedeth not stryve
74:theologian who was dismissed from the
1746:. Yale University Press. p. 29.
1708:
1706:
1484:. New York: Garland. pp. 21–40.
1056:Representations in art and literature
677:Although Lollardy was denounced as a
658:English translation of the Scriptures
484:and believed priests should not hold
453:Denial of Sacraments and Sacramentals
394:But as Christ was when he was alive,
347:" and did not accept the doctrine of
191:, in the 14th century, known as
7:
3658:Community of the Lady of All Nations
1862:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672806.013.2
941:, referred to Lollardy as well, and
840:in England for the crime of heresy.
785:'s Chronicle adds William Nevil and
616:Lollards also had a tendency toward
2662:(45 mins.; discussion); episode of
2304:Pennsylvania State University Press
1962:Stansfield-Cudworth, R. E. (2021).
1368:"William White's Lollard Followers"
168:("mumbler, mutterer"), from a verb
36:In this 19th-century illustration,
3111:Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards
2480:; Tanner, Norman P., eds. (2003).
2122:Rollison, David (11 August 2005).
1913:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1964.tb01098.x
1767:Gasse, Roseanne (1 January 1996).
1303:, and the modern Dutch and German
943:Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall of London
372:Whether it be subgette or accydent
88:Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards
25:
1537:Stone, Darwell (1 October 2007).
27:Radical Christian reform movement
3723:
3446:
2782:
2181:Benton, Janetta (January 1997).
1602:An Apology for Lollard Doctrines
1576:Eternal Values in Mediaeval Life
1405:Walker, Greg (6 February 2013).
1307:"to babble, to talk drunkenly":
1261:
1144:
1130:
1116:
1102:
2482:Lollards of Coventry, 1486–1522
1981:10.33929/sherm.2021.vol3.no2.07
1850:"The Pre-Reformation Landscape"
1649:Encyclopedia of the Reformation
1578:. Saint David's Univ. College.
1344:van Bright, T.J. (1886) .
970:where men are customablie burnt
960:Martyrs in the early 1500s and
428:The Testimony of William Thorpe
384:Is there in the form of bread.
368:Is there/ in the forme of brede
242:, the English cognate of Dutch
147:against five "poor preachers",
2660:"John Wyclif and the Lollards"
2436:. Woodbridge and Suffolk, UK:
2302:(2nd ed.). Pennsylvania:
1372:The Catholic Historical Review
746:(Duke of Lancaster, patron of
364:I say sothe thorowe trewe rede
157:, it most likely derives from
1:
2626:The Later Lollards, 1414–1520
1541:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
994:wrote an incendiary pamphlet
434:Apology for Lollard Doctrines
2624:Thomson, John A. F. (1965).
2209:General and cited references
1769:"Margery Kempe and Lollardy"
1002:and teachings that priestly
996:Supplication for the Beggars
2327:The Stripping of the Altars
1833:. Vol. 2. p. 189.
1798:Walker, Greg (1 May 1993).
1645:Lollardy - Oxford Reference
700:, assisted by bishops like
544:has written that a form of
536:Lollardy was a religion of
3767:
3730:Catholic Church portal
2607:Cambridge University Press
2581:Cambridge University Press
2573:Robson, John Adam (1961).
2486:Cambridge University Press
2404:Catholic Historical Review
2158:Cambridge University Press
2095:. 21 (Number 82) (2): 18.
1333:. Oxford University Press.
1031:Revival of the Heresy Acts
905:Late Lollardy in the 1500s
847:
829:against political rulers.
719:
649:denial of the doctrine of
66:. It was initially led by
3718:
3444:
3142:
2959:Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples
2780:
1719:. John Wiley & Sons.
1330:Oxford English Dictionary
1177:Lollard Disendowment Bill
897:1428 Kentish Insurrection
594:on the first Saturday of
574:Lollards did not observe
493:honouring of their images
259:Oxford English Dictionary
154:Oxford English Dictionary
3068:Savoyard–Waldensian wars
2949:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel
2101:10.3366/more.1984.21.2.4
1639:Aston, Margaret (1996).
1459:. Boydell & Brewer.
1366:Aston, Margaret (1982).
1090:The Shifts of Raynardine
1006:was an invention of the
998:including his denial of
698:Archbishop of Canterbury
376:So is he there verament.
2630:Oxford University Press
2432:Lutton, Robert (2006).
2359:Oxford University Press
2300:The English Reformation
1939:The English Reformation
1740:Woolgar, C. M. (2016).
1675:(subscription required)
1498:Hardwick, Paul (2011).
1284:Encyclopædia Britannica
1233:Roberts, Chris (2006),
1199:Piers Plowman tradition
937:, including Archbishop
921:(the closest person to
290:, who converted to the
225:
216:
206:
198:
163:
1670: – via
1065:
862:
814:De heretico comburendo
808:
712:praised for his zeal.
708:, whom the chronicler
674:
507:The Twelve Conclusions
399:
396:So He is truly there.
388:Whether as subject or
316:
270:
106:
41:
3705:Positive Christianity
2416:10.1353/cat.2004.0142
2353:Forrest, Ian (2005).
2336:Yale University Press
1063:
968:, Norwich, Norfolk, "
925:for 56 years) and of
878:Shakespearean history
857:
806:
715:
672:
425:. It is discussed in
419:and the first of the
310:
257:are mentioned by the
101:
35:
3101:Jistebnice hymn book
2992:Bohemian Reformation
2934:Mikuláš of Pelhřimov
2739:Gottschalk of Orbais
2532:10.1093/pastj/gti001
2236:10.1093/pastj/gtz025
1455:Barr, Helen (1994).
868:, a close friend of
687:University of Oxford
582:proceedings against
538:vernacular scripture
532:Vernacular Scripture
486:government positions
474:universal priesthood
281:Parable of the Tares
102:Lollards' prison in
84:Western Christianity
76:University of Oxford
3673:Jehovah's Witnesses
3545:Spanish Adoptionism
3056:Peace of Kutná Hora
2970:Girolamo Savonarola
2706:Proto-Protestantism
2654:The Lollard Society
2512:McSheffrey, Shannon
2478:McSheffrey, Shannon
2189:. Abbeville Press.
1626:, pp. 285–286.
1237:, Thorndike Press,
1110:Christianity portal
1033:under the Catholic
952:A variety of other
935:English Reformation
915:English Reformation
465:were necessary for
403:Blackfriars Council
331:, Lollards such as
327:With regard to the
283:(Matthew 13:24–30);
151:. According to the
145:Bishop of Worcester
64:English Reformation
3240:Antidicomarianites
3073:Piedmontese Easter
2850:Marsilius of Padua
2599:Spufford, Margaret
2438:Boydell and Brewer
2280:. Stroud: Sutton.
2274:Richmond, Colin F.
2270:Aston, Margaret E.
2244:Aston, Margaret E.
2150:Spufford, Margaret
1893:Aston, Margaret E.
1831:Historia Anglicana
1066:
891:Oldcastle's revolt
872:and the basis for
870:Henry V of England
863:
838:capital punishment
809:
702:Henry le Despenser
675:
651:transubstantiation
631:Sixteenth-century
570:Catholic practices
416:Twelve Conclusions
353:The Plowman's Tale
349:transubstantiation
317:
230:(akin to the verb
107:
42:
3738:
3737:
3578:Consubstantiation
3158:
3157:
3106:Ecclesiae Regimen
3063:MĂ©rindol massacre
3051:Compacts of Basel
3029:
3028:
2944:Johannes von Goch
2903:
2902:
2845:Matthias of Janov
2835:MilĂÄŤ of KroměřĂĹľ
2825:Arnold of Brescia
2819:Henry of Lausanne
2778:
2777:
2749:Berengar of Tours
2734:Claudius of Turin
2196:978-0-7892-0182-9
2135:978-1-134-91333-6
2070:. A&C Black.
1871:978-0-19-967280-6
1810:on 30 August 2017
1779:on 30 August 2017
1726:978-1-118-53221-8
1658:978-0-19-506493-3
1585:978-0-905285-31-3
1548:978-1-59752-973-0
1466:978-0-85991-419-2
1161:Ecclesiae Regimen
985:Archbishop Warham
981:Diocese of London
783:Thomas Walsingham
750:and protector of
736:royal superiority
710:Thomas Walsingham
482:clerical celibacy
345:consubstantiation
16:(Redirected from
3758:
3728:
3727:
3710:Reincarnationism
3450:
3433:Subordinationism
3418:Pneumatomachians
3349:Melchisedechians
3185:
3178:
3171:
3162:
3041:Oldcastle Revolt
2985:Sects and groups
2912:
2859:Sects and groups
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2758:Sects and groups
2717:
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2520:Past and Present
2507:
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2456:McFarlane, K. B.
2451:
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2224:Past and Present
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1907:(166): 149–170.
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927:Blanche Milborne
882:Henry IV, Part 1
850:Oldcastle Revolt
844:Oldcastle Revolt
756:Crown of Castile
728:Peasants' Revolt
722:Peasants' Revolt
716:Peasants' Revolt
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2639:978-0198213765
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2616:978-0521410618
2615:
2601:, ed. (1995).
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1974:(2): 325–352.
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859:John Oldcastle
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3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Monothelitism
3379:
3377:
3376:Monophysitism
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:Monarchianism
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:Macedonianism
3337:
3335:
3334:Luciferianism
3332:
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3248:
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3234:
3233:Semi-Arianism
3231:
3229:
3226:
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3224:
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3208:
3206:
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3096:Hussite Bible
3094:
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2894:Petrobrusians
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2128:. Routledge.
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2079:
2077:9780907628057
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2048:0-460-04183-5
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1804:History Today
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1244:0-7862-8517-6
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1204:Thomas Netter
1202:
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972:", including
971:
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966:Thorpe Hamlet
963:
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948:
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940:
936:
932:
928:
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919:Blanche Parry
916:
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911:Protestantism
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787:John Clanvowe
784:
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764:
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753:
752:John Wycliffe
749:
745:
744:John of Gaunt
739:
737:
733:
729:
723:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
683:John of Gaunt
680:
671:
664:
659:
656:a demand for
655:
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645:
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643:
641:
637:
634:
633:martyrologist
626:
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501:papal pardons
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357:Real Presence
354:
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333:John Wycliffe
330:
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297:
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199:lollebroeders
194:
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126:John Wycliffe
123:
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105:
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93:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:John Wycliffe
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
38:John Wycliffe
34:
30:
19:
3698:Santa Muerte
3688:Narco-saints
3583:Febronianism
3529:
3500:Free Spirits
3485:Conciliarism
3428:Sabellianism
3391:Nestorianism
3297:Paulicianism
3218:Apollinarism
3147:
3115:
3046:Hussite Wars
3018:
2968:
2926:
2908:1400–1500 AD
2892:
2880:
2875:
2817:
2810:
2792:1100–1400 AD
2770:Berengarians
2726:
2663:
2625:
2602:
2575:
2554:. New York:
2551:
2548:Rex, Richard
2526:(1): 47–80.
2523:
2519:
2481:
2459:
2433:
2407:
2403:
2380:
2354:
2326:
2322:Duffy, Eamon
2299:
2277:
2247:
2227:
2223:
2184:
2176:
2153:
2144:
2124:
2117:
2092:
2086:
2067:
2058:
2038:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2006:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1938:
1929:
1904:
1900:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1853:
1830:
1829:Walsingham.
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:the original
1803:
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:the original
1772:
1762:
1742:
1735:
1715:
1693:
1681:
1662:. Retrieved
1648:
1644:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1601:
1594:
1575:
1569:
1557:
1538:
1532:
1520:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1456:
1450:
1431:
1425:
1406:
1400:
1375:
1371:
1345:
1339:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1297:cf. English
1293:
1282:
1234:
1228:
1191:
1159:
1089:
1081:
1067:
1039:
1020:
995:
989:
978:
969:
951:
908:
900:
880:
864:
831:
812:
810:
768:
760:
740:
725:
691:
676:
639:
630:
622:
615:
608:
590:in a pot of
573:
564:
560:
551:
545:
535:
523:
510:
490:
471:
456:
444:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
412:
407:consecration
400:
363:
326:
318:
268:
258:
254:
252:
247:
243:
237:
231:
223:
204:
196:
186:
169:
161:
159:Middle Dutch
152:
148:
141:Henry Crumpe
134:
117:
113:
109:
108:
78:in 1381 for
52:
48:
44:
43:
29:
3653:Americanism
3628:Lutheranism
3618:Arminianism
3598:Josephinism
3588:Gallicanism
3555:Waldensians
3457:Middle Ages
3406:Pelagianism
3396:Novatianism
3292:Manichaeism
3228:Anomoeanism
3213:Adoptionism
2882:Strigolniki
2871:Waldensians
2830:Peter Waldo
2713:400–1100 AD
2670:BBC Radio 4
2665:In Our Time
2230:(1): 3–37.
2011:Potter, R.
1698:Hudson 1988
1686:Hudson 1988
1624:Hudson 1988
1562:Hudson 1988
1525:Hudson 1988
1327:"Lollard".
1209:Waldensians
1078:misericords
947:Lutheranism
931:Thomas More
923:Elizabeth I
913:during the
542:Anne Hudson
446:Opus Arduum
440:Jack Upland
189:Black Death
182:Franciscans
137:Anglo-Irish
3613:Anabaptism
3525:Josephines
3520:Impanation
3505:Henricians
3495:Fraticelli
3490:Dulcinians
3470:Bogomilism
3369:Modalistic
3364:Athinganoi
3344:Marcionism
3329:Iconoclasm
3317:Sethianism
3287:Gnosticism
3084:Literature
2866:Arnoldists
2628:. Oxford:
2383:. Oxford:
2357:. Oxford:
2250:. London:
1641:"Lollardy"
1023:iconoclasm
1008:Antichrist
992:Simon Fish
834:John Badby
779:John Peche
771:Richard II
618:iconoclasm
478:confession
463:confession
313:Richard II
292:Waldensian
275:, a weedy
207:Lollhorden
174:Fraticelli
49:Lollardism
3683:Mormonism
3678:Modernism
3663:Feeneyism
3645:Modernity
3623:Calvinism
3603:Pantheism
3593:Jansenism
3550:Taborites
3540:Pasagians
3535:Migetians
3510:Humiliati
3480:Catharism
3465:Arnoldism
3386:Montanism
3307:Naassenes
3277:Ebionites
3245:Audianism
3205:Antiquity
3007:Utraquism
3002:Taborites
2928:Jan Žižka
2744:Ratramnus
2504:799426323
2424:153795536
2332:New Haven
2109:0047-8105
1998:248602354
1990:2637-7500
1921:0018-2648
1384:0008-8080
1220:Citations
1000:purgatory
732:John Ball
636:John Foxe
554:held the
518:Sacrament
467:salvation
329:Eucharist
323:Eucharist
94:Etymology
60:Christian
3751:Lollardy
3745:Category
3635:Quietism
3530:Lollardy
3515:Hussites
3354:Modalism
3282:Euchites
3255:Donatism
3250:Docetism
3223:Arianism
3020:Piagnoni
2997:Hussites
2876:Lollardy
2806:Tanchelm
2728:Jovinian
2556:Palgrave
2550:(2002).
2514:(2005).
2458:(1952).
2324:(1992).
2298:(1989).
2246:(1984).
2218:(2019).
2066:(1959).
2037:(1976).
2019:11 March
1937:(1989).
1895:(1964).
1773:Magistra
1392:25021412
1310:"lallen"
1279:Lollards
1172:Hussites
1167:Euchites
1096:See also
1046:Puritans
1042:Baptists
1004:celibacy
990:In 1529
958:Amersham
874:Falstaff
827:sedition
819:Henry IV
640:dominium
611:anathema
390:accident
193:Alexians
178:Beghards
164:lollaerd
114:Lollardi
72:Catholic
55:, was a
45:Lollardy
18:Lollards
3693:MaximĂłn
3312:Ophites
3272:Dualism
3148:Italics
2922:Jan Hus
2765:Pataria
2540:3600851
2201:, p. 83
2093:Moreana
1901:History
1300:lullaby
1272::
1086:the Fox
1084:Reynard
1050:Quakers
1012:tithing
954:martyrs
945:called
876:in the
748:Chaucer
706:Norwich
665:History
600:Norfolk
592:oatmeal
459:baptism
303:Beliefs
296:Cologne
288:Guyenne
255:Lollard
248:Lollard
211:, from
139:cleric
130:heretic
122:English
110:Lollard
51:or the
3034:Events
2915:People
2799:People
2720:People
2636:
2613:
2587:
2562:
2538:
2502:
2492:
2466:
2444:
2422:
2391:
2365:
2342:
2310:
2284:
2258:
2193:
2164:
2132:
2107:
2074:
2045:
1996:
1988:
1945:
1919:
1877:7 July
1868:
1814:30 May
1783:30 May
1750:
1723:
1664:31 May
1655:
1609:6 July
1582:
1545:
1508:
1463:
1438:
1413:
1390:
1382:
1305:lallen
1266:
1241:
1048:, and
1035:Mary I
1016:Gospel
823:heresy
679:heresy
604:Easter
580:heresy
443:, and
431:, the
339:, and
271:lolium
244:lollen
226:loller
217:lollon
170:lollen
118:Loller
80:heresy
3127:Other
2536:JSTOR
2420:S2CID
2015:. RIC
1994:S2CID
1388:JSTOR
1074:geese
1070:foxes
825:with
653:, and
588:bacon
578:. In
556:Bible
526:Icons
277:vetch
266:Latin
116:, or
3196:list
2634:ISBN
2611:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2560:ISBN
2500:OCLC
2490:ISBN
2464:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2389:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2105:ISSN
2072:ISBN
2043:ISBN
2021:2008
1986:ISSN
1943:ISBN
1917:ISSN
1879:2018
1866:ISBN
1816:2017
1785:2017
1748:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1666:2017
1653:ISBN
1611:2018
1580:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1380:ISSN
1239:ISBN
1088:and
627:Foxe
596:Lent
461:and
239:lull
233:loll
70:, a
2528:doi
2524:186
2412:doi
2232:doi
2228:245
2097:doi
1976:doi
1909:doi
1858:doi
1672:OUP
1281:".
1076:on
704:of
3747::
2668:,
2632:.
2609:.
2583:.
2558:.
2534:.
2522:.
2518:.
2498:.
2488:.
2440:.
2418:.
2408:90
2406:.
2387:.
2361:.
2338:.
2334::
2330:.
2306:.
2272:;
2254:.
2226:.
2222:.
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