1325:
Limia. Flexus ipse
Lambriacam urbem amplexus recipit fluvios Laeron et Ullam. Partem quae prominet Praesamarchi habitant, perque eos Tamaris et Sars flumina non longe orta decurrunt, Tamaris secundum Ebora portum, Sars iuxta turrem Augusti titulo memorabilem. Cetera super Tamarici Nerique incolunt in eo tractu ultimi. Hactenus enim ad occidentem versa litora pertinent. Deinde ad septentriones toto latere terra convertitur a Celtico promunturio ad Pyrenaeum usque. Perpetua eius ora, nisi ubi modici recessus ac parva promunturia sunt, ad Cantabros paene recta est. In ea primum Artabri sunt etiamnum Celticae gentis, deinde Astyres.', Pomponius Mela, Chorographia, III.7-9.
415:
521:
1253:"Espana Sagrada. Theatro geographico-historico de la iglesia de Espana. Origen, divisiones, y limites de todas sus provincias. Antiguedad, traslaciones, y estado antiguo y presente de sus sillas en todos los dominios de Espana, y Portugal. Con varias dissertaciones criticas, para ilustrar la historia eclesiastica de Espana. ... Su autor el P.M. Fr. Henrique Florez, del orden de San Augustin ... Tomo 1.[-51!: Espana sagrada, tomo 32. La Vasconia. Tratado preliminar a las Santas Iglesias de calahorra, y de Pamplona: ... Su autor el P. FR. Manuel Risco del orden de San Augustin"
947:"In a narrow pass 300 Lusitani faced 1000 Romans; as a result of the action 70 of the former and 320 of the latter died. When the victorious Lusitani retired and dispersed confidently, one of them on foot became separated, and was surrounded by a detachment of pursuing cavalry. The lone warrior pierced the horse of one of the riders with his spear, and with a blow of his sword cut off the Roman’s head, producing such terror among the others that they prudently retired under his arrogant and contemptuous gaze."
297:
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178:
32:
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Among them the
Praestamarci, Supertamarci, Nerii, Artabri, and in general all people living by the seashore except for the Grovi of southern Galicia and northern Portugal: 'Totam Celtici colunt, sed a Durio ad flexum Grovi, fluuntque per eos Avo, Celadus, Nebis, Minius et cui oblivionis cognomen est
366:, who three years later (147 BC) would become the leader of the Lusitanians, and severely damaged the Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. In 139 BC, Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by three of his companions (who had been sent as emissaries to the Romans),
640:
migrations into the Danube Valley. Alternatively, a
European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European" and associated with the Beaker culture, may have been ancestral to not only Celtic and Italic, but also to Germanic and Balto-Slavic.
517:. Even the Romans worshiped him for his ability to protect. His cult eventually spread across the Iberian peninsula and beyond, to the rest of the Roman Empire and his cult was maintained until the fifth century; he was the god of public health and safety.
353:
Since 193 BC, the
Lusitanians had been fighting the Romans in Hispania. In 150 BC, they were defeated by Praetor Servius Galba: springing a treacherous trap, he killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves in
661:
Map showing the main pre-Roman tribes in
Portugal and their main migrations: Turduli movement in red, Celtici in brown, and Lusitanian in blue; most tribes neighbouring the Lusitanians were dependent on them. Names are in
266:. Later, Gallaecia would become its own province (taking much of modern Galicia and Northern Portugal). After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro River, while its eastern border passed through
964:
In times of peace, they had a particular style of dancing, which required great agility and nimbleness of the legs and thighs. In times of war, they marched in time, until they were ready to charge the enemy.
571:
They also sacrificed human victims, prisoners of war, by striking them under coarse blankets and observing which way they fell. They cut off the right hands of their captives, which they offered to the gods.
2140:
Cardim
Ribeiro, José (2009). "Terão certos teónimos paleohispânicos sido alvo de interpretações (pseudo-)etimológicas durante a romanidade passíveis de se reflectirem nos respectivos cultos?".
943:. They threw their darts from some distance, yet often hit their marks and wounded their targets deeply. Being active and nimble warriors, they would pursue their enemies and decapitate them.
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TY - CHAP AU - Lemos, Francisco PY - 2008/01/01 SP - 122 EP - 211 T1 - A Cultura
Castreja no Minho. Espaço Nuclear dos grandes povoados do Noroeste peninsular. ER -
1014:
568:
According to Strabo the
Lusitanians were given to offering sacrifices; they practiced divination on the sacrificial offering by inspecting its vitals and veins.
1658:
Prósper, Blanca María (2003). "The inscription of Cabeço das Fráguas revisited. Lusitanian and
Alteuropäisch populations in the West of the Iberian Peninsula".
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315:
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Only when an external threat occurred did the different tribes politically unite, as happened at the time of the Roman conquest of their territory when
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201:
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902:
882:, seems to indicate they came from the north and not from the south (contrary to what is assumed on the map). Several Turduli peoples were possibly
383:
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They were a tribal confederation, not a single political entity; each tribe had its own territory and was independent, and was formed by smaller
3751:
1137:
1127:
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1220:. : Real Academia de la Historia, 2000. 33 p. vol. 6 of Bibliotheca archaeologica hispana, v. 6 of Publicaciones del Gabinete de Antigüedades.
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was the most important god for the
Lusitanians. He is considered a possible Basque language loan god by some, yet according to scholars like
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1366:
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Categorising Lusitanian culture generally, including the language, is proving difficult and contentious. Some believe it was essentially a
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382:, or from other people that was not Lusitanian). However, when the three returned to receive their reward from the Romans, the Consul
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seem to have been largely pre-Celtic Indo-European populations that adopted Celtic cultural elements by proximity. On the other hand,
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tribes that initially came from the north, towards the south along the coast and then migrated inland along the Tagus and the Anas (
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was especially popular in the south; as the goddess of rebirth (spring), fertility, nature, and cure, she was identified with
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927:. The strongest amongst them were selected to defend the populace in mountainous sites. They used hooked javelins or
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Each tribe was ruled by its own tribal aristocracy and chief. Many members of the Lusitanian tribal aristocracy were
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1992:
Haak, Wolfgang (2015), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe",
731:) for some time, leading the tribes in the resistance against Roman attempts of conquest, and were successful.
878:) and came from the south. The name Turduli Veteres (older or ancient Turduli), a tribe that dwelt in today's
181:
Ethnographic and Linguistic Map of the Iberian Peninsula at about 300 BCE (before the Carthaginian conquests).
82:
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1984:
The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World
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to most of the lexicon, over many anthroponyms and toponyms. A second theory relates Lusitanian with the
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cavalry performed raids in the north of Italy whenever the terrain was too rough for Hannibal's famed
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3442:
3317:
2303:
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Encarnação, José d' (2010). "Divindades indígenas sob o domínio romano em Portugal, 35 anos depois".
2011:
1742:
Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo–European in Atlantic Europe
1077:
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were Lusitanian tribes (coastal tribes), were related Celtic peoples, or were instead related to the
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were other important Lusitanian chiefs before the Roman conquest. They ruled the Lusitanians (before
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Iberian culture with substantial Celtic influences, while others argue that it was an essentially
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Indo-European people who inhabited Lusitania, the Roman province corresponding to modern Portugal
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and language; the Lusitanian cities, in a manner similar to those of the rest of the Romanised
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2019:
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Historia de España 2 - colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200-218 a.C)
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https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/2*.html%7CSextus
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sacked Lusitania after Viriathus's death, the women fought valiantly next to their men as
879:
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327:
307:
233:
149:
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2015:
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610:; based on the names of Lusitanian deities with other grammatical elements of the area.
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Celts myths and religion in the Iberian Peninsula and Great-Britain: a common origin?
1339:
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399:
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After the death of Viriathus, the Lusitanians kept fighting under the leadership of
3277:
3047:
3021:
2497:
2048:
1900:
1235:
1214:
1142:
940:
649:- Lusitanian were one language (not separate languages) of the "P" Celtic variant.
633:
629:
617:
343:
221:
193:
2798:
2079:
Ancient Europe from the Beginnings of Agriculture to Classical Antiquity: a Survey
2250:
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1030:
697:. However, they had a cultural sense of unity and a common name for the tribes.
687:
671:
642:
479:
419:
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warrior companions they were not Lusitanians themselves, they seem to have been
225:
209:
145:
31:
2098:, Paleohispanica, 10, 81–98, Institución Fernando el Católico, Zaragoza (2010)
907:
204:
tribe: "Those who are called Lusitanians are the bravest of all similar to the
160:, the land was subsequently incorporated as a Roman province named after them (
3170:
3160:
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1956:, Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, Instituto Português de Museus, Lisboa (1996)
1042:
1038:
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561:) often with a second name linked to a locality such as Bandua Aetobrico, and
540:
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443:
241:
177:
2174:
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247:
The original Roman province of Lusitania briefly included the territories of
228:
in ancient times. However, based on archeological findings, Lusitanians and
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was created from a revision of this article dated 10 November 2018
1671:
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The Geography of Strabo: An English Translation, with Introduction and Notes
989:
985:
860:
728:
712:
379:
375:
363:
252:
189:
185:
161:
2041:
1633:"Revisiting the classification of Gallo-Italic: A dialectometric approach"
1411:] (in Portuguese) (Second ed.). Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra.
923:
The Lusitanians were considered by historians to be particularly adept at
509:
names, giving him the meaning of "Very Good God", the same epithet of the
208:". The Lusitanians were also called Belitanians, according to the diviner
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875:
788:
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populations who spread from Central Europe into western Europe after new
536:
450:
culture with strong indigenous pre-Celtic influences associated with the
427:
395:
331:
319:
279:
262:
229:
217:
141:
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1298:
SPAL: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla
999:
952:
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928:
856:
784:
770:
716:
637:
510:
248:
1968:
Povos Antigos em Portugal – paleontologia do território hoje Português
594:
family. The precise affiliation of the Lusitanian language inside the
338:(not to be confused with the similarly named chieftain). According to
240:
distinguished the Lusitanians from neighboring Celtic groups like the
3039:
2972:
2937:
2903:
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2761:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2668:
2658:
2643:
2638:
2618:
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2578:
2197:
Luján, Eugenio (2019). "Language and writing among the Lusitanians".
1034:
1022:
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817:
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family is still in debate: there are those who endorse that it is a
554:
476:. They represented their gods and warriors in rudimentary sculpture.
359:
213:
205:
3065:
1896:
Hispaniae: Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218-82 BC
2006:
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2884:
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562:
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519:
514:
447:
433:
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ordered their execution, declaring, "Rome does not pay traitors".
295:
176:
153:
1831:[New perspectives on the Lusitanians (and other worlds)]
1204:
1202:
994:
While the Lusitanians did not speak a Romance language, nowadays
2055:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth
355:
339:
3069:
2333:
2295:
Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
893:
If there were more Lusitanian tribes, their names are unknown.
438:
Generalised distribution and movements of Bell-Beaker cultures
196:, in their war against the Romans. The Greco-Roman historian
25:
2300:
Unknown ancient author text (about Julius Caesar in Hispania)
546:
Lusitanian mythology was heavily influenced by or related to
2248:
1966:
Amaral, João Ferreira do & Amaral, Augusto Ferreira do,
3050:. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the
1608:
Celtic from the West Chapter 11: The Problem of Lusitanian
1460:"Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times"
2316:(Natural History), books 3-6 (Geography and Ethnography).
2113:
Los pueblos célticos del soroeste de la Península Ibérica
1829:"Novas perspectivas sobre os Lusitanos (e outros mundos)"
527:
by Pedro Roque Hidalgo (20th century), Museu do Mármore,
468:
The Lusitanians worshiped various gods in a very diverse
1355:
Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War
1210:
Luciano Pérez Vilatela. Lusitania: historia y etnología
255:, but these were soon ceded to the jurisdiction of the
762:
Lancienses Ocelenses (may be the same as the Oppidani)
406:, eventually gained the status of "Citizens of Rome".
2096:
A propósito dos conceitos de "Lusitano" e "Lusitânia"
1405:
Divindades indígenas sob o domínio romano em Portugal
1196:
Julius Frontinus. Stratagems: Book II. V. On Ambushes
787:(there is not agreement among scholars if they were
3710:
3618:
3534:
3441:
3375:
3331:
3268:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
3116:
3107:
3004:
2971:
2955:
2882:
2737:
2564:
2496:
2487:
2399:
2371:
2186:, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Murcia (1997)
828:, around the border area between Portugal and Spain
715:became the single leader of the Lusitanian tribes.
704:as happened in many other pre-Roman peoples of the
686:regions of central Portugal, and some areas of the
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2129:, Crítica, Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007)
2052:
1294:""Los coceptos de "Iberia" e "ibero" en Estrabon""
2059:(reprint ed.). London: Thames & Hudson.
553:Also well attested in inscriptions are the names
1484:Inventaire des divnités celtiques de l’Antiquité
666:The Lusitanians were a people formed by several
1409:Indigenous deities under Roman rule in Portugal
945:
330:describes them as forming a combined with the
136:-speaking people living in the far west of the
2261:
1954:De Ulisses a Viriato – O primeiro milénio a.C.
1231:André de Resende. As Antiguidades da Lusitânia
1100:, capital of the Roman province of Lusitania (
613:The Lusitanian language may in fact have been
3081:
3054:in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the
2345:
1738:"The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe"
1631:Tamburelli, Marco; Brasca, Lissander (2018).
1610:. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books. pp. 335–367.
322:between the years 218 and 201 BC, during the
8:
3058:occupied the territory until the Castilians.
1938:, Publicações Europa-América, Lisboa (1988)
1870:"The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus"
1431:
1429:
362:). This massacre would not be forgotten by
259:in the north, while the south remained the
3624:
3540:
3447:
3381:
3113:
3088:
3074:
3066:
2493:
2352:
2338:
2330:
1118:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
2031:
2005:
1309:
957:Seven Books of History Against the Pagans
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2278:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1660:Transactions of the Philological Society
1540:MacCulloch, John Arnott (January 2003).
903:Warfare in the ancient Iberian Peninsula
656:
334:and being led both by a commander named
216:differentiated the Lusitanians from the
2199:Paleohispanic Languages and Epigraphies
2115:, Editorial Complutense, Madrid (1992)
1740:. In Koch, J. T.; Cunliffe, B. (eds.).
1708:
1696:
1684:
1241:. : Imprensa da Univ. de Coimbra. 94 p.
1159:
2142:Acta Paleohispanica X - Paleohispanica
1786:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1779:
1744:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 17–40.
1438:"Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula"
1436:Pedreño, Juan Carlos Olivares (2005).
1381:
1138:National Archaeology Museum (Portugal)
1128:List of Celtic place names in Portugal
1053:and others territories and countries.
1637:Digital Scholarship in the Humanities
7:
1720:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
1133:List of Ancient Peoples of Portugal
915:, the Lusitanian leader during the
565:, a goddess of rivers and streams.
2211:10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0011
1970:, Quetzal Editores, Lisboa (1997)
1924:, Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989)
1458:Quintela, Marco V. García (2005).
734:The known Lusitanian tribes were:
300:Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC
14:
1837:Revista Portuguesa de Arqueologia
1543:The Religion of the Ancient Celts
1499:Eduardo Peralta Labrador (2003).
1464:University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
1292:Fraile, José María Gómez (1999).
3366:
2260:
2127:Los Celtíberos, etnias y estados
1505:. Real Academia de la Historia.
968:Appian claims that when Praetor
244:in their geographical writings.
30:
3258:History of Portugal (1777–1834)
2182:Lorrio Alvarado, Alberto José,
628:, and splitting off early from
41:needs additional citations for
1148:Siege of the Blastophoenicians
1068:Timeline of Portuguese history
843:It remains to be known if the
670:that lived between the rivers
586:The Lusitanian language was a
1:
1987:. Princeton University Press.
1462:. Center for Celtic Studies,
1353:Daly, Gregory (August 2005).
501:Endovelicus is compared with
220:and thought of them as being
1936:O Domínio Romano em Portugal
1403:Encarnação, José d’ (2015).
620:, a branch independent from
590:that clearly belongs to the
156:. After its conquest by the
3858:Ancient peoples of Portugal
2125:Burillo Mozota, Francisco,
1502:Los cántabros antes de Roma
368:Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus
188:mentions Lusitanian leader
3879:
1981:Anthony, David W. (2007).
1827:Alarcão, Jorge de (2001).
1606:Wodtko, Dagmar S. (2010).
1113:Lusitania (Roman province)
983:
931:made of iron, and wielded
900:
579:
461:
289:
18:
3853:Historical Celtic peoples
3794:
3627:
3543:
3450:
3384:
3364:
3046:were not occupied by the
3032:
602:language with an obvious
484:José Leite de Vasconcelos
398:, but gradually acquired
140:, in present-day central
3568:Exclusive Economic Zone
3455:Administrative divisions
1699:, pp. 108, 244–250.
1393:cf. Wodtko 2010: 355–362
1311:10.12795/spal.1999.i8.09
557:(one of the variants of
384:Quintus Servilius Caepio
200:likened them to another
19:Not to be confused with
3283:Constitutional monarchy
2203:Oxford University Press
2111:Berrocal-Rangel, Luis,
1803:Celtic Culture: A-Celti
1672:10.1111/1467-968X.00047
372:Marcus Popillius Laenas
261:Provincia Lusitania et
257:Provincia Tarraconensis
3586:Science and technology
3253:1761 Lisbon earthquake
3248:1755 Lisbon earthquake
2256:
2236:Listen to this article
1251:Risco, Manuel (1779).
1171:
1102:Lusitaniae et Vetoniae
1010:is used to refer to a
962:
920:
759:Lancienses Transcudani
663:
588:Paleohispanic language
543:during the Roman era.
532:
439:
431:
311:
224:who had been known as
182:
3863:Indo-European peoples
3288:Republican Revolution
3233:Treaty of Tordesillas
3218:Portuguese golden age
3203:1383–1385 interregnum
2609:Celtici Supertamarici
2604:Celtici Praestamarici
2255:
1586:University of Chicago
1578:"Book III, Chapter 3"
1123:List of Celtic tribes
1047:São Tomé and Príncipe
984:Further information:
910:
678:, in most of today's
660:
523:
437:
417:
299:
192:as the leader of the
180:
3782:World Heritage Sites
3318:Carnation Revolution
2326:('About Geography').
2310:Pliny the Elder text
2304:De Bello Hispaniensi
2287:More spoken articles
2205:. pp. 304–334.
1858:on 26 November 2013.
1768:on 30 September 2020
1639:. pp. 442–455.
1006:, and similarly and
980:Contemporary meaning
464:Lusitanian mythology
374:(although they were
50:improve this article
3848:Tribes of Lusitania
3193:Kingdom of Portugal
3187:Manifestis Probatum
2024:10.1038/nature14317
2016:2015Natur.522..207H
1934:Alarcão, Jorge de,
1063:History of Portugal
998:is often used as a
756:Lancienses Oppidani
582:Lusitanian language
3596:Telecommunications
3273:Liberal Revolution
3176:County of Portugal
2963:Germani (Oretania)
2314:Naturalis Historia
2257:
2081:. Chicago: Aldine.
1948:Alarcão, Jorge de
1876:on 28 January 2018
1687:, pp. 108 f..
1645:10.1093/llc/fqx041
1017:within or outside
939:like those of the
921:
664:
533:
440:
432:
312:
306:2011-02-26 at the
183:
3830:
3829:
3790:
3789:
3614:
3613:
3530:
3529:
3517:Political parties
3470:Foreign relations
3437:
3436:
3399:Iberian Peninsula
3362:
3361:
3208:Treaty of Windsor
3063:
3062:
2956:Germanic peoples?
2878:
2877:
2365:Iberian Peninsula
2361:Pre-Roman peoples
2253:
2066:978-0-500-27616-7
2000:(7555): 207–211,
1916:Ángel Montenegro
1839:(in Portuguese).
1734:Mallory, James P.
1617:978-1-84217-410-4
1576:Thayer, Roman E.
1368:978-11-345071-2-2
1004:Portuguese people
925:guerrilla warfare
919:(155 to 139 BCE).
404:Iberian peninsula
342:, Lusitanian and
138:Iberian Peninsula
126:
125:
118:
100:
3870:
3810:
3803:
3625:
3571:
3558:Economic history
3541:
3448:
3382:
3370:
3181:Treaty of Zamora
3114:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3067:
2943:Turdetani Proper
2494:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2331:
2277:
2275:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2224:
2178:
2157:
2094:Amílcar Guerra,
2082:
2070:
2058:
2044:
2035:
2009:
1988:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1872:. Archived from
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1851:. Archived from
1834:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1761:. Archived from
1760:
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1655:
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1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1582:Strabo Geography
1573:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1537:
1531:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1496:
1490:
1488:L’Arbre Celtique
1481:
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1227:
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1219:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1164:
960:
849:Turduli Oppidani
747:Coilarni/Colarni
690:region (Spain).
608:Italic languages
548:Celtic mythology
474:animal sacrifice
424:Miranda do Corvo
348:Numidian cavalry
324:Second Punic War
198:Diodorus Siculus
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
21:Lusatian culture
3878:
3877:
3873:
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3867:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3786:
3762:Public holidays
3706:
3610:
3569:
3526:
3490:Law enforcement
3433:
3371:
3358:
3327:
3243:Restoration War
3103:
3094:
3064:
3059:
3028:
3005:Semitic peoples
3000:
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2268:This audio file
2265:
2258:
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2240:
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2232:
2227:
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2196:
2163:Palaeohispanica
2160:
2139:
2090:
2088:Further reading
2085:
2073:
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2047:
1991:
1980:
1912:
1907:
1906:
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1879:
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1843:(2): 293–349 .
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1756:"Archived copy"
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1335:Silius Italicus
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1271:. 29 May 2014.
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1239:(in Portuguese)
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1098:Emerita Augusta
1059:
992:
982:
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951:
905:
899:
880:Aveiro District
845:Turduli Veteres
824:- by the river
791:or Lusitanian)
655:
584:
578:
490:was originally
466:
460:
412:
392:
328:Silius Italicus
308:Wayback Machine
294:
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234:Pliny the Elder
175:
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150:Castilla y Leon
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3293:First Republic
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3263:Peninsular War
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2327:
2324:De Geographica
2317:
2307:
2306:(Spanish War).
2297:
2280:
2266:
2259:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:External links
2228:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2194:
2184:Los Celtíberos
2180:
2158:
2137:
2123:
2109:
2091:
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2086:
2084:
2083:
2075:Piggot, Stuart
2071:
2065:
2045:
1989:
1978:
1964:
1946:
1932:
1913:
1911:
1908:
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1819:
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1793:
1747:
1725:
1713:
1711:, p. 360.
1701:
1689:
1677:
1666:(2): 151–184.
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1395:
1386:
1384:, p. 101.
1374:
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1304:(8): 159–188.
1300:(in Spanish).
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974:women warriors
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917:Lusitanian War
901:Main article:
898:
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888:Guadiana River
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765:
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750:Interamnienses
748:
745:
742:
739:
654:
651:
645:believes that
580:Main article:
577:
574:
462:Main article:
459:
456:
452:Beaker culture
411:
408:
391:
388:
326:against Rome.
292:Lusitanian War
290:Main article:
287:
286:Wars with Rome
284:
238:Pomponius Mela
218:Iberian tribes
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3238:Iberian Union
3236:
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3213:Consolidation
3211:
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3017:Carthaginians
3015:
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2799:Mirobrigenses
2797:
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2777:
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2707:
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2680:
2677:
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2655:
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2647:
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2640:
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2627:
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2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
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2569:
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2557:
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2509:
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2503:
2501:
2499:
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2480:
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2427:
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2420:
2417:
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2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:Proto-Basques
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2320:Strabo's text
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
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2269:
2229:
2222:
2220:9780191833274
2216:
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2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2192:84-7908-335-2
2189:
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2155:
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2147:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2135:84-7423-891-9
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2121:84-7491-447-7
2118:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2049:Mallory, J.P.
2046:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1976:972-564-224-4
1973:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1962:972-8137-39-7
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:972-1-02627-1
1941:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1930:84-249-1386-8
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1899:, p. 100, at
1898:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1813:9781851094400
1809:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1789:
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1764:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
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1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1698:
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1678:
1673:
1669:
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1654:
1651:
1646:
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1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1553:9780486427652
1549:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1512:9788489512597
1508:
1504:
1503:
1495:
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1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
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1426:
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1410:
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1399:
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1387:
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1378:
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1364:
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1356:
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1342:
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1336:
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1321:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1278:9781139952491
1274:
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1237:
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1199:
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1179:
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1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1051:Guinea Bissau
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
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948:
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930:
926:
918:
914:
909:
904:
896:
894:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:Indo-European
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
838:
835:
832:
827:
823:
819:
816:
813:
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799:
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790:
786:
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772:
769:
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761:
758:
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749:
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736:
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718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
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689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
659:
652:
650:
648:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:Indo-European
593:
592:Indo-European
589:
583:
575:
573:
569:
566:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
544:
542:
538:
531:, (Portugal).
530:
526:
522:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
475:
471:
465:
457:
455:
453:
449:
445:
436:
429:
425:
421:
416:
409:
407:
405:
401:
400:Roman culture
397:
389:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
305:
302:
298:
293:
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:
258:
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250:
245:
243:
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231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
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207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
179:
172:
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:Indo-European
131:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
65:"Lusitanians"
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3720:Architecture
3692:Prostitution
3657:Homelessness
3637:Demographics
3553:Central bank
3495:Human rights
3460:Constitution
3313:Overseas War
3278:Liberal Wars
3185:
3135:
2893:
2738:Other Celtic
2498:Celtiberians
2323:
2198:
2183:
2166:
2162:
2145:
2141:
2126:
2112:
2095:
2078:
2054:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1967:
1953:
1949:
1935:
1921:
1917:
1901:Google Books
1894:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:the original
1864:
1853:the original
1840:
1836:
1822:
1802:
1796:
1770:. Retrieved
1763:the original
1750:
1741:
1728:
1716:
1709:Anthony 2007
1704:
1697:Mallory 1999
1692:
1685:Mallory 1999
1680:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1636:
1626:
1607:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1581:
1571:
1562:
1542:
1535:
1525:
1521:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1417:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1389:
1377:
1354:
1348:
1338:
1330:
1320:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1267:
1261:
1246:
1236:Google Books
1234:, p. 94, at
1229:
1225:
1218:(in Spanish)
1215:Google Books
1213:, p. 14, at
1208:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1162:
1143:Roman Empire
1101:
1007:
995:
993:
967:
963:
956:
946:
941:Celtiberians
922:
892:
842:
794:Calontienses
741:Araocelenses
738:Arabrigenses
733:
710:
699:
692:
665:
634:Proto-Italic
630:Proto-Celtic
618:Italo-Celtic
612:
585:
570:
567:
552:
545:
535:The goddess
534:
524:
500:
496:Andevellicos
495:
488:Endovellicus
487:
478:
467:
441:
393:
390:Romanization
380:Turdetanians
370:, bribed by
352:
313:
275:
272:Caesarobriga
271:
267:
260:
256:
246:
222:Celtiberians
194:Celtiberians
184:
129:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3843:Lusitanians
3667:Immigration
3642:Drug policy
3548:Agriculture
3424:Earthquakes
3308:Estado Novo
3298:World War I
3228:Renaissance
3136:Lusitanians
3126:Oestriminis
3012:Phoenicians
2894:Lusitanians
2828:Oestriminis
2541:Pellendones
2454:Ilercavones
2169:: 525–535.
2148:: 247–270.
1880:19 December
1530:II, *00215.
1382:Piggot 1965
1093:Extremadura
1078:Beira Baixa
1031:Timor-Leste
890:) valleys.
836:Veaminicori
753:Lancienses
688:Extremadura
684:Estremadura
643:Ellis Evans
600:para-Celtic
529:Vila Viçosa
486:, the word
480:Endovelicus
418:Lusitanian
344:Celtiberian
318:fought for
316:mercenaries
314:Lusitanian
226:Oestriminis
210:Artemidorus
146:Extremadura
130:Lusitanians
3837:Categories
3742:Literature
3512:Parliament
3475:Government
3303:28 de Maio
3171:Al-Andalus
3052:Portuguese
2916:Bletonesii
2767:Suessetani
2757:Autrigones
2747:Allotriges
2654:Lapatianci
2649:Interamici
2551:Turboletae
2439:Contestani
2424:Castellani
2419:Bergistani
2283:Audio help
2274:2018-11-10
2007:1502.02783
1910:References
1591:12 October
1177:Portuguese
1073:Beira Alta
1043:Cape Verde
1039:Mozambique
1012:Portuguese
996:Lusitanian
911:Statue of
869:pre-Celtic
851:, Turduli
839:Vissaieici
814:Igaeditani
781:(Portugal)
647:Gallaecian
541:Proserpina
470:polytheism
444:pre-Celtic
268:Salmantica
242:Artabrians
76:newspapers
3752:Monuments
3672:Languages
3647:Education
3606:Transport
3522:President
3480:Judiciary
3465:Elections
3429:Volcanoes
3394:Mountains
3377:Geography
3166:Visigoths
3146:Gallaecia
3141:Lusitania
2933:Turdetani
2923:Tartessos
2860:Turmodigi
2833:Plentauri
2789:Carpetani
2709:Quaquerni
2516:Cratistii
2464:Indigetes
2459:Ilergetes
2449:Indigetes
2434:Cessetani
2414:Bastetani
2175:1578-5386
2154:1578-5386
2104:1578-5386
1849:0874-2782
1721:Haak 2015
1359:Routledge
1182:Lusitanos
1008:Lusophone
990:Lusophone
986:Lusitanic
861:Turdetani
805:Petravioi
800:Coerenses
729:Viriathus
713:Viriathus
604:Celticity
376:Viriathus
364:Viriathus
336:Viriathus
282:) river.
253:Gallaecia
190:Viriathus
186:Frontinus
162:Lusitania
3817:Category
3767:Religion
3677:Naturism
3507:Military
3443:Politics
3354:Language
3344:Military
3332:By topic
3198:Monarchs
3151:Hispania
3131:Ophiussa
3118:Timeline
3101:articles
3097:Portugal
3056:Guanches
2986:Aeolians
2981:Achaeans
2938:Mastieni
2911:Vettones
2887:peoples?
2848:Oppidani
2784:Caristii
2779:Cantabri
2724:Tamagani
2694:Nemetati
2684:Namarini
2634:Gallaeci
2624:Coelerni
2574:Albiones
2566:Gallaeci
2521:Lobetani
2479:Sedetani
2474:Laietani
2469:Lacetani
2429:Ceretani
2409:Ausetani
2401:Iberians
2391:Vascones
2386:Iacetani
2373:Aquitani
2285: ·
2077:(1965).
2051:(1999).
2042:25731166
1806:. 2006.
1782:cite web
1736:(2013).
1172:Lusitani
1108:Hispania
1088:Alentejo
1083:Ribatejo
1057:See also
1019:Portugal
1002:for the
950:—
929:saunions
913:Viriatus
884:Callaeci
876:Iberians
811:Elbocori
789:Vettones
725:Caesarus
721:Caucenus
706:Iron Age
702:warriors
576:Language
537:Ataegina
525:Ataegina
472:, using
458:Religion
428:Portugal
396:Tautalus
358:(modern
332:Gallaeci
320:Carthage
304:Archived
280:Guadiana
263:Vettones
230:Vettones
142:Portugal
132:were an
106:May 2009
3801:Outline
3777:Symbols
3730:Cuisine
3712:Culture
3687:Poverty
3662:Housing
3620:Society
3601:Tourism
3576:Fishing
3536:Economy
3414:Regions
3404:Islands
3339:Economy
3109:History
3036:Madeira
2996:Ionians
2991:Dorians
2928:Cynetes
2899:Paesuri
2870:Varduli
2865:Vaccaei
2853:Veteres
2843:Bardili
2838:Turduli
2794:Celtici
2774:Berones
2752:Astures
2740:peoples
2704:Poemani
2689:Narbasi
2679:Luanqui
2674:Louguei
2629:Equaesi
2614:Cibarci
2594:Bracari
2584:Artabri
2536:Oretani
2531:Olcades
2526:Lusones
2506:Arevaci
2444:Edetani
2363:of the
2272: (
2243:minutes
2033:5048219
2012:Bibcode
1950:et alii
1918:et alii
1015:speaker
1000:metonym
953:Orosius
937:helmets
897:Warfare
857:Turduli
853:Bardili
833:Talures
785:Palanti
771:Paesuri
717:Punicus
638:Yamnaya
410:Culture
274:to the
249:Asturia
173:Origins
168:History
90:scholar
3822:Portal
3725:Cinema
3682:People
3652:Health
3581:Mining
3563:Energy
3419:Rivers
3389:Cities
3223:Empire
3099:
3048:Romans
3042:, and
3040:Azores
3022:Punics
2973:Greeks
2904:Tapoli
2885:Celtic
2821:Volcae
2762:Belgae
2729:Turodi
2719:Seurri
2714:Seurbi
2669:Limici
2659:Lemavi
2644:Iadovi
2639:Grovii
2619:Cileni
2599:Capori
2579:Arroni
2217:
2190:
2173:
2152:
2133:
2119:
2102:
2063:
2040:
2030:
1994:Nature
1974:
1960:
1942:
1928:
1847:
1810:
1772:13 May
1614:
1550:
1509:
1469:12 May
1443:12 May
1365:
1340:Punica
1275:
1035:Angola
1023:Brazil
970:Brutus
933:swords
865:Celtic
855:, and
822:Tapoli
818:Tapori
808:Tangi
797:Caluri
668:tribes
662:Latin.
653:Tribes
626:Italic
622:Celtic
555:Bandua
507:Breton
492:Celtic
448:Celtic
420:lunula
360:France
214:Strabo
206:Cimbri
202:Celtic
158:Romans
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3808:Index
3772:Sport
3757:Music
3747:Media
3702:Women
3632:Crime
3570:(EEZ)
3409:Lakes
3349:Music
3156:Suebi
2883:Para-
2809:Sefes
2699:Nerii
2664:Leuni
2589:Baedi
2556:Uraci
2546:Titii
2511:Belli
2489:Celts
2002:arXiv
1856:(PDF)
1833:(PDF)
1766:(PDF)
1759:(PDF)
1407:[
1168:Latin
1154:Notes
1027:Macau
959:, 5.4
874:, or
826:Tagus
779:Vouga
775:Douro
744:Aravi
695:clans
680:Beira
676:Tagus
672:Douro
615:basal
563:Nabia
559:Borvo
515:Dagda
511:Irish
503:Welsh
422:from
154:Spain
97:JSTOR
83:books
3735:Wine
3697:Time
3500:LGBT
3161:Buri
3034:The
2804:Ophi
2215:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2171:ISSN
2150:ISSN
2131:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2100:ISSN
2061:ISBN
2038:PMID
1972:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1926:ISBN
1882:2011
1845:ISSN
1808:ISBN
1788:link
1774:2020
1612:ISBN
1593:2019
1548:ISBN
1507:ISBN
1471:2010
1445:2010
1363:ISBN
1273:ISBN
988:and
935:and
777:and
723:and
682:and
674:and
632:and
624:and
513:god
505:and
356:Gaul
340:Livy
276:Anas
270:and
251:and
236:and
148:and
144:and
128:The
69:news
3485:Law
2322:of
2312:of
2302:of
2207:doi
2028:PMC
2020:doi
1998:522
1668:doi
1641:doi
1527:CIL
1343:, 3
1306:doi
164:).
152:of
52:by
3839::
3038:,
2241:11
2213:.
2201:.
2167:10
2165:.
2144:.
2106:-
2036:,
2026:,
2018:,
2010:,
1996:,
1952:,
1920:,
1835:.
1784:}}
1780:{{
1664:97
1662:.
1635:.
1584:.
1580:.
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