1210:
Darwin it is the individual, though not as exclusively as for many of his disciples... A quite individualist conception which corresponded very well to the thought of liberalism that was all-powerful in Darwin's time and which was therefore easily accepted... A materialist neo-Lamarckism, freed not only of all of the naivete of its origins but also of all mysticism, which some of its followers seek to inject into it, seemed to me to assert in biology the same principles that Marx had revealed for society in the materialist conception of history.
1370:... conditioned reflexes, i.e., the highest nervous activity, are inherited. At present some experiments on white mice have been completed. ... Three hundred times was it necessary to combine the feeding of the mice with the ringing of the bell in order to accustom them to run to the feeding place on hearing the bell ring. ... The fourth generation required only 10 lessons. ... I think it very probable that after some time a new generation of mice will run to the feeding place on hearing the bell with no previous lesson.
471:
329:. Initially, the Lamarckian principle of inheritance of acquired traits was considered a legitimate part of evolutionary theory, and Darwin himself recognized its importance. Although the Mendelian view had largely replaced Lamarckism in western biology by 1925, it persisted in Soviet doctrine. Besides the fervent "old style" Darwinism of Marx and Engels which included elements of Lamarckism, two fallacious experimental results supported it in the USSR. First,
218:
380:
5962:
614:
stand and applaud, calling out "Bravo, Comrade
Lysenko. Bravo." Stalin personally made encouraging edits to a speech by Lysenko, despite the dictator's skepticism toward Lysenko's assertion that all science is class-orientated. The official support emboldened Lysenko and gave him and Prezent free rein to slander any geneticists who still spoke out against him. After Lysenko became head of the
743:
invariability of the gene and deny the influence of the external environment, are the preachers of the pseudo-scientific teachings of the bourgeois eugenicists and of all perversions in genetics, on the soil of which grew the racial theory of fascism in the capitalist countries. The Second World War was unleashed by the forces of imperialism, which also had racism in its arsenal.
22:
570:. The Party-controlled newspapers applauded Lysenko's practical "success" and questioned the motives of his critics, ridiculing the timidity of academics who urged the patient, impartial observation required for science. Lysenko was admitted into the hierarchy of the Communist Party, and was put in charge of agricultural affairs.
994:
adopted
Lysenkoism in 1949. The prominent geneticist Jaroslav Kříženecký (1896–1964) criticized Lysenkoism in his lectures, and was dismissed from the Agricultural University in 1949 for "serving the established capitalistic system, considering himself superior to the working class, and being hostile
630:
Mendelism-Morganism, Weissmanist neo-Darwinism ... are not developed in
Western capitalist countries for the purposes of agriculture, but rather serve reactionary purposes of eugenics, racism, etc. There is no relationship between agricultural practices and the theory of bourgeois genetics. Lysenko's
613:
increased
Lysenko's popularity. In 1935, Lysenko compared his opponents in biology to the peasants who still resisted the Soviet government's collectivization strategy, saying that by opponents of his theories were opponents of Marxism. Stalin was in the audience for this speech, and was the first to
534:
machine, which overstated his successes, trumpeted his faked experimental results, and omitted any mention of his failures. State media published enthusiastic articles such as "Siberia is transformed into a land of orchards and gardens" and "Soviet people change nature", while anyone opposing
Lysenko
1017:
from 1949 until 1956, during which open discussion of alternative theories like classical
Mendelian genetics were forbidden. Only in 1956 during a genetics symposium opponents of Lysenkoism were permitted to freely criticize it and argue for Mendelian genetics. In the proceedings from the symposium,
920:
This theory also explains vegetative hybridization, as the heredity in the scion may diffuse into the stock, resulting in a change in the stock's offspring. The vegetative hybridization theory was further tested on animals by injecting blood. For example, by injecting blood from colored chicken into
904:
Lysenkoism, as a scientific theory, aimed to replace
Darwinian evolution and genetic theory with a new theory, one that can explain and justify the phenomena claimed by Lysenko to exist, such as vernalization, species transformation, inheritance of acquired characteristics, vegetative hybridization,
722:
In
Lysenko and his followers' political claim, the "Weismannist-Mendelist-Morganist" theory was reactionary and idealistic, a tool of the bourgeois, while the "Michurinist" theory was progressive and materialistic. The victory of Michurinism was framed as a victory of socialism over capitalism. Some
644:
held a week-long session, organized by
Lysenko and approved by Stalin. At the end of it, Lysenkoism was declared as "the only correct theory." As Lysenko performatively spoke at the end, "the Central Committee of the Communist Party has examined my report and approved it". Attendants recognized this
1209:
Many saw agreement between Darwin and Marx in that each of them regarded struggle as the motor of development, one the class struggle, the other the struggle for existence. But there is a great difference between these two kinds of struggle! ... For Marx, the mass is the carrier of development, for
742:
In our country there are no longer classes hostile to each other, and the struggle of idealists against dialectical materialists still, depending on whose interests it defends, has the character of a class struggle. Indeed, the followers of
Virchow, Weismann, Mendel and Morgan, who speak of the
908:
Heredity was reformulated as "the property of the living body to demand certain environmental conditions and to react in a certain way to them". Michurin attempted to explain Lamarckian heredity by theorizing that some sort of "heredity" is present all throughout an organism, which reacts to
980:, basically repeating Soviet propaganda claims; this was intended to create an impression that Lysenkoism was accepted by the whole progressive world. While some academics accepted Lysenkoism for political reasons, the Polish scientific community largely opposed it. A notable opponent was
913:, which leads Lysenkoists to denounce Weismann. Instead, they proposed a "physiological" theory, that the heredity diffused throughout the body is somehow collected in the germ cells, which are "built from molecules, granules, of various organs and parts of the organism", i.e. the
318:
proposed that an organism can somehow pass on characteristics that it has acquired during its lifetime to its offspring, implying that changing the body can affect the genetic material in the germ line. To these Marxists, a "neo-Lamarckism" was deemed more compatible with Marxism.
656:
The Central University Administration and the Administration of Cadres are directed to review within two months all departments of biological faculties to free them from all opposed to Michurinist biology and to strengthen them by appointing Michurinists to them. Point 6 of the
775:
In 1948, genetics was officially declared "a bourgeois pseudoscience". Over 3,000 biologists were imprisoned, fired or executed for attempting to oppose Lysenkoism, and genetics research was effectively destroyed until the death of Stalin in 1953. Soviet crop yields declined.
838:
Inspired by the success of Lysenkoism and the 1948 VASKhNIL session, other fields of Soviet science experienced brief revolutions, albeit with less success: against "Pavlovians" in medicine, against "reactionary Einsteinism" in physics and quantum mechanics, and against
891:
are sometimes raised as alleged late confirmation of Lysenko's theories, but in spite of the apparent high-level similarity (heritable traits passed on without DNA alteration), Lysenko believed that environment-induced changes are the primary mechanism of heritability.
858:'s time, when Lysenko showed him the supposed successes of an experimental agricultural complex. It was once again forbidden to criticize Lysenkoism, though it was now possible to express different views, and the geneticists imprisoned under Stalin were released or
174:
personally edited a speech by Lysenko in a way that reflected his support for what would come to be known as Lysenkoism, despite his skepticism toward Lysenko's assertion that all science is class-orientated in nature. Lysenko served as the director of the USSR's
984:: in retaliation, he was denied contact with students, though he allowed to continue his scientific work at the Warsaw botanical garden. Lysenkoism was rapidly rejected starting from 1956, and in 1958 Gajewski founded the first department of genetics, at the
921:
a white chicken. It was claimed that the white chicken's offspring showed partly and fully colors. However, such claims were rejected by Western scientists. The plant hybridization experiments did not replicate, and the chicken experiment did not control for
589:
We biologists do not take the slightest interest in mathematical calculations, which confirm the useless statistical formulae of the Mendelists … We do not want to submit to blind chance … We maintain that biological regularities do not resemble mathematical
4625:
718:
portrayed Michurin as an ideal Soviet scientist, bringing the propaganda to the masses. Published songbooks included songs praising Lysenko, "He walks the Michurin path/With firm tread;/He protects us from being duped/by Mendelist-Morganists." (p. 132 )
625:
During 1947 October, Lysenko and Stalin exchanged multiple letters. Lysenko promised Stalin to breed branching wheat into a yield of 15,000 kg/ha. At that time, the most productive wheat breed under exceptionally favorable conditions could achieve 2,000
932:. An individual plant develops in stages, depending on its environment. A change in environment can speed up or slow down the stages, and result in downstream effects that are then inherited. This theory justified Lysenkoist plant-breeding practices.
1022:
is quoted as saying "Since USSR started to criticize Lysenko, we have dared to criticize him too". For a while, both schools were permitted to coexist, although the influence of the Lysenkoists remained large for several years, contributing to the
344:, a popularizer of science in Russia, had sympathies with communism, and allied with the new Soviet republic. This made his views more orthodox and widely known. When gene theory rose in early 1900s, some gene theorists promoted saltative
454:
metaphysics rather than strictly materialist Marxist science. Instead, he proposed a "Marxist genetics" postulating an unlimited possibility of transformation of living organisms through environmental changes in the spirit of Marxian
4461:
337:
interpreted his work on plant breeding as proof of the inheritance of acquired traits. Michurin advocated directed plant breeding by environmental control, "We cannot wait for favors from nature: we must wrest them from her.".
665:
For several months, similar central directives dismissed scientists, withdrew textbooks, and required the removal of any references to heredity in higher education. There was also an order to destroy all stocks of
529:
who had developed a revolutionary technique which could lead to the triumph of Soviet agriculture, a thrilling possibility for a Soviet society suffering through Stalin's famines. Lysenko became a favorite of the
5417:
4904:
2342:
Academician Schmalhausen, Professors Formozov and Sabinin, and 3,000 other biologists, victims of the August 1948 Session, lost their professional jobs because of their integrity and moral principles
450:
Lysenko claimed that the concept of a gene was a "bourgeois invention", and he denied the presence of any "immortal substance of heredity" or "clearly defined species", which he claimed belong to
4588:
298:
Some Marxists, however, perceived a fissure between Marxism and Darwinism. Specifically, the issue is that while the "struggle for survival" in Marxism applies to a social class as a whole (the
431:(common autumn wheat), through 2 to 4 years of autumn planting. This species transition he claimed to occur without an intermediate form. However, this was already known to be impossible since
4756:
4721:
4717:
155:, who had been Lysenko's mentor, but later denounced him, was sent to prison and died there, while Soviet genetics research was effectively destroyed. Research and teaching in the fields of
5277:
5518:
5476:
4919:
4655:
4594:
566:, Lysenko's new methods were seen by Soviet officials as paving the way to an "agricultural revolution." Lysenko himself was from a peasant family and was an enthusiastic advocate of
5657:
5104:
333:, who discovered conditioned reflex, announced in 1923 that it can be inherited in mice; and his subsequent withdrawal of this claim was ignored by Soviet ideologists. Second,
6031:
873:, such as the characterization of DNA, and even hold-out Lysenkoists were starting to accept DNA as the material basis for heredity (though they still rejected gene theory).
5389:
5009:
2164:
On the state of teaching of biological disciplines in the universities and measures to strengthen the biological faculties by qualified staff of biologists-Michurinists
935:
As Darwin proposed the pangenesis theory, this partly redeems Darwin for Lysenko, though the historical correctness of Darwin was demoted in comparison with Lamarck's.
835:
vigorously defended Lysenkoism and was politically favored, although he may have been genuine in his belief, as he continued to defend it even in 1955, after its fall.
854:
At the end of 1952, the situation started to change, and newspapers published articles criticizing Lysenkoism. However, the return to regular genetics slowed down in
887:
and by biologists. The geneticist Lev Zhivotovsky has made the unsupported claim that Lysenko helped found modern developmental biology. Discoveries in the field of
5497:
4974:
4835:
3522:
3419:
4680:
4676:
2102:
The situation in biological science: proceedings of the Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the U.S.S.R. session, July 31-August 7, 1948, verbatim report
6051:
5400:
1014:
196:
4635:
5032:
1002:, although Lysenkoism was taught at some universities, it had very little impact on science due to the actions of a few scientists, such as the geneticist
649:
188:
6036:
5458:
5282:
325:, which became the official ideology in Stalin's USSR, incorporated Darwinian evolution as a foundational doctrine, providing a scientific basis for its
1843:"Lysenkoism Against Genetics: The Meeting of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences of August 1948, Its Background, Causes, and Aftermath"
5042:
5014:
4527:
4468:
1940:
6041:
5687:
5344:
4984:
4650:
893:
5257:
5206:
4568:
4432:
3401:
3363:
3317:
1084:
846:
In addition to the biological sciences, Lysenkoism had an impact on geological sciences, especially paleontology and biostratigraphy in the USSR.
404:
148:
5261:
3050:
824:, who worked on mutagens, refused to publicly repudiate chromosome theory of heredity, and suffered several years as a geological lab assistant.
3060:
348:
as an alternative to gradualist Darwinism, and Timiriazev vigorously argued against it. Timiryazev's views influenced many, including Michurin.
5435:
5302:
4914:
4840:
4751:
4645:
820:
fruit flies, was criticized as bourgeois, capitalist, imperialist, and a promoter of fascism, and he returned to America via Republican Spain.
5996:
3626:
2780:
2693:
2220:
1816:
1715:
648:
Soviet scientists were required to denounce any work that contradicted Lysenko, and criticism was denounced as "bourgeois" or "fascist". The
4741:
3878:
4746:
4685:
3353:
3197:
2561:
563:
4798:
2593:
1010:
research institutions. Nonetheless, Lysenkoist theories were found in schoolbooks as late as the dismissal of Nikita Khrushchev in 1964.
5452:
5196:
5114:
4979:
4887:
547:
247:, the science of heredity, developed into an experimentally based field of biology at the start of the 20th century through the work of
236:
in each generation from the germ plasm. There is no way that changes made to somatic cells can affect the next generation, contrary to
6011:
5599:
5272:
5237:
5179:
4481:
2545:
2466:
2302:
2024:
1784:
1592:
674:
for genetics studies). (p. 125 ) Leading geneticists were being monitored by secret agents from the State Security Service. (p. 129 )
5637:
5368:
3002:
2412:
2329:
1098:
645:
as the birth of a new orthodoxy. Of the 8 scientists who advocated genetics during the session, 3 immediately announced repentance.
147:
More than 3,000 mainstream biologists were dismissed or imprisoned, and numerous scientists were executed in the Soviet campaign to
2292:
6006:
5642:
5159:
4640:
3856:
3653:
3981:
755:
Perhaps the only opponents of Lysenkoism during Stalin's lifetime to escape liquidation were from the small community of Soviet
5662:
5149:
5144:
5124:
5072:
4788:
4506:
4448:
4164:
3643:
1122:
490:
Lysenko further claimed that Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characteristics occurred in plants, as in the "eyes" of potato
5707:
2244:
363:
6016:
5611:
5252:
5119:
3500:
3137:
3033:
1035:
748:
727:
678:
531:
447:
with 42 chromosomes (6 sets). This objection did not faze Lysenko, as he claimed that the chromosome number changed as well.
184:
5986:
5232:
5129:
4301:
1915:
5314:
5077:
4793:
734:
of cells and tissues from "vital substance". She delivered in speech in 1950 in which she equated all of the "bourgeois"
326:
6021:
5887:
5652:
5164:
4803:
4766:
4513:
3768:
618:, classical genetics began to be called "fascist science" and many of Lysenkoism's opponents, such as his former mentor
4761:
1226:
6046:
5334:
4989:
4736:
4712:
4620:
4561:
4124:
3841:
3394:
2846:
2801:
1039:
595:
334:
41:
4534:
3160:
779:
From 1934 to 1940, under Lysenko's admonitions and with Stalin's approval, many geneticists were executed (including
5947:
5677:
5667:
5632:
5169:
4825:
4520:
4251:
4194:
3718:
999:
917:
theory. When two germ cells form a zygote, the "weak" one is assimilated by the stronger one, like food digestion.
192:
366:
provoked the government to search for a technical solution which would maintain their central political control.
4771:
4134:
3581:
3368:
2204:
2013:
The Lysenko Controversy as a Global Phenomenon, Volume 1: Genetics and Agriculture in the Soviet Union and Beyond
1751:
1472:
1079:
976:
619:
522:
514:; however, there is no evidence that this actually occurs, and Lysenko rejected the mechanism of genes entirely.
355:
94:
954:, Lysenkoism was aggressively pushed by state propaganda. State newspapers attacked "damage caused by bourgeois
5672:
5508:
5424:
5361:
5154:
5037:
4994:
4954:
4092:
3986:
3952:
3836:
3190:
1583:
991:
821:
511:
483:
5930:
881:
In the 21st century, Lysenkoism is again being discussed in Russia, including in respectable newspapers like
399:
claimed to have developed agricultural techniques which could radically increase crop yields. These included
5882:
5486:
5375:
5242:
5109:
4499:
4417:
4169:
3851:
3790:
3561:
3348:
3073:, "C. D. Darlington and the British and American Reaction to Lysenko and the Soviet Conception of Science."
1091:
859:
578:
574:
555:
456:
228:
theory stated that the hereditary material, the germ plasm, is transmitted only by the reproductive organs.
65:
6026:
5965:
5874:
4969:
4855:
4554:
4331:
4199:
4112:
4087:
4077:
3935:
3638:
3505:
3387:
3104:
2994:
2844:
Orel, Vitezslav (1992). "Jaroslav Kříženecký (1896–1964), Tragic Victim of Lysenkoism in Czechoslovakia".
5920:
4909:
828:'s book on plant physiology was abruptly withdrawn from publication in 1948. He died by suicide in 1951.
558:" of modern genetics and the proposal that plants can rapidly adjust to a changed environment suited the
5861:
5406:
5329:
4630:
4336:
4321:
4214:
3846:
3785:
3780:
3673:
3327:
2429:
840:
807:
525:, a biologist politically out of favour, brought Lysenko to public attention. He portrayed Lysenko as a
470:
212:
5395:
322:
5935:
5915:
763:, "it is significant that Stalin left his nuclear physicists alone and never presumed to second guess
5925:
5813:
5741:
5682:
5593:
5548:
5225:
4726:
4707:
4326:
4286:
3957:
3763:
3556:
3485:
2645:
2491:
1544:
1532:
1437:
1425:
1337:
1282:
1051:
1024:
985:
922:
1386:
6001:
5940:
5821:
5805:
5789:
5558:
5513:
5481:
5267:
4860:
4850:
4781:
4422:
4256:
3566:
3261:
3183:
2589:
2434:
1945:
1222:
1031:
883:
788:
280:
1727:
407:, and vegetative hybridization (see below). He claimed in particular that vernalization, exposing
5991:
5910:
5845:
5773:
5765:
5724:
5697:
5692:
5382:
5174:
5067:
4959:
4818:
4492:
4391:
4366:
4204:
4154:
4029:
3863:
3811:
3698:
3678:
3433:
3108:
2871:
2863:
2826:
2753:
2737:
2515:
2507:
2385:
2143:
2135:
2016:
1993:
1977:
1696:
1673:
1492:
1298:
1193:
1174:
392:
351:
341:
252:
244:
109:
85:
5429:
3256:
2569:
2194:
1500:
981:
2458:
1904:, Evandro Agazzi, Javier Echeverría, Amparo Gómez Rodríguez, Rodopi, 2008, "Philosophy", p. 149
5892:
5523:
5324:
5247:
5139:
4964:
4808:
4731:
4702:
4454:
4427:
4356:
4024:
4012:
3964:
3920:
3826:
3468:
3458:
3358:
3230:
3133:
3029:
2998:
2906:
2818:
2776:
2745:
2729:
2709:
2689:
2671:
2663:
2607:
2541:
2533:
2462:
2408:
2377:
2325:
2298:
2216:
2200:
2100:
2081:
2063:
2020:
1985:
1899:
1882:
1864:
1812:
1806:
1780:
1654:
1636:
1588:
1560:
1453:
1406:
1361:
1353:
1306:
1166:
1074:
870:
855:
690:
388:
288:
129:
865:
Lysenkoism was never dominant in the West, and during the 1960s, it increasingly was seen as
494:, though the genetic differences in these plant parts were already known to be non-heritable
5837:
5829:
5647:
5605:
5579:
5468:
5339:
5319:
5292:
5052:
4813:
4396:
4097:
4056:
4018:
3940:
3910:
3905:
3708:
3312:
3125:
3116:
3094:
2969:
2938:
2898:
2855:
2810:
2721:
2653:
2499:
2450:
2369:
2226:
2208:
2127:
2116:
Wrinch, Pamela N. (July 1951). "Science and Politics in the U.S.S.R.: The Genetics Debate".
2071:
2053:
1969:
1872:
1854:
1688:
1644:
1628:
1552:
1484:
1445:
1398:
1345:
1290:
1158:
951:
910:
832:
698:
581:" working to sabotage the Soviet economy. He denied the distinction between theoretical and
507:
503:
495:
427:
80:
56:
33:
2482:
Cohen, Barry Mandel (1991). "Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: the explorer and plant collector".
1960:
Rossianov, Kirill O. (1993). "Editing Nature: Joseph Stalin and the "New" Soviet Biology".
970:
published an article titled "French scientists recognize superiority of Soviet science" by
5781:
5573:
5491:
5287:
5216:
5047:
4892:
4882:
4671:
4412:
4380:
4266:
4241:
3930:
3895:
3890:
3806:
3738:
3658:
3631:
3621:
3616:
3551:
3286:
3266:
2942:
2190:
1325:
1057:
800:
756:
713:
686:
582:
551:
451:
303:
248:
221:
156:
152:
37:
310:
doctrine, against the Marxist framework of "immutable laws of history" and the spirit of
2649:
2495:
1548:
1441:
1341:
1286:
379:
217:
5905:
5897:
5702:
5627:
5543:
5503:
5062:
5057:
4999:
4386:
4361:
4351:
4346:
4311:
4306:
4281:
3974:
3915:
3748:
3713:
3511:
3453:
3443:
3271:
3220:
3090:
3080:
2288:
2118:
2076:
2041:
1877:
1842:
1649:
1616:
825:
792:
671:
559:
460:
421:
396:
299:
292:
117:
29:
25:
2902:
2360:(1 September 2001). "The Consequences of Political Dictatorship for Russian Science".
5980:
5797:
5757:
5553:
5446:
5441:
5297:
5220:
5186:
4949:
4944:
4830:
4577:
4475:
4271:
4102:
4046:
3925:
3873:
3821:
3668:
3606:
3601:
3463:
3448:
3410:
3332:
3235:
3168:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Robert Service, Steve Jones & Catherine Merridale (
3038:
2451:
2357:
2147:
1118:
1068:
866:
784:
682:
610:
602:, but unlike Michurin, Lysenko insisted on using only non-genetic techniques such as
400:
256:
171:
137:
45:
2875:
2830:
2519:
2389:
1997:
1496:
5853:
5749:
5568:
5309:
5094:
5004:
4865:
4341:
4261:
4219:
4159:
4051:
4002:
3885:
3816:
3703:
3648:
3596:
3586:
3576:
3546:
3475:
3307:
3225:
3056:
3021:
2958:"J. D. Bernal: The Sage of Science by Andrew Brown (2006), Oxford University Press"
2757:
2632:
Kolchinsky, Edouard I.; Kutschera, Ulrich; Hossfeld, Uwe; Levit, Georgy S. (2017).
2252:
1700:
1556:
1449:
1402:
1063:
966:
944:
929:
599:
540:
482:. Lysenko's Lamarckian conception is very weakly justified by the modern theory of
311:
272:
229:
180:
167:
160:
21:
3120:
195:
accepted Lysenkoism as the official "new biology", to varying degrees, as did the
2683:
2319:
1294:
5586:
5412:
5099:
4246:
4007:
3733:
3723:
3591:
3541:
3281:
3276:
3070:
1859:
1349:
1019:
1007:
1003:
971:
888:
780:
731:
652:
commanded all biological institutes to immediately follow the Lysenko orthodoxy:
345:
330:
125:
2161:
1273:
Caspari, E. W.; Marshak, R. E. (16 July 1965). "The Rise and Fall of Lysenko".
510:. In modern biological theory, such a change is theoretically possible through
5563:
4897:
4776:
4486:
4316:
4296:
4291:
4179:
4149:
4144:
4034:
3969:
3900:
3868:
3775:
3743:
3683:
3480:
3322:
3049:(1948): 874–875. Contemporary commentary by a British evolutionary biologist (
2725:
2658:
2633:
1488:
960:
914:
816:
804:
796:
436:
412:
315:
307:
268:
237:
233:
225:
208:
133:
2733:
2667:
2099:
Lenina, Vsesoyuznaya Akademiya Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk im V. I. (1949).
2067:
1868:
1640:
1564:
1457:
1410:
1357:
1170:
896:
have been found, but are minor and unstable compared to genetic inheritance.
5191:
5082:
4939:
4877:
4462:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
4371:
4189:
4139:
4107:
4082:
3947:
3753:
3728:
3693:
3495:
3438:
3165:
2230:
1841:
Borinskaya, Svetlana A.; Ermolaev, Andrei I.; Kolchinsky, Eduard I. (2019).
1234:
955:
811:
760:
723:
even traced Hitler's racial policies to the genetic theory. (pp. 119-121 )
603:
536:
464:
444:
284:
114:
2910:
2889:
Hagemann, Rudolf (2002). "How did East German genetics avoid Lysenkoism?".
2749:
2675:
2381:
2085:
1886:
1658:
1632:
1365:
1310:
2974:
2957:
2822:
2058:
1989:
709:
published reports of wheat turning into rye, cabbages into rutabaga, etc.
622:, were imprisoned or executed, although not on Lysenko's personal orders.
5134:
4845:
4129:
3688:
3663:
3611:
3571:
3490:
3302:
3240:
2712:(2012). "How Lysenkoism Became Pseudoscience: Dobzhansky to Velikovsky".
2590:
The State of Geological Sciences in the USSR by the Mid-Twentieth Century
2162:
Order of the USSR Ministry of Higher Education no. 1208, August 23, 1948
803:, was arrested in 1940 and died in prison in 1943. In 1936, the American
799:. The famous Soviet geneticist and president of the Agriculture Academy,
641:
615:
567:
499:
479:
276:
260:
176:
141:
121:
2741:
4870:
4695:
4690:
4376:
4276:
4209:
4119:
4072:
4039:
2867:
2511:
2503:
2139:
1692:
1302:
1178:
947:
accepted Lysenkoism as the official "new biology", to varying degrees.
702:
416:
2212:
1981:
1387:"The Scientist as Magician: Dovzhenko's Michurin and the Lysenko Cult"
585:, and rejected general methods such as control groups and statistics:
4184:
2373:
2245:"Лепешинская О.Б. Развитие жизненных процессов в доклеточном периоде"
735:
694:
526:
2131:
1162:
767:
calculations. Stalin may well have been mad but he was not stupid."
577:-lovers and people haters", and to decry traditional biologists as "
2859:
2814:
1973:
995:
to the democratic order of the people"; he was imprisoned in 1958.
302:), the struggle for survival in Darwinism is decided by individual
5089:
3758:
3156:
491:
469:
408:
378:
359:
216:
20:
3146:, ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer, Vol. 6. (Detroit: Gale, 2001)
2562:"VIVOS VOCO: В.Я. Александров, "Трудные годы советской биологии""
1227:"The Imaginary Lamarck: A Look at Bogus "History" in Schoolbooks"
1042:, and a communist, made an aggressive public defence of Lysenko.
562:
in both agriculture and Soviet society. Following the disastrous
4546:
3379:
2538:
Genes, radiation, and society: the life and work of H. J. Muller
705:
in one place must concentrate somewhere else. Lysenko's journal
685:"new Marxist sciences" in the Soviet academy, in fields such as
546:
Lysenko's political success was mostly due to his appeal to the
264:
4550:
3383:
3179:
163:, and many other biological disciplines were harmed or banned.
3142:"The Disastrous Effects of Lysenkoism on Soviet Agriculture".
1716:"The Role of Isaak Prezent in the Rise and Fall of Lysenkoism"
463:
and subduing nature for his benefit. Lysenko refused to admit
411:
seeds to humidity and low temperature, could greatly increase
3175:
3132:(New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1994).
2321:
The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story Of Soviet Science
1149:
Leone, Charles A. (1952). "Genetics: Lysenko versus Mendel".
403:, species transformation (one species turning into another),
4589:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3831:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
478:
implying an effect of scion on stock when a fruit tree is
287:. Beneficial changes can propagate through a population by
2627:
2625:
2623:
2614:
Difficult Years of Soviet Biology: Notes by a Contemporary
2540:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 184–203.
1674:"Bud mutations in the potato and their chimerical nature"
506:
permanently changes the heritable characteristics of the
459:, and in parallel to the Party's program of creating the
4626:
Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War
4595:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
2453:
Science in the Contemporary World : An Encyclopedia
958:-Morganism" and "imperialist genetics", comparing it to
2042:"Lysenko and Russian genetics: Reply to Wang & Liu"
1808:
Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History
909:
environmental influence. This is incompatible with the
283:, but are otherwise passed on unchanged from parent to
99:
5658:
List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
3061:
Chapter 6. "Stalinist Ideology and the Lysenko Affair"
2609:Трудные годы советской биологии: Записки современника
726:
A prominent promoter of Lysenkoism was the biologist
467:, stating that "science is the enemy of randomness".
70:
5105:
Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
1777:
Cogs in the wheel : the formation of Soviet man
5873:
5734:
5716:
5620:
5532:
5467:
5353:
5023:
4932:
4664:
4613:
4604:
4441:
4405:
4232:
4065:
3995:
3799:
3534:
3521:
3426:
3341:
3295:
3249:
3213:
2594:
Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology
1615:Liu, Yongsheng; Li, Baoyin; Wang, Qinglian (2009).
1473:"Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited"
354:around 1930 was in a crisis due to Stalin's forced
255:, and others, building on the rediscovered work of
151:. The president of the Soviet Agriculture Academy,
5390:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
2407:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
869:. Soviet scientists noticed the great advance in
415:. He claimed further that he could transform one
2457:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp.
2352:
2350:
1811:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–128.
573:He used his position to denounce biologists as "
177:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
5498:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
862:. The ban was finally lifted in the mid-1960s.
740:
587:
1916:"Lamarck, Lysenko, and Modern Day Epigenetics"
136:, as well as expanding upon the techniques of
5073:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
4975:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
4836:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
4562:
3420:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
3395:
3191:
3087:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).
3067:(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
2105:. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
1800:
1798:
1796:
1151:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
831:Those who supported Lysenkoism were favored.
279:), and can be shuffled and recombined during
259:. They showed that the characteristics of an
8:
2799:Gajewski W. (1990). "Lysenkoism in Poland".
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
5033:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
2297:. New York: Dover Books. pp. 140–151.
928:Lysenko also proposed a form of Lamarckian
642:Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VASKhNIL)
594:Lysenko presented himself as a follower of
275:. Genes can be affected by random changes (
6032:Science and technology in the Soviet Union
5459:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
4610:
4569:
4555:
4547:
3531:
3402:
3388:
3380:
3198:
3184:
3176:
3077:, Vol. 36 No. 2 (New York: Springer, 2003)
564:collectivization efforts of the late 1920s
5043:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
5015:Backwardness brings on beatings by others
4528:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
4469:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
3130:Lysenko and the Tragedy of Soviet Science
3101:(Boston: Harvard University Press, 1985).
2973:
2929:Li, C. C. (1987). "Lysenkoism in China".
2657:
2606:Alexandrov, Vladimir Yakovlevich (1993).
2405:Lysenko and The Tragedy of Soviet Science
2294:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
2075:
2057:
1876:
1858:
1648:
1194:"Karl Kautsky: Nature and Society (1929)"
974:, a French communist and chief editor of
439:with 28 chromosomes (4 sets of 7), while
113:) was a political campaign led by Soviet
16:Pseudoscientific Soviet biological theory
4985:Great Construction Projects of Communism
2924:
2922:
2920:
2277:. New York: Penguin Books. p. 174n.
1531:Dobzhansky, Theodosius (February 1952).
1326:"New Researches on Conditioned Reflexes"
1233:(September–October 1994). Archived from
32:in 1935. Behind him are (left to right)
5401:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
4433:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
3364:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
3318:Inheritance of acquired characteristics
2773:Lysenko's Ghost: Epigenetics and Russia
2685:Lysenko's Ghost: Epigenetics and Russia
2275:Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945
1752:"Lysenkoist propaganda in Trybuna Ludu"
1110:
1085:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
1030:Almost alone among Western scientists,
616:Soviet Academy of Agricultural Sciences
405:inheritance of acquired characteristics
5436:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
3065:Science in Russia and the Soviet Union
2794:
2792:
1391:Journal of Popular Film and Television
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
701:engine, confirming Engels' claim that
498:. He also claimed that when a tree is
2943:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110407
2596:. 2024. Volume 8, Issue 1 P. 125-130.
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
1746:
1744:
1576:
1574:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
598:, a well-known and well-liked Soviet
108:
79:
7:
5519:22nd Congress of the Communist Party
5477:20th Congress of the Communist Party
4920:19th Congress of the Communist Party
4757:18th Congress of the Communist Party
4722:17th Congress of the Communist Party
3354:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
1533:"I Lysenko's "Michurinist" Genetics"
1380:
1378:
640:From July 31 to August 7, 1948, the
631:letter to Stalin, October 27, 1947.
6052:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
5453:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics
4677:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
1424:Dobzhansky, Theodosius (May 1949).
170:(USSR) supported the campaign, and
128:in the mid-20th century, rejecting
5600:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
5419:The History of the Communist Party
5238:Soviet offensive plans controversy
5203:Ideological repression in science
4747:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
4482:James Randi Educational Foundation
2196:The Rise and Fall of T. D. Lysenko
2046:European Journal of Human Genetics
661:(August 23, 1948) (trans. p. 125 )
14:
6037:Science and technology in Ukraine
5638:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
5369:Marxism and the National Question
3075:Journal of the History of Biology
3041:, "What Sort of Man is Lysenko?"
2714:Journal of the History of Biology
1537:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1430:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1099:Nature versus nurture controversy
5961:
5960:
5278:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
4742:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
3879:Strauss–Howe generational theory
3857:Moon landing conspiracy theories
3654:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
3109:"Michurin, Vavilov, and Lysenko"
2428:Wade, Nicholas (June 17, 2016).
2011:deJong-Lambert, William (2017).
535:was presented as a defender of "
6042:Scientific misconduct incidents
5663:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
4799:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
4789:Occupation of the Baltic states
4507:The Natural History of Quackery
4449:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
2430:"The Scourge of Soviet Science"
1124:Evolution, the Modern Synthesis
814:Institute of Genetics with his
730:, who attempted to demonstrate
1587:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1557:10.1080/00963402.1952.11457270
1450:10.1080/00963402.1949.11457065
1426:"The Suppression of a Science"
1403:10.1080/01956051.1980.10661859
1192:Kautsky, John H., ed. (1989).
1006:, and scientific contact with
1:
5504:Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
5315:1946–1947 Soviet famine
4888:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
3121:10.1126/science.124.3215.277b
2903:10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02677-X
1939:Cohen, Richard (3 May 2001).
1471:Ellman, Michael (June 2007).
1281:(3681). New Series: 275–278.
149:suppress scientific opponents
5997:Politics of the Soviet Union
5653:1956 Georgian demonstrations
4514:The Psychology of the Occult
3769:Traditional Chinese medicine
3644:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
3501:Superseded scientific theory
3026:L'éternel retour de Lyssenko
2991:Sage: A Life of J. D. Bernal
2775:. Harvard University Press.
2688:. Harvard University Press.
2568:. 2014-11-11. Archived from
1324:Pawlow, I. P. (1923-11-09).
1295:10.1126/science.149.3681.275
894:Heritable epigenetic effects
697:reported the invention of a
681:supported a number of other
650:Ministry of Higher Education
5668:Stalin Monument in Budapest
5335:Night of the Murdered Poets
5253:Allegations of antisemitism
4990:Engineers of the human soul
4737:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
4713:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
4125:Electronic voice phenomenon
3982:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
3842:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
3115:, Vol. 124 No. 3215, 1956)
2989:Goldsmith, Maurice (1980).
2847:Quarterly Review of Biology
2802:Quarterly Review of Biology
2490:(1 (Jan-Mar 1991)): 38–46.
2318:Birstein, Vadim J. (2013).
1914:Faulk, Chris (2013-06-21).
1901:Epistemology and the Social
1860:10.1534/genetics.118.301413
1581:Kolakowski, Leszek (2005).
1385:Kepley, Vance (July 1980).
1350:10.1126/science.58.1506.359
1040:Fellow of the Royal Society
596:Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin
425:(durum spring wheat), into
185:People's Republic of Poland
100:
71:
6068:
5708:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
5678:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
4826:Soviet atomic bomb project
4521:The Ragged Edge of Science
4252:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
4195:Pseudoscientific metrology
3719:Miracle Mineral Supplement
1968:(December 1993): 728–745.
1034:, Professor of Physics at
1000:German Democratic Republic
860:rehabilitated posthumously
457:dialectical transformation
364:Soviet famine of 1932–1933
206:
197:People's Republic of China
193:German Democratic Republic
189:Republic of Czechoslovakia
110:[lɪˈsɛnkiu̯ʃtʃɪnɐ]
6012:Obsolete biology theories
5956:
5688:Places named after Stalin
5673:Stalin Monument in Prague
5197:Repressions in Azerbaijan
4915:1950 legislative election
4841:1946 legislative election
4752:1937 legislative election
4584:
4135:Facilitated communication
3417:
3369:Politicization of science
3099:The Dialectical Biologist
3028:, Paris, Copernic, 1978.
2956:Witkowski, J. A. (2007).
2726:10.1007/s10739-011-9287-3
2659:10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.045
2634:"Russia's new Lysenkoism"
2403:Soĭfer, Valeriĭ. (1994).
2205:Columbia University Press
2040:Harper, Peter S. (2017).
1805:Graham, Loren R. (1993).
1489:10.1080/09668130701291899
1080:Politicization of science
620:Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov
523:Isaak Izrailevich Prezent
356:collectivisation of farms
263:are carried by inherited
179:. Other countries of the
89:
81:[lɨˈsɛnkəfɕːʲɪnə]
60:
5509:Soviet Nonconformist Art
5425:1936 Soviet Constitution
5078:Soviet famine of 1932–33
5038:1907 Tiflis bank robbery
5010:Transformation of nature
4995:1936 Soviet Constitution
4955:Socialism in One Country
4794:German–Soviet Axis talks
4535:The Skeptic's Dictionary
4093:Biological transmutation
4013:Faster-than-light travel
3987:Enneagram of Personality
3953:Recovered-memory therapy
3837:9/11 conspiracy theories
3161:The Skeptic's Dictionary
2449:Swedin, Eric G. (2005).
1775:Geller, Mikhail (1988).
1714:Rispoli, Giulia (2014).
1584:Main Currents of Marxism
1036:Birkbeck College, London
1027:through loss of yields.
992:Communist Czechoslovakia
841:Pauling resonance theory
512:horizontal gene transfer
484:horizontal gene transfer
476:vegetative hybridisation
267:, which were located on
6007:Non-Darwinian evolution
5633:Iosif Stalin locomotive
5376:Foundations of Leninism
5362:Anarchism or Socialism?
5243:Hitler Youth Conspiracy
5110:NKVD prisoner massacres
4762:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
4651:Death and state funeral
4500:The Demon-Haunted World
4418:Bourgeois pseudoscience
3852:COVID-19 misinformation
3791:Young blood transfusion
3562:Anthroposophic medicine
3349:Bourgeois pseudoscience
2362:Nature Reviews Genetics
2324:. Perseus Books Group.
2249:www.bioparadigma.spb.ru
1092:Bourgeois pseudoscience
943:Other countries of the
810:, who had moved to the
556:bourgeois pseudoscience
362:farmers. The resulting
291:or, in agriculture, by
132:in favour of a form of
5841:(second father-in-law)
5095:Murder of Sergey Kirov
4970:Stalinist architecture
4856:Turkish Straits crisis
4332:Corentin Louis Kervran
4200:Rapid prompting method
4088:Biodynamic agriculture
4078:Aquatic ape hypothesis
3936:Historical negationism
3639:Doctrine of signatures
3506:True-believer syndrome
2771:Graham, Loren (2016).
2682:Graham, Loren (2016).
1633:10.1038/embor.2009.198
1617:"Science and politics"
977:Les Lettres Françaises
787:, Grigorii Levitskii,
753:
663:
633:
592:
543:and backwardness."
487:
384:
374:
241:
166:The government of the
49:
6017:Political terminology
5862:William Wesley Peters
5407:Falsifiers of History
5330:Rootless cosmopolitan
4636:Rule as Soviet leader
4337:The Light (newspaper)
4322:William Donald Kelley
4215:Voice stress analysis
3847:Climate change denial
3786:Wind turbine syndrome
3781:Vertebral subluxation
3674:Germ theory denialism
3328:Mendelian inheritance
3144:Science and Its Times
2975:10.1096/fj.07-0202ufm
2059:10.1038/ejhg.2017.118
1672:Asseyeva, T. (1927).
1013:Lysenkoism dominated
808:Hermann Joseph Muller
771:Effects on scientists
654:
628:
554:. His attack on the "
473:
382:
358:and extermination of
220:
213:Mendelian inheritance
207:Further information:
24:
5987:Anti-intellectualism
5883:Stalin's house, Gori
5814:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili
5742:Besarion Jughashvili
5683:Batumi Stalin Museum
5594:Nineteen Eighty-Four
5345:Censorship of images
5024:Crimes, repressions,
4727:1931 Menshevik Trial
4708:First five-year plan
4327:Robert F. Kennedy Jr
4287:Ignatius L. Donnelly
3958:Past life regression
3817:Arabian Judah theory
3764:Traditional medicine
3557:Alternative medicine
3486:Pathological science
2997:. pp. 105–108.
2566:vivovoco.astronet.ru
2193:(31 December 1969).
1920:Mind the Science Gap
1726:(42). Archived from
1223:Ghiselin, Michael T.
1052:Anti-intellectualism
986:University of Warsaw
306:. This was deemed a
6022:Politics of science
5875:Stalin's residences
5822:Galina Dzhugashvili
5806:Svetlana Alliluyeva
5790:Nadezhda Alliluyeva
5717:Cultural depictions
5559:Anti-Stalinist left
5514:Shvernik Commission
5482:Pospelov Commission
5258:Population transfer
5233:1941 Red Army purge
5207:Suppressed research
4861:First Indochina War
4804:Great Patriotic War
4782:Moscow Peace Treaty
4646:Cult of personality
4423:Demarcation problem
4257:Brigitte Boisselier
3886:Hollow Earth theory
3869:Generational theory
3567:Applied kinesiology
3262:Georgii Karpechenko
3097:, "Lysenkoism", in
3071:Oren Solomon Harman
2931:Journal of Heredity
2650:2017CBio...27R1042K
2644:(19): R1042–R1047.
2496:1991EcBot..45...38C
2435:Wall Street Journal
2273:Judt, Tony (2006).
2160:Kaftanoff S, 1948,
1946:The Washington Post
1941:"Political Science"
1681:Journal of Genetics
1549:1952BuAtS...8b..40D
1477:Europe-Asia Studies
1442:1949BuAtS...5e.144D
1342:1923Sci....58..359P
1287:1965Sci...149..275C
1231:The Textbook Letter
1032:John Desmond Bernal
789:Georgii Karpechenko
387:In 1928, rejecting
370:In the Soviet Union
281:sexual reproduction
6047:Soviet phraseology
5846:Alexander Svanidze
5774:Konstantin Kuzakov
5766:Yakov Dzhugashvili
5725:Apocalypse: Stalin
5698:Stalin Peace Prize
5693:State Stalin Prize
5396:"Ten Blows" speech
5383:Dizzy with Success
5293:Operation "Priboi"
5273:Operation "Lentil"
5226:1937 Soviet Census
4905:Sino-Soviet Treaty
4819:Potsdam Conference
4772:Invasion of Poland
4493:Skeptical Inquirer
4392:Paul Joseph Watson
4367:Hans Alfred Nieper
4205:Statement analysis
4155:Intelligent design
4030:Reactionless drive
3864:Conversion therapy
3812:Ancient astronauts
3699:Leaky gut syndrome
3679:HIV/AIDS denialism
3434:Cargo cult science
3085:The Lysenko Affair
2891:Trends in Genetics
2710:Gordin, Michael D.
2534:Carlson, Elof Axel
2504:10.1007/BF02860048
2017:Palgrave Macmillan
1693:10.1007/BF02983115
1237:on 12 October 2000
1071:– a notable victim
939:In other countries
900:Scientific content
757:nuclear physicists
749:Olga Lepeshinskaya
728:Olga Lepeshinskaya
712:In 1948, the film
560:ideological battle
488:
393:Mendelian genetics
385:
352:Soviet agriculture
342:Kliment Timiryazev
253:Thomas Hunt Morgan
245:Mendelian genetics
242:
124:and science-based
50:
5974:
5973:
5931:Kholodnaya Rechka
5628:Iosif Stalin tank
5549:Lenin's Testament
5524:Era of Stagnation
5325:Mingrelian Affair
5303:Forced settlement
5288:Operation "North"
5248:Soviet war crimes
5026:and controversies
4965:Socialist realism
4928:
4927:
4910:Tito–Stalin split
4809:Tehran Conference
4732:Spanish Civil War
4703:Chinese Civil War
4544:
4543:
4455:Cults of Unreason
4428:Scientific method
4357:Ministry of Ayush
4302:Nicholas Gonzalez
4228:
4227:
4165:Law of attraction
4145:Flat Earth theory
4025:Quantum mysticism
3965:Scientific racism
3921:Pseudoarchaeology
3827:Conspiracy theory
3525:characterized as
3469:Pseudomathematics
3459:Pseudoarchaeology
3377:
3376:
3359:Pavlovian session
3231:Nikita Khrushchev
2962:The FASEB Journal
2782:978-0-674-08905-1
2695:978-0-674-08905-1
2358:Soyfer, Valery N.
2222:978-0-231-88984-1
2213:10.7312/MEDV92664
2201:I. Michael Lerner
1818:978-0-521-28789-0
1336:(1506): 359–361.
1075:Pavlovian session
923:recessive alleles
871:molecular biology
856:Nikita Khrushchev
703:energy dissipated
683:pseudo-scientific
677:The same wave of
532:Soviet propaganda
496:somatic mutations
389:natural selection
289:natural selection
130:natural selection
98:
69:
6059:
5964:
5963:
5866:
5858:
5850:
5849:(brother-in-law)
5842:
5838:Sergei Alliluyev
5834:
5830:Joseph Alliluyev
5826:
5818:
5810:
5802:
5794:
5786:
5778:
5770:
5762:
5754:
5746:
5648:Pantheon, Moscow
5606:The Soviet Story
5580:Darkness at Noon
5469:De-Stalinization
5320:Leningrad Affair
5053:Decossackization
4851:1946 Iran crisis
4814:Yalta Conference
4686:Collectivization
4611:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4548:
4397:Andrew Wakefield
4098:Creation science
4057:Water-fueled car
4019:Perpetual motion
3941:Holocaust denial
3911:Nibiru cataclysm
3906:Nazi archaeology
3709:Macrobiotic diet
3532:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3381:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3159:– 'Lysenkoism',
3126:Valery N. Soyfer
3095:Richard Lewontin
3009:
3008:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2926:
2915:
2914:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2679:
2661:
2629:
2618:
2617:
2603:
2597:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2456:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2374:10.1038/35088598
2354:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2251:. Archived from
2241:
2235:
2234:
2199:. Translated by
2187:
2168:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2061:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1862:
1838:
1823:
1822:
1802:
1791:
1790:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1612:
1599:
1598:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1499:. Archived from
1468:
1462:
1461:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1270:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1198:www.marxists.org
1189:
1183:
1182:
1146:
1129:
1128:
1115:
952:Communist Poland
911:Weismann barrier
751:
699:perpetual motion
465:random mutations
428:Triticum vulgare
375:Lysenko's claims
323:Marxism–Leninism
304:random mutations
199:for some years.
112:
107:
103:
93:
91:
83:
78:
74:
64:
62:
34:Stanislav Kosior
28:speaking at the
6067:
6066:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6056:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5952:
5948:Stalin's bunker
5898:Room at Kremlin
5888:Tiflis Seminary
5869:
5864:
5856:
5848:
5840:
5832:
5825:(granddaughter)
5824:
5816:
5808:
5800:
5792:
5784:
5782:Artyom Sergeyev
5776:
5768:
5760:
5752:
5744:
5730:
5712:
5616:
5574:True Communists
5537:
5535:
5528:
5492:Khrushchev Thaw
5463:
5430:Stalin's poetry
5349:
5217:Japhetic theory
5155:Medvedev Forest
5048:Georgian Affair
5025:
5019:
4980:Five-year plans
4924:
4893:Berlin Blockade
4883:Greek Civil War
4672:August Uprising
4660:
4641:Political views
4606:
4600:
4580:
4575:
4545:
4540:
4437:
4413:Bogdanov affair
4401:
4381:Claude Vorilhon
4267:Robert Charroux
4242:Sucharit Bhakdi
4234:
4224:
4061:
3991:
3931:Genocide denial
3896:Japhetic theory
3891:Indigo children
3807:2012 phenomenon
3795:
3739:Patent medicine
3659:Energy medicine
3632:Colon cleansing
3617:Crystal healing
3552:Adrenal fatigue
3526:
3524:
3517:
3422:
3413:
3408:
3378:
3373:
3342:Soviet policies
3337:
3291:
3287:Nikolai Vavilov
3267:Zhores Medvedev
3257:Wacław Gajewski
3245:
3209:
3204:
3172:, June 5, 2008)
3153:
3018:
3016:Further reading
3013:
3012:
3005:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2928:
2927:
2918:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2681:
2638:Current Biology
2631:
2630:
2621:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2484:Economic Botany
2481:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2289:Gardner, Martin
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2223:
2191:Zhores Medvedev
2189:
2188:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2132:10.2307/2008893
2115:
2114:
2110:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1894:
1840:
1839:
1826:
1819:
1804:
1803:
1794:
1787:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1756:cyberleninka.ru
1750:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1614:
1613:
1602:
1595:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1272:
1271:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1163:10.2307/3625986
1148:
1147:
1132:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1058:Deutsche Physik
1048:
1015:Chinese science
982:Wacław Gajewski
964:. For example,
941:
902:
879:
852:
801:Nikolai Vavilov
773:
759:: according to
752:
747:
638:
583:applied biology
552:Soviet ideology
548:Communist Party
520:
383:Lysenko in 1938
377:
372:
314:. In contrast,
271:in each cell's
249:August Weismann
222:August Weismann
215:
205:
157:neurophysiology
153:Nikolai Vavilov
105:
76:
72:Lysenkovshchina
38:Anastas Mikoyan
17:
12:
11:
5:
6065:
6063:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5979:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5859:
5851:
5843:
5835:
5827:
5819:
5811:
5803:
5795:
5787:
5779:
5771:
5763:
5755:
5747:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5703:Stalin Society
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5643:Stalin statues
5640:
5635:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5602:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5544:Stalin Epigram
5540:
5538:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5494:
5489:
5487:Rehabilitation
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5415:
5410:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5265:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5214:
5209:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5107:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5063:Wittorf affair
5060:
5058:Dekulakization
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
5000:New Soviet man
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4774:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4683:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4592:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4551:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4406:Related topics
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4387:Randolph Stone
4384:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4362:Theodor Morell
4359:
4354:
4352:Joseph Mercola
4349:
4347:Jenny McCarthy
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4312:Graham Hancock
4309:
4307:Goop (company)
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4282:Vernon Coleman
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4047:Teleportation
4044:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3975:Melanin theory
3972:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3923:
3918:
3916:Parapsychology
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3800:Social science
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3749:Primal therapy
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:Magnet therapy
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3627:Detoxification
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3529:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3512:Voodoo Science
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:Fringe science
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3272:Georgii Nadson
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Trofim Lysenko
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3152:
3151:External links
3149:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3123:
3102:
3091:Richard Levins
3088:
3081:David Joravsky
3078:
3068:
3054:
3036:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2981:
2968:(2): 302–304.
2948:
2916:
2897:(6): 320–324.
2881:
2860:10.1086/417797
2854:(4): 487–494.
2836:
2815:10.1086/416949
2788:
2781:
2763:
2720:(3): 443–468.
2701:
2694:
2619:
2616:]. Наука .
2598:
2582:
2553:
2547:978-0801413049
2546:
2525:
2474:
2468:978-1851095247
2467:
2441:
2420:
2413:
2395:
2368:(9): 723–729.
2346:
2330:
2310:
2304:978-0486131627
2303:
2280:
2265:
2236:
2221:
2169:
2153:
2126:(4): 486–519.
2119:World Politics
2108:
2091:
2032:
2026:978-3319391755
2025:
2003:
1974:10.1086/356638
1952:
1931:
1906:
1892:
1824:
1817:
1792:
1786:978-0394569260
1785:
1767:
1740:
1706:
1664:
1627:(9): 938–939.
1600:
1594:978-0393329438
1593:
1570:
1516:
1483:(4): 663–693.
1463:
1436:(5): 144–146.
1416:
1374:
1316:
1248:
1214:
1184:
1157:(4): 369–380.
1130:
1119:Huxley, Julian
1109:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1044:
940:
937:
901:
898:
878:
875:
851:
848:
843:in chemistry.
826:Dmitry Sabinin
822:Iosif Rapoport
793:Georgii Nadson
772:
769:
745:
672:model organism
659:Order No. 1208
637:
634:
606:and grafting.
600:horticulturist
519:
516:
461:New Soviet Man
422:Triticum durum
397:Trofim Lysenko
376:
373:
371:
368:
300:class struggle
293:plant breeding
234:develop afresh
232:(of the body)
204:
201:
183:including the
118:Trofim Lysenko
42:Andrei Andreev
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6064:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6027:Pseudoscience
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5967:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5921:Semyonovskoye
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5863:
5860:
5855:
5852:
5847:
5844:
5839:
5836:
5831:
5828:
5823:
5820:
5815:
5812:
5807:
5804:
5799:
5798:Vasily Stalin
5796:
5793:(second wife)
5791:
5788:
5785:(adopted son)
5783:
5780:
5775:
5772:
5767:
5764:
5759:
5758:Kato Svanidze
5756:
5751:
5748:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5554:Ryutin Affair
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5534:Criticism and
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5447:Order No. 270
5445:
5443:
5442:Order No. 227
5440:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:Doctors' plot
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:Nazino affair
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5262:German–Soviet
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5221:Slavists case
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5187:Moscow Trials
5185:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:Korenizatsiya
4948:
4946:
4945:Neo-Stalinism
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:Ili Rebellion
4829:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4603:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4578:Joseph Stalin
4572:
4567:
4565:
4560:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4476:Fortean Times
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4272:Deepak Chopra
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:pseudoscience
4231:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Cryptozoology
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:Anti-gravity
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3926:Pseudohistory
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Generationism
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:5G conspiracy
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Catastrophism
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3669:FasciaBlaster
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Correactology
3605:
3603:
3602:Chromotherapy
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:pseudoscience
3520:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Pseudohistory
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3449:Fringe theory
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3411:Pseudoscience
3405:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3333:Vernalization
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Hybridization
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Joseph Stalin
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:Ronald Fisher
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3004:0-09-139550-X
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:(4): 423–34.
2808:
2804:
2803:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2572:on 2014-05-25
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2414:9780813520872
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:9780786751860
2327:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2255:on 2008-12-12
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:(in Russian).
2166:
2165:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2019:. p. 6.
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1730:on 2019-12-12
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:Ludus Vitalis
1717:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1506:on 2007-10-14
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:. p. 17.
1126:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:Solomon Levit
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
993:
989:
987:
983:
979:
978:
973:
969:
968:
963:
962:
957:
953:
948:
946:
938:
936:
933:
931:
926:
924:
918:
916:
912:
906:
899:
897:
895:
890:
886:
885:
876:
874:
872:
868:
867:pseudoscience
863:
861:
857:
849:
847:
844:
842:
836:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
818:
813:
809:
806:
802:
798:
795:) or sent to
794:
790:
786:
785:Solomon Levit
782:
777:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
750:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
724:
720:
717:
716:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
662:
660:
653:
651:
646:
643:
635:
632:
627:
623:
621:
617:
612:
611:Joseph Stalin
609:Support from
607:
605:
604:hybridization
601:
597:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
533:
528:
524:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
485:
481:
477:
472:
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:
424:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:vernalization
398:
394:
390:
381:
369:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
336:
335:Ivan Michurin
332:
328:
327:state atheism
324:
320:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:Gregor Mendel
254:
250:
246:
239:
235:
231:
230:Somatic cells
227:
223:
219:
214:
210:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
172:Joseph Stalin
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
138:vernalization
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
111:
102:
101:lysenkivščyna
96:
87:
82:
73:
67:
58:
54:
47:
46:Joseph Stalin
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
5865:(son-in-law)
5857:(son-in-law)
5854:Yuri Zhdanov
5761:(first wife)
5750:Keke Geladze
5723:
5612:Antisemitism
5604:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5569:Kremlin Plot
5496:
5434:
5418:
5405:
5310:Tax on trees
5268:Deportations
5211:
5005:Stakhanovite
4866:Eastern Bloc
4767:World War II
4720: /
4607:and politics
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4342:Mike Lindell
4262:Rhonda Byrne
4233:Promoters of
4220:Water memory
4174:
4160:Laundry ball
4052:Tractor beam
4008:Cold fusion
3704:Lunar effect
3649:Ear candling
3597:Chiropractic
3587:Bloodletting
3577:Bates method
3547:Aromatherapy
3510:
3476:Junk science
3308:Heritability
3226:J. D. Bernal
3206:
3169:
3143:
3129:
3112:
3098:
3084:
3074:
3064:
3057:Loren Graham
3046:
3042:
3025:
3022:Denis Buican
2990:
2984:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2934:
2930:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2806:
2800:
2772:
2766:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2684:
2680:which cites
2641:
2637:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2585:
2574:. Retrieved
2570:the original
2565:
2556:
2537:
2528:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2452:
2444:
2433:
2423:
2404:
2398:
2365:
2361:
2341:
2335:. Retrieved
2320:
2313:
2293:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:the original
2248:
2239:
2195:
2163:
2156:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2101:
2094:
2052:(10): 1098.
2049:
2045:
2035:
2012:
2006:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1944:
1934:
1923:. Retrieved
1919:
1909:
1900:
1895:
1850:
1846:
1807:
1776:
1770:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:the original
1723:
1719:
1709:
1684:
1680:
1667:
1624:
1621:EMBO Reports
1620:
1582:
1543:(2): 40–44.
1540:
1536:
1508:. Retrieved
1501:the original
1480:
1476:
1466:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1397:(2): 19–26.
1394:
1390:
1369:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1278:
1274:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:the original
1230:
1217:
1208:
1201:. Retrieved
1197:
1187:
1154:
1150:
1123:
1113:
1090:
1064:Junk science
1056:
1029:
1025:Great Famine
1012:
997:
990:
975:
967:Trybuna Ludu
965:
959:
949:
945:Eastern Bloc
942:
934:
930:heterochrony
927:
919:
907:
903:
882:
880:
877:Reappearance
864:
853:
845:
837:
830:
815:
778:
774:
764:
754:
741:
725:
721:
714:
711:
706:
676:
667:
664:
658:
655:
647:
639:
629:
624:
608:
593:
588:
572:
545:
541:obscurantism
521:
489:
475:
449:
440:
432:
426:
420:
386:
350:
340:
321:
312:collectivism
297:
243:
181:Eastern Bloc
168:Soviet Union
165:
161:cell biology
146:
90:лисенківщина
61:Лысенковщина
52:
51:
18:
5621:Remembrance
5587:Animal Farm
5413:Stalin Note
5100:Great Purge
5068:Great Break
4960:Great Break
4681:(1928–1941)
4597:(1946–1953)
4591:(1922–1952)
4247:Del Bigtree
3734:Panchagavya
3724:Naturopathy
3592:Body memory
3542:Acupuncture
3427:Terminology
3282:Tan Jiazhen
3277:Hans Stubbe
3214:Lysenkoists
3170:In Our Time
3157:SkepDic.com
1853:(1): 1–12.
1241:12 December
1203:21 February
1020:Tan Jiazhen
1008:West Berlin
1004:Hans Stubbe
972:Pierre Daix
889:epigenetics
797:labor camps
781:Izrail Agol
732:abiogenesis
707:Agrobiology
687:linguistics
474:Lysenkoist
346:mutationism
331:Ivan Pavlov
269:chromosomes
126:agriculture
6002:Lamarckism
5981:Categories
5936:Lake Ritsa
5916:Uspenskoye
5833:(grandson)
5817:(grandson)
5809:(daughter)
5564:Trotskyism
5536:opposition
5212:Lysenkoism
4898:Korean War
4777:Winter War
4665:Chronology
4656:Death toll
4621:Early life
4487:Quackwatch
4317:David Icke
4297:Max Gerson
4292:Gaia, Inc.
4180:Numerology
4175:Lysenkoism
4170:Levitation
4150:Graphology
4035:Dean drive
3970:Aryan race
3901:Mediumship
3776:Trepanning
3744:Phrenology
3684:Homeopathy
3582:Biorhythms
3481:Paranormal
3323:Lamarckism
3250:Dissidents
3207:Lysenkoism
3166:Lysenkoism
3138:0813520878
3105:Anton Lang
3051:pdf format
3034:2859840192
2995:Hutchinson
2993:. London:
2937:(5): 339.
2576:2024-05-16
2337:2016-06-30
2259:2023-08-27
2231:Q109407986
1925:2020-06-06
1761:2020-06-07
1734:2019-12-12
1510:2019-12-12
1105:References
961:Mein Kampf
915:pangenesis
817:Drosophila
805:geneticist
679:propaganda
668:Drosophila
441:T. vulgare
437:tetraploid
413:crop yield
316:Lamarckism
238:Lamarckism
226:germ plasm
209:Lamarckism
191:, and the
134:Lamarckism
53:Lysenkoism
5992:Denialism
5926:New Athos
5192:Hotel Lux
5175:Vinnytsia
5130:Chortkiv
5120:Berezwecz
5115:Berezhany
5083:Holodomor
4940:Stalinism
4878:Cominform
4614:Overviews
4442:Resources
4372:Mehmet Oz
4190:Polygraph
4140:Feng shui
4108:Dianetics
4083:Astrology
3948:Pseudolaw
3754:Radionics
3729:Palmistry
3694:Iridology
3496:Snake oil
3439:Charlatan
2734:0022-5010
2668:0960-9822
2148:146284128
2068:1018-4813
1869:0016-6731
1779:. Knopf.
1641:1469-221X
1565:0096-3402
1458:0096-3402
1411:0195-6051
1358:0036-8075
1171:0022-8443
956:Mendelism
812:Leningrad
761:Tony Judt
537:mysticism
445:hexaploid
285:offspring
277:mutations
115:biologist
95:romanized
86:Ukrainian
66:romanized
5966:Category
5906:Kuntsevo
5753:(mother)
5745:(father)
5180:Zolochiv
5165:Valozhyn
5135:Kurapaty
4933:Concepts
4846:Cold War
4130:Eugenics
4113:Auditing
3689:Humorism
3664:Fad diet
3612:Cryonics
3572:Ayurveda
3535:Medicine
3491:Quackery
3303:Heredity
3296:Concepts
3241:VASKhNIL
3043:Listener
2911:12044362
2876:84243175
2831:85289413
2750:21698424
2742:41653570
2676:29017033
2536:(1981).
2520:27563223
2390:46277758
2382:11533721
2291:(1957).
2227:Wikidata
2086:28905879
1998:38626666
1887:31053614
1847:Genetics
1687:: 1–28.
1659:19721459
1497:53655536
1366:17837325
1311:17838094
1225:(1994).
1121:(1942).
1046:See also
746:—
736:heresies
715:Michurin
579:wreckers
568:Leninism
452:Platonic
433:T. durum
261:organism
142:grafting
122:genetics
120:against
5941:Sukhumi
5902:Dachas
5893:Kureika
5283:Koreans
5170:Vileyka
4871:Comecon
4696:Sovkhoz
4691:Kolkhoz
4605:History
4277:Clonaid
4210:Ufology
4120:Dowsing
4073:Alchemy
4040:EMDrive
3996:Physics
3622:Cupping
3523:Topics
3113:Science
2868:2832019
2823:2082404
2758:7541203
2646:Bibcode
2512:4255307
2492:Bibcode
2461:, 280.
2140:2008893
2077:5602019
1990:8307727
1878:6499510
1701:6762283
1650:2750069
1545:Bibcode
1438:Bibcode
1338:Bibcode
1330:Science
1303:1715945
1283:Bibcode
1275:Science
1179:3625986
998:In the
884:Kultura
500:grafted
480:grafted
417:species
308:liberal
273:nucleus
203:Context
97::
68::
57:Russian
30:Kremlin
26:Lysenko
5735:Family
5160:Sambir
4185:Orgone
3136:
3032:
3001:
2909:
2874:
2866:
2829:
2821:
2779:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2692:
2674:
2666:
2544:
2518:
2510:
2465:
2411:
2388:
2380:
2328:
2301:
2229:
2219:
2146:
2138:
2084:
2074:
2066:
2023:
1996:
1988:
1982:235106
1980:
1885:
1875:
1867:
1815:
1783:
1699:
1657:
1647:
1639:
1591:
1563:
1495:
1456:
1409:
1364:
1356:
1309:
1301:
1177:
1169:
833:Oparin
695:Pravda
626:kg/ha.
527:genius
502:, the
492:tubers
187:, the
5911:Sochi
5801:(son)
5777:(son)
5769:(son)
5354:Works
5145:Lutsk
5140:Katyn
5125:Dubno
5090:Gulag
4066:Other
3759:Reiki
3444:Crank
3063:, in
2872:S2CID
2864:JSTOR
2827:S2CID
2754:S2CID
2738:JSTOR
2612:[
2516:S2CID
2508:JSTOR
2386:S2CID
2144:S2CID
2136:JSTOR
1994:S2CID
1978:JSTOR
1697:S2CID
1677:(PDF)
1504:(PDF)
1493:S2CID
1299:JSTOR
1175:JSTOR
905:etc.
765:their
670:(the
590:laws.
508:stock
504:scion
435:is a
409:wheat
360:kulak
265:genes
5150:Lviv
4718:16th
4631:Rise
4377:Raël
3134:ISBN
3093:and
3030:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2907:PMID
2819:PMID
2777:ISBN
2746:PMID
2730:ISSN
2690:ISBN
2672:PMID
2664:ISSN
2542:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2409:ISBN
2378:PMID
2326:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2217:ISBN
2082:PMID
2064:ISSN
2021:ISBN
1986:PMID
1962:Isis
1883:PMID
1865:ISSN
1813:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1655:PMID
1637:ISSN
1589:ISBN
1561:ISSN
1454:ISSN
1407:ISSN
1362:PMID
1354:ISSN
1307:PMID
1243:2019
1205:2020
1167:ISSN
1038:, a
850:Fall
791:and
689:and
636:Peak
550:and
518:Rise
391:and
211:and
140:and
106:IPA:
77:IPA:
44:and
3117:doi
2970:doi
2939:doi
2899:doi
2856:doi
2811:doi
2722:doi
2654:doi
2592://
2500:doi
2459:168
2370:doi
2209:doi
2128:doi
2072:PMC
2054:doi
1970:doi
1873:PMC
1855:doi
1851:212
1689:doi
1645:PMC
1629:doi
1553:doi
1485:doi
1446:doi
1399:doi
1346:doi
1291:doi
1279:149
1159:doi
950:In
691:art
575:fly
443:is
224:'s
5983::
5219:,
3128:,
3111:.
3107:,
3083:,
3059:,
3047:40
3045:,
3024:,
2966:21
2964:.
2960:.
2935:78
2933:.
2919:^
2905:.
2895:18
2893:.
2870:.
2862:.
2852:67
2850:.
2825:.
2817:.
2807:65
2805:.
2791:^
2752:.
2744:.
2736:.
2728:.
2718:45
2716:.
2670:.
2662:.
2652:.
2642:27
2640:.
2636:.
2622:^
2564:.
2514:.
2506:.
2498:.
2488:45
2486:.
2432:.
2384:.
2376:.
2364:.
2349:^
2340:.
2247:.
2225:.
2215:.
2207:.
2203:.
2172:^
2142:.
2134:.
2122:.
2080:.
2070:.
2062:.
2050:25
2048:.
2044:.
2015:.
1992:.
1984:.
1976:.
1966:84
1964:.
1943:.
1918:.
1881:.
1871:.
1863:.
1849:.
1845:.
1827:^
1795:^
1754:.
1743:^
1724:22
1722:.
1718:.
1695:.
1685:19
1683:.
1679:.
1653:.
1643:.
1635:.
1625:10
1623:.
1619:.
1603:^
1573:^
1559:.
1551:.
1539:.
1535:.
1519:^
1491:.
1481:59
1479:.
1475:.
1452:.
1444:.
1432:.
1428:.
1405:.
1393:.
1389:.
1377:^
1368:.
1360:.
1352:.
1344:.
1334:58
1332:.
1328:.
1305:.
1297:.
1289:.
1277:.
1251:^
1229:.
1207:.
1196:.
1173:.
1165:.
1155:55
1153:.
1133:^
988:.
925:.
783:,
738::
693:.
539:,
419:,
395:,
295:.
251:,
159:,
144:.
104:,
92:,
88::
84:;
75:,
63:,
59::
40:,
36:,
5455:"
5451:"
5392:"
5388:"
5385:"
5381:"
5378:"
5374:"
5371:"
5367:"
5364:"
5360:"
5264:)
5260:(
4679:/
4570:e
4563:t
4556:v
4383:)
4379:(
4021:
4015:
3403:e
3396:t
3389:v
3199:e
3192:t
3185:v
3119::
3053:)
3007:.
2978:.
2972::
2945:.
2941::
2913:.
2901::
2878:.
2858::
2833:.
2813::
2785:.
2760:.
2724::
2698:.
2678:.
2656::
2648::
2579:.
2550:.
2522:.
2502::
2494::
2471:.
2438:.
2417:.
2392:.
2372::
2366:2
2307:.
2262:.
2233:.
2211::
2150:.
2130::
2124:3
2088:.
2056::
2029:.
2000:.
1972::
1949:.
1928:.
1889:.
1857::
1821:.
1789:.
1764:.
1737:.
1703:.
1691::
1661:.
1631::
1597:.
1567:.
1555::
1547::
1541:8
1513:.
1487::
1460:.
1448::
1440::
1434:5
1413:.
1401::
1395:8
1348::
1340::
1313:.
1293::
1285::
1245:.
1181:.
1161::
1095:"
1089:"
486:.
240:.
55:(
48:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
