36:
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and guns. Both their allusions to the supernatural and their physical presentations were used to instill fear and respect among the common people, including any opposition actors. Their title of Tonton
Macoute was embedded in Haitian lore of a bogeyman who took children away in his sack, or Makoute.
510:
from locals for sale for his profit. Cambronne did this through his company "Hemocaribian"; he shipped five tons of plasma per month to US Labs. He also sold cadavers to medical schools after buying them from
Haitian hospitals for $ 3 per corpse. When the Hospital could not supply bodies, he used
487:
could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly taken as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even
476:
stoned and burned people alive. Many times they put the corpses of their victims on display, often hung in trees for everyone to see and take as warnings against opposition. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared. Anyone who challenged the VSN risked
417:, he purged the army and law enforcement agencies in Haiti and executed numerous officers perceived to be a threat to his regime. To counteract such activity, he created a military force that bore several names. In 1959, his paramilitary force was called the
396:
1218:(Uncle Knapsack). Staffed by informers, spies, bullies, neighbourhood bosses and extortionists, the Makout freely used extreme violence, terror, and intimidation to cow the population out of all illusions of destabilising the regime.
937:
Season 5 Episode 01, "A Murder of Crows", Raylan, the protagonist, mentions the Tonton
Macoute while questioning a Haitian suspect. He says that the man's appearance and attitude suggests he had been a member of the
618:
In 1985, the United States began to shut down funds to
Haitian aid, cutting nearly a million dollars from it within a year. Nonetheless, the Baby Doc regime pushed forward and even had a national party for the
688:
in its denial to submit to the will of a single authority and its cooperation with regular military forces. FRAPH extended its reach far outside that of the
Haitian state and had offices present in
574:
a kind of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public. From their methods to their choice of clothes, Vodou always played an important role in the paramilitary's actions. The
912:, features the character Aristide Sumatra, a voodoo priest and former member of the Tonton Macoute. He uses that background to train three shrunken heads to fight criminals.
2418:
2413:
670:
906:", she refers to the practice of the Tonton Macoute targeting those people who attempted to bury their loved ones who had been murdered and displayed by the paramilitary.
669:. Massacres led by paramilitary groups spawned from the r-Macoutes continued during the following decade. The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the
1061:
After François
Duvalier was elected president with popular support in 1957, he created his own security force because he did not trust the army. (Its popular name,
2108:
1717:
1130:
2423:
631:
day was 29 July 1985 and amongst festivities, the group was bestowed new uniforms and was honored by all of Baby Doc's cabinet. In the exuberance, the
947:, Season 3 Episode 17: "The Unfortunate Little Schnauzer", Archie Baldwin makes a reference to Tonton Macoute in his UN jingle for orphaned children.
884:, the character Malcolm Tucker jokes in response to why he enters a room without knocking that it is due to his "time with the Haitian death squads".
2428:
2438:
1758:
650:. It sometimes took nearly 80 percent of international aid to Haiti, but paid only 45 percent of the country's debts. This continued until the
603:
2408:
2251:
2066:
1742:
1428:
1375:
1312:
1251:
1179:
595:
2161:"Revolutionary Front for Haitian Advancement and Progress (FRAPH) Front RĂ©volutionnaire pour L'Avancement et le Progress Haitien (FRAPH)"
1785:
903:
2015:
1977:
1918:
1821:
1685:
1651:
1617:
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786:
777:
119:
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throughout the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. His cruelty earned him the nickname "Vampire of the
Caribbean". He extorted
1082:"Children and the Politics of Violence in Haitian Context: Statist violence, scarcity and street child agency in Port-au-Prince"
891:, the character Nasalis states that in 1974 he felt sympathetic towards the Haitian national football team, not being aware of
133:
53:
877:, the New Bordeaux Haitian Mob is composed mainly of refugees who fled Haiti to escape from persecution by the Tonton Macoute.
666:
410:
100:
57:
72:
2380:
1077:
289:
679:
journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton
Macoutes, and not the legitimate political party it claimed to be.
79:
820:
2082:
1709:
1530:
46:
725:
2056:
1732:
86:
1081:
467:
1494:
310:
481:
was accompanied by corruption, extortion, and personal aggrandizement among the leadership. The victims of
68:
2433:
1096:
848:
2189:
932:
909:
710:
463:
809:
602:, electing him to another term. They appeared in force again at the polls in 1964, when Duvalier held
1211:
892:
519:
450:
414:
363:) before carrying them off to be consumed for breakfast. The Macoute were known for their brutality,
333:
2109:"DUVALIER FLEES HAITI TO END FAMILY'S 28 YEARS IN POWER: GENERAL LEADS NEW REGIME; 20 REPORTED DEAD"
1796:
1101:
895:
at the time. The character Erik replied that the Tonton
Macoute was already keeping an eye on him.
466:
abuses to suppress political opposition. They were responsible for unknown numbers of murders and
1122:
1052:
943:
825:
607:
470:. Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight.
2160:
1544:
1417:"1. A History of Political Violence against the Poor § The Blood-Soaked Record of the Duvaliers"
1243:
1236:
2323:
2305:
2265:
2257:
2247:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2062:
2029:
2021:
2011:
1983:
1973:
1962:
1932:
1924:
1914:
1906:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1738:
1681:
1647:
1613:
1579:
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1389:
1381:
1371:
1326:
1318:
1308:
1302:
1265:
1257:
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1231:
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1185:
1175:
1114:
1044:
997:
853:
816:
497:
337:
271:
266:
2295:
1416:
1363:
1163:
2237:
2001:
1298:
1164:"2. Leaving Home § 4. 'I, Too, Want to Be a Big Man': The Making of a Haitian 'Boat People'"
1106:
1036:
802:
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243:
93:
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Creole language) features characters who recall losing their parents to the Tonton
Macoute.
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2037:
1940:
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remained active even after the presidency of Baby Doc ended in 1986, at the height of the
515:
478:
364:
276:
1468:
1143:
1065:, is taken from a tale about an uncle who carries off children in a bag on his shoulder.)
829:. In the episode, an ex-Cagoulard is recognized and killed by Miami-Dade police sergeant
753:
729:
253:
1913:. Blackwell Companions to Religion. Vol. 42. John Wiley & Sons. p. 121.
1142: – the rightist, army-supported civilian death squads –
656:
was left on its own when "Baby Doc" fled the country with an estimated $ 900 million.
387:). Though formally disbanded in 1986, its members continued to terrorize the country.
2402:
2185:
1643:
The Prophet and Power: Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the International Community, and Haiti
1214:
government was invested in a non-salaried paramilitary civilian militia known as the
1126:
1002:
977:
923:
army called the Tonton Macoutes as the main villain’s army. The story takes place in
899:
790:
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368:
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1970:: The Weaving of Female Selfhood within Feminine Communities in Postcolonial Novels
1880:
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840:
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507:
325:
2349:
2005:
1675:
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555:, the patron of farmers. They carried and used machetes in symbolic reference to
2291:
1575:
Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers
967:
924:
865:
769:
552:
35:
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was becoming celebrated as authentic Haitian culture by intellectuals and the
453:
or were found killed for no apparent reason. This group answered to him only.
354:
2309:
1987:
1936:
1446:
1393:
1197:
1118:
1048:
2269:
2136:"The Tonton Macoutes: The Central Nervous System of Haiti's Reign of Terror"
2033:
1944:
1523:"The Tonton Macoutes: The Central Nervous System of Haiti's Reign of Terror"
1454:
1330:
1269:
1205:
873:
836:
395:
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2041:
1845:
1401:
1338:
1277:
1027:
Taylor, Patrick (1992). "Anthropology and Theology in Pursuit of Justice".
2223:
2215:
2010:(Rev. and updated ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 103.
1837:
1963:"5. Mythological and Fantastic Female Communities § Breath, Eyes, Memory"
844:
693:
580:
wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with
350:
340:
2135:
919:
series, the 4th installment (titled Midlife Ghost Hunter) uses a voodoo
2199:
1522:
1056:
972:
581:
527:
17:
1829:
405:
because he perceived the regular military to be a threat to his power.
1307:(in English and Haitian Creole). Vol. 16. New York: Soho Press.
920:
637:
went out into the streets and shot 27 people for the national party.
1040:
598:
in which the official vote count was an "outrageous" and fraudulent
594:
were a ubiquitous presence at the polls in 1961, when Duvalier held
541:, after it had been dropped for years by those with education. The
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1928:
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523:
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353:"), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a
322:
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2025:
1322:
1261:
556:
839:
mentions the Tonton Macoute while describing Haitian immigrant
1858:
1174:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 78.
29:
1368:
The Haitian Vodou Handbook: Protocols for Riding with the Lwa
1242:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p.
1814:
Haitian Vodou Handbook: Protocols for Riding with the Lwa.
1808:
1806:
805:
that features the Tonton Macoute as important in the plot.
1907:"5. Anthropological Reflections on Religion and Violence"
1812:
Filan, Kenaz (2007). "1.2. The Roots of Haitian Vodou".
1759:"Duvalier, 64, Dies in Haiti; Son, 19, Is New President"
833:, who was formerly stationed in Haiti as an Army Ranger.
568:
were Vodou leaders. This religious affiliation gave the
547:
were strongly influenced by Vodou tradition and adopted
718:
about the struggle of a former hotel owner against the
1146:
completed what would turn out to be the bloodiest coup
860:
The track "Tonton Macoutes" appears on the 1987 album
1674:
Constant, Isabelle; Mabana, Kahiudi C., eds. (2013).
646:
was a result of those funds being intercepted by the
1881:"Ogou- Vodou, Voodoo Spirit, Lwa of the Nago Nation"
1421:
Paramilitarism and the Assault on Democracy in Haiti
157:
1646:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 35.
1138:Assisted by contemporary factions of the notorious
295:
285:
259:
249:
239:
225:
210:
185:
170:
165:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1885:Haitian Vodou, Voodoo, Las 21 Divisiones and Sanse
1235:
682:Led by Emmanual Constant, FRAPH differed from the
1370:. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books. p. 21.
1238:Political Economy in Haiti: The Drama of Survival
522:ordered Cambronne into exile. Cambronne moved to
27:Haitian paramilitary force under Duvalier dynasty
1956:
1954:
1911:The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence
700:until its disarmament and disbandment in 1994.
671:Front for the Advancement and Progress of HaĂŻti
1680:(in French). Cambridge Scholars. p. 114.
1609:Social Resilience and State Fragility in Haiti
1423:. New York: Monthly Review Press. p. 33.
533:When François Duvalier came to power in 1957,
530:, US, where he lived until his death in 2006.
462:to commit systematic violence, terrorism, and
2350:"Muslimgauze.org - Discography - Coup D'Etat"
793:and political repression under the Duvaliers.
494:murdered between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians.
232:Several semi-legal paramilitary organizations
8:
1357:
1355:
719:
683:
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651:
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1816:Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books. p. 21.
562:Some of the most important members of the
551:uniforms resembling clothing like that of
2419:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Haiti
2414:Paramilitary organizations based in Haiti
1784:Charles, Jacqueline (26 September 2006).
1567:
1565:
1100:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1677:Antillanité, créolité, littérature-monde
815:The Tonton Macoute is also mentioned in
514:In 1971, after Duvalier died, his widow
2304:. Vol. 6, no. 1. p. 54.
1612:. World Bank Publications. p. 68.
1517:
1515:
1019:
443:, or VSN). They began to be called the
371:. In 1970, the militia was renamed the
1136:from the original on 3 December 2013.
812:sang in a band called Ton Ton Macoute.
559:, a great general in Vodou tradition.
336:. Haitians named this force after the
140:
2007:Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy
1961:Kellough, Gretchen Elizabeth (2008).
423:("Hooded Men"). They were renamed to
226:Superseding paramilitary organization
7:
2391:Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale
2194:(book). New York: The Viking Press.
1495:"Military regimes and the Duvaliers"
953:short story "A Cool, Dry Place" (in
436:Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale
375:Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale
260:Paramilitary organization executives
144:Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2383:from the original on 20 April 2015.
2367:De la Cova, Antonio Rafael (2011).
441:Volunteers of the National Security
2055:Abbott, Elizabeth (21 July 2011).
1731:Abbott, Elizabeth (21 July 2011).
1720:from the original on 15 July 2015.
781:(1988), a horror film directed by
477:assassination. Their unrestrained
332:force created in 1959 by dictator
166:Paramilitary organization overview
25:
2424:Military wings of fascist parties
2246:(1st ed.). New York: Knopf.
1533:from the original on 26 May 2015.
1364:"1.2. The Roots of Haitian Vodou"
1150:d'etat in recent Haitian history.
1859:"Get to know a Lwa: Kouzen Zaka"
773:, references the Tonton Macoute.
399:"Papa Doc" Duvalier created the
286:Parent paramilitary organization
34:
2083:"Haiti: a long descent to hell"
1972:(PhD). Ann Arbor. p. 202.
1710:"Haiti: a long descent to hell"
1708:Henley, Jon (14 January 2010).
843:'s brutal interrogation by the
640:The lack of funds going to the
520:Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier
134:Tonton Macoute (disambiguation)
45:needs additional citations for
2429:Government paramilitary forces
1909:. In Murphy, Andrew R. (ed.).
1527:Council on Hemispheric Affairs
667:Anti-Duvalier protest movement
411:July 1958 Haitian coup attempt
1:
2439:Haitian intelligence agencies
1786:"Obituary: Luckner Cambronne"
704:Representation in other media
2409:1959 establishments in Haiti
1905:Schmidt, Bettina E. (2011).
385:National Security Volunteers
334:François "Papa Doc" Duvalier
2324:"Muslimgauze - Coup D'Etat"
1606:Verner, Dorte, ed. (2007).
1162:Fouron, Georges E. (2009).
778:The Serpent and the Rainbow
604:a constitutional referendum
451:people started to disappear
2455:
1578:. McFarland. p. 100.
1572:Galván, Javier A. (2012).
1111:10.1177/0308275X9901900202
808:Prior to her solo career,
131:
2058:Haiti: A Shattered Nation
1734:Haiti: A Shattered Nation
927:, also a center of Vodou.
880:In the television series
823:of the television series
787:the book of the same name
720:
684:
661:
652:
642:
633:
627:
621:
596:a presidential referendum
590:
576:
570:
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543:
502:
490:
488:President Duvalier). The
483:
472:
458:
445:
435:
425:
419:
401:
384:
345:
200:
193:
152:
150:
143:
2389:26th Anniversary of the
1545:"Government and society"
1172:The New African Diaspora
1170:; Nzegwu, Nkiru (eds.).
1089:Critique of Anthropology
456:Duvalier authorized the
1549:Encyclopedia Britannica
1499:Encyclopedia Britannica
1473:Encyclopedia Britannica
1230:Fass, Simon M. (1988).
871:In the 2016 video game
2377:Latin American Studies
2165:www.globalsecurity.org
2134:COHA (11 March 2010).
1078:Bernat, J. Christopher
851:" from the 1998 album
724:. It was adapted as a
511:local funeral homes.
406:
374:
359:
314:
158:
1415:Sprague, Jeb (2012).
1362:Filan, Kenaz (2007).
910:Shrunken Heads (film)
801:(2004) is a novel by
714:(1966) is a novel by
398:
1640:Dupuy, Alex (2006).
1304:Breath, Eyes, Memory
893:Jean-Claude Duvalier
338:Haitian mythological
132:For other uses, see
54:improve this article
2061:. Harry N. Abrams.
1737:. Harry N. Abrams.
1469:"François Duvalier"
915:In Shannon Mayer’s
849:Morning 98 (Blinky)
785:, loosely based on
433:) and, after 1962,
147:
2113:The New York Times
1763:The New York Times
944:Two and a Half Men
752:, a 1970 album by
608:president for life
606:that declared him
413:against President
407:
186:Preceding agencies
2330:. 3 December 1987
2253:978-1-4000-4114-5
2238:Danticat, Edwidge
2115:. 8 February 1986
2089:. 14 January 2010
2068:978-1-59020-141-1
2002:Abbott, Elizabeth
1744:978-1-59020-141-1
1529:. 11 March 2010.
1430:978-1-58367-303-4
1377:978-1-59477-995-4
1314:978-1-56947-142-5
1299:Danticat, Edwidge
1253:978-0-88738-158-4
1181:978-0-253-35337-5
998:Political uniform
941:In the TV series
930:In the TV series
854:Nu Blaxploitation
498:Luckner Cambronne
415:François Duvalier
303:
302:
272:Luckner Cambronne
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
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2393:
2384:
2373:Militia: Photos"
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2353:
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2099:
2098:
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2079:
2073:
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2052:
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2045:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1958:
1949:
1948:
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1799:on 11 July 2009.
1795:. Archived from
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1210:The strength of
1168:Okpewho, Isidore
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1135:
1104:
1086:
1074:
1068:
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1024:
904:The Habit of Art
803:Edwidge Danticat
749:Ton-Ton Macoute!
734:Elizabeth Taylor
723:
687:
664:
655:
648:Duvalier dynasty
645:
636:
630:
624:
601:
593:
579:
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546:
505:
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491:Tontons Macoutes
486:
484:Tontons Macoutes
475:
473:Tontons Macoutes
461:
459:Tontons Macoutes
448:
438:
431:Civilian Militia
428:
422:
404:
402:Tontons Macoutes
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69:"Tonton Macoute"
62:
38:
30:
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2243:The Dew Breaker
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1765:. 23 April 1971
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993:Political color
964:
882:The Thick of It
810:Sinéad O'Connor
798:The Dew Breaker
706:
673:(FRAPH), which
622:Tontons Macoute
616:
599:
591:Tontons Macoute
577:Tonton Macoutes
571:Tontons Macoute
565:Tontons Macoute
503:Tontons Macoute
479:state terrorism
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365:state terrorism
351:Uncle Gunnysack
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2361:External links
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2294:(April 1990).
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643:Tonton Macoute
634:Tonton Macoute
628:Tonton Macoute
615:
612:
600:1,320,748 to 0
544:Tonton Macoute
468:rapes in Haiti
446:Tonton Macoute
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369:assassinations
346:Tonton Macoute
311:Haitian Creole
307:Tonton Macoute
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767:on his album
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65:Find sources:
59:
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49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
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2376:
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2344:
2334:22 September
2332:. Retrieved
2327:
2318:
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2292:McNeil, Legs
2286:
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2190:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
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2117:. Retrieved
2112:
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2091:. Retrieved
2087:the Guardian
2086:
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2006:
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1966:
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1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1853:
1813:
1797:the original
1793:Miami Herald
1792:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1762:
1753:
1733:
1726:
1714:The Guardian
1713:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1676:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1642:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1608:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1574:
1552:. Retrieved
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1539:
1526:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
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1410:
1367:
1344:22 September
1342:. Retrieved
1303:
1293:
1283:22 September
1281:. Retrieved
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1008:Shower Posse
988:Police state
983:Paramilitary
954:
951:Roxane Gay's
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881:
872:
861:
852:
841:Abner Louima
831:James Doakes
824:
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765:Robert Plant
761:Heaven Knows
747:
726:feature film
709:
681:
676:Toronto Star
674:
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508:blood plasma
496:
464:human rights
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326:paramilitary
318:
317:) or simply
306:
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250:Headquarters
240:Jurisdiction
138:
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107:
97:
90:
83:
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64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2170:25 November
2145:25 November
2093:25 November
1890:25 November
1865:25 November
1232:"Schooling"
968:Blackshirts
925:New Orleans
917:Forty-Proof
902:'s essay, "
866:Muslimgauze
862:Coup d'État
770:Now and Zen
553:Azaka Medeh
383:, English:
319:the Macoute
2403:Categories
2395:on YouTube
2262:2003060788
2200:B0078EPH2C
1968:Tisseroman
1929:2011002516
1830:2006-28676
1716:. London.
1439:2012015221
1386:2006028676
1190:2009005961
1014:References
845:NYC Police
783:Wes Craven
420:Cagoulards
409:After the
355:gunny sack
194:Cagoulards
80:newspapers
2379:. Haiti.
2310:0886-3032
2119:5 October
2004:(1991) .
1988:466441492
1945:16190447W
1937:899182009
1838:748396065
1769:5 October
1455:16618213W
1447:828494729
1394:748396065
1206:23165011M
1198:503473672
1127:145185450
1119:0308-275X
1097:CiteSeerX
1049:0161-2492
933:Justified
874:Mafia III
837:Don Byron
821:episode 9
728:starring
296:Agency ID
211:Dissolved
2381:Archived
2296:"Sinead"
2278:1806976W
2270:52838918
2240:(2004).
2208:66012636
2188:(1966).
2042:1680900W
2034:22767635
2026:90024770
1846:8992653W
1718:Archived
1531:Archived
1402:8992653W
1339:1806978W
1331:29254512
1323:94-38568
1301:(1994).
1278:4977156W
1270:16804468
1262:87-25532
1131:Archived
1080:(1999).
1029:Callaloo
962:See also
817:season 1
694:Montreal
582:machetes
518:and son
500:led the
341:bogeyman
321:, was a
2328:Discogs
2224:106070W
1693:9 April
1659:9 April
1625:9 April
1591:9 April
1554:22 June
1504:22 June
1479:22 June
1057:2932023
973:Militia
528:Florida
391:History
360:macoute
323:Haitian
216: (
176: (
94:scholar
18:Macoute
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826:Dexter
614:Legacy
539:griots
516:Simone
367:, and
171:Formed
96:
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1789:(PDF)
1166:. In
1134:(PDF)
1123:S2CID
1085:(PDF)
1053:JSTOR
955:ayiti
698:Miami
549:denim
535:Vodou
524:Miami
449:when
244:Haiti
101:JSTOR
87:books
2336:2016
2306:ISSN
2301:Spin
2266:OCLC
2258:LCCN
2248:ISBN
2212:OCLC
2204:LCCN
2196:ASIN
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2147:2022
2140:COHA
2121:2021
2095:2022
2063:ISBN
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2022:LCCN
2012:ISBN
1984:OCLC
1974:ISBN
1933:OCLC
1925:LCCN
1915:ISBN
1892:2022
1867:2022
1834:OCLC
1826:LCCN
1818:ISBN
1771:2021
1739:ISBN
1695:2017
1682:ISBN
1661:2017
1648:ISBN
1627:2017
1614:ISBN
1593:2017
1580:ISBN
1556:2023
1506:2023
1481:2023
1443:OCLC
1435:LCCN
1425:ISBN
1390:OCLC
1382:LCCN
1372:ISBN
1346:2015
1327:OCLC
1319:LCCN
1309:ISBN
1285:2015
1266:OCLC
1258:LCCN
1248:ISBN
1194:OCLC
1186:LCCN
1176:ISBN
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1045:ISSN
740:and
696:and
659:The
588:The
557:Ogun
328:and
305:The
218:1986
214:1986
178:1959
174:1959
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