561:. (Earlier, Symbolics had killed its own project to build a Lisp compiler for standard computers to avoid competing with Lisp machine sales. This was a controversial move that, by some accounts, was undertaken without approval of senior management. Symbolics also declined to cooperate with Sun to make Lisp available on Sun workstations for the same reason.) Gold Hill Lisp was too unstable, and its weak architecture made it impossible for Gold Hill to eliminate the bugs. This was a crucial failure for Macsyma. It meant that Macsyma could not respond on PCs when Mathematica appeared on Apple computers in mid-1988. Macsyma appeared on
422:, written by Fateman's group. MIT reluctantly licensed versions of VAX Macsyma from Berkeley to about 50 universities, starting with Caltech, under condition that the licenses would be revoked when negotiations for a proper license were complete. Indeed, this happened when the negotiation with Symbolics (see below) was complete. Symbolics was reluctant to license the VAX product, since VAX constituted competitive hardware to their own Lisp Machines and therefore suppressed the VAX software for five years. UC Berkeley also brought up copies of Macsyma on
468:, an MIT staff member and proponent of applying Macsyma to engineering and science, attempted to form a company to commercialize Macsyma. Pavelle had written many scientific papers using Macsyma. With the papers in hand, Pavelle and Moses approached several venture capital firms that showed interest in funding a Macsyma startup. With potential deals close to finalization, MIT suddenly decided that MIT personnel should not profit directly from MIT developments. In early 1982, Macsyma was licensed by MIT to
599:) and Richard Petti (president, who had turned around Macsyma for a time at Symbolics) by raising funds and purchasing the rights to Macsyma from the ailing Symbolics. Although the market was growing fast, Macsyma sales in 1991 and early 1992 were still falling rapidly. Macsyma's market share in symbolic math software had fallen from 70% in 1987 to 1% in 1992. By 1993, market growth had slowed and the market had standardized on
1656:
1319:
350:
1331:
1423:
517:) basis algorithm implemented in the 1970s at MIT was not installed in a shipping Macsyma until 1987.) In 1987, Macsyma annual revenues roughly doubled. MACSYMA became more user friendly: documentation and on-line help were reorganized and expanded; some command names were changed to be more mnemonic. The system was ported to Common Lisp (by
481:. The business arrangement between Symbolics and Arthur D. Little required a royalty payment to ADL of 15% of Macsyma gross sales. This royalty led to speculation on the desire of MIT and ADL to see MACSYMA prosper. The development of Macsyma continued at Symbolics despite the fact that it was seen as a diversion from the sales of
525:' that should be funded based on its performance and potential, not based on the prospects of the main workstation business. However, Symbolics cut the Macsyma headcount after this period of sharp growth; Symbolics tried to use Macsyma as a tiny cash cow to fund the losses of the workstation business that was 30 times its size.
573:
By 1989, it was clear to Petti that
Symbolics would implode due to poor product strategy, and that it would take Macsyma with it. (Some product issues: (1) Symbolics' software was designed for MIT-class software developers without enough concessions to others. (2) Symbolics' world-class software was
686:
are available. Maxima does not include many of the numerous features added during the period of commercial development between 1982–1999, but is a current, free, open codebase that includes numerous additional features, several alternative front ends, and works with a number of Common Lisp engines.
606:
In early 1995 the company shipped
Macsyma 2.0.5, with many improvements: On Wester's large test of symbolic math, Macsyma 2.0.5 scored 10% better than Maple and 15% better than Mathematica. Although Macsyma 2.0.5 was still very slow at numerics, it had a greatly strengthened portfolio of numerical
582:
to a 40-bit, without justification from the market for the enormous development cost of this change.) Macsyma could not assemble a buy-out team due to lack of cooperation from MIT. After keeping reasonably quiet since 1986 about the product issues, Petti tried in late 1988 to persuade
Symbolics to
625:
The company could not continue indefinitely to outperform staffs 4-8 times as large and reverse the market momentum. Market share did not increase above 2%, because the competitors were entrenched in all key accounts, converting to a new product is very costly in learning time, and market growth
441:(NESC) library in 1982, while allowing MIT to assert restrictions in terms of high price and no redistribution. This was intended to protect the technology transfer to Symbolics. (Such restrictions have been since lifted, 2002 or so.) This so-called DOE Macsyma had been rewritten at MIT in a pre-
476:
in late 1982. Moses was forced out of the picture by ADL and
Pavelle became the head of the Macsyma division at Symbolics. It was evident that Symbolics was not so much interested in the code as in keeping Macsyma out of the software catalog of its competitor in the Lisp Machine business,
512:
became the manager of the
Macsyma business to reduce the sales and avoid conflict with employees in Symbolics. Macsyma cut headcount but expanded its sales force and marketing, and focused its developers more on features that customers asked for. (For example, the Spear-Zacharias
528:
The greatest product weakness of
Macsyma was its numerical analysis. Mastering symbolic math was a herculean task; but numerical capabilities were critical to get a piece of the much larger engineering and lower-end scientific markets. At MIT Macsyma had a link to the
485:, which Symbolics considered to be their main business despite the fact that Macsyma sales and the leveraged sales of Lisp Machines reached 10% of overall sales at Symbolics within two years. Despite resistance from many in Symbolics, Macsyma was released for
537:) numerical libraries, but this link was severed when Macsyma moved to Symbolics. Lisp developers at Symbolics generally believed that numerical analysis was an old technology that was not important for Lisp applications, so they declined to invest in it.
496:
However, problems at
Symbolics over the sales of Macsyma on computers other than Symbolics' eventually led to the decline of Macsyma sales. In the first half of 1986, Macsyma revenues were lower than in the first half of 1985, in a growing industry.
545:
version) was about six times slower than
Fortran. Also Macsyma's matrices were implemented as lists of lists, which cost another factor of perhaps 5–10 in speed for key algorithms. Macsyma did not have many of the basic algorithms of
630:
engaged in a strategy of spending $ 10 million on direct mail at very low prices, which won much of the remaining growth in the symbolic math market, just when
Macsyma Inc. was struggling to rebuild its world-class product.
565:
PCs in August 1989 using the CLOE Lisp from
Symbolics. However, the Macsyma staff was too small and lacked the mix of skills needed to add the kind of graphics, notebook interface and better numerics that
687:
While this has resulted in some incompatibilities between Macsyma and Maxima, programs written in the Macsyma algebraic language can often be run, with only minor changes, in either system.
618:(user interface, optimization), and several consultants. Bill Dubuque worked on integration, equation solving, database, and optimization. Christopher Stacy and David H. Wood added
638:, a holding company that previously had purchased Symbolics. The holding company has not re-released or resold Macsyma, but Macsyma continues to be distributed by Symbolics for
1678:
1683:
83:
and became a commercial product. In 1992, Symbolics Macsyma was spun off to Macsyma, Inc., which continued to develop Macsyma until 1999. That version is still available for
1075:
430:
workstations. Symbolics suppressed those as well. At the same time Fateman worked to change the (now revoked) temporary license for Macsyma into something more permanent.
583:
adopt a software-only or board-level strategy; but the fourth president in four years would hear nothing of it. In 1990 Petti left Symbolics for a start-up.
134:: heuristic/Risch). Martin was in charge of the project until 1971, and Moses ran it for the next decade. Engelman and his staff left in 1969 to return to
138:. Some code came from earlier work, notably Knut Korsvold's simplifier. Later major contributors to the core mathematics engine were: Yannis Avgoustis (
1596:
1068:
538:
1467:
1392:
829:
1611:
1042:
1125:
1036:
434:
411:
1688:
1369:
1323:
1061:
990:
871:
397:
622:'s language and matrix functionality. Other developers made major contributions in numerical analysis, graphics, and help systems.
1335:
1274:
1160:
1115:
614:
The development team, at this time, included Jeff Golden (language, compiler, etc.), Bill Gosper (special functions, summation),
1213:
1100:
947:
Zacharias, Gail (June 1978). "Generalized Gröbner bases in commutative polynomial rings." B.Sc. thesis, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA".
920:
1693:
1642:
603:
and Maple. The competitors had development staffs that were 4-8 times as large as that of Macsyma Inc. throughout the 1990s.
454:
375:
223:
94:
The 1982 version of MIT Macsyma remained available to academics and US government agencies, and it is distributed by the US
1573:
1482:
1130:
486:
243:
980:
753:
1253:
318:
438:
360:
1105:
655:
615:
379:
364:
1698:
1601:
1553:
183:
321:
in the areas of numerical computing, efficient compilation and language design. Maclisp itself ran primarily on
1269:
683:
547:
530:
414:, MIT provided a temporary license for Macsyma code in 1979. This was almost immediately brought up on the new
371:
19:
This article is about the original software and its commercial evolution. For the derived free software, see
1084:
522:
287:
267:
65:
1442:
763:. American Journal of Computational Linguistics, Volume 9, Numbers 3-4, July–December 1983. Archived from
505:
were growing at this time, although MACSYMA was easily superior to these other packages in symbolic math.
131:
918:; Trager, Barry; Zacharias, Gail (1988). "Gröbner bases and primary decomposition of polynomial ideals".
863:
Chapter 26, Spear, in: Solving Polynomial Equation Systems II: Macaulay's Paradigm and Gröbner Technology
1362:
1497:
1195:
1092:
662:, based on the 1982 version of the DOE Macsyma, subsequently adapted for Common Lisp and enhanced by
465:
143:
558:
1537:
1228:
1170:
509:
151:
1203:
635:
239:
187:
1517:
1472:
1145:
986:
952:
867:
861:
825:
675:
659:
639:
562:
542:
534:
458:
336:
architectures. Macsyma was one of the largest, if not the largest, Lisp programs of the time.
275:
227:
199:
175:
159:
147:
139:
123:
103:
20:
819:
1659:
1512:
1487:
1452:
1402:
1355:
1218:
929:
894:
802:
785:
736:
663:
592:
551:
514:
502:
469:
427:
329:
291:
255:
247:
179:
167:
163:
32:
508:
Pavelle ran the Macsyma division at Symbolics until early 1986. In the second half of 1986
1477:
1248:
1208:
965:
915:
574:
losing share in the market due to dependence on very high-cost hardware. (3) In moving to
498:
235:
207:
171:
1502:
1462:
1447:
1437:
692:
518:
423:
271:
231:
219:
933:
1672:
1568:
1532:
1522:
1507:
717:
478:
307:
303:
299:
263:
251:
203:
155:
119:
99:
1527:
1243:
482:
333:
295:
259:
1006:
690:
ITS Macsyma from around 1982 is available, with most files in a directory called
1637:
1621:
1492:
1457:
1412:
667:
600:
567:
442:
349:
191:
73:
472:, Inc. (ADL), which became the broker for Macsyma and soon licensed Macsyma to
1294:
780:
Richard J. Fateman, "MACSYMA's General Simplifier: Philosophy and Operation",
764:
740:
643:
490:
419:
415:
190:(comparison, knowledge database), Jeff Golden (simplifier, language, system),
127:
88:
1048:
1021:
799:
Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Symbolic and algebraic manipulation
64:; "Project MAC's SYmbolic MAnipulator") is one of the oldest general-purpose
1591:
1407:
1397:
1140:
888:
846:
596:
579:
473:
195:
84:
80:
1053:
1422:
806:
797:
Knut Korsvold, "An on line program for non-numerical algebra", SYMSAC '66
1284:
1165:
1150:
679:
627:
446:
898:
457:
was common. DOE Macsyma formed the basis for the much-later open source
317:, and was, in some cases, a key motivator for improving that dialect of
1606:
1558:
1378:
1223:
1155:
890:
Integration of algebraic functions. Ph.D. thesis, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA
611:
which greatly increased the speed of most numerical linear algebra.) .
450:
326:
314:
279:
211:
1616:
1304:
1299:
1279:
1237:
1120:
619:
608:
322:
666:. It is under active development, and can be compiled under several
68:
still in wide use. It was originally developed from 1968 to 1982 at
410:
In response to a request from Richard Fateman, then a professor at
1233:
1185:
1175:
1135:
1110:
671:
283:
215:
135:
95:
437:
imposed on MIT the requirement that they release a copy into the
1180:
982:
Mathematical SETI: Statistics, Signal Processing, Space Missions
821:
Mathematical SETI: Statistics, Signal Processing, Space Missions
575:
1351:
1057:
557:
In 1987-88, the Macsyma group tried to build a PC Macsyma with
343:
107:
69:
607:
analysis and linear algebra routines. (In 1996 Macsyma added
1037:
Richard Petti's summary of the history of commercial Macsyma
521:). Petti argued to Symbolics management that Macsyma was a '
578:
hardware in the mid-1980s, Symbolics converted from 36-bit
126:(front end, expression display, polynomial arithmetic) and
56:
1347:
50:
41:
1007:"A Critique of the Mathematical Abilities of CA Systems"
222:), Charles Karney (plotting), John Kulp, Ed Lafferty (
47:
44:
849:. Proceedings of the 1977 MACSYMA Users' Conference.
847:"A constructive approach to commutative ring theory"
489:
VAX computers and Sun workstations using Berkeley's
98:(DOE). That version, DOE Macsyma, was maintained by
1630:
1582:
1546:
1430:
1385:
1262:
1194:
1091:
53:
38:
35:
727:Joel Moses (2012), "Macsyma: A personal history",
893:(Thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
110:in 1999, and remains under active maintenance.
286:code generation), David Y. Y. Yun (polynomial
1363:
1069:
206:), Carl Hoffman (general simplifier, macros,
8:
1679:Common Lisp (programming language) software
378:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
118:The project was initiated in July, 1968 by
1684:Computer algebra system software for Linux
1370:
1356:
1348:
1330:
1076:
1062:
1054:
1022:http://www.symbolics-dks.com/Macsyma-1.htm
626:declined. Also, starting in 1992 or 1993,
985:. Springer Science & Business Media.
453:, an unpopular system in academia, where
398:Learn how and when to remove this message
250:), Barry Trager (algebraic integration,
711:
709:
705:
1597:General Comprehensive Operating System
961:
950:
670:systems. Downloadable executables for
591:Macsyma, Inc., was founded in 1992 by
234:, compiler, system), Richard Pavelle (
910:
908:
418:computer using a dialect of Maclisp,
7:
1612:Multiple Console Time Sharing System
1011:Wester's 1995 review and 1999 review
376:adding citations to reliable sources
142:), David Barton (solving algebraic
634:In 1999, Macsyma were acquired by
435:United States Department of Energy
184:arbitrary precision floating-point
14:
723:. Milestones in Computer Algebra.
79:In 1982, Macsyma was licensed to
1655:
1654:
1421:
1329:
1318:
1317:
348:
31:
979:Maccone, Claudio (2012-08-30).
921:Journal of Symbolic Computation
729:Journal of Symbolic Computation
439:National Energy Software Center
1643:Compatible Time-Sharing System
1045:Richard Petti, 2 November 2003
595:(chairman, who had co-founded
449:, incompletely implemented on
244:partial differential equations
1:
1574:Multics Relational Data Store
934:10.1016/S0747-7171(88)80040-3
754:"Carl Engelman Memorial Fund"
718:"Macsyma: A Personal History"
682:and other systems, including
426:-based systems, most notably
761:The FINITE STRING Newsletter
541:arithmetic in Macsyma (on a
106:, it was released under the
1254:Engineering Equation Solver
325:computers, but also on the
1715:
845:Spear, David (July 1977).
658:-licensed version, called
18:
1652:
1419:
1313:
782:Macsyma Users' Conference
741:10.1016/j.jsc.2010.08.018
684:graphical user interfaces
493:in the early to mid 80s.
1689:Computer algebra systems
1085:Computer algebra systems
824:. Springer. p. 75.
818:Maccone, Claude (2012).
716:Moses, Joel (May 2008).
548:numerical linear algebra
236:indicial tensor calculus
162:, functional equations,
154:, limits, power series,
66:computer algebra systems
523:strategic business unit
313:Macsyma was written in
16:Computer algebra system
1240:symbolic math toolbox)
887:Trager, Barry (1984).
242:package, ordinary and
152:indefinite integration
132:indefinite integration
1694:Discontinued software
807:10.1145/800005.807963
230:), Stavros Macrakis (
210:simplifier, ports to
136:The MITRE Corporation
1498:Michael A. Padlipsky
372:improve this section
276:definite integration
232:real/imaginary parts
144:systems of equations
102:. Under the name of
96:Department of Energy
1538:Victor A. Vyssotsky
1443:Fernando J. Corbató
1020:Macsyma home page,
501:'s SMP program and
464:In 1981, Moses and
294:) and Rich Zippel (
290:), Gail Zacharias (
246:), David A. Spear (
860:Mora, Teo (2005).
650:Available versions
533:(now a product of
240:general relativity
202:, simplification,
188:Michael Genesereth
176:rational functions
146:), Richard Bogen (
91:operating system.
1666:
1665:
1518:Michael Schroeder
1473:Bernard Greenberg
1345:
1344:
1049:Symbolics Macsyma
960:Missing or empty
831:978-3-642-27436-7
676:Microsoft Windows
640:Microsoft Windows
535:Perforce Software
455:Berkeley VAX Unix
408:
407:
400:
340:Commercialization
228:special functions
218:, system, visual
200:special functions
160:special functions
150:), Bill Dubuque (
148:special functions
140:special functions
124:William A. Martin
1706:
1699:Multics software
1658:
1657:
1513:Glenda Schroeder
1488:Peter G. Neumann
1468:Robert M. Graham
1453:Peter J. Denning
1425:
1403:General Electric
1372:
1365:
1358:
1349:
1333:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1204:ClassPad Manager
1078:
1071:
1064:
1055:
1043:The Macsyma Saga
1024:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1003:
997:
996:
976:
970:
969:
963:
958:
956:
948:
944:
938:
937:
928:(2–3): 149–167.
916:Gianni, Patrizia
912:
903:
902:
884:
878:
877:
857:
851:
850:
842:
836:
835:
815:
809:
795:
789:
778:
772:
771:
769:
758:
750:
744:
743:
724:
722:
713:
695:
664:William Schelter
654:There is also a
593:Russell Noftsker
552:LU decomposition
539:Double-precision
470:Arthur D. Little
433:Ultimately, the
403:
396:
392:
389:
383:
352:
344:
323:PDP-6 and PDP-10
180:pattern matching
166:, sign queries,
164:pattern matching
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
52:
49:
46:
43:
40:
37:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1648:
1626:
1584:
1578:
1542:
1478:Douglas McIlroy
1426:
1417:
1381:
1376:
1346:
1341:
1309:
1258:
1249:TI InterActive!
1190:
1087:
1082:
1039:30 October 2003
1033:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1004:
1000:
993:
978:
977:
973:
959:
949:
946:
945:
941:
914:
913:
906:
886:
885:
881:
874:
859:
858:
854:
844:
843:
839:
832:
817:
816:
812:
796:
792:
779:
775:
767:
756:
752:
751:
747:
726:
720:
715:
714:
707:
702:
691:
652:
642:versions up to
589:
466:Richard Pavelle
445:dialect called
404:
393:
387:
384:
369:
353:
342:
272:complex numbers
220:equation editor
208:non-commutative
172:Richard Fateman
116:
34:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1503:Dennis Ritchie
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1463:Stuart Feldman
1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:Monte Davidoff
1445:
1440:
1438:David D. Clark
1434:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1327:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1032:
1031:External links
1029:
1026:
1025:
1013:
998:
991:
971:
939:
904:
879:
872:
852:
837:
830:
810:
790:
773:
770:on 2003-04-28.
745:
735:(2): 123–130,
704:
703:
701:
698:
651:
648:
588:
585:
559:Gold Hill Lisp
519:Kent M. Pitman
503:Waterloo Maple
424:Motorola 68000
406:
405:
356:
354:
347:
341:
338:
170:, TriangSys),
115:
112:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1711:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1661:
1651:
1645:(predecessor)
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:Multics Emacs
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:Tom Van Vleck
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:Richard Soley
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Jerry Saltzer
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Robert Morris
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1002:
999:
994:
992:9783642274374
988:
984:
983:
975:
972:
967:
954:
943:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:
917:
911:
909:
905:
900:
896:
892:
891:
883:
880:
875:
873:9780521811569
869:
865:
864:
856:
853:
848:
841:
838:
833:
827:
823:
822:
814:
811:
808:
804:
801:p. 1301-1314
800:
794:
791:
787:
783:
777:
774:
766:
762:
755:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
719:
712:
710:
706:
699:
697:
694:
688:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
632:
629:
623:
621:
617:
616:Howard Cannon
612:
610:
604:
602:
598:
594:
587:Macsyma, Inc.
586:
584:
581:
577:
571:
569:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
510:Richard Petti
506:
504:
500:
494:
492:
488:
484:
483:Lisp machines
480:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
402:
399:
391:
388:November 2015
381:
377:
373:
367:
366:
362:
357:This section
355:
351:
346:
345:
339:
337:
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
308:combinatorics
305:
304:number theory
301:
300:factorization
298:, polynomial
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:factorization
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:number theory
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:number theory
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:(simplifier,
129:
125:
121:
120:Carl Engelman
113:
111:
109:
105:
101:
100:Bill Schelter
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
61:
28:
22:
1583:Multics-like
1563:
1554:Space Travel
1528:Ken Thompson
1334:
1322:
1289:
1263:Discontinued
1244:SMath Studio
1016:
1001:
981:
974:
942:
925:
919:
899:1721.1/15391
889:
882:
862:
855:
840:
820:
813:
798:
793:
781:
776:
765:the original
760:
748:
732:
728:
689:
653:
633:
624:
613:
605:
590:
572:
556:
527:
507:
495:
463:
432:
409:
394:
385:
370:Please help
358:
334:Lisp Machine
312:
296:power series
262:(polynomial
260:Paul S. Wang
192:R. W. Gosper
117:
93:
78:
26:
25:
1638:Project MAC
1622:Stratus VOS
1493:Joe Ossanna
1458:Jack Dennis
1413:Groupe Bull
1229:Mathematica
1196:Proprietary
1093:Open-source
788:, section 2
725:. See also
668:Common Lisp
636:Tenedos LLC
601:Mathematica
568:Mathematica
443:Common Lisp
412:UC Berkeley
332:and on the
114:Development
74:Project MAC
1673:Categories
1295:Mathomatic
962:|url=
700:References
644:Windows XP
550:, such as
491:Franz Lisp
420:Franz Lisp
416:VAX-11/780
274:, limits,
226:solution,
194:(definite
128:Joel Moses
89:Windows XP
1592:Domain/OS
1408:Honeywell
1398:Bell Labs
1386:Developer
1181:Xcas/Giac
1141:Macaulay2
786:full text
597:Symbolics
580:word size
474:Symbolics
359:does not
252:factoring
196:summation
85:Microsoft
81:Symbolics
1660:Category
1547:Software
1324:Category
1285:LiveMath
1171:Singular
1166:SageMath
1151:Normaliz
953:cite web
680:Mac OS X
628:Mathsoft
461:system.
447:NIL lisp
1631:Related
1607:ICL VME
1585:systems
1564:Macsyma
1559:Maclisp
1379:Multics
1290:Macsyma
1224:Mathcad
1156:PARI/GP
1106:Cadabra
563:Windows
515:Gröbner
499:Wolfram
451:VAX/VMS
380:removed
365:sources
327:Multics
315:Maclisp
292:Gröbner
280:Fortran
256:Gröbner
248:Gröbner
212:Multics
168:Gröbner
27:Macsyma
1617:PRIMOS
1602:GEORGE
1431:People
1305:ALTRAN
1300:muMATH
1280:Erable
1275:Derive
1238:MATLAB
1161:Reduce
1146:Maxima
1121:FriCAS
1116:Fermat
989:
870:
828:
693:MAXSRC
660:Maxima
620:MATLAB
609:LAPACK
459:Maxima
104:Maxima
21:Maxima
1270:CAMAL
1234:muPAD
1219:Maple
1214:Magma
1186:Yacas
1176:SymPy
1136:GiNaC
1111:CoCoA
1101:Axiom
784:1979
768:(PDF)
757:(PDF)
721:(PDF)
672:Linux
570:had.
284:LaTeX
216:LispM
1336:List
1209:KANT
1126:FORM
987:ISBN
966:help
868:ISBN
826:ISBN
576:VLSI
531:IMSL
363:any
361:cite
319:Lisp
288:GCDs
282:and
266:and
214:and
1393:MIT
1131:GAP
930:doi
895:hdl
803:doi
737:doi
656:GPL
487:DEC
479:LMI
428:Sun
374:by
310:).
268:GCD
258:),
224:ODE
186:),
108:GPL
87:'s
72:'s
70:MIT
1675::
957::
955:}}
951:{{
924:.
907:^
866:.
759:.
733:47
731:,
708:^
696:.
678:,
674:,
646:.
554:.
543:PC
330:OS
306:,
302:,
278:,
270:,
254:,
238:,
198:,
182:,
178:,
158:,
122:,
76:.
1371:e
1364:t
1357:v
1236:(
1077:e
1070:t
1063:v
1009:.
995:.
968:)
964:(
936:.
932::
926:6
901:.
897::
876:.
834:.
805::
739::
513:(
401:)
395:(
390:)
386:(
382:.
368:.
174:(
60:/
57:ə
54:m
51:ɪ
48:s
45:k
42:æ
39:m
36:ˈ
33:/
29:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.