569:
for a few near the cloacal region, often with short laterally paired projections on the posterior part of the keel. Also, all trunk and caudal vertebrae have at least a parazygantral foramen, sometimes several of them, located in a more or less distinct fossa that is lateral to each zygantral facet. Additional features are the prezygapophyseal processes' absence while the paracotylar foramina are present and that the diapophyses are relatively wide, exceeding width across prezygapophyses at least in the posterior trunk vertebrae. (Scanlon 2005)
612:
137:
513:
3160:
114:
2168:
Astibia, H.; Buffetaut, E.; Buscalioni, A.D.; Cappetta, H.; Corral, C.; Estes, R.; Garcia-Garmilla, F.; Jaeger, J.J.; Jimenez-Fuentes, E.; Loeuff, J. Le; Mazin, J.M.; Orue-Extebarria, X.; Pereda-Suberbiola, J.; Powell, J.E.; Rage, J.-C.; Rodriguez-Lazaro, J.; Sanz, J.L.; Tong, H. (1991). "The fossil
568:
structures less highly adapted for swallowing large prey. There are specific anatomical features that diagnose members of this family, such as the presence of hypapophyses only in anterior trunk, that the middle and posterior trunk vertebrae possess a moderately or well-developed haemal keel, except
2043:
Wasim Abass Wazir, Ramesh Kumar Sehgal, Andrej Čerňanský, Rajeev
Patnaik, Navin Kumar, Abhishek Pratap Singh, Piyush Uniyal & Ningthoujam Premjit Singh (2022): A find from the Ladakh Himalaya reveals a survival of madtsoiid snakes (Serpentes, Madtsoiidae) in India through the late Oligocene,
2061:
Albino, A.M. 1986. Nuevos Boidae
Madtsoiinae en el Cretacico tardio de Patagonia (Formacion Los Alamitos, Rio Negro, Argentina). pp. 15–21 in J.F. Bonaparte (ed.), Simposio Evolucion de los Vertebrados Mesozoicos. Actas IV Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía,
604:, which is included here based on diagnostic vertebral characters described by Apesteguía and Zaher (2006). These authors didn't include Najash among madtsoiids because they consider that madtsoiids are a paraphyletic assemblage of basal macrostomatans related to
693:, in retaining a sacro-iliac contact and well-developed limbs, with a huge and well-defined trochanter. The sacro iliac contact is perhaps misleadingly described by Apesteguía and Zaher as unique possession of a
2215:
Gomez, R.O. and A.M. Baez. 2006. A new madtsoiid snake (Squamata, Ophidia) from the Upper
Cretaceous of Patagonia. XXII Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrados, San Juan, Argentina (2006): 21.
2190:
de Broin, F.; Buffetaut, E.; Koeniguer, J.C.; Rage, J.-C.; Taquet, P.; Vergnaud-Grazzini, C.; Wenz, S. (1974). "La faune de Vertébrés continentaux du gisement d'In
Beceten (Sénonien du Niger)".
2266:
Rage, J.-C. (1991). "Squamate reptiles from the early
Paleocene of the Tiupampa area (Santa Lucia Formation), Bolivia. pp. 503–508 in R. Suarez-Soruco (ed.), Fosiles y Facies de Bolivia".
489:. As a grouping of basal forms the composition and even the validity of Madtsoiidae is in a state of flux as new pertinent finds are described, with more recent evidence suggesting that it is
556:. Madtsoiid snakes ranged in size from less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) (estimated total length) to over 11 metres (36 ft), and are thought to have been constrictors analogous to modern
709:(i.e. the sacrum is present but has lost contact with the reduced ilia in other taxa). It would be unsurprising if other madtsoiids also possessed hindlimbs as complete as those of
675:
is the only possible madtsoiid specimen retaining evidence of pelvic and hindlimb elements, which are claimed to be more plesiomorphic than other
Cretaceous limbed snakes, such as
1855:
Wazir, Wasim Abass; Sehgal, Ramesh Kumar; Čerňanský, Andrej; Patnaik, Rajeev; Kumar, Navin; Singh, Abhishek Pratap; Uniyal, Piyush; Singh, Ningthoujam
Premjit (2022-04-29).
2030:
3255:
1173:
600:) have associated or articulated parts of skeletons. Of the genera listed below, all have been referred to Madtsoiidae in all recent classifications except
3329:
3334:
3242:
2169:
vertebrates from Laño (Basque
Country, Spain); new evidence on the composition and affinities of the Late Cretaceous continental faunas of Europe".
2710:
2279:
Rage, J.-C. (1996). "Les
Madtsoiidae (Reptilia, Serpentes) du Crétacé supérieur d'Europe: témoins gondwaniens d'une dispersion transtéthysienne".
2407:
Scanlon, J.D. (2003). "'2003. The basicranial morphology of madtsoiid snakes (Squamata, Ophidia) and the earliest
Alethinophidia (Serpentes)".
3319:
648:, but many of their character state attributions for this species have been criticised or refuted by Scanlon (2005) and the better-preserved
2119:
Andrews, C.W. 1906. A descriptive catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayum, Egypt. British Museum (Natural History), London.
2646:
Vasile, Ş.; Csiki-Sava, Z.; Venczel, M. (2013). "A new madtsoiid snake from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, western Romania".
1119:
1857:"A find from the Ladakh Himalaya reveals a survival of madtsoiid snakes (Serpentes, Madtsoiidae) in India through the late Oligocene"
3324:
2675:
Werner, C.; Rage, J.-C. (1994). "Mid-Cretaceous snakes from Sudan. A preliminary report on an unexpectedly diverse snake fauna".
2318:
Rage, J.-C.; Werner, C. (1999). "Mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) snakes from Wadi Abu Hashim, Sudan: The earliest snake assemblage".
2394:
gen. nov., small madtsoiid snakes from the Miocene of Riversleigh: sympatric species with divergently specialised dentition".
2292:
Rage, J.-C. (1998). "Fossil snakes from the Paleocene of São José de Itaboraí, Brazil. Part I. Madtsoiidae, Aniliidae".
774:, although the reference made was geographic rather than mythological, the derivation being from that language's terms
2703:
136:
529:, Madtsoiinae, in Hoffstetter (1961). Further study and new finds allowed ranking the group as a distinct family in
3314:
3180:
3175:
3102:
2203:
Folie, A.; Codrea, V. (2005). "New lissamphibians and squamates from the Maastrichtian of Hateg Basin, Romania".
496:
Although madtsoiids persisted on Australia until the Pleistocene, they largely went extinct elsewhere during the
2348:
2633:
Smith, M.J. (1976). "Small fossil vertebrates from Victoria Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia. IV. Reptiles".
2253:
Hoffstetter, R (1961b). "Nouvelles recoltes de serpents fossiles dans l'Eocene superieure de desert libyque".
1446:
2331:
Rieppel, O.; Kluge, A.G.; Zaher, H. (2002). "Testing the phylogenetic relationships of the Pleistocene snake
1999:"A Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) snake assemblage from the Maevarano Formation, Mahjanga Basin, Madagascar"
1768:"Largest known madtsoiid snake from warm Eocene period of India suggests intercontinental Gondwana dispersal"
3309:
2305:
Rage, J.-C.; Prasad, G.V.R. (1992). "New snakes from the late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Naskal, India".
848:
729:
3197:
2696:
1277:
1099:
1059:
1033:
893:
844:
633:
611:
3281:
2024:
800:
464:
2123:
Apesteguía, S.; Zaher, H. (2006). "A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum".
1314:
1149:
950:
339:
2066:
Albino, A.M. (1994). "Una nueva serpiente (Reptilia) del Cretácico Superior de Patagonia, Argentina".
3229:
2571:
2132:
2092:
1466:
Madtsoiidae nov. (Gomez and Baez, 2006; Cretaceous, late Campanian or early Maastrichtian; Argentina)
1361:
1063:
936:
1812:
Zaher, Hussam; Mohabey, Dhananjay M; Grazziotin, Felipe G; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A (2022-05-13).
3142:
3041:
2624:
Simpson, G.G. (1935). "Early and middle Tertiary Geology of the Gaiman region, Chubut, Argentina".
1305:
1235:
1022:
910:
872:
329:
3000:
2986:
2915:
1088:
642:
359:
3034:
2972:
2944:
2663:
2595:
2546:
2463:
2424:
2377:
Scanlon, J.D. (1993). "Madtsoiid snakes from the Eocene Tingamarra Fauna of eastern Queensland".
2352:
2156:
2108:
1925:
1886:
1772:
771:
702:
219:
131:
2364:
Scanlon, J.D. (1992). "A new large madtsoiid snake from the Miocene of the Northern Territory".
1342:
1138:
279:
259:
3286:
1818:, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding"
1286:
239:
3268:
2587:
2538:
2148:
1976:
1878:
1837:
1791:
1162:
752:
530:
309:
3273:
3260:
2993:
2655:
2579:
2530:
2453:
2416:
2344:
2178:
2140:
2100:
2010:
1966:
1956:
1917:
1868:
1829:
1781:
1409:
1389:
1207:
975:
783:
433:
414:
608:
and consequently, not related to the Cretaceous alethinophidians from southern continents.
1073:
763:
717:
2575:
2475:
Scanlon, J.D. (2005). "Cranial morphology of the Plio-Pleistocene giant madtsoiid snake
2136:
2096:
1943:
Wilson, J.A.; Mohabey, D.M.; Peters, S.E.; Head, J.J. (2010). Benton, Michael J. (ed.).
3170:
2890:
2791:
2182:
2081:"Preliminary note on some recently discovered extinct vertebrates from Egypt (Part II)"
1971:
1944:
1690:
1398:
808:
473:
379:
3303:
3164:
3133:
3052:
2965:
2667:
2467:
2428:
1945:"Predation upon Hatchling Dinosaurs by a New Snake from the Late Cretaceous of India"
1929:
1890:
1675:
1249:
972:
907:
745:
657:
444:
425:
71:
2356:
2112:
3075:
2979:
2821:
2599:
2550:
2160:
1517:
1487:
1333:
677:
546:
468:
123:
2437:
1873:
1856:
2659:
1961:
1921:
1833:
3122:
3061:
2958:
2876:
2848:
2841:
2045:
1813:
1370:
1048:
821:
638:
572:
Like most fossil snakes the majority of madtsoiids are known only from isolated
437:
349:
269:
249:
46:
32:
1786:
1767:
467:
snakes, which like extant boas and pythons would likely dispatch their prey by
3068:
3025:
3014:
2904:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2446:
The Beagle: Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory
2104:
2015:
1998:
1607:
1547:
1432:
1108:
968:
914:
903:
766:) in Europe. G.G. Simpson (1933) apparently started this trend by compounding
716:
Several madtsoiid genera have been named using indigenous words for legendary
689:
683:
620:
557:
549:
534:
512:
485:
429:
399:
91:
56:
28:
3220:
1908:
from the Upper Cretaceous of India and its paleobiogeographic implications".
1882:
1841:
1795:
1431:
Madtsoiidae indet. (Werner and Rage, 1994, Rage and Werner 1999; Cretaceous,
3007:
2924:
1904:
Mohabey, D.M.; Head, J.J.; Wilson, J.A. (2011). "A new species of the snake
1646:
1129:
932:
890:
876:
832:
790:
666:
542:
538:
501:
490:
456:
148:
96:
40:
2591:
2542:
2152:
1980:
477:, measuring at least 11–15 metres (36–49 ft) long, and the Australian
660:
than any macrostomatans (Scanlon, 2006). The partial skull attributed to
113:
3214:
3113:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2759:
2743:
2517:
Scanlon, J.D. (2006). "'2006. Skull of the large non-macrostomatan snake
2366:
The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences
1258:
1216:
999:
861:
770:
from indigenous roots. In this particular case these originated from the
706:
573:
500:. However, some species persisted in South America and India through the
418:
319:
299:
289:
188:
168:
86:
81:
66:
61:
51:
2534:
2144:
3247:
3095:
2897:
2883:
2751:
1589:
1460:
1459:
Madtsoiidae indet. (Folie and Codrea, 2005; Cretaceous, Maastrichtian;
1425:
1188:
1013:
1009:
988:
804:
795:
553:
518:
479:
440:
421:
389:
369:
201:
178:
101:
76:
2951:
2935:
2780:
2771:
2735:
2583:
2458:
954:
836:
737:
721:
698:
694:
561:
541:, various analyses have posited Madtsoiidae as a likely clade within
526:
497:
460:
448:
158:
3191:
2080:
1442:?Madtsoiid (Rage and Prasad, 1992; Cretaceous, Maastrichtian; India)
671:, and vertebrae support that they are related. The type material of
3086:
2721:
1494:
is not included, its grouping in the same family is questionable.
1436:
1153:
979:
940:
852:
840:
649:
610:
511:
452:
1997:
Laduke, T.C., Krause, D.W., Scanlon, J.D. and Kley, N.J. (2010).
1082:
Scanlon, 2005 (Scanlon, 1993; Paleogene, early Eocene; Australia)
1042:
Scanlon, 2005 (Scanlon, 1993; Paleogene, early Eocene; Australia)
3234:
2688:
664:(Apesteguía and Zaher 2006) resembles that of the non-madtsoiid
3195:
2692:
2420:
2268:
Revista Tecnica de Yacimentos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos
1469:
Madtsoiidae indet. (Wazir et al., 2022; Late-Oligocene, India)
565:
2236:
Hoffstetter, R (1961a). "Nouveaux restes d'un serpent boïdé (
2558:
Scanlon, J.D.; Lee, M.S.Y. (2000). "The Pleistocene serpent
998:
Smith, 1976 (Scanlon and Lee, 2000; Scanlon, 2005; Neogene,
2349:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0812:ttprot]2.0.co;2
2307:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
1182:
Scanlon, 1997 (Neogene, early-to-middle Miocene; Australia)
471:. Genera include some of the longest snakes known such as
2504:(Squamata: Madtsoiidae) from the Eocene of Queensland".
2492:
Scanlon, J.D. (2005). "Australia's oldest known snakes:
807:, whereas the Cenozoic Australian madtsoiids were basal
2255:
Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
2242:
Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
2225:
Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
1456:
sp. (Scanlon, 2005; Paleogene, early Eocene; Australia)
1424:
Madtsoiidae indet. (Rage, 1987; Paleogene, Paleocene;
1478:
According to a cladistic analysis by Scanlon (2006),
1098:
Albino, 1986 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian
1072:
Albino, 1994 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian
1058:
Albino, 1986 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian
1032:
Albino, 1986 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian
2635:
Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia
2240:
nov. sp.) dans le Crétacé supérieur de Madagascar".
395:
385:
375:
365:
355:
345:
335:
325:
315:
305:
295:
285:
275:
265:
255:
245:
235:
3204:
3132:
3112:
3085:
3051:
3024:
2934:
2914:
2831:
2790:
2769:
2607:Simpson, G.G. (1933). "A new fossil snake from the
1445:?Madtsoiid (Rage, 1991; Paleogene, early Paleocene
1148:Rage, 1996 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian
889:(Simpson, 1935; Hoffstetter, 1960; Paleogene, Late
789:A 2022 morphological study found Madtsoiidae to be
525:Madtsoiidae was first classified as a subfamily of
2677:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris
2613:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
2281:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris
2192:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris
831:Andrews, 1901 (Andrews, 1906; Hoffstetter, 1961b;
656:sp./spp. have numerous characters apparently more
2438:"First known axis vertebra of a madtsoiid snake (
697:, whereas it has rarely been questioned that the
2379:Kaupia: Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte
1172:Scanlon, 1997 (Neogene, early-to-middle Miocene
1486:as representative genera of Madtsoiidae form a
1128:spp. (Scanlon, 2004; 2006; Paleogene-Neogene,
552:outside Serpentes and within a more inclusive
2704:
2046:https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.2058401
8:
2223:(serpent géant du Paléocene de Patagonia)".
2029:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1766:Datta, Debajit; Bajpai, Sunil (2024-04-18).
1408:Datta & Bajpai, 2024 (Paleogene, Eocene
1174:Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh)
3192:
2711:
2697:
2689:
112:
20:
2457:
2014:
1970:
1960:
1872:
1822:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1785:
786:name of the type locality, Cañadón Vaca.
1992:
1990:
1761:
1759:
949:Rage, 1998 (Paleogene, middle Paleocene
2219:Hoffstetter, R (1960). "Un dentaire de
1755:
1276:, 2013 (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian
1234:, 2010 (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian
1118:Scanlon, 1992 (Neogene, middle Miocene
871:Simpson, 1933 (Paleogene, Early Eocene
2022:
1304:2014 (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian
7:
2562:and the early evolution of snakes".
2521:from the Australian Oligo-Miocene".
2442:) and remarks on the neck of snakes"
2044:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,
1807:
1805:
902:Hoffstetter, 1961a (Piveteau, 1933;
782:, "cow" as a rough translation from
1668:
1638:
1581:
1569:
1539:
1509:
1497:
2648:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2409:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2337:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2183:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1990.tb00103.x
2003:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1910:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1861:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1360:, 2019 (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian
1206:, 2010 (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian
1120:Bullock Creek (Northern Territory)
1008:Scanlon in Scanlon and Lee, 2000 (
14:
1326:Platyspondylophis tadkeshwarensis
1248:, 1990; Cretaceous, Campanian or
3335:Taxa named by Robert Hoffstetter
3158:
2506:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
2396:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
2055:Bibliography and further reading
135:
1:
3330:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
2481:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2205:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1874:10.1080/02724634.2021.2058401
637:within the extant radiation (
3320:Cenomanian first appearances
2770:Genera with hindlimbs and a
2660:10.1080/02724634.2013.764882
1962:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000322
1922:10.1080/02724634.2011.560220
1388:2022 (Paleogene, Paleocene
1040:Patagoniophis australiensis
799:being found to be the most
3351:
3181:Category:Cretaceous snakes
3176:List of Serpentes families
1834:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001
1787:10.1038/s41598-024-58377-0
1332:, 2016 (Paleogene, Eocene
1002:to Pleistocene; Australia)
564:, but with more primitive
3152:
3103:Vipera latastei ebusitana
2729:
2626:American Museum Novitates
2238:Madtsoia madagascariensis
2105:10.1017/s0016756800179750
2016:10.1080/02724630903409188
1688:
1673:
1666:
1643:
1636:
1604:
1586:
1579:
1567:
1544:
1537:
1514:
1507:
1402:Datta & Bajpai, 2024
1096:Rionegrophis madtsoioides
900:Madtsoia madagascariensis
705:to the sacrals of limbed
533:. With the recent use of
516:Diagram of the fossil of
232:
227:
132:Scientific classification
130:
120:
111:
23:
2440:Yurlunggur camfieldensis
1452:?Madtsoiidae indet. cf.
1116:Yurlunggur camfieldensis
849:Qasr el-Sagha Formations
701:vertebrae in snakes are
16:Extinct family of snakes
3325:Pleistocene extinctions
2390:Scanlon, J.D. (1997). "
2320:Palaeontologia Africana
493:as previously defined.
2477:Wonambi naracoortensis
2436:Scanlon, J.D. (2004).
2333:Wonambi naracoortensis
2079:Andrews, C.W. (1901).
1490:assembly. However, as
1278:Densus-Ciula Formation
1146:Herensugea caristiorum
1132:to Miocene; Australia)
1100:Los Alamitos Formation
1080:Alamitophis tingamarra
1056:Alamitophis argentinus
1034:Los Alamitos Formation
996:Wonambi naracoortensis
634:Wonambi naracoortensis
624:
616:Wonambi naracoortensis
586:Wonambi naracoortensis
522:
463:. Madtsoiidae include
3282:Paleobiology Database
1447:Santa Lucía Formation
1070:Alamitophis elongatus
1064:La Colonia Formations
614:
515:
428:extending from early
2611:beds of Patagonia".
1362:La Colonia Formation
1244:Rage, 1996 (Astibia
1030:Patagoniophis parvus
961:Madtsoia pisdurensis
937:In Beceten Formation
931:, 1974; Cretaceous,
894:Las Flores Formation
829:Gigantophis garstini
758:) in Australia, and
3143:Psammophis odysseus
2576:2000Natur.403..416S
2535:10.1038/nature04137
2145:10.1038/nature04413
2137:2006Natur.440.1037A
2131:(7087): 1037–1040.
2097:1901GeoM....8..436A
2085:Geological Magazine
1306:Maevarano Formation
1236:Maevarano Formation
911:Maevarano Formation
873:Sarmiento Formation
121:Fossil specimen of
3035:Liasis dubudingala
2945:Boa blanchardensis
1773:Scientific Reports
1382:Powellophis andina
1270:Nidophis insularis
1242:Menarana laurasiae
1170:Nanowana godthelpi
951:Itaboraí Formation
772:Tehuelche language
631:(2002) classified
625:
523:
3315:Cretaceous snakes
3297:
3296:
3269:Open Tree of Life
3198:Taxon identifiers
3189:
3188:
3165:Snakes portal
2570:(6768): 416–420.
2529:(7078): 839–842.
1746:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1620:
1619:
1419:Unnamed specimens
1315:Platyspondylophis
1228:Menarana nosymena
1180:Nanowana schrenki
1150:Vitoria Formation
662:Najash rionegrina
602:Najash rionegrina
598:Najash rionegrina
408:
407:
340:Platyspondylophis
223:
3342:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3193:
3163:
3162:
3161:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2724:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2690:
2684:
2671:
2654:(5): 1100–1119.
2642:
2629:
2620:
2603:
2584:10.1038/35000188
2554:
2513:
2488:
2471:
2461:
2459:10.5962/p.286329
2432:
2403:
2386:
2373:
2360:
2327:
2314:
2301:
2294:Palaeovertebrata
2288:
2275:
2262:
2249:
2232:
2212:
2199:
2186:
2164:
2116:
2075:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2018:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1876:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1763:
1669:
1663:
1639:
1633:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1540:
1534:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1410:Naredi Formation
1390:Mealla Formation
1354:Eomadtsoia ragei
1298:Adinophis fisaka
1208:Lameta Formation
976:Lameta Formation
947:Madtsoia camposi
925:madagascariensis
809:alethinophidians
778:, "valley" and
718:Rainbow Serpents
531:Linnaean systems
434:Upper Cretaceous
397:
387:
377:
367:
357:
347:
337:
327:
317:
307:
297:
287:
277:
267:
257:
247:
237:
218:
213:
140:
139:
116:
106:
43:
33:Late Pleistocene
29:Early Cenomanian
27:Temporal range:
21:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3233:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3200:
3190:
3185:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3128:
3108:
3081:
3047:
3020:
2930:
2910:
2827:
2786:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2687:
2674:
2645:
2632:
2623:
2606:
2557:
2516:
2491:
2474:
2435:
2406:
2389:
2376:
2363:
2330:
2317:
2304:
2300:(3–4): 109–144.
2291:
2278:
2265:
2252:
2235:
2218:
2202:
2189:
2167:
2122:
2091:(10): 434–444.
2078:
2065:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2021:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1955:(3): e1000322.
1942:
1941:
1937:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1867:(6): e2058401.
1854:
1853:
1849:
1816:Sanajeh indicus
1811:
1810:
1803:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1664:
1661:
1634:
1631:
1621:
1577:
1574:
1565:
1562:
1535:
1532:
1505:
1502:
1476:
1421:
1200:Sanajeh indicus
1074:Allen Formation
1006:Wonambi barriei
817:
641:) of snakes as
576:, but several (
510:
217:
211:
134:
107:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
38:
37:
35:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3348:
3346:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:Snake families
3302:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3252:
3239:
3226:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:List of snakes
3168:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2794:
2792:Simoliophiidae
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2686:
2685:
2672:
2643:
2630:
2621:
2604:
2555:
2514:
2489:
2472:
2433:
2415:(4): 971–976.
2404:
2387:
2374:
2361:
2343:(4): 812–829.
2328:
2315:
2302:
2289:
2276:
2263:
2250:
2233:
2216:
2213:
2200:
2187:
2177:(5): 460–466.
2165:
2120:
2117:
2076:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2036:
2009:(1): 109–138.
1986:
1935:
1916:(3): 588–595.
1896:
1847:
1828:(3): 656–697.
1814:"The skull of
1801:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:Alethinophidia
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1429:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1406:Vasuki indicus
1395:
1394:
1393:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1239:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1166:Scanlon, 1997
1159:
1158:
1157:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1112:Scanlon, 1992
1105:
1104:
1103:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1067:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1003:
985:
984:
983:
958:
944:
918:
897:
880:
865:Simpson, 1933
858:
857:
856:
825:Andrews, 1901
816:
815:Classification
813:
803:member of the
730:Pitjantjatjara
646:incertae sedis
592:spp., unnamed
545:, or possible
509:
506:
465:very primitive
413:is an extinct
406:
405:
404:
403:
393:
383:
373:
363:
353:
343:
333:
323:
313:
303:
293:
283:
273:
263:
253:
243:
230:
229:
225:
224:
209:
205:
204:
199:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
118:
117:
109:
108:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
44:
39:98–0.012
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3347:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3134:Psammophiidae
3131:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3053:Palaeophiidae
3050:
3044:
3043:
3042:Messelopython
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2966:Eoconstrictor
2963:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2494:Patagoniophis
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:Scolecophidia
1671:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1308:; Madagascar)
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1250:Maastrichtian
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:; Madagascar)
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:Albino, 1986
1091:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:Albino, 1986
1051:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:Albino, 1986
1025:
1024:
1023:Patagoniophis
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
991:
990:
986:
981:
977:
974:
973:Maastrichtian
970:
966:
962:
959:
956:
952:
948:
945:
942:
938:
935:or Santonian
934:
930:
926:
922:
919:
916:
912:
909:
908:Maastrichtian
905:
901:
898:
895:
892:
888:
884:
881:
878:
874:
870:
867:
866:
864:
863:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
827:
826:
824:
823:
819:
818:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:
751:-, 'dwarf' +
750:
747:
746:Ancient Greek
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:
686:
685:
680:
679:
674:
670:
668:
663:
659:
658:plesiomorphic
655:
651:
647:
644:
640:
636:
635:
630:
623:
622:
617:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
521:
520:
514:
507:
505:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
487:
482:
481:
476:
475:
470:
466:
462:
459:and Southern
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:South America
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:fossil record
423:
420:
416:
412:
402:
401:
394:
392:
391:
384:
382:
381:
374:
372:
371:
364:
362:
361:
354:
352:
351:
344:
342:
341:
334:
332:
331:
330:Patagoniophis
324:
322:
321:
314:
312:
311:
304:
302:
301:
294:
292:
291:
284:
282:
281:
274:
272:
271:
264:
262:
261:
254:
252:
251:
244:
242:
241:
234:
233:
231:
226:
221:
216:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
126:
125:
119:
115:
110:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
42:
34:
30:
22:
19:
3205:
3156:
3141:
3121:
3101:
3094:
3076:Pterosphenus
3074:
3067:
3060:
3040:
3033:
3013:
3006:
3001:Rieppelophis
2999:
2992:
2987:Phosphoroboa
2985:
2980:Palaeopython
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2923:
2916:Dinilysiidae
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2822:Pachyrhachis
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2779:
2680:
2676:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2628:(775): 1–29.
2625:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2174:
2170:
2128:
2124:
2088:
2084:
2071:
2067:
2039:
2025:cite journal
2006:
2002:
1952:
1949:PLOS Biology
1948:
1938:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1777:
1771:
1689:
1674:
1645:
1644:
1606:
1605:
1588:
1587:
1546:
1545:
1518:Pachyrhachis
1516:
1515:
1491:
1488:monophyletic
1483:
1479:
1477:
1453:
1405:
1397:
1392:; Argentina)
1385:
1384:Garberoglio
1381:
1375:
1374:Garberoglio
1369:
1364:; Argentina)
1357:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1334:Cambay Shale
1329:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1176:; Australia)
1169:
1161:
1145:
1137:
1125:
1122:; Australia)
1115:
1107:
1102:; Argentina)
1095:
1089:Rionegrophis
1087:
1079:
1076:; Argentina)
1069:
1066:; Argentina)
1060:Los Alamitos
1055:
1047:
1039:
1036:; Argentina)
1029:
1021:
1016:; Australia)
1005:
995:
992:Smith, 1976
987:
964:
960:
946:
928:
924:
920:
899:
896:; Argentina)
886:
882:
869:Madtsoia bai
868:
860:
845:Birket Qarun
828:
820:
794:
791:paraphyletic
788:
779:
775:
767:
759:
755:
748:
741:
733:
725:
724:, including
715:
710:
688:
682:
678:Pachyrhachis
676:
672:
665:
661:
653:
645:
643:Macrostomata
632:
628:
626:
619:
615:
606:Madtsoia bai
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:Madtsoia bai
577:
571:
547:paraphyletic
524:
517:
495:
491:paraphyletic
484:
478:
472:
469:constriction
410:
409:
398:
388:
378:
368:
360:Rionegrophis
358:
348:
338:
328:
318:
308:
298:
288:
278:
268:
258:
248:
238:
214:
195:
124:Madtsoia bai
122:
18:
3206:Madtsoiidae
3123:Naja romani
3062:Archaeophis
2973:Messelophis
2959:Chubutophis
2877:Powellophis
2849:Gigantophis
2842:Alamitophis
2833:Madtsoiidae
2609:Notostylops
2498:Alamitophis
2452:: 207–215.
1780:(1): 8054.
1371:Powellophis
1142:Rage, 1996
1049:Alamitophis
822:Gigantophis
639:crown group
537:to unravel
508:Description
443:located in
438:Pleistocene
411:Madtsoiidae
350:Powellophis
270:Gigantophis
250:Alamitophis
220:Hoffstetter
215:Madtsoiidae
24:Madtsoiidae
3304:Categories
3069:Palaeophis
3026:Pythonidae
3015:Waincophis
2905:Yurlunggur
2815:Pachyophis
2808:Haasiophis
2801:Eupodophis
2752:Sauropsida
2683:: 247–252.
2519:Yurlunggur
2512:: 215–235.
2500:, and cf.
2487:: 139–180.
2421:10.1671/24
2402:: 393–412.
2287:: 603–608.
2274:: 503–508.
2261:: 326–331.
2248:: 152–160.
2231:: 379–386.
2198:: 469–472.
2171:Terra Nova
1750:References
1608:Yurlunggur
1548:Haasiophis
1484:Yurlunggur
1449:; Bolivia)
1433:Cenomanian
1343:Eomadtsoia
1300:Pritchard
1290:Pritchard
1280:; Romania)
1139:Herensugea
1126:Yurlunggur
1109:Yurlunggur
969:Cretaceous
927:(de Broin
915:Madagascar
904:Cretaceous
760:Herensugea
734:Yurlunggur
703:homologous
690:Eupodophis
684:Haasiophis
669:patagonica
654:Yurlunggur
621:Thylacoleo
594:Yurlunggur
582:M. camposi
550:stem group
535:cladistics
486:Yurlunggur
436:) to late
430:Cenomanian
417:of mostly
400:Yurlunggur
280:Herensugea
260:Eomadtsoia
3087:Viperidae
3008:Titanoboa
2925:Dinilysia
2733:Kingdom:
2668:130202902
2468:128423678
2429:129584280
2326:: 85–110.
2068:Pesquisas
1930:129792355
1891:248636111
1883:0272-4634
1842:0024-4082
1796:2045-2322
1647:Dinilysia
1474:Phylogeny
1287:Adinophis
1130:Oligocene
933:Coniacian
891:Paleocene
877:Argentina
833:Paleogene
707:squamates
667:Dinilysia
574:vertebrae
543:Serpentes
539:phylogeny
502:Oligocene
457:Australia
419:Gondwanan
240:Adinophis
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
3215:Wikidata
3114:Elapidae
2870:Nidophis
2863:Menarana
2856:Madtsoia
2760:Squamata
2744:Chordata
2741:Phylum:
2736:Animalia
2641:: 39–51.
2592:10667791
2543:16482156
2502:Madtsoia
2392:Nanowana
2372:: 49–60.
2357:86020881
2335:Smith".
2313:: 83–97.
2221:Madtsoia
2211:: 57–71.
2153:16625194
2113:86545487
2074:: 58–63.
2062:Mendoza.
1981:20209142
1906:Madtsoia
1492:Madtsoia
1454:Madtsoia
1412:; India)
1336:; India)
1259:Nidophis
1252:; Spain)
1217:Menarana
1210:; India)
1163:Nanowana
1012:, early
1000:Pliocene
967:, 2011 (
963:Mohabey
921:Madtsoia
883:Madtsoia
862:Madtsoia
768:Madtsoia
753:Warlpiri
742:Nanowana
627:Rieppel
590:Nanowana
320:Nidophis
310:Nanowana
300:Menarana
290:Madtsoia
208:Family:
189:Squamata
179:Reptilia
169:Chordata
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
3274:4126083
3248:4820460
3235:4518573
3221:Q622892
3096:Laophis
2994:Rageryx
2898:Wonambi
2884:Sanajeh
2757:Order:
2749:Class:
2719:Fossil
2619:: 1–22.
2600:4404799
2572:Bibcode
2560:Wonambi
2551:4415843
2161:4417196
2133:Bibcode
2093:Bibcode
1972:2830453
1662:unnamed
1632:unnamed
1590:Wonambi
1575:unnamed
1563:unnamed
1533:unnamed
1503:unnamed
1480:Wonambi
1461:Romania
1426:Morocco
1386:et al.,
1378:, 2022
1348:et al.,
1322:, 2016
1302:et al.,
1294:, 2014
1272:Vasile
1266:, 2013
1262:Vasile
1230:Laduke
1224:, 2010
1220:Laduke
1202:Wilson
1196:, 2010
1192:Wilson
1189:Sanajeh
1014:Miocene
1010:Neogene
989:Wonambi
835:, Late
805:Ophidia
796:Sanajeh
793:, with
784:Spanish
726:Wonambi
722:dragons
699:cloacal
558:pythons
554:Ophidia
519:Sanajeh
480:Wonambi
424:with a
390:Wonambi
370:Sanajeh
228:Genera
202:Ophidia
185:Order:
175:Class:
3261:116286
2952:Boavus
2936:Boidae
2891:Vasuki
2781:Najash
2772:sacrum
2722:snakes
2666:
2598:
2590:
2564:Nature
2549:
2541:
2523:Nature
2466:
2427:
2385:: 3–8.
2355:
2159:
2151:
2125:Nature
2111:
1979:
1969:
1928:
1889:
1881:
1840:
1794:
1399:Vasuki
1376:et al.
1358:et al.
1356:Gómez
1346:Gómez
1330:et al.
1328:Smith
1320:et al.
1318:Smith
1292:et al.
1274:et al.
1264:et al.
1246:et al.
1232:et al.
1222:et al.
1204:et al.
1194:et al.
955:Brazil
929:et al.
887:M. bai
837:Eocene
764:Basque
740:) and
738:Yolngu
711:Najash
695:sacrum
673:Najash
650:skulls
629:et al.
596:spp.,
527:Boidae
498:Eocene
474:Vasuki
461:Europe
449:Africa
441:strata
422:snakes
415:family
380:Vasuki
222:, 1961
3287:53179
3256:IRMNG
2664:S2CID
2596:S2CID
2547:S2CID
2464:S2CID
2425:S2CID
2353:S2CID
2157:S2CID
2109:S2CID
1926:S2CID
1887:S2CID
1437:Sudan
1350:2019
1154:Spain
980:India
965:et al
941:Niger
923:aff.
853:Libya
841:Egypt
801:basal
453:India
196:Clade
3243:GBIF
2588:PMID
2539:PMID
2149:PMID
2031:link
1977:PMID
1879:ISSN
1838:ISSN
1792:ISSN
1482:and
1062:and
885:cf.
847:and
780:tsoi
756:Wana
749:nano
618:and
562:boas
560:and
483:and
47:PreꞒ
3230:EoL
2681:319
2656:doi
2639:100
2580:doi
2568:403
2531:doi
2527:439
2479:".
2454:doi
2417:doi
2345:doi
2311:187
2285:322
2196:279
2179:doi
2141:doi
2129:440
2101:doi
2011:doi
1967:PMC
1957:doi
1918:doi
1869:doi
1830:doi
1826:197
1782:doi
851:),
776:mad
732:),
720:or
687:or
652:of
566:jaw
3306::
3284::
3271::
3258::
3245::
3232::
3217::
2679:.
2662:.
2652:33
2650:.
2637:.
2617:67
2615:.
2594:.
2586:.
2578:.
2566:.
2545:.
2537:.
2525:.
2510:51
2508:.
2496:,
2485:50
2483:.
2462:.
2450:20
2448:.
2444:.
2423:.
2413:23
2411:.
2400:41
2398:.
2381:.
2368:.
2351:.
2341:22
2339:.
2324:35
2322:.
2309:.
2298:27
2296:.
2283:.
2272:12
2270:.
2259:33
2257:.
2246:33
2244:.
2229:31
2227:.
2209:50
2207:.
2194:.
2173:.
2155:.
2147:.
2139:.
2127:.
2107:.
2099:.
2087:.
2083:.
2072:21
2070:.
2027:}}
2023:{{
2007:30
2005:.
2001:.
1989:^
1975:.
1965:.
1951:.
1947:.
1924:.
1914:31
1912:.
1885:.
1877:.
1865:41
1863:.
1859:.
1836:.
1824:.
1820:.
1804:^
1790:.
1778:14
1776:.
1770:.
1758:^
1650:†
1611:†
1593:†
1551:†
1521:†
1435:;
1152:;
978:;
971:,
953:;
939:,
913:;
906:,
875:;
839:;
811:.
713:.
681:,
588:,
584:,
580:,
504:.
455:,
451:,
447:,
198::
97:Pg
41:Ma
2712:e
2705:t
2698:v
2670:.
2658::
2602:.
2582::
2574::
2553:.
2533::
2470:.
2456::
2431:.
2419::
2383:3
2370:9
2359:.
2347::
2185:.
2181::
2175:2
2163:.
2143::
2135::
2115:.
2103::
2095::
2089:8
2033:)
2019:.
2013::
1983:.
1959::
1953:8
1932:.
1920::
1893:.
1871::
1844:.
1832::
1798:.
1784::
1463:)
1439:)
1428:)
1156:)
982:)
957:)
943:)
917:)
879:)
855:)
843:(
762:(
744:(
736:(
728:(
432:(
396:†
386:†
376:†
366:†
356:†
346:†
336:†
326:†
316:†
306:†
296:†
286:†
276:†
266:†
256:†
246:†
236:†
212:†
102:N
92:K
87:J
82:T
77:P
72:C
67:D
62:S
57:O
52:Ꞓ
36:~
31:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
