520:, and the one responsible for building the Great Mosque of Samarra. Al-Mutawakkil and his hired workers as well as other people from the area constructed this mosque using baked brick octagon piers that included four marble columns in the corners. The marble columns were imported, which draws on the fact that Al-Mutawakkil hired artists and architects from all over the Abbasid empire to help him construct the Great Mosque. In a list of his building projects which appears in several different versions, the new Congregational Mosque and up to twenty palaces are mentioned, totalling between 258 and 294 million dirhams. The new Congregational Mosque, with its spiral minaret, built between 849 (235
505:
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caliph al-Wathiq. The traditional mosque courtyard was square, however, the Great Mosque of
Samarra portrayed a rectangular courtyard surrounded by these two layers of walls. It is known by historians and architects for the walls of the mosque to be covered in glazed or glass panels. These would be in the traditional blues, whites, and golds used in many other mosques. Fragments of these panels have been found by archaeologists working on the mosques. The interior of the mosque has ceilings with a height of 11 meters with a total of 464
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the main palace and subsidiary palaces of the Waziri and the Umari as well as a large number of houses in a residential area. The Great Mosque was built right outside this main area and became a staple for the people of
Samarra as well as visitors and foreigners. This project, along with others by Al-Mutawakkil, transformed the city of Samarra from a medium-sized centre into the enormous city seen today.
685:
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768:. This design, completed under al-Mutawakkil, was unlike other minarets created in this time or anything else seen in the Islamic world because of its base's shape. The Mesopotamian Ziggurats had a square base while this minaret and others built like it in Iraq have a circular base with a twisted spiral leading up to the top. Some consider the influence of the
780:(also in Samarra). These minarets become a focal point of the skyline in any city and are a call to attention and prayer. These earlier theories which proposed that these helicoidal minarets were inspired by ancient Mesopotamian ziggurats has been challenged and rejected by some modern scholars including
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framed as an arch. There was a fountain in the center of the courtyard that was covered and decorated in marble tile and mosaics. This fountain was believed to be carved from one large stone (called a kasat al-fir'awn or, the
Pharaoh's Cup) and carried to this area by elephants. It was constructed by
543:
At the time of construction, another major feature of
Samarra was the inlets of the great Nahrawan canal. This provided flood plains for a rich agricultural centre. Small and medium sized game were also hunted in the area. This encompassed the main area of the city that held Islamic structures like
527:
The mosque had 17 aisles, and its walls were paneled with mosaics of dark blue glass. It was part of an extension of
Samarra eastwards. The art and architecture of the mosque were influential; stucco carvings within the mosque in floral and geometric designs represent early Islamic decoration. The
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Only the mosque's outer wall and its minaret have been preserved. The Iraqi State
Organization of Antiquities have been working closely with historians and architects in a restoration process starting in 1956. They tasked people to restore various monuments in Samarra including the Great Mosque.
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who reigned (in
Samarra) from 847 until 861. At the time of construction, it was the world's largest mosque. It is known for its 52 metres (171 ft) high minaret encircled by a spiral ramp. The mosque is located within the 15,058-hectare (37,210-acre) Samarra Archaeological City
644:
The mosque's main structure is encompassed by a baked brick wall on the outer edge including forty-four semi-circular towers supporting the structure. The outer wall includes twenty-eight windows. Twenty-four of them are facing the southeastern side, the
1377:
Great mosque, Samarra, was built during the caliphate of al-Mutawakkil. It is the largest mosque in the world. Built entirely of brick within a wall flanked with towers, it has a 55 m high minaret with a spiral ramp that recalls the ziggurats of
1700:
547:
The mind behind the mosque, Al-Mutawakkil, was assassinated in 861, and structures like this mosque were then difficult to credit to a subsequent caliph. There was unrest and a ten year period of trouble, including a
743:, and is unique among other minarets because of its ascending spiral conical design. 52 metres (171 ft) high and 33 metres (108 ft) wide at the base, the spiral contains stairs reaching to the top.
612:
There was extensive restoration done to both the courtyard of the mosque as well as the spiral minaret. Previously, only 6 steps remained in the minaret and very few complete arches surrounded the courtyard.
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site. The building has a total of sixteen doors that provide access. The interior of the mosque presents a large courtyard surrounded by covered aisles on all sides. The prayer hall featured a large
750:(call to prayer). It is visible from a considerable distance in the area around Samarra and therefore may have been designed as a strong visual statement of the presence of
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supporting this baked brick ceiling. For the most part the interior is plain and the focus was a strong foundation set by a continuous brick slab holding together these
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819:, have been also been inspired by this minaret. The influence of the minaret and courtyard of the mosque is seen in these places, as well as in modern mosques.
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Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Grabar, Professor
Emeritus of Islamic Art and Architecture Oleg; Jenkins, Marilyn (2003-07-11).
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501:, the Malwiya Tower, is a spiralling cone 52 metres (171 ft) high and 33 metres (108 ft) wide with a spiral ramp.
1429:
Bloom, Jonathan M. (2019). "Minaret". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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al-Amid, Tahir
Muzaffar (1973), "The Abbasid Architecture of Samarra in the Reign of both al-Mu'tasim and al-Mutawakkil",
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1956:
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Muqarnas, Volume 25 Frontiers of
Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Celebration of Oleg Grabar's Eightieth Birthday
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The minaret sustained further damage in 2005, when its top was destroyed by an explosion. According to some sources,
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The reign of Al-Mutawakkil had a great effect on the appearance of the city, for he seemed to have been a lover of
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Minaret") was originally connected to the mosque by a bridge. The minaret or tower was constructed in 848–852 of
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524:) and 851 (235 AH), formed part of an extension of the city to the east, extending into the old hunting park.
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and the Iraqi government announced a project to restore the minaret and assess damages to the rest of the
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were responsible for the attack, following the tower's use as a sniper position by US forces. In 2015,
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1982:
1951:
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552:. This Great Mosque was one of the last buildings with a known name attributed to it in this period.
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Smithsonian Institution, Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives, Washington, DC
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1511:"Travel Tips: Thanks-Giving Chapel's Islamic Design a Visual, Spiritual Gem in Downtown Dallas"
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Ernst Herzfeld Papers, Series 7: Records of Samarra Expeditions, Great Mosque of al-Mutawakkil
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The minaret's unique spiral design is said by some to be derived from the architecture of the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1634:"Iraq Significant Site 060 - Samarra — Al-Mutawakkil Mosque & Minaret al-Malwiya"
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Abbasid architecture of Samarra in the reign of both Al-Mu'tasim and Al-Mutawakkil
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1391:"The city of Samarra was built during the Mu'tokul Abbasid period"
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The height of the Malwiyyah made it practical to be used for the
469:. The mosque was commissioned in 848 and completed in 851 by the
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1059:"Islamic Archaeology in Iraq: Recent Excavations at Samarra."
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The Malwiya minaret, standing on the north side of the mosque
947:
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Architects and Architecture
807:, Texas, in the United States. The minarets of a prominent
1307:
Gardner's Art through the Ages: Backpack Edition, Book 3
1033:"مسجد سامرا ؛ برخوردار از مناره ای 53 متری و حلزونی شکل"
1247:
The Great Mosque of Samarra, Architecture and Religion
453:'The Congregational Mosque in Samarra') is a
649:. There is one window for each aisle, excluding the
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949:. New York: Whitney Library of Design. p. 204.
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1457:Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250: 2nd Edition
1124:"Iraqi insurgents blow top off historic monument"
799:'s design for the 1976 Chapel of Thanksgiving at
152:
1262:"The Development of Early Mosque Architecture"
994:Islamic architecture in Cairo: an introduction
1742:
1345:Kleiner, Fred S.; Christin J. Mamiya (2005).
8:
1544:. University of Chicago Press. p. 334.
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1567:"Iconic Al Ain mosque work in final stages"
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1365:Comprendre l'Architecture Universelle 2
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101:Ecclesiastical or organisational status
1099:"Top of ancient Iraq minaret blown up"
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508:Full aerial view of the mosque, with
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1696:Photos, floor plans, and information
1266:The Mosque and Its Early Development
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791:The minaret's spiral shape inspired
2205:Buildings and structures in Samarra
2086:Mausoleum of Imam al-Hasan of Basra
1417:Architecture of Empire The Abbasids
1349:(12th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth.
965:Architecture of Empire The Abbasids
907:"Unesco names World Heritage sites"
728:
432:ٱلْمَسْجِد ٱلْجَامِع فِي سَامَرَّاء
431:
411:
391:
66:ٱلْمَسْجِد ٱلْجَامِع فِي سَامَرَّاء
65:
59:
54:
27:9th-century mosque in Samarra, Iraq
998:American University in Cairo Press
25:
1156:"Ancient minaret damaged in Iraq"
555:The mosque was destroyed in 1278
2091:Imam Mosa Al Kadhim Grand Mosque
1565:Al Nuaimi, Rashid (2019-06-28).
1375:: Office du Livre. p. 347.
992:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2005),
845:
831:
695:
683:
671:
579:
151:
144:
1962:Mausoleum of Yahya Abu al-Qasim
1779:Mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani
1663:The Great Mosque, Samarra, Iraq
1016:Creswell, Herzfeld, and Samarra
493:For a time, the mosque was the
86:
1799:Mosque-Madrasa of al-Ahmadiyya
1598:10.1163/ej.9789004173279.i-396
1347:Gardner's Art Through the Ages
443:al-Masjid al-Jāmiʿ fī Sāmarrāʾ
372:31,414 hectares (77,630 acres)
364:15,058 hectares (37,210 acres)
1:
2056:Abdul-Aziz al-Samarrai Mosque
1669:"Samarra Archaeological City"
1541:Philip Johnson: Life and Work
1431:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
1201:"Samarra Archaeological City"
1078:10.1080/00438243.1983.9979871
412:مَسْجِد سَامَرَّاء ٱلْكَبِيْر
60:مَسْجِد سَامَرَّاء ٱلْكَبِيْر
2210:World Heritage Sites in Iraq
2126:Mosque of the Prophet Daniel
1864:Mausoleum of Umar Suhrawardi
1804:Mosque-Madrasa of al-Asifyah
1205:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1181:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1122:Carroll, Rory (2005-04-02).
1014:Northedge, Alastair (1991),
392:جَامِع سَامَرَّاء ٱلْكَبِيْر
55:جَامِع سَامَرَّاء ٱلْكَبِيْر
2146:Mosque of Sayyid Ar-Mahmoud
1952:Mosque of the Prophet Jonah
1588:Necipoğlu, G., ed. (2008).
793:Pritzker Architecture Prize
678:Building plan of the mosque
442:
422:
402:
313:Samarra Archaeological City
2231:
1957:Mosque of the Prophet Seth
1879:Al-Musta'sim Billah Mosque
1616:"Great Mosque of Samarra'"
625:Samarra archeological site
302:UNESCO World Heritage Site
29:
2154:
1686:Photo of The Great Mosque
1460:. Yale University Press.
1057:Tariq, Al-Janabi (1983),
893:Baghdad: Al-Ma'aref Press
729:ٱلْمِنَارَة ٱلْمَلْوِيَّة
588:This section needs to be
376:
295:
139:
73:
49:
48:
1415:Roxburgh, David (2019),
963:Roxburgh, David (2019),
423:Masjid Sāmarrāʾ al-Kabīr
30:Not to be confused with
2081:Imam Ali Mosque (Basra)
2076:Great Mosque of Amadiya
2019:Great Mosque of Samarra
1942:Great Mosque of al-Nuri
1814:Grand Mosque of Baghdad
1712:Smithsonian Institution
1638:www.cemml.colostate.edu
1249:, UKessays, 18 May 2020
928:"Historic Mosques site"
721:Al-Minārat al-Malwiyyah
702:Minaret and mosque wall
403:Jāmiʿ Sāmarrāʾ al-Kabīr
384:Great Mosque of Samarra
291:52 metres (171 ft)
44:Great Mosque of Samarra
2131:Salman Al-Farsi Mosque
1924:Zumurrud Khatun Mosque
1889:Syed Sultan Ali Mosque
1774:17th of Ramadan Mosque
1620:www.globalsecurity.org
1301:Kleiner, Fred (2011).
1227:Al-Amid, T.M. (1873).
945:Dennis, Sharp (1991).
909:. BBC News. 2007-06-28
813:that of Sheikh Khalifa
788:, and Jonathan Bloom.
717:
567:'s invasion of Iraq.
513:
173:Geographic coordinates
2071:Great Mosque of Aqrah
1691:Photo and information
1260:Kuban, Doğan (1974).
715:
507:
457:from the 9th century
324:Cultural: ii, iii, iv
195:34.20583°N 43.87972°E
2200:Abbasid architecture
1983:Great Mosque of Kufa
1899:Sheikh Ma'ruf Mosque
979:Islamic Architecture
801:Thanks-Giving Square
782:Richard Ettinghausen
550:civil war in 865–866
495:largest in the world
2215:Islamic antiquities
2190:9th-century mosques
2121:Al-Nukhailah Mosque
2101:Jalil Khayat Mosque
1904:Umm al-Tabul Mosque
1869:Al-Muradiyya Mosque
1824:Al-Kazimiyya Mosque
1819:Haydar-Khana Mosque
1794:Adila Khatun Mosque
1674:World Heritage Site
1303:"The Islamic World"
1235:. pp. 156–193.
690:Side view of a wall
629:World Heritage Site
627:, which was made a
571:Modern conservation
530:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
483:World Heritage Site
191: /
2169:Mosques by country
2116:Mudhafaria Minaret
2066:Great Basra Mosque
2040:Imām Husayn Mosque
1978:Al-Hannanah Mosque
1947:Mosul Grand Mosque
1909:Umm al-Qura Mosque
1854:Ibn Bunnieh Mosque
1789:Al-Adiliyya Mosque
1706:2009-07-24 at the
1482:"Self-Guided Tour"
981:. Electra/Rizzoli.
873:The Wonderful Barn
718:
514:
485:, listed in 2007.
309:Official name
200:34.20583; 43.87972
2177:
2176:
2136:Al-Sarraji Mosque
2014:Al ‘Askarī Mosque
1834:Al-Khulafa Mosque
1829:Al-Khilani Mosque
1784:Abu Hanifa Mosque
1551:978-0-226-74058-4
1467:978-0-300-08869-4
1066:World Archaeology
609:
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512:in the background
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16:(Redirected from
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2035:Al ‘Abbās Mosque
2009:Abu Dulaf Mosque
1993:Al-Sahlah Mosque
1919:Al-Wazeer Mosque
1894:Shabandar Mosque
1859:Arif Agha Mosque
1839:Al-Rahman Mosque
1751:
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2111:Minaret of Anah
2106:Al-Maqam Mosque
2096:Al-Kawaz Mosque
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1988:Imam Ali Shrine
1966:
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1884:Qamariya Mosque
1849:Al-Shawy Mosque
1844:Al-Sarai Mosque
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1758:Mosques in Iraq
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863:Firuzabad, Fars
859:
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846:
844:
837:
832:
830:
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774:Sasanian Empire
731:, "The Twisted
710:
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69:
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2011:
2005:
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1968:
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1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1809:Buratha Mosque
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
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1776:
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1768:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1754:
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1698:
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1658:
1657:External links
1655:
1654:
1653:
1630:
1612:
1606:
1583:
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1557:
1550:
1536:Schulze, Franz
1527:
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1439:
1421:
1407:
1382:
1352:
1334:
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1286:
1280:. p. 16.
1252:
1238:
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1192:
1168:
1147:
1114:
1090:
1072:(3): 305–327,
1049:
1035:(in Persian).
1021:
1003:
984:
969:
952:
937:
934:on 2006-07-10.
919:
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876:
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857:
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827:
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809:Emirati mosque
797:Philip Johnson
709:
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2164:Islam in Iraq
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1874:Murjan Mosque
1872:
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1644:on 2019-12-09
1643:
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1492:on 2017-05-26
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868:Chogha Zanbil
866:
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861:
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829:
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820:
818:
814:
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783:
779:
775:
771:
770:Pillar of Gor
767:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
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714:
707:
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541:
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511:
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476:
475:Al-Mutawakkil
472:
468:
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460:
456:
450:
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438:
429:
424:
418:
409:
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398:
389:
385:
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363:
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303:
294:
290:
286:
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279:
275:
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262:
258:
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246:
243:
242:Al-Mutawakkil
240:
236:
233:
230:
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221:
218:
214:
209:
204:
176:
174:
170:
163:
147:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
92:
90:
81:
77:
72:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
32:Samara Mosque
19:
2049:Other cities
2018:
1914:Uzbek Mosque
1672:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:the original
1637:
1623:. Retrieved
1619:
1589:
1574:. Retrieved
1560:
1540:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:
1505:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:the original
1485:
1476:
1456:
1449:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1376:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1306:
1296:
1265:
1255:
1246:
1241:
1228:
1208:. Retrieved
1204:
1195:
1184:. Retrieved
1180:
1171:
1160:. Retrieved
1158:. 2005-04-01
1150:
1139:. Retrieved
1128:The Guardian
1127:
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:
1093:
1069:
1065:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1015:
993:
987:
978:
972:
964:
946:
940:
932:the original
922:
911:. Retrieved
901:
892:
886:
839:Islam portal
790:
763:Mesopotamian
760:
745:
720:
719:
643:
635:Architecture
614:
610:
597:
589:
554:
546:
542:
526:
518:architecture
515:
492:
383:
381:
211:Architecture
160:Location in
2061:Ezra's Tomb
1520:10 February
1400:10 February
1378:Mesopotamia
1373:Switzerland
1274:Netherlands
1231:. Baghdad:
853:Iraq portal
786:Oleg Grabar
737:Snail Shell
565:Hulagu Khan
461:located in
342:2007 (31st
339:Inscription
198: /
89:Affiliation
2184:Categories
1971:Kufa-Najaf
1648:2019-12-09
1625:2019-12-09
1576:2019-07-24
1571:Gulf Today
1496:2016-11-16
1287:9004038132
1210:2024-06-12
1186:2024-06-12
1162:2024-06-12
1141:2024-06-12
1108:2024-06-12
1103:Al Jazeera
913:2010-05-23
879:References
778:his mosque
735:" or "The
352:Endangered
186:43°52′47″E
183:34°12′21″N
108:and shrine
1433:. Brill.
1395:Rch.ac.ir
1136:0261-3077
895:: 156–193
766:ziggurats
741:sandstone
631:in 2007.
600:June 2024
563:), after
437:romanized
417:romanized
397:romanized
329:Reference
264:Destroyed
256:Completed
2159:Category
1704:Archived
1538:(1996).
1369:Fribourg
1363:(1977).
1042:27 March
823:See also
758:Valley.
320:Criteria
126:Location
121:Location
83:Religion
2028:Karbala
2002:Samarra
1766:Baghdad
1681:. 2019.
1018:, Brill
795:winner
754:in the
733:Minaret
708:Minaret
664:pillars
660:pillars
590:updated
499:minaret
489:History
473:caliph
471:Abbasid
463:Samarra
451:
439::
419::
399::
344:Session
278:Minaret
267:1278 CE
238:Founder
232:Abbasid
220:Islamic
130:Samarra
18:Malwiya
1679:UNESCO
1604:
1548:
1464:
1437:
1325:
1313:, the
1311:Boston
1284:
1270:Leiden
1134:
1086:124344
1084:
817:Al Ain
805:Dallas
756:Tigris
725:Arabic
655:mihrab
651:mihrab
647:qiblah
640:Layout
621:UNESCO
497:; its
480:UNESCO
455:mosque
428:Arabic
408:Arabic
388:Arabic
259:851 CE
251:848 CE
116:Active
113:Status
106:Mosque
51:Arabic
1934:Mosul
1515:WRMEA
1278:Brill
1082:JSTOR
1062:(PDF)
752:Islam
748:adhan
559:(656
538:Egypt
534:Cairo
426:, or
356:2007-
227:Style
94:Islam
1602:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1522:2019
1462:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1402:2019
1323:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1132:ISSN
1044:2012
561:A.H.
557:C.E.
467:Iraq
449:lit.
382:The
361:Area
216:Type
162:Iraq
134:Iraq
1594:doi
1315:USA
1074:doi
815:in
803:in
532:in
333:276
280:(s)
34:or
2186::
1714:,
1677:.
1671:.
1636:.
1618:.
1600:.
1592:.
1569:.
1513:.
1484:.
1393:.
1371:,
1367:.
1337:^
1317::
1309:.
1305:.
1276::
1272:,
1268:.
1264:.
1219:^
1203:.
1179:.
1130:.
1126:.
1101:.
1080:,
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1024:^
1006:^
996:,
955:^
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536:,
522:AH
465:,
459:CE
446:,
434:,
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414:,
410::
406:,
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132:,
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1610:.
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1579:.
1554:.
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1470:.
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1331:.
1290:.
1213:.
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1165:.
1144:.
1111:.
1076::
1046:.
916:.
723:(
666:.
602:)
598:(
386:(
346:)
283:1
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
