3810:
3815:
212:
5420:
5625:
189:
113:
4526:
4520:
4514:
5415:
615:
are nearly unique. Instead of having many teeth that are frequently replaced, mammals have one set of baby teeth and later one set of adult teeth that fit together precisely. This is thought to aid in the grinding of food to make it quicker to digest. Endothermic animals require more calories than
710:, probably had whiskers. A common ancestor of all therian mammals did so. Indeed, some humans even still develop vestigial vibrissal muscles in the upper lip. Thus, it is possible that the development of the whisker sensory system played an important role in mammalian development, more generally.
3115:
Stephen Reily and Thomas White, Hypaxial Motor
Patterns and the Function of Epipubic Bones in Primitive Mammals, ARTICLE in SCIENCE 299(5605):400-2 · FEBRUARY 2003, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA. Impact Factor: 33.61 ·
776:, which also have them. These pelvic bones strengthen the torso and support abdominal and hindlimb musculature. They, however, prevent the expansion of the abdomen, and so force species that possess them to either give birth to larval young (as in modern
620:, so speeding up the pace of digestion is a necessity. The drawback to the fixed dentition is that worn teeth cannot be replaced, as was possible for the reptiliomorph ancestors of mammaliaforms. To compensate, mammals developed
548:. In contrast, the assignment of organisms to Mammalia has traditionally been founded on traits and, on this basis, Mammalia is slightly more inclusive than Mammaliaformes. In particular, trait-based taxonomy generally includes
634:, along with other characteristically mammalian features, is also thought to characterize the Mammaliaformes, but these traits are difficult to study in the fossil record. Evidence of lactation is present in
2700:
Panciroli E., Benson RBJ., and Walsh S. 2017. The dentary of
Wareolestes rex (Megazostrodontidae): a new specimen from Scotland and implications for morganucodontan tooth replacement. Papers in Palaeontology
713:
Like monotremes today, the legs of early mammaliaforms were somewhat sprawling, giving a rather "reptilian" type of gait. However, there was a general tendency to have more erect forelimbs, forms like
2535:
3106:
Jason A. Lillegraven, Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, William A. Clemens, Mesozoic
Mammals: The First Two-Thirds of Mammalian History, University of California Press, 17/12/1979 - 321
652:
appears to have uniquely discarded milk altogether. Prior to hatching, the milk glands would provide moisture to the leathery eggs, a situation still found in monotremes.
3018:
5735:
2590:
Datta, P. M. (2005). "Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the Late
Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India".
568:
and the crown group mammals. This wider group includes some families that trait-based taxonomy does not include in
Mammalia, in particular Tritylodontidae and
2939:
Tamatsu, Yuichi; Tsukahara, Kazue; Hotta, Mitsuyuki; Shimada, Kazuyuki (August 2007). "Vestiges of vibrissal capsular muscles exist in the human upper lip".
607:-like in appearance and size, and most of their distinguishing characteristics were internal. In particular, the structure of the mammaliaform (and mammal)
2709:
Hu, Yaoming; Meng, Jin; Clark, James M. "A New
Tritylodontid from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, China". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (3): 385–391.
2566:
591:
mammals extends back to the
Jurassic, with extensive findings in the Late Jurassic outcrops of Portugal and China. The earliest confirmed specimens of
3031:
Kielan−Jaworowska, Z. and Hurum, J.H. 2006. Limb posture in early mammals: Sprawling or parasagittal. Acta Palae− ontologica
Polonica 51 (3): 393–406.
717:
even having a fundamentally modern forelimb anatomy while the hindlimbs remained "primitive"; this tendency is in some effect still seen in modern
5740:
3809:
2404:
2637:
3315:
3283:
3814:
5730:
3149:"Mandibular and dental characteristics of Late Triassic mammaliaform Haramiyavia and their ramifications for basal mammal evolution"
3091:
3002:
721:
mammals, which often have more sprawling hindlimbs. In some forms, the hind feet likely bore a spur similar to those found in the
211:
5419:
3209:
3288:
3214:(Triconodontidae, Mammalia) from the Late Jurassic of Colorado, and a Reappraisal of Mammaliaform Interrelationships"
560:
in
Mammalia, though they fall outside the Mammaliaformes definition. These genera are included in the broader clade
2439:(Therapsida, Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa, and the cladistic relationships of eutheriodonts"
545:
3147:
Luo, Zhe-Xi; Gates, Stephen M.; Jenkins Jr., Farish A.; Amaral, William W.; Shubin, Neil H. (16 November 2015).
2654:
2603:
2490:
519:
and the crown group mammals; the latter is the clade originating with the most recent common ancestor of extant
3308:
784:). Most mammaliforms, therefore, probably had the same constraints, and some species could have borne pouches.
2554:
5725:
5720:
4525:
3045:
2982:
2414:
5491:
5645:
4513:
4519:
671:
animal warm if it is very small, less than 5 cm (1.97 in) long; the 3.2 cm (1.35 in)
5692:
2805:"A Swimming Mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and Ecomorphological Diversification of Early Mammals"
5414:
4121:
5149:
4583:
3761:
3162:
2890:
Mitchinson, B.; Grant, R. A.; Arkley, K.; Rankov, V.; Perkon, I.; Prescott, T.J. (12 November 2011).
2819:
2625:
2505:
2450:
2399:
793:
326:
163:
5551:
4773:
5683:
5179:
4733:
3639:
3301:
2994:
1802:
5461:
5248:
4633:
4101:
4081:
3519:
5628:
5561:
5313:
5285:
5218:
5013:
4911:
4874:
4713:
4683:
3649:
3499:
3406:
3012:
2964:
2843:
2752:
2607:
2558:
2468:
505:
206:
5521:
5241:
5233:
4214:
3961:
5697:
5356:
3083:
5471:
5394:
5194:
5020:
4881:
4175:
3975:
3533:
3263:
3224:
3190:
3087:
3049:
2998:
2956:
2921:
2835:
2744:
2669:
2633:
2307:
2084:
1085:
5481:
5278:
4858:
4294:
4205:
4141:
3930:
3255:
3180:
3170:
3117:
3075:
2986:
2948:
2911:
2903:
2827:
2783:
2736:
2710:
2599:
2550:
2513:
2458:
1474:
1361:
703:
464:
403:
2861:
5541:
4452:
4338:
4221:
4044:
3991:
3845:
3832:
3773:
3659:
3570:
3549:
2007:
1643:
818:
656:
595:
are found in them, demonstrating that the ancestors of mammals had already developed fur.
569:
565:
509:
295:
2987:
3166:
2823:
2509:
2454:
5592:
5587:
5448:
5327:
5226:
5164:
4888:
4673:
4389:
4354:
4268:
4151:
4028:
3375:
3185:
3148:
2916:
2891:
2630:
Colbert's evolution of the vertebrates: a history of the backboned animals through time
2268:
1666:
1425:
1240:
912:
804:
756:
635:
625:
561:
516:
395:
308:
133:
2655:"The development and evolution of mammalian enamel: Structural and functional aspects"
5714:
5597:
5339:
5299:
5107:
5093:
5086:
5042:
4985:
4902:
4743:
4703:
4613:
4438:
4284:
4191:
4061:
3876:
3709:
3602:
3579:
3076:
3041:
2804:
2611:
2463:
2434:
2030:
1630:
1502:
1349:
1207:
926:
868:
773:
750:
714:
639:
564:, defined phylogenetically as the clade originating with the last common ancestor of
550:
455:
437:
122:
70:
28:
2968:
2847:
2756:
2727:
Oftedal, O.T. (2002). "The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution".
2562:
2472:
112:
5602:
5578:
5573:
5263:
5205:
5071:
5057:
4978:
4964:
4934:
4753:
4643:
4593:
4459:
4375:
4347:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4184:
4005:
3906:
3866:
3736:
3720:
3693:
2517:
2290:
2183:
2092:
1717:
1402:
1388:
1190:
1019:
943:
841:
769:
685:
679:
621:
474:
198:
141:
128:
188:
515:. It is defined as the clade originating from the most recent common ancestor of
5677:
5349:
5306:
5255:
5187:
5157:
5114:
5100:
5078:
5027:
4971:
4941:
4926:
4834:
4803:
4783:
4723:
4693:
4663:
4653:
4573:
4431:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4382:
4368:
4361:
4314:
4257:
4131:
4091:
3984:
3946:
3916:
3750:
3669:
2303:
2237:
2223:
2132:
2054:
1971:
1882:
1860:
1761:
1679:
1367:
1102:
885:
737:
673:
668:
648:
588:
556:
537:
528:
524:
520:
494:
469:
446:
376:
366:
346:
45:
5668:
3259:
667:
ancestors, had a furry covering. An insulative covering is necessary to keep a
5171:
5141:
5128:
5064:
5035:
5006:
4992:
4867:
4814:
4793:
4603:
4466:
4445:
4424:
4304:
4249:
4071:
4021:
4014:
3953:
3886:
3702:
3629:
3619:
3556:
3509:
3468:
3455:
3418:
3366:
3324:
2740:
2166:
1852:
1826:
1778:
1693:
1468:
1336:
1064:
1002:
781:
777:
617:
531:. Besides Morganucodonta and the crown group mammals, Mammaliaformes includes
501:
428:
419:
282:
269:
173:
156:
90:
55:
3267:
3243:
3228:
2673:
5270:
4955:
4844:
4824:
4763:
4161:
4111:
3679:
3542:
3391:
3357:
3175:
3121:
2831:
2409:
2316:
2312:
2145:
1135:
988:
761:
631:
532:
411:
386:
256:
223:
168:
146:
95:
39:
3194:
2960:
2925:
2907:
2839:
2788:
2771:
2748:
2714:
646:
is an ancestral characteristic in this group. However, the fairly derived
5662:
5531:
5501:
5363:
5320:
5292:
5049:
4918:
4623:
4396:
4324:
3348:
2251:
2227:
1874:
1730:
1325:
1257:
1159:
765:
722:
707:
698:
664:
512:
442:
356:
243:
151:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
2985:, Richard L. Cifelli, Zhe-Xi Luo (2004). "Chapter 7: Eutriconodontans".
780:), or produce minuscule eggs that hatch into larval young (as in modern
693:, had two layers of fur, guard hairs and underfur, as do mammals today.
5511:
4999:
3939:
3896:
3586:
1980:
1744:
1448:
742:
726:
100:
75:
5383:
3489:
3342:
2952:
2677:
1840:
718:
497:
233:
178:
32:
5639:
3244:"Putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei is a Neogene shrew"
2989:
Mammals from the Age of
Dinosaurs: origins, evolution, and structure
2772:"Selective Factors Associated with the Origin of Fur and Feathers"
1983:
792:
The cladogram below follows the analysis of Luo and colleagues in
730:
642:
that also display evidence of lactation, this seems to imply that
612:
604:
490:
3153:
677:
must have had fur, therefore, but the 10 cm (3.94 in)
643:
5643:
5435:
4541:
3830:
3453:
3335:
3297:
745:. These are still retained, however, in earlier mammaliaforms.
638:, via tooth replacement patterns. Combined with the more basal
2536:"Analysis of Molar Structure and Phylogeny of Docodont Genera"
660:
608:
592:
3293:
3289:
Mesozoic Mammals; Basal Mammaliaformes, an internet directory
2604:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0200:EMWTEU]2.0.CO;2
3242:
Averianov, Alexander O.; Voyta, Leonid L. (2024-02-28).
2555:
10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[27:AOMSAP]2.0.CO;2
575:
Animals in the Mammaliaformes clade are often called
5557:
5547:
5537:
5527:
5517:
5507:
5497:
5487:
5477:
5467:
5457:
5125:
4952:
4899:
4855:
4840:
4830:
4820:
4810:
4799:
4789:
4779:
4769:
4759:
4749:
4739:
4729:
4719:
4709:
4699:
4689:
4679:
4669:
4659:
4649:
4639:
4629:
4619:
4609:
4599:
4589:
4579:
4569:
4335:
4320:
4310:
4300:
4290:
4280:
4202:
4172:
4157:
4147:
4137:
4127:
4117:
4107:
4097:
4087:
4077:
4067:
4057:
4002:
3972:
3927:
3912:
3902:
3892:
3882:
3872:
3862:
3747:
3732:
3690:
3675:
3665:
3655:
3645:
3635:
3625:
3615:
3567:
3530:
3515:
3505:
3495:
3485:
3208:
Rougier, G. W.; Wible, J. R.; Hopson, J. A. (1996).
2892:"Active vibrissal sensing in rodents and marsupials"
461:
452:
434:
425:
416:
408:
400:
392:
382:
372:
362:
352:
342:
5652:
5572:
5446:
5381:
5338:
5204:
5124:
4951:
4898:
4854:
4554:
4476:
4334:
4267:
4201:
4171:
4042:
4001:
3971:
3926:
3843:
3772:
3746:
3719:
3689:
3600:
3566:
3529:
3466:
3417:
3390:
1975:included following Luo and Martin (2007). However,
659:. In modern mammals, this is used for cleaning the
741:lacks the multiple bones in its lower jaw seen in
2993:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.
689:, further removed from crown group mammals than
2491:"Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia"
2729:Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia
2543:Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History
1969:Cladogram based on Rougier et al. (1996) with
628:that helped spread out the force of the bite.
3309:
729:. Such a spur would have been connected to a
8:
3284:Mammaliforms and Mammaliaformes from Palaeos
3223:(3183). American Museum of Natural History.
3017:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2885:
2883:
2628:; Morales, Michael; Minkoff, Eli C. (2001).
1979:is later considered as misidentification of
733:gland for protection or mating competition.
696:It is possible that early mammaliaforms had
2662:Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences
2529:
2527:
5640:
5443:
5432:
5210:
5133:
4562:
4551:
4538:
4273:
4050:
3855:
3851:
3840:
3827:
3725:
3608:
3478:
3474:
3463:
3450:
3396:
3387:
3332:
3316:
3302:
3294:
2484:
2482:
663:, indicating that they, contrary to their
187:
111:
20:
3184:
3174:
2915:
2787:
2462:
2425:
683:might not have needed it. The docodont
5736:Extant Late Triassic first appearances
3010:
2770:Ruben, J.A. & Jones, T.D. (2000).
2653:Line, S. R. P.; Novaes, P. D. (2005).
16:Clade of mammals and extinct relatives
7:
2534:Luo, Zhe-Xi; Martin, Thomas (2007).
3135:The Evolution Of The Human Placenta
3082:. Oxford University Press. p.
3078:The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
3050:"Were mammals originally venomous?"
2296:
2243:
2233:
2158:
2151:
2124:
2117:
2080:
2073:
2046:
2022:
2000:
1989:
1847:
1818:
1794:
1736:
1709:
1685:
1658:
1636:
1626:
1498:
1464:
1440:
1418:
1394:
1342:
1332:
1232:
1182:
1175:
1151:
1127:
1077:
1070:
1060:
1053:
994:
984:
977:
918:
908:
901:
860:
833:
811:
799:
764:mammals), all mammaliforms possess
655:The early mammaliaforms did have a
603:Early mammaliaforms were generally
2592:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2498:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
2632:(5th ed.). New York: Wiley.
2405:Permian–Triassic extinction event
5624:
5623:
5418:
5413:
4524:
4518:
4512:
3813:
3808:
3133:Michael L. Power, Jay Schulkin.
2862:"Your Inner Fish: Episode Guide"
2464:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00646.x
210:
748:With the possible exception of
422:(often placed as crown mammals)
35:) – Present,
3248:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
2803:Qiang Ji; et al. (2006).
2518:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011708
1:
5741:Taxa named by Timothy B. Rowe
3057:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
544:Mammaliaformes is a term of
626:crystallite discontinuities
5757:
3260:10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w
583:. Sometimes, the spelling
5731:Carnian first appearances
5619:
5442:
5431:
5411:
5213:
5136:
4565:
4550:
4537:
4510:
4276:
4053:
3858:
3854:
3839:
3826:
3806:
3728:
3611:
3481:
3477:
3462:
3449:
3399:
3386:
3331:
3221:American Museum Novitates
2301:
2294:
2266:
2248:
2241:
2231:
2180:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2089:
2078:
2071:
2051:
2044:
2027:
2020:
2005:
1998:
1879:
1857:
1845:
1823:
1816:
1799:
1792:
1775:
1758:
1741:
1734:
1714:
1707:
1690:
1683:
1663:
1656:
1641:
1634:
1506:
1496:
1472:
1462:
1445:
1438:
1423:
1416:
1399:
1392:
1365:
1347:
1340:
1330:
1254:
1237:
1230:
1204:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1156:
1149:
1132:
1125:
1099:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1058:
1051:
1016:
999:
992:
982:
975:
940:
923:
916:
906:
899:
882:
865:
858:
838:
831:
816:
809:
546:phylogenetic nomenclature
489:("mammalian forms") is a
339:
334:
207:Scientific classification
205:
195:
186:
142:Castorocauda lutrasimilis
119:
110:
23:
3210:"Basicranial Anatomy of
431:(possibly crown mammals)
3176:10.1073/pnas.1519387112
3122:10.1126/science.1074905
2983:Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska
2832:10.1126/science.1123026
2741:10.1023/A:1022896515287
2437:Platycraniellus Elegans
2415:Vertebrate paleontology
611:and the arrangement of
587:is used. The origin of
2908:10.1098/rstb.2011.0156
2896:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
599:Mammaliaformes in life
164:Tachyglossus aculeatus
123:Megazostrodon rudnerae
5693:Paleobiology Database
3212:Priacodon fruitaensis
3046:Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.
2715:10.4202/app.2008.0053
504:relatives; the group
3074:Kemp, T. S. (2005).
2789:10.1093/icb/40.4.585
2489:Rowe, T. S. (1988).
2400:Evolution of mammals
129:Morganucodon watsoni
3167:2015PNAS..112E7101L
2902:(1581): 3037–3048.
2824:2006Sci...311.1123J
2510:1988JVPal...8..241R
2455:2007Palgy..50..591A
2433:Abdala, F. (2007).
1622:Expanded from above
624:, characterized by
2776:American Zoologist
2435:"Redescription of
768:bones, a possibly
500:and their closest
493:that contains the
5708:
5707:
5646:Taxon identifiers
5637:
5636:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5427:
5426:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5372:
4533:
4532:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4176:Prozostrodontidae
4038:
4037:
3976:Probainognathidae
3822:
3821:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3596:
3595:
3534:Charassognathidae
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
2818:(5764): 1123–27.
2639:978-0-471-38461-8
2626:Colbert, Edwin H.
2390:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2308:Multituberculates
2280:
2279:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2104:
2103:
2085:Morganucodontidae
1966:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1485:
1484:
1378:
1377:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1219:
1218:
1114:
1113:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1030:
964:
963:
955:
954:
484:
483:
330:
5748:
5701:
5700:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5641:
5627:
5626:
5559:
5549:
5539:
5529:
5519:
5509:
5499:
5489:
5479:
5469:
5459:
5444:
5433:
5422:
5417:
5211:
5134:
5127:
4954:
4901:
4859:Kuehneotheriidae
4857:
4842:
4832:
4822:
4812:
4801:
4791:
4781:
4771:
4761:
4751:
4741:
4731:
4721:
4711:
4701:
4691:
4681:
4671:
4661:
4651:
4641:
4631:
4621:
4611:
4601:
4591:
4581:
4571:
4563:
4552:
4539:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4337:
4322:
4312:
4302:
4295:Botucaraitherium
4292:
4282:
4274:
4206:Tritheledontidae
4204:
4174:
4159:
4149:
4142:Santacruzgnathus
4139:
4129:
4122:Pseudotriconodon
4119:
4109:
4099:
4089:
4079:
4069:
4059:
4051:
4004:
3974:
3931:Chiniquodontidae
3929:
3914:
3904:
3894:
3884:
3874:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3841:
3828:
3817:
3812:
3749:
3734:
3726:
3692:
3677:
3667:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3627:
3617:
3609:
3569:
3532:
3517:
3507:
3497:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3464:
3451:
3397:
3388:
3381:
3380:
3333:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3295:
3272:
3271:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3218:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3178:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3125:
3124:· Source: PubMed
3113:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3081:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3008:
2992:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2953:10.1002/ca.20497
2936:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2809:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2724:
2718:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2676:. Archived from
2659:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2565:. Archived from
2540:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2430:
2297:
2244:
2234:
2159:
2152:
2125:
2118:
2081:
2074:
2047:
2023:
2001:
1990:
1848:
1819:
1795:
1737:
1710:
1686:
1659:
1637:
1627:
1499:
1475:Multituberculata
1465:
1441:
1419:
1395:
1362:Australosphenida
1343:
1333:
1233:
1183:
1176:
1152:
1128:
1078:
1071:
1061:
1054:
995:
985:
978:
919:
909:
902:
861:
834:
812:
800:
704:Tritheledontidae
636:morganucodontans
622:prismatic enamel
510:probainognathian
465:Australosphenida
463:
454:
436:
427:
418:
410:
404:Kuehneotheriidae
402:
394:
384:
374:
364:
354:
344:
325:
215:
214:
191:
115:
105:
42:
27:Temporal range:
21:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5696:
5691:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5648:
5638:
5633:
5607:
5577:
5568:
5542:Panchetocynodon
5438:
5423:
5401:
5369:
5334:
5200:
5150:Hypsiprymnopsis
5120:
4947:
4894:
4850:
4584:Brachyzostrodon
4559:
4546:
4529:
4492:
4472:
4453:Xenocretosuchus
4339:Tritylodontidae
4330:
4263:
4222:Diarthrognathus
4197:
4167:
4047:
4045:Prozostrodontia
4034:
3997:
3992:Probainognathus
3967:
3922:
3848:
3846:Probainognathia
3835:
3833:Probainognathia
3818:
3788:
3774:Probainognathia
3768:
3742:
3715:
3685:
3660:Platycraniellus
3605:
3592:
3571:Procynosuchidae
3562:
3550:Charassognathus
3525:
3471:
3458:
3433:
3413:
3382:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3280:
3275:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3161:(51): E7101-9.
3146:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3052:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3009:
3005:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2396:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2311:
2281:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2105:
2008:Tritylodontidae
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1644:Spalacotheriida
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1486:
1379:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1220:
1115:
1041:
1032:
965:
956:
819:Tritylodontidae
790:
657:harderian gland
616:those that are
601:
570:Brasilodontidae
566:Tritylodontidae
324:
296:Prozostrodontia
209:
160:
137:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5754:
5752:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5726:Mammaliamorpha
5723:
5721:Mammaliaformes
5713:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5689:
5684:Mammaliaformes
5674:
5658:
5656:
5654:Mammaliaformes
5650:
5649:
5644:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5593:Morganucodonta
5590:
5588:Dromatheriidae
5584:
5582:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5555:
5552:Redondagnathus
5545:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5505:
5495:
5485:
5475:
5465:
5454:
5452:
5449:Incertae sedis
5440:
5439:
5436:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5388:
5386:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5345:
5343:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5328:Gondwanatheria
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5267:
5260:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5230:
5227:Arboroharamiya
5223:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5165:Kalaallitkigun
5161:
5154:
5146:
5137:
5131:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4960:
4958:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4889:Kuehneotherium
4885:
4878:
4871:
4863:
4861:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4838:
4828:
4818:
4808:
4797:
4787:
4777:
4774:Paikasigudodon
4767:
4757:
4747:
4737:
4727:
4717:
4707:
4697:
4687:
4677:
4674:Erythrotherium
4667:
4657:
4647:
4637:
4627:
4617:
4607:
4597:
4587:
4577:
4566:
4560:
4557:Mammaliaformes
4555:
4548:
4547:
4544:Mammaliaformes
4542:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4478:Mammaliaformes
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4390:Kayentatherium
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4355:Bienotheroides
4351:
4343:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4318:
4308:
4298:
4288:
4277:
4271:
4269:Mammaliamorpha
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4180:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4152:Therioherpeton
4145:
4135:
4125:
4115:
4105:
4095:
4085:
4075:
4065:
4054:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4029:Trucidocynodon
4025:
4018:
4010:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3988:
3980:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3910:
3900:
3890:
3880:
3870:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3755:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3663:
3653:
3643:
3633:
3623:
3612:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3503:
3493:
3482:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3400:
3394:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:Eutheriodontia
3369:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3336:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3279:
3278:External links
3276:
3274:
3273:
3234:
3200:
3139:
3126:
3108:
3099:
3092:
3066:
3033:
3024:
3003:
2974:
2931:
2879:
2853:
2795:
2782:(4): 585–596.
2762:
2735:(3): 225–252.
2719:
2702:
2693:
2645:
2638:
2617:
2598:(1): 200–207.
2582:
2523:
2504:(3): 241–264.
2478:
2449:(3): 591–618.
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:Tachyglossidae
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2252:Ornithorhychus
2247:
2242:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2068:Mammaliaformes
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1995:Mammaliamorpha
1988:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1878:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:Henkelotherium
1662:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:expanded below
1505:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:Eutriconodonta
1422:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:Arboroharamiya
1236:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
998:
993:
991:
983:
981:
976:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
962:
961:
958:
957:
953:
952:
949:
948:
939:
936:
935:
932:
931:
922:
917:
915:
913:Morganucodonta
907:
905:
900:
898:
895:
894:
891:
890:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
864:
859:
857:
855:Mammaliaformes
851:
850:
847:
846:
837:
832:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
815:
810:
808:
805:Mammaliamorpha
798:
789:
786:
774:tritylodontids
757:Erythrotherium
715:eutriconodonts
640:tritylodontids
600:
597:
579:, without the
562:Mammaliamorpha
517:Morganucodonta
487:Mammaliaformes
482:
481:
480:
479:
478:
477:
472:
467:
459:
440:
432:
423:
414:
406:
398:
396:Morganucodonta
390:
380:
370:
360:
350:
337:
336:
332:
331:
322:Mammaliaformes
319:
312:
311:
309:Mammaliamorpha
306:
299:
298:
293:
286:
285:
280:
273:
272:
267:
260:
259:
254:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
203:
202:
193:
192:
184:
183:
134:Morganucodonta
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5753:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5699:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5679:
5675:
5670:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5642:
5630:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5598:Symmetrodonta
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5563:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5430:
5421:
5416:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5380:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:Hahnodontidae
5337:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5300:Sineleutherus
5297:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5108:Tashkumyrodon
5105:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5094:Sibirotherium
5091:
5089:
5088:
5087:Peraiocynodon
5084:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5043:Hutegotherium
5040:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4986:Cyrtlatherium
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4903:Shuotheriidae
4897:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4744:Megazostrodon
4738:
4736:
4735:
4734:Indozostrodon
4728:
4726:
4725:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4704:Hallautherium
4698:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4614:Cifellilestes
4608:
4606:
4605:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4439:Stereognathus
4436:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:Adelobasileus
4279:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4192:Pseudotherium
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4062:Alemoatherium
4056:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3877:Candelariodon
3871:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3816:
3811:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3710:Progalesaurus
3707:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3640:Nanictosaurus
3634:
3632:
3631:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3603:Epicynodontia
3599:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3580:Procynosuchus
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3093:0-19-850760-7
3089:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3006:
3004:0-231-11918-6
3000:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:(6): 628–31.
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2683:on 2010-12-28
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2572:on 2016-03-03
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2549:(39): 27–47.
2548:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:Palaeontology
2440:
2438:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:Adelobasileus
2025:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:Kielantherium
1797:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1631:Trechnotheria
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1503:Trechnotheria
1501:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:Shuotheriidae
1345:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:Sineleutherus
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1096:
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1080:
1079:
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1062:
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950:
947:
946:
945:
938:
937:
934:
933:
930:
929:
928:
927:Megazostrodon
921:
920:
914:
911:
910:
904:
903:
897:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
887:
880:
879:
876:
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872:
871:
870:
869:Adelobasileus
863:
862:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
843:
836:
835:
829:
828:
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821:
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797:
795:
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
753:
752:
751:Megazostrodon
746:
744:
740:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
706:, a group of
705:
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694:
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688:
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682:
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629:
627:
623:
619:
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598:
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586:
582:
578:
577:mammaliaforms
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
553:
552:
551:Adelobasileus
547:
542:
540:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:
508:from earlier
507:
503:
499:
496:
492:
488:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
460:
457:
456:Shuotheriidae
451:
450:
448:
444:
441:
439:
438:Shuotheriidae
433:
430:
424:
421:
415:
413:
407:
405:
399:
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389:
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381:
379:
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158:
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148:
144:
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135:
131:
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125:
124:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
34:
30:
29:Late Triassic
24:Mammaliaforms
22:
19:
5653:
5603:Triconodonta
5579:Polyphyletic
5574:Paraphyletic
5560:
5550:
5540:
5530:
5520:
5510:
5500:
5490:
5480:
5470:
5462:Cistecynodon
5460:
5447:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5269:
5264:Maiopatagium
5262:
5254:
5249:Cryoharamiya
5247:
5240:
5232:
5225:
5217:
5206:Euharamiyida
5193:
5186:
5178:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5077:
5072:Microdocodon
5070:
5063:
5058:Khorotherium
5056:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4979:Castorocauda
4977:
4970:
4965:Agilodocodon
4963:
4940:
4935:Pseudotribos
4933:
4925:
4917:
4910:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4843:
4833:
4823:
4813:
4802:
4792:
4782:
4772:
4762:
4754:Morganucodon
4752:
4742:
4732:
4722:
4712:
4702:
4692:
4682:
4672:
4662:
4652:
4644:Dinnetherium
4642:
4634:Dianoconodon
4632:
4622:
4612:
4602:
4594:Bridetherium
4592:
4582:
4572:
4556:
4543:
4517:
4477:
4465:
4460:Yuanotherium
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4376:Dinnebitodon
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4348:Bienotherium
4346:
4323:
4313:
4303:
4293:
4283:
4256:
4248:
4243:Pachygenelus
4241:
4236:Irajatherium
4234:
4229:Elliotherium
4227:
4220:
4213:
4190:
4185:Prozostrodon
4183:
4160:
4150:
4140:
4130:
4120:
4110:
4102:Microconodon
4100:
4090:
4082:Dromatherium
4080:
4070:
4060:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:Ecteniniidae
3990:
3983:
3960:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3915:
3907:Protheriodon
3905:
3895:
3885:
3875:
3867:Agudotherium
3865:
3737:Kataigidodon
3735:
3721:Eucynodontia
3708:
3701:
3694:Galesauridae
3678:
3668:
3658:
3648:
3638:
3628:
3618:
3585:
3578:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3520:Uralocynodon
3518:
3508:
3498:
3488:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3220:
3211:
3203:
3158:
3152:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3111:
3102:
3077:
3069:
3060:
3056:
3044:; Luo, Z-X;
3036:
3027:
2988:
2977:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2899:
2895:
2870:. Retrieved
2865:
2856:
2815:
2811:
2798:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2705:
2696:
2685:. Retrieved
2678:the original
2668:(2): 67–72.
2665:
2661:
2648:
2629:
2620:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2574:. Retrieved
2567:the original
2546:
2542:
2501:
2497:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2304:Triconodonts
2302:
2291:Theriiformes
2267:
2250:
2249:
2184:Castorocauda
2182:
2181:
2165:
2164:
2131:
2130:
2093:Morganucodon
2091:
2090:
2067:
2053:
2052:
2029:
2028:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1839:
1825:
1824:
1801:
1800:
1777:
1776:
1760:
1759:
1743:
1742:
1718:Amphitherium
1716:
1715:
1692:
1691:
1665:
1664:
1642:
1621:
1620:
1508:
1507:
1473:
1447:
1446:
1424:
1403:Fruitafossor
1401:
1400:
1389:Theriiformes
1366:
1348:
1324:
1256:
1255:
1239:
1238:
1206:
1205:
1191:Eleutherodon
1189:
1188:
1158:
1157:
1134:
1133:
1101:
1100:
1084:
1083:
1020:Castorocauda
1018:
1017:
1001:
1000:
944:Morganucodon
942:
941:
925:
924:
884:
883:
867:
866:
854:
842:Pachygenelus
840:
839:
817:
803:
791:
770:synapomorphy
760:(as well as
755:
749:
747:
736:
735:
712:
697:
695:
690:
686:Castorocauda
684:
680:Morganucodon
678:
672:
669:homeothermic
654:
647:
630:
602:
585:mammaliforms
584:
580:
576:
574:
555:
549:
543:
536:
486:
485:
475:Theriimorpha
385:
375:
365:
355:
345:
321:
315:
302:
289:
276:
263:
250:
199:Morganucodon
197:
174:Ursus arctos
172:
162:
152:Shenshou lui
150:
140:
138:
127:
121:
18:
5678:Wikispecies
5562:Saurodesmus
5350:Cifelliodon
5314:Woodeatonia
5307:Vilevolodon
5286:Sharypovoia
5256:Kermackodon
5219:Allostaffia
5188:Theroteinus
5158:Haramiyavia
5115:Tegotherium
5101:Simpsonodon
5079:Paritatodon
5028:Gondtherium
5014:Dsungarodon
4972:Borealestes
4942:Shuotherium
4927:Paritatodon
4912:Feredocodon
4875:Kotatherium
4835:Wareolestes
4804:Sinoconodon
4784:Purbeckodon
4724:Indotherium
4714:Helvetiodon
4694:Hadrocodium
4684:Gondwanadon
4664:Eozostrodon
4654:Dyskritodon
4574:Bocaconodon
4432:Shartegodon
4418:Oligokyphus
4411:Nuurtherium
4404:Montirictus
4383:Fossiomanus
4369:Dianzhongia
4362:Bocatherium
4315:Sinoconodon
4258:Tritheledon
4132:Rewaconodon
4092:Inditherium
3985:Bonacynodon
3947:Chiniquodon
3917:Tessellatia
3762:Cynognathia
3751:Cynognathia
3670:Thrinaxodon
3650:Nythosaurus
3500:Nanocynodon
3042:Hurum, J.H.
2255:(Platypus)
2238:Monotremata
2224:Crown-group
2133:Tikitherium
2055:Sinoconodon
1977:Tikitherium
1972:Tikitherium
1883:Placentalia
1861:Marsupialia
1762:Vincelestes
1680:Cladotheria
1368:Monotremata
1103:Haramiyavia
886:Sinoconodon
738:Hadrocodium
691:Hadrocodium
674:Hadrocodium
649:Sinoconodon
618:ectothermic
589:crown-group
557:Sinoconodon
538:Hadrocodium
529:Placentalia
525:Marsupialia
521:Monotremata
495:crown group
470:Monotremata
447:Crown group
377:Hadrocodium
367:Gondtherium
347:Bocaconodon
169:Monotremata
38:227–0
5715:Categories
5522:Meurthodon
5242:Butlerodon
5234:Baidabatyr
5172:Kollikodon
5142:Avashishta
5129:Haramiyida
5065:Krusatodon
5036:Haldanodon
5007:Docofossor
4993:Dobunnodon
4868:Fluctuodon
4815:Storchodon
4794:Rosierodon
4604:Cherwellia
4487:see below↓
4467:Yunnanodon
4446:Tritylodon
4425:Polistodon
4305:Brasilodon
4250:Riograndia
4215:Chaliminia
4072:Deccanodon
4022:Ecteninion
4015:Diegocanis
3962:Riojanodon
3954:Cromptodon
3887:Charruodon
3783:see below↓
3703:Galesaurus
3630:Cynosaurus
3620:Bolotridon
3557:Nshimbodon
3510:Madysaurus
3469:Cynodontia
3456:Cynodontia
3428:see below↓
3419:Cynodontia
3367:Therapsida
3325:Cynodontia
3137:. pp. 68–.
3063:(1): 1–11.
2687:2012-09-04
2576:2012-10-14
2421:References
2317:Placentals
2313:Marsupials
2271:(Echidna)
2167:Haldanodon
1853:Metatheria
1827:Aegialodon
1779:Nanolestes
1694:Dryolestes
1469:Allotheria
1337:Yinotheria
1065:Haramiyida
1003:Haldanodon
782:monotremes
778:marsupials
429:Haramiyida
420:Allotheria
335:Subgroups
283:Cynodontia
270:Therapsida
157:Haramiyida
31:(Earliest
5357:Denisodon
5271:Megaconus
4956:Docodonta
4845:Woutersia
4825:Stylidens
4764:Paceyodon
4162:Tricuspes
4112:Polonodon
3680:Vetusodon
3543:Abdalodon
3407:Synapsida
3392:Synapsida
3358:Synapsida
3341:Kingdom:
3268:1573-7055
3254:(1): 10.
3229:0003-0082
3013:cite book
2941:Clin Anat
2872:August 7,
2674:0102-9010
2612:131236175
2410:Therapsid
2146:Docodonta
1136:Megaconus
989:Docodonta
788:Phylogeny
762:placental
708:Cynodonts
699:vibrissae
632:Lactation
533:Docodonta
513:cynodonts
412:Docodonta
387:Woutersia
257:Synapsida
230:Kingdom:
224:Eukaryota
196:Skull of
147:Docodonta
5669:Q2082668
5663:Wikidata
5629:Category
5532:Mitredon
5502:Kunminia
5492:"Hahnia"
5472:Eoraetia
5437:See also
5395:Mammalia
5384:Mammalia
5364:Hahnodon
5321:Xianshou
5293:Shenshou
5195:Thomasia
5050:Itatodon
5021:Ergetiis
4919:Itatodon
4882:Kuehneon
4624:Delsatia
4397:Lufengia
4325:Tikiodon
3349:Chordata
3347:Phylum:
3343:Animalia
3195:26630008
3048:(2006).
2969:21055062
2961:17458869
2926:21969685
2848:46067702
2840:16497926
2757:25806501
2749:12751889
2563:29846648
2473:83999660
2394:See also
2228:Mammalia
1875:Eutheria
1731:Zatheria
1326:Mammalia
1258:Xianshou
1160:Shenshou
1086:Thomasia
766:epipubic
743:reptiles
727:echidnas
723:platypus
665:Cynodont
506:radiated
443:Mammalia
357:Delsatia
244:Chordata
240:Phylum:
234:Animalia
220:Domain:
161:Bottom:
139:Middle:
5512:Lepagia
5000:Docodon
3940:Aleodon
3897:Lumkuia
3587:Sludica
3186:4697399
3163:Bibcode
2917:3172598
2820:Bibcode
2812:Science
2506:Bibcode
2451:Bibcode
1981:Neogene
1745:Peramus
1449:Tinodon
719:therian
502:extinct
498:mammals
5581:groups
5482:Gaumia
5382:Crown-
5279:Qishou
3490:Dvinia
3266:
3227:
3193:
3183:
3090:
3001:
2997:–248.
2967:
2959:
2924:
2914:
2868:. 2014
2846:
2838:
2755:
2747:
2672:
2636:
2610:
2561:
2471:
2315:, and
2226:
1841:Theria
527:, and
329:, 1988
179:Theria
33:Norian
5698:67456
3372:Clade
3363:Clade
3354:Clade
3217:(PDF)
3053:(PDF)
2965:S2CID
2844:S2CID
2808:(PDF)
2753:S2CID
2681:(PDF)
2658:(PDF)
2608:S2CID
2570:(PDF)
2559:S2CID
2539:(PDF)
2494:(PDF)
2469:S2CID
1984:shrew
772:with
731:venom
613:teeth
605:shrew
491:clade
316:Clade
303:Clade
290:Clade
277:Clade
264:Clade
251:Clade
120:Top:
5393:see
5180:Mojo
3760:see
3405:see
3264:ISSN
3225:ISSN
3191:PMID
3154:PNAS
3088:ISBN
3019:link
2999:ISBN
2957:PMID
2922:PMID
2874:2014
2836:PMID
2745:PMID
2670:ISSN
2634:ISBN
794:2015
754:and
725:and
644:milk
554:and
535:and
327:Rowe
46:PreꞒ
3256:doi
3181:PMC
3171:doi
3159:112
3118:doi
3084:149
2995:216
2949:doi
2912:PMC
2904:doi
2900:366
2866:PBS
2828:doi
2816:311
2784:doi
2737:doi
2711:doi
2600:doi
2551:doi
2514:doi
2459:doi
661:fur
609:jaw
593:fur
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61:S
56:O
51:Ꞓ
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