2793:
2798:
150:
4403:
347:
4608:
3509:
3503:
3497:
4398:
1317:
127:
391:, that separated the incisors from their square-shaped cheek teeth. The cheek teeth in the upper jaw had three rows of cusps running along its length, with grooves in between. The lower teeth had two rows of cusps which fitted into the grooves in the upper teeth. The matching of the cusps allowed the teeth to
395:
more precisely than in earlier cynodonts. It would grind its food between the teeth in somewhat the same way as a modern rodent, though unlike rodents tritylodontids had a palinal jaw stroke (front-to-back), instead of a propalinal one (back-to-front). The teeth were well suited for shredding plant
591:, and tritylodontids were eventually thought to be descendants of traversodontids. Under this classification, which was widely accepted in the following decades, Tritylodontidae was previous considered to be part of Gomphodontia, a larger group within
586:
jaw articulation that was characteristic of early mammals. Haughton and Brink (1954) were the first to classify tritylodontids within
Cynodontia. Later studies identified close similarities between the teeth of tritylodontids and
610:, the cynodont group containing mammals and related taxa. Gomphodontia is still used for the cynognathian group containing traversodontids and is preferred over Tritylodontoidea now that tritylodontids are not part of it. A
565:
The tooth morphology suggests that tritylodonts were primarily herbivorous, tooth microwear analysis indicates that tritylodonts ate food with low to moderate abrasiveness, and may have also consumed invertebrates.
633:
The exact position of
Tritylodontidae in relation to Mammalia is still debated, but most researchers agree they are closely related, usually considering Tritylodontidae to be non-mammaliaform mammaliamorphs.
427:
shows that they indeed produced undeveloped young, but at litter sizes much larger than any monotreme or marsupial, at around 38 perinates. Tritylodonts were active animals that were likely
1529:
Matsuoka H, Kusuhashi N, Corfe IJ (July 2016). "A new Early
Cretaceous tritylodontid (Synapsida, Cynodontia, Mammaliamorpha) from the Kuwajima Formation (Tetori Group) of central Japan".
511:. The records of the group are almost entirely confined to the Northern Hemisphere, with the only records outside this region being in the Early Jurassic of South Africa and Antarctica.
606:
More recently, tritylodontids have been reinterpreted as close relatives of mammals. Beginning with Kemp (1983), Tritylodontidae has been proposed by numerous studies as a member of
367:
of the skull and the articular bone of the lower jaw—the retention of the joint is one of the reasons they are technically regarded to not be mammals, but are instead non-mammalian
4686:
626:(2013) phylogenetic analysis which is partially based on Liu and Olsen (2010) places Tritylodontidae in a more derived position than Brasilodontidae. Below is a
4760:
1647:
578:
in 1942, a close relationship was favored between tritylodontids and cynodonts. Watson and other paleontologists noted that tritylodontids lacked the
4750:
4673:
4745:
574:
Because of their mammal-like appearance, tritylodontids were originally placed within
Mammalia. Starting with the work of British paleontologist
2792:
4755:
1995:
1783:
1510:
2298:
288:, with several mammalian traits including erect limbs, endothermy and details of the skeleton. They were the last-known family of the non-
2797:
1956:
472:
of
England and the family name was erected by Cope in 1884. Shortly after, another tritylodontid was discovered in the Upper
1723:
Hoffman EA, Rowe TB (September 2018). "Jurassic stem-mammal perinates and the origin of mammalian reproduction and growth".
149:
2084:"Complementary approaches to tooth wear analysis in Tritylodontidae (Synapsida, Mammaliamorpha) reveal a generalist diet"
4402:
487:
in the United States, with more discoveries expected which may help to understand the history and evolution of mammals.
1672:
Reilly SM, White TD (January 2003). "Hypaxial motor patterns and the function of epipubic bones in primitive mammals".
451:
the burrowing adaptations seen in the skeleton have been re-interpreted as possibly suggesting a semi-aquatic ecology.
2291:
1621:
387:
were enlarged and were very similar to those of modern-day rodents. Tritylodontids had a large gap, called a
4740:
3508:
136:
4474:
4628:
3496:
352:
3502:
595:. The name Tritylodontoidea was previously used for the group, which traditionally included the families
4712:
2082:
Kalthoff DC, Schulz-Kornas E, Corfe I, Martin T, McLoughlin S, Schultz JA (2019-07-25). Viriot L (ed.).
392:
4397:
3104:
4660:
4132:
3566:
2744:
2095:
2032:
1835:
1732:
1681:
1538:
4534:
3756:
322:, although at least one may have had a more omnivorous diet. Tritylodontid fossils are found in the
4162:
3716:
2622:
2284:
614:
analysis performed by Liu and Olsen (2010) places
Tritylodontidae very closely to Mammalia, as the
251:
4444:
4231:
3616:
3084:
3064:
2502:
4611:
4544:
4296:
4268:
4201:
3996:
3894:
3857:
3696:
3666:
2632:
2482:
2389:
2158:
2064:
1937:
1756:
1705:
1625:
1554:
1470:
1414:
542:
469:
144:
4504:
4224:
4216:
3197:
2944:
1608:
Hammer WR, Smith ND (2008). "A Tritylodont
Postcanine from the Hanson Formation of Antarctica".
876:
4717:
4339:
4699:
4454:
4377:
4177:
4003:
3864:
3158:
2958:
2516:
2262:
2207:
2141:
Liu J, Olsen P (2010). "The
Phylogenetic Relationships of Eucynodontia (Amniota: Synapsida)".
2123:
2056:
2048:
1991:
1824:(Cynodontia, Tritylodontidae, Mammaliamorpha), from the Middle Jurassic of the United Kingdom"
1779:
1748:
1697:
1506:
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4261:
3841:
3277:
3188:
3124:
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2252:
2242:
2197:
2189:
2150:
2113:
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2040:
1983:
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50:
31:
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2553:
2532:
1443:
991:
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761:
641:
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513:
379:. The tritylodont dentition differed from that of most other cynodonts: they did not have
2257:
2226:
2099:
2036:
1975:
1839:
1774:
Kemp T, Smith R, Rubidge B, Huttenlocker A, Rega E, Ray S, et al. (November 2011).
1736:
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4575:
4570:
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4209:
4147:
3871:
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3539:
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400:
diets, much in the same vein as modern mammals with "herbivore dentitions" like modern
360:
346:
289:
371:. The back of the skull had huge zygomatic arches for the attachment of its large jaw
4734:
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4322:
4282:
4090:
4076:
4069:
4025:
3968:
3885:
3726:
3686:
3596:
3421:
3267:
3174:
3044:
2859:
2692:
2585:
2562:
2178:"The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity"
2068:
2020:
1976:"The Late Triassic Record of Cynodonts: Time of Innovations in the Mammalian Lineage"
1941:
1923:
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1629:
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364:
84:
46:
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1709:
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3917:
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3626:
3576:
3442:
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3225:
3218:
3211:
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2849:
2719:
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1932:
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1133:
943:
893:
615:
428:
412:
380:
327:
1848:
1819:
1550:
2247:
2108:
1987:
1820:"A reassessment of the postcanine dentition and systematics of the tritylodontid
1500:
4332:
4289:
4238:
4170:
4140:
4097:
4083:
4061:
4010:
3954:
3924:
3909:
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3636:
3556:
3414:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3365:
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3344:
3297:
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3114:
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1365:
1351:
1344:
1189:
1068:
728:
592:
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415:
between both clades, and this suggests they may also have laid eggs like modern
277:
59:
2044:
4154:
4124:
4111:
4047:
4018:
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3975:
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3797:
3776:
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3004:
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104:
69:
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17:
4253:
3938:
3827:
3807:
3746:
3144:
3094:
2662:
2525:
2374:
2340:
2021:"Fossoriality and evolutionary development in two Cretaceous mammaliamorphs"
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1316:
627:
554:
530:
420:
416:
303:
194:
161:
126:
109:
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2193:
2127:
2060:
1982:, vol. 46, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 407–445,
1752:
1701:
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4514:
4484:
4346:
4303:
4275:
4032:
3901:
3606:
3379:
3307:
2331:
2225:
Szczygielski, T.; Van den Brandt, M. J.; Gaetano, L.; Dróżdż, D. (2024).
1974:
Abdala, Fernando; Gaetano, Leandro C. (2018), Tanner, Lawrence H. (ed.),
1379:
579:
504:
500:
496:
473:
466:
397:
388:
323:
292:
285:
181:
99:
94:
79:
74:
64:
1858:
479:
In 2023 skulls and teeth from dozens of tritylodonts were discovered at
4678:
4494:
3982:
2922:
2879:
2569:
711:
656:
384:
331:
114:
89:
4366:
2472:
2325:
534:
438:
396:
matter; however, there is evidence that some tritylodontids had more
372:
281:
171:
4622:
280:) is an extinct family of small to medium-sized, highly specialized
1891:
1874:
1315:
345:
334:—they appear to have had an almost global distribution, including
1957:"'Extremely rare' Jurassic-era fossils discovered in Lake Powell"
1906:
Owen R (1884). "On the skull and dentition of a
Triassic mammal (
363:. They retained the primitive condition of the joint between the
4665:
1577:"A New Tritylodontid from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, China"
442:
319:
315:
4626:
4418:
3524:
2813:
2436:
2318:
2280:
2019:
Mao, Fangyuan; Zhang, Chi; Liu, Cunyu; Meng, Jin (April 2021).
2176:
Ruta M, Botha-Brink J, Mitchell SA, Benton MJ (October 2013).
1818:
Panciroli E, Walsh S, Fraser NC, Brusatte SL, Corfe I (2017).
401:
2276:
1622:
10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[269:atpfth]2.0.co;2
419:, or produced undeveloped fetus-like young like modern
1912:
Quarterly
Journal of the Geological Society of London
1776:
Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation• Histology• Biology
431:
and possibly burrowed. The small early tritylodontid
4540:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4500:
4490:
4480:
4470:
4460:
4450:
4440:
4108:
3935:
3882:
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3823:
3813:
3803:
3793:
3782:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3742:
3732:
3722:
3712:
3702:
3692:
3682:
3672:
3662:
3652:
3642:
3632:
3622:
3612:
3602:
3592:
3582:
3572:
3562:
3552:
3318:
3303:
3293:
3283:
3273:
3263:
3185:
3155:
3140:
3130:
3120:
3110:
3100:
3090:
3080:
3070:
3060:
3050:
3040:
2985:
2955:
2910:
2895:
2885:
2875:
2865:
2855:
2845:
2730:
2715:
2673:
2658:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2550:
2513:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2468:
276:("three-knob teeth", named after the shape of their
4635:
4555:
4429:
4364:
4321:
4187:
4107:
3934:
3881:
3837:
3537:
3459:
3317:
3250:
3184:
3154:
3025:
2984:
2954:
2909:
2826:
2755:
2729:
2702:
2672:
2583:
2549:
2512:
2449:
2400:
2373:
1646:Luo ZX, Kielan-Jaworowska Z, Cifelli R (2002).
1648:"In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals"
529:are the latest known tritylodontids, from the
2292:
302:Most tritylodontids are thought to have been
8:
4623:
4426:
4415:
4193:
4116:
3545:
3534:
3521:
3256:
3033:
2838:
2834:
2823:
2810:
2708:
2591:
2461:
2457:
2446:
2433:
2379:
2370:
2315:
2299:
2285:
2277:
1524:
1522:
125:
38:
2256:
2246:
2231:Seeley 1891—The oldest Scottish cynodont"
2201:
2117:
2107:
1931:
1890:
1857:
1847:
1641:
1639:
1592:
603:, Traversodontidae, and Tritylodontidae.
549:of China respectively. The morphology of
495:Tritylodontids first appeared during the
1799:Charlesworth E (1854). "Title unknown".
1570:
1568:
1482:
407:Like mammaliaforms, tritylodontids had
359:The skull of tritylodontids had a high
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
445:, with a long, slim body and tail. In
375:. They also had a very well-developed
2014:
2012:
7:
1955:Canon, Gabrielle (13 October 2023).
1801:Rept Brit Assoc. Liverpool Abstracts
1502:The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
1181:
1108:
1084:
1060:
1048:
998:
986:
918:
868:
861:
837:
825:
801:
777:
753:
703:
696:
672:
648:
637:
1828:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1610:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1531:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
459:The first tritylodontid named was
25:
4761:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
465:, from teeth found in the Middle
4607:
4606:
4401:
4396:
3507:
3501:
3495:
2796:
2791:
2182:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
1924:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1884.40.01-04.07
553:indictates it had a specialised
507:, with several records from the
148:
27:Extinct family of mammaliamorphs
4751:Late Triassic first appearances
1575:Hu Y, Meng J, Clark JM (2009).
503:, and were abundant during the
4746:Prehistoric therapsid families
2143:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1:
1849:10.1080/02724634.2017.1351448
1655:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1581:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1551:10.1080/02724634.2016.1112289
4756:Early Cretaceous extinctions
2248:10.1371/journal.pone.0303973
2109:10.1371/journal.pone.0220188
1988:10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_11
1778:. Indiana University Press.
1505:. Oxford University Press.
4777:
2045:10.1038/s41586-021-03433-2
1875:"The Tertiary Marsupialia"
29:
4602:
4425:
4414:
4394:
4196:
4119:
3548:
3533:
3520:
3493:
3259:
3036:
2841:
2837:
2822:
2809:
2789:
2711:
2594:
2464:
2460:
2445:
2432:
2382:
2369:
2314:
2155:10.1007/s10914-010-9136-8
1745:10.1038/s41586-018-0441-3
1203:
1186:
1179:
1130:
1113:
1106:
1089:
1082:
1065:
1058:
1046:
1020:
1003:
996:
984:
940:
923:
916:
890:
873:
866:
859:
842:
835:
823:
806:
799:
782:
775:
758:
751:
725:
708:
701:
694:
677:
670:
653:
646:
264:
259:
145:Scientific classification
143:
133:
124:
41:
499:, the last stage of the
383:, and the front pair of
30:Not to be confused with
1980:The Late Triassic World
1933:2027/hvd.32044107348633
1694:10.1126/science.1074905
618:of the clade formed by
557:(burrowing) lifestyle.
476:rocks of South Africa.
437:has been compared to a
137:Oligokyphus triserialis
2229:Saurodesmus robertsoni
2194:10.1098/rspb.2013.1865
1910:) from South Africa".
1325:
356:
353:Kayentatherium wellesi
295:, persisting into the
4713:Paleobiology Database
1594:10.4202/app.2008.0053
1319:
349:
1908:Tritylodon longaevus
630:from this analysis.
491:Evolutionary history
134:Life restoration of
2100:2019PLoSO..1420188K
2037:2021Natur.592..577M
1879:American Naturalist
1840:2017JVPal..37E1448P
1737:2018Natur.561..104H
1686:2003Sci...299..400R
1543:2016JVPal..36E2289M
622:and Mammalia. Ruta
2188:(1769): 20131865.
1471:Embryonic diapause
1326:
543:Kuwajima Formation
470:Great Oolite Group
357:
4728:
4727:
4700:Open Tree of Life
4629:Taxon identifiers
4620:
4619:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4410:
4409:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
3516:
3515:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3159:Prozostrodontidae
3021:
3020:
2959:Probainognathidae
2805:
2804:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2579:
2578:
2517:Charassognathidae
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2031:(7855): 577–582.
1997:978-3-319-68008-8
1785:978-0-253-00533-5
1731:(7721): 104–108.
1512:978-0-19-850761-1
1308:
1307:
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1280:
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1271:
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1253:
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1244:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1035:
1034:
973:
972:
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963:
955:
954:
905:
904:
740:
739:
271:
270:
255:
16:(Redirected from
4768:
4721:
4720:
4708:
4707:
4695:
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4512:
4502:
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4462:
4452:
4442:
4427:
4416:
4405:
4400:
4194:
4117:
4110:
3937:
3884:
3842:Kuehneotheriidae
3840:
3825:
3815:
3805:
3795:
3784:
3774:
3764:
3754:
3744:
3734:
3724:
3714:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3674:
3664:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3614:
3604:
3594:
3584:
3574:
3564:
3554:
3546:
3535:
3522:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3320:
3305:
3295:
3285:
3278:Botucaraitherium
3275:
3265:
3257:
3189:Tritheledontidae
3187:
3157:
3142:
3132:
3125:Santacruzgnathus
3122:
3112:
3105:Pseudotriconodon
3102:
3092:
3082:
3072:
3062:
3052:
3042:
3034:
2987:
2957:
2914:Chiniquodontidae
2912:
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2857:
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2811:
2800:
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2500:
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2458:
2447:
2434:
2380:
2371:
2364:
2363:
2316:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2278:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2250:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1873:Cope ED (1884).
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1496:
1182:
1109:
1085:
1061:
1049:
999:
987:
919:
869:
862:
838:
831:Tritheledontidae
826:
802:
778:
754:
704:
697:
673:
649:
638:
601:Trirachodontidae
547:Yixian Formation
509:Early Cretaceous
377:secondary palate
297:Early Cretaceous
250:
245:
234:Tritylodontoidea
232:
153:
152:
129:
119:
56:
51:Early Cretaceous
45:Temporal range:
39:
32:Tritheledontidae
21:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4716:
4711:
4703:
4698:
4690:
4685:
4677:
4672:
4664:
4659:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4637:Tritylodontidae
4631:
4621:
4616:
4590:
4560:
4551:
4525:Panchetocynodon
4421:
4406:
4384:
4352:
4317:
4183:
4133:Hypsiprymnopsis
4103:
3930:
3877:
3833:
3567:Brachyzostrodon
3542:
3529:
3512:
3475:
3455:
3436:Xenocretosuchus
3322:Tritylodontidae
3313:
3246:
3205:Diarthrognathus
3180:
3150:
3030:
3028:Prozostrodontia
3017:
2980:
2975:Probainognathus
2950:
2905:
2831:
2829:Probainognathia
2818:
2816:Probainognathia
2801:
2771:
2757:Probainognathia
2751:
2725:
2698:
2668:
2643:Platycraniellus
2588:
2575:
2554:Procynosuchidae
2545:
2533:Charassognathus
2508:
2454:
2441:
2416:
2396:
2365:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2275:
2274:
2241:(5): e0303973.
2224:
2223:
2219:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2094:(7): e0220188.
2081:
2080:
2076:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1834:(5): e1351448.
1817:
1816:
1812:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1680:(5605): 400–2.
1671:
1670:
1666:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1537:(4): e1112289.
1528:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1499:Kemp T (2004).
1498:
1497:
1484:
1479:
1467:
1444:Xenocretosuchus
1314:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1054:Tritylodontidae
1036:
992:Brasilodontidae
974:
965:
956:
927:Diarthrognathus
906:
762:Probainognathus
741:
642:Probainognathia
620:Brasilodontidae
608:Probainognathia
597:Diademodontidae
589:traversodontids
576:D. M. S. Watson
572:
563:
514:Xenocretosuchus
493:
457:
344:
274:Tritylodontidae
249:
247:Tritylodontidae
243:
230:
147:
120:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
55:Rhaetian–Aptian
54:
53:
43:
42:Tritylodontidae
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4774:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4741:Tritylodontids
4733:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4709:
4696:
4683:
4670:
4657:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4576:Morganucodonta
4573:
4571:Dromatheriidae
4567:
4565:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4538:
4535:Redondagnathus
4528:
4518:
4508:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4458:
4448:
4437:
4435:
4432:Incertae sedis
4423:
4422:
4419:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4371:
4369:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4326:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4311:Gondwanatheria
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4213:
4210:Arboroharamiya
4206:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4148:Kalaallitkigun
4144:
4137:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3872:Kuehneotherium
3868:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3811:
3801:
3791:
3780:
3770:
3760:
3757:Paikasigudodon
3750:
3740:
3730:
3720:
3710:
3700:
3690:
3680:
3670:
3660:
3657:Erythrotherium
3650:
3640:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3590:
3580:
3570:
3560:
3549:
3543:
3540:Mammaliaformes
3538:
3531:
3530:
3527:Mammaliaformes
3525:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3461:Mammaliaformes
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3373:Kayentatherium
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3338:Bienotheroides
3334:
3326:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3291:
3281:
3271:
3260:
3254:
3252:Mammaliamorpha
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3135:Therioherpeton
3128:
3118:
3108:
3098:
3088:
3078:
3068:
3058:
3048:
3037:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3012:Trucidocynodon
3008:
3001:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2883:
2873:
2863:
2853:
2842:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2496:
2486:
2476:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:Eutheriodontia
2352:
2343:
2334:
2328:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2217:
2168:
2149:(3): 151–176.
2133:
2074:
2008:
1996:
1966:
1947:
1898:
1892:10.1086/273711
1885:(7): 686–697.
1865:
1810:
1791:
1784:
1766:
1715:
1664:
1635:
1600:
1587:(3): 385–391.
1564:
1518:
1511:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1373:Kayentatherium
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1338:Bienotheroides
1334:
1322:Kayentatherium
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1175:Mammaliaformes
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:Kayentatherium
1088:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:Brasilitherium
1002:
997:
995:
985:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
971:
970:
967:
966:
962:
961:
958:
957:
953:
952:
949:
948:
939:
936:
935:
932:
931:
922:
917:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
903:
902:
899:
898:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
872:
867:
865:
860:
858:
855:
854:
851:
850:
841:
836:
834:
824:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
810:Therioherpeton
805:
800:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
786:Trucidocynodon
781:
776:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
757:
752:
750:
747:
746:
743:
742:
738:
737:
734:
733:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
707:
702:
700:
695:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
676:
671:
669:
666:
665:
662:
661:
652:
647:
645:
636:
571:
568:
562:
559:
545:of Japan, and
539:Ilek Formation
492:
489:
485:Colorado River
456:
453:
448:Kayentatherium
425:Kayentatherium
409:epipubic bones
369:mammaliamorphs
361:sagittal crest
343:
340:
269:
268:
262:
261:
257:
256:
241:
237:
236:
228:
224:
223:
218:
211:
210:
205:
198:
197:
192:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
57:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4773:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4613:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Symmetrodonta
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4546:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4413:
4404:
4399:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4363:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:Hahnodontidae
4320:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4283:Sineleutherus
4280:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4091:Tashkumyrodon
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4077:Sibirotherium
4074:
4072:
4071:
4070:Peraiocynodon
4067:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4026:Hutegotherium
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3969:Cyrtlatherium
3966:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3886:Shuotheriidae
3880:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3727:Megazostrodon
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:Indozostrodon
3711:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3687:Hallautherium
3681:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3597:Cifellilestes
3591:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:Stereognathus
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3268:Adelobasileus
3262:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3175:Pseudotherium
3172:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:Alemoatherium
3039:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:Candelariodon
2854:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2794:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2693:Progalesaurus
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:Nanictosaurus
2617:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:Epicynodontia
2582:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:Procynosuchus
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1822:Stereognathus
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1430:Stereognathus
1427:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1001:
1000:
993:
989:
988:
982:
981:
978:
977:
969:
968:
960:
959:
951:
950:
947:
946:
945:
938:
937:
934:
933:
930:
929:
928:
921:
920:
914:
913:
910:
909:
901:
900:
897:
896:
895:
888:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
878:
871:
870:
864:
863:
857:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
847:
840:
839:
832:
828:
827:
821:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
811:
804:
803:
797:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
787:
780:
779:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
763:
756:
755:
749:
748:
745:
744:
736:
735:
732:
731:
730:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
713:
706:
705:
699:
698:
692:
691:
688:
687:
684:
683:
682:
675:
674:
668:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
658:
651:
650:
643:
640:
639:
635:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
581:
577:
569:
567:
560:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:
522:
521:
517:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
490:
488:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
468:
464:
463:
462:Stereognathus
454:
452:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:, a possible
410:
405:
403:
399:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:quadrate bone
362:
355:
354:
348:
341:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:, feeding on
305:
300:
298:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
263:
258:
253:
248:
242:
239:
238:
235:
229:
227:Superfamily:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
139:
138:
132:
128:
123:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
52:
48:
47:Late Triassic
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Tritylodontid
4636:
4586:Triconodonta
4562:Polyphyletic
4557:Paraphyletic
4543:
4533:
4523:
4513:
4503:
4493:
4483:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4445:Cistecynodon
4443:
4430:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4252:
4247:Maiopatagium
4245:
4237:
4232:Cryoharamiya
4230:
4223:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4189:Euharamiyida
4176:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4060:
4055:Microdocodon
4053:
4046:
4041:Khorotherium
4039:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3962:Castorocauda
3960:
3953:
3948:Agilodocodon
3946:
3923:
3918:Pseudotribos
3916:
3908:
3900:
3893:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3826:
3816:
3806:
3796:
3785:
3775:
3765:
3755:
3745:
3737:Morganucodon
3735:
3725:
3715:
3705:
3695:
3685:
3675:
3665:
3655:
3645:
3635:
3627:Dinnetherium
3625:
3617:Dianoconodon
3615:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3577:Bridetherium
3575:
3565:
3555:
3500:
3448:
3443:Yuanotherium
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3359:Dinnebitodon
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3331:Bienotherium
3329:
3321:
3306:
3296:
3286:
3276:
3266:
3239:
3231:
3226:Pachygenelus
3224:
3219:Irajatherium
3217:
3212:Elliotherium
3210:
3203:
3196:
3173:
3168:Prozostrodon
3166:
3143:
3133:
3123:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3085:Microconodon
3083:
3073:
3065:Dromatherium
3063:
3053:
3043:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:Ecteniniidae
2973:
2966:
2943:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2898:
2890:Protheriodon
2888:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2850:Agudotherium
2848:
2720:Kataigidodon
2718:
2704:Eucynodontia
2691:
2684:
2677:Galesauridae
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2568:
2561:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2503:Uralocynodon
2501:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2028:
2024:
2001:, retrieved
1979:
1969:
1961:The Guardian
1960:
1950:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1859:10138/230155
1831:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1775:
1769:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1584:
1580:
1534:
1530:
1501:
1456:
1451:Yuanotherium
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1359:Dinnebitodon
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1331:Bienotherium
1329:
1320:
1207:Morganucodon
1205:
1204:
1188:
1187:
1134:Bienotherium
1132:
1131:
1115:
1114:
1091:
1090:
1067:
1066:
1053:
1022:
1021:
1005:
1004:
944:Pachygenelus
942:
941:
925:
924:
894:Elliotherium
892:
891:
875:
874:
844:
843:
808:
807:
784:
783:
760:
759:
727:
726:
710:
709:
679:
678:
655:
654:
632:
623:
616:sister taxon
612:phylogenetic
605:
573:
564:
550:
541:of Siberia,
524:
518:
512:
494:
478:
460:
458:
446:
432:
429:warm-blooded
424:
413:synapomorphy
406:
381:canine teeth
358:
351:
328:South Africa
301:
290:mammaliaform
273:
272:
265:
246:
233:
214:
201:
188:
135:
36:
4545:Saurodesmus
4333:Cifelliodon
4297:Woodeatonia
4290:Vilevolodon
4269:Sharypovoia
4239:Kermackodon
4202:Allostaffia
4171:Theroteinus
4141:Haramiyavia
4098:Tegotherium
4084:Simpsonodon
4062:Paritatodon
4011:Gondtherium
3997:Dsungarodon
3955:Borealestes
3925:Shuotherium
3910:Paritatodon
3895:Feredocodon
3858:Kotatherium
3818:Wareolestes
3787:Sinoconodon
3767:Purbeckodon
3707:Indotherium
3697:Helvetiodon
3677:Hadrocodium
3667:Gondwanadon
3647:Eozostrodon
3637:Dyskritodon
3557:Bocaconodon
3415:Shartegodon
3401:Oligokyphus
3394:Nuurtherium
3387:Montirictus
3366:Fossiomanus
3352:Dianzhongia
3345:Bocatherium
3298:Sinoconodon
3241:Tritheledon
3115:Rewaconodon
3075:Inditherium
2968:Bonacynodon
2930:Chiniquodon
2900:Tessellatia
2745:Cynognathia
2734:Cynognathia
2653:Thrinaxodon
2633:Nythosaurus
2483:Nanocynodon
1918:: 146–152.
1616:: 269–273.
1423:Shartegodon
1415:Saurodesmus
1401:Oligokyphus
1394:Nuurtherium
1387:Montirictus
1366:Fossiomanus
1352:Dianzhongia
1345:Bocatherium
1190:Sinoconodon
1069:Oligokyphus
729:Chiniquodon
593:Cynognathia
551:Fossiomanus
526:Fossiomanus
520:Montirictus
481:Lake Powell
434:Oligokyphus
423:. A recent
342:Description
304:herbivorous
278:cheek teeth
4735:Categories
4505:Meurthodon
4225:Butlerodon
4217:Baidabatyr
4155:Kollikodon
4125:Avashishta
4112:Haramiyida
4048:Krusatodon
4019:Haldanodon
3990:Docofossor
3976:Dobunnodon
3851:Fluctuodon
3798:Storchodon
3777:Rosierodon
3587:Cherwellia
3470:see below↓
3450:Yunnanodon
3429:Tritylodon
3408:Polistodon
3288:Brasilodon
3233:Riograndia
3198:Chaliminia
3055:Deccanodon
3005:Ecteninion
2998:Diegocanis
2945:Riojanodon
2937:Cromptodon
2870:Charruodon
2766:see below↓
2686:Galesaurus
2613:Cynosaurus
2603:Bolotridon
2540:Nshimbodon
2493:Madysaurus
2452:Cynodontia
2439:Cynodontia
2411:see below↓
2402:Cynodontia
2350:Therapsida
2308:Cynodontia
2003:2021-05-24
1661:(1): 1–78.
1477:References
1458:Yunnanodon
1437:Tritylodon
1408:Polistodon
1117:Tritylodon
1024:Brasilodon
877:Chaliminia
846:Riograndia
681:Ecteninion
421:marsupials
417:monotremes
398:omnivorous
336:Antarctica
308:vegetation
266:See below
221:Cynodontia
208:Therapsida
4340:Denisodon
4254:Megaconus
3939:Docodonta
3828:Woutersia
3808:Stylidens
3747:Paceyodon
3145:Tricuspes
3095:Polonodon
2663:Vetusodon
2526:Abdalodon
2390:Synapsida
2375:Synapsida
2341:Synapsida
2324:Kingdom:
2069:233183060
2053:1476-4687
1942:131059991
1761:205570021
1630:130101582
1559:130588924
628:cladogram
584:squamosal
570:Phylogeny
555:fossorial
531:Barremian
455:Discovery
350:Skull of
293:synapsids
286:cynodonts
195:Synapsida
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
4646:Wikidata
4612:Category
4515:Mitredon
4485:Kunminia
4475:"Hahnia"
4455:Eoraetia
4420:See also
4378:Mammalia
4367:Mammalia
4347:Hahnodon
4304:Xianshou
4276:Shenshou
4178:Thomasia
4033:Itatodon
4004:Ergetiis
3902:Itatodon
3865:Kuehneon
3607:Delsatia
3380:Lufengia
3308:Tikiodon
2332:Chordata
2330:Phylum:
2326:Animalia
2267:38809839
2258:11135747
2235:PLOS ONE
2212:23986112
2163:40871206
2128:31344085
2088:PLOS ONE
2061:33828300
1753:30158701
1710:41470665
1702:12532019
1465:See also
1380:Lufengia
505:Jurassic
501:Triassic
497:Rhaetian
483:on the
474:Triassic
467:Jurassic
389:diastema
385:incisors
324:Americas
310:such as
240:Family:
182:Chordata
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
4705:4946841
4679:3239104
4666:4527054
4652:Q134746
4495:Lepagia
3983:Docodon
2923:Aleodon
2880:Lumkuia
2570:Sludica
2203:3768321
2119:6658083
2096:Bibcode
2033:Bibcode
1836:Bibcode
1733:Bibcode
1682:Bibcode
1674:Science
1539:Bibcode
1177:
1056:
994:
833:
712:Aleodon
657:Lumkuia
644:
580:dentary
561:Ecology
393:occlude
373:muscles
332:Eurasia
260:Genera
4692:117043
4564:groups
4465:Gaumia
4365:Crown-
4262:Qishou
2473:Dvinia
2265:
2255:
2210:
2200:
2161:
2126:
2116:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2025:Nature
1994:
1940:
1782:
1759:
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1708:
1700:
1628:
1557:
1509:
1312:Genera
1173:
1052:
990:
829:
624:et al.
535:Aptian
439:weasel
330:, and
318:, and
316:leaves
284:-like
282:mammal
254:, 1884
4718:39208
4687:IRMNG
2355:Clade
2346:Clade
2337:Clade
2159:S2CID
2065:S2CID
1938:S2CID
1757:S2CID
1706:S2CID
1651:(PDF)
1626:S2CID
1555:S2CID
537:aged
320:roots
312:stems
215:Clade
202:Clade
189:Clade
4674:GBIF
4376:see
4163:Mojo
2743:see
2388:see
2263:PMID
2208:PMID
2124:PMID
2057:PMID
2049:ISSN
1992:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1749:PMID
1698:PMID
1507:ISBN
582:and
523:and
443:mink
402:rats
252:Cope
60:PreꞒ
4661:EoL
2253:PMC
2243:doi
2198:PMC
2190:doi
2186:280
2151:doi
2114:PMC
2104:doi
2041:doi
2029:592
1984:doi
1928:hdl
1920:doi
1887:doi
1854:hdl
1844:doi
1741:doi
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