2631:, section leaders, forepersons, and team leaders. They focus on controlling and directing regular employees. They are usually responsible for assigning employees tasks, guiding and supervising employees on day-to-day activities, ensuring the quality and quantity of production and/or service, making recommendations and suggestions to employees on their work, and channeling employee concerns that they cannot resolve to mid-level managers or other administrators. Low-level or "front-line" managers also act as role models for their employees. In some types of work, front-line managers may also do some of the same tasks that employees do, at least some of the time. For example, in some restaurants, the front-line managers will also serve customers during a very busy period of the day. In general, line managers are considered part of the workforce and not part of the organization's proper management despite performing traditional management functions.
2454:
managers are often called supervisors, but may also be called line managers, office managers, or even foremen. Middle managers include all levels of management between the low level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of low-level managers and may have titles such as department head, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. Top managers are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or board chairman.
2964:. Evidence-based management entails managerial decisions and organizational practices informed by the best available evidence. As with other evidence-based practice, this is based on the three principles of published peer-reviewed (often in management or social science journals) research evidence that bears on whether and why a particular management practice works; judgment and experience from contextual management practice, to understand the organization and interpersonal dynamics in a situation and determine the risks and benefits of available actions; and the preferences and values of those affected.
2598:, branch managers and department managers. They are accountable to the top management for their department's function. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions. Their roles can be emphasized as executing organizational plans in conformance with the company's policies and the top management's objectives, defining and discussing information and policies from top management to lower management, and most importantly, inspiring and providing guidance to lower-level managers towards better performance.
2529:, and make decisions on the overall direction of the organization. In addition, top-level managers play a significant role in the mobilization of outside resources. Senior managers are accountable to the shareholders, the general public, and public bodies that oversee corporations and similar organizations. Some members of the senior management may serve as the public face of the organization, and they may make speeches to introduce new strategies or appear in
2927:
working hours, better retraining, and innovative (and usually industry-specific) performance markers. Managers destined for the service sector are being trained to use unique measurement techniques, better worker support, and more charismatic leadership styles. Human resources finds itself increasingly working with management in a training capacity to help collect management data on the success (or failure) of management actions with employees.
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2008:
62:
7052:
6395:
7077:
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1353:
2438:
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5555:
1441:, who oversee the work of regular employees, or volunteers in some voluntary organizations, and provide direction on their work. Line managers often perform the managerial functions that are traditionally considered the core of management. Despite the name, they are usually considered part of the workforce and not part of the organization's management class.
3278:
grown to over one-third. Formal management education became standardized at colleges and universities. Colleges and universities capitalized on the needs of corporations by forming business schools and corporate placement departments. This shift toward formal business education marked the creation of a corporate elite in the US.
3663:. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing great employment opportunities for employees. In case of nonprofit management, one of the main functions is, keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management and
2926:
While management trends can change fast, the long-term trend in management has been defined by a market embracing diversity and a rising service industry. Managers are currently being trained to encourage greater equality for minorities and women in the workplace, by offering increased flexibility in
2601:
Middle management is the midway management of a categorized organization, being secondary to the senior management but above the deepest levels of operational members. An operational manager may be well-thought-out by middle management or may be categorized as a non-management operator, liable to the
5459:
is the guardian of roles, rules, and relationships; his or her style of management relies heavily on working according to the book. In the
Weberian tradition, managers are necessary to coordinate the different roles that contribute to the production process and to mediate communication from the head
3111:
of 1854 recommended that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through competitive examination, candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, and promotion should be through achievement rather than "preferment, patronage, or purchase". This
2272:. Nevertheless, innovation is also linked to marketing (product innovation is a central strategic marketing issue). Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but management and marketing are generally understood as two different branches of business administration knowledge.
2309:
outcome. As such, management is not the manipulation of a mechanism (machine or automated program), not the herding of animals, and can occur either in a legal or in an illegal enterprise or environment. From an individual's perspective, management does not need to be seen solely from an enterprise
3277:
At the turn of the twentieth century, the need for skilled and trained managers had become increasingly apparent. The demand occurred as personnel departments began to expand rapidly. In 1915, less than one in twenty manufacturing firms had a dedicated personnel department. By 1929 that number had
2540:
duty to shareholders and are not closely involved in the day-to-day activities of the organization. However, this varies depending on the type (e.g., public versus private), size, and culture of the organization. These directors are theoretically liable for breaches of that duty and are typically
2581:
Helpful skills of top management vary by the type of organization but typically include a broad understanding of competition, world economies, and politics. In addition, the CEO is responsible for implementing and determining (within the board's framework) the broad policies of the organization.
4436:
Lupton's (1983: 17) notion that management is 'what managers do during their working hours', if valid, could only apply to descriptive conceptualizations of management, where 'management' is effectively synonymous with 'managing', and where 'managing' refers to an activity, or set of activities
4138:
There is a difference between management and manipulation. The difference is thin If management is handling, then manipulation is skillful handling. In short, manipulation is skillful management. Manipulation is in essence leveraged management. It is an alive thing while management is a dead
2900:
in the field of business and management. Most individuals obtaining management doctorates take the programs to obtain the training in research methods, statistical analysis, and writing academic papers that they will need to seek careers as researchers, senior consultants, and/or professors in
2453:
A common management structure of organizations includes three management levels: low-level, middle-level, and top-level managers. Low-level managers manage the work of non-managerial individuals who are directly involved with the production or creation of the organization's products. Low-level
3268:
Salaried managers as an identifiable group first became prominent in the late 19th century. As large corporations began to overshadow small family businesses the need for personnel management positions became more necessary. Businesses grew into large corporations and the need for clerks,
2582:
Executive management accomplishes the day-to-day details, including instructions for the preparation of department budgets, procedures, and schedules; appointment of middle-level executives such as department managers; coordination of departments; media and governmental relations; and
2862:(MBA) is the most popular professional degree at the master's level and can be obtained from many universities in the United States. MBA programs provide further education in management and leadership for graduate students. Other master's degrees in business and management include
2751:(B.Com.). These typically comprise a four-year program designed to give students an overview of the role of managers in planning and directing within an organization. Course topics include accounting, financial management, statistics, marketing, strategy, and other related areas.
4039:"Oikonomikos. Oder Xenophon vom Haus-Wesen, aus der Griechischen- in die Teutsche Sprache ĂĽbersetzet von Barthold Henrich Brockes, dem jĂĽngern. Mit einer Vorrede S.T. Herrn Jo. Alb. Fabricii ... Nebst den wenigen StĂĽcken, die aus der Lateinischen Uebersetzung Ciceronis noch ĂĽbrig"
4842:
In the army barracks, and in the mass co-ordination of men on the battlefield (epitomized by the military innovations of Prince
Maurice of Orange and Nassau in the sixteenth century) are to be found the prototype of the regimentation of the factory – as both Marx and Weber
5460:
office to the shop floor and back. This style of management assumes a world view in which the bureaucratic role is seen as separate from, and taking precedence over, other constructions of self (including the obligations of citizenship), at least for the working day.
3647:) has become both more common and more advocated, in some places distributing all management functions among workers, each of whom takes on a portion of the work. However, these models predate any current political issue and may occur more naturally than does a
3124:
advocated an economic and political system modeled after that of the
Chinese. French civil service examinations adopted in the late 19th century were also heavily based on general cultural studies. These features have been likened to the earlier Chinese model.
2930:
Good practices identified for managers include "walking the shop floor", and, especially for managers who are new in post, identifying and achieving some "quick wins" which demonstrate visible success in establishing appropriate objectives. Leadership writer
2673:
Colleges and universities around the world offer bachelor's degrees, graduate degrees, diplomas, and certificates in management; generally within their colleges of business, business schools, or faculty of management but also in other related departments.
2549:
directors are estimated to spend 4.4 hours per week on board duties, and median compensation was $ 212,512 in 2010. The board sets corporate strategy, makes major decisions such as major acquisitions, and hires, evaluates, and fires the top-level manager
3099:(1847) that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only," and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution
2917:
in business administration, the Ph.D. in management, and the Ph.D. in political science with a concentration in public administration. In the 2010s, doctorates in business administration and management were available with many specializations.
4386:
Mary Parker
Follett, the 'prophet of management' reputedly defined management as the 'art of getting things done through people.' Whether or not she said it, Follett describes the attributes of dynamic management as being coactive rather than
1419:
of an organization. They set the strategic goals and policy of the organization and make decisions on how the overall organization will operate. Senior managers are generally executive-level professionals who provide direction to middle
3040:
of enterprises in those times to carry out management functions by and for themselves. But with the growing size and complexity of organizations, a distinction between owners (individuals, industrial dynasties, or groups of
3269:
bookkeepers, secretaries and managers expanded. The demand for trained managers led college and university administrators to consider and move forward with plans to create the first schools of business on their campuses.
1426:
roles include branch managers, regional managers, department managers, and section managers. They provide direction to front-line managers and communicate the strategic goals and policies of senior management to
2318:. Management is therefore everywhere and it has a wider range of application. Communication and a positive endeavor are two main aspects of it either through enterprise or through independent pursuit. Plans,
2404:. More broadly, every organization must "manage" its work, people, processes, technology, etc. to maximize effectiveness. Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments that teach management as "
3257:. Many of these aspects of management existed in the pre-1861 slave-based sector of the US economy. That environment saw 4 million people, as the contemporary usages had it, "managed" in profitable quasi-
3526:
As the general recognition of managers as a class solidified during the 20th century and gave perceived practitioners of the art/science of management a certain amount of prestige, so the way opened for
5275:
When salaried managers first appeared in the large corporations of the late nineteenth century, it was not obvious who they were, what they did, or why they should be entrusted with the task of running
4922:
To staff these institutions, they created the oldest meritocracy in the world, in which government appointments were based on civil service examinations that drew on the values of the
Confucian Classics
2326:
tools, goals, and economic measures (profit, etc.) may or may not be necessary components for there to be management. At first, one views management functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting
6240:
2697:
degrees), management and administration positions do not necessarily require the completion of academic degrees. Some well-known senior executives in the US who did not complete a degree include
4771:
Lilienfeld SO, Ritschel LA, Lynn SJ, Cautin RL, Latzman RD (November 2013). "Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice: root causes and constructive remedies".
3671:, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers, but this is rare.
2369:
Critics, however, find this definition useful but far too narrow. The phrase "management is what managers do" occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining management without
2297:
to contribute to the success of the enterprise. Scholars have focused on the management of individual, organizational, and inter-organizational relationships. This implies effective
3079:
recommends (when re-phrased in modern terminology) being aware of and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a manager's organization and a foe's. The writings of influential
2254:
defines management as "a vulnerable force, under pressure to achieve results and endowed with the triple power of constraint, imitation, and imagination, operating on subjective,
3528:
3201:. While individuals could produce 200 pins per day, Smith analyzed the steps involved in the manufacture and, with 10 specialists, enabled the production of 48,000 pins per day.
2465:
and perform different tasks. In many organizations, the number of managers at every level resembles a pyramid. Each level is explained below in specifications of their different
2984:. Slave owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting and motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce, but many pre-industrial
2790:. Many colleges and universities also offer certificates and diplomas in business administration or management, which typically require one to two years of full-time study.
2717:
degree. Some major organizations, including companies, non-profit organizations, and governments, require applicants to managerial or executive positions to hold at minimum
4103:
Deslandes G., (2014), “Management in
Xenophon's Philosophy: a Retrospective Analysis”, 38th Annual Research Conference, Philosophy of Management, 2014, July 14–16, Chicago
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1383:
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policy of the specific organization. The efficiency of the middle level is vital in any organization since it bridges the gap between top-level and bottom-level staff.
4008:
2811:
At the graduate level students aiming at careers as managers or executives may choose to specialize in major subareas of management or business administration such as
3844:
A planning unit must be created to ensure that all plans are consistent and that policies and strategies are aimed at achieving the same mission and objectives.
3807:
Behavioural: perception towards others, conflict resolution, time management, self-improvement, stress management and resilience, patience, clear communication.
3036:
Given the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record-keeping and recording before the
Industrial Revolution, it made sense for most
2685:
While some professions require academic credentials in order to work in the profession (e.g., law, medicine, and engineering, which require, respectively the
4513:
2419:
English speakers may also use the term "management" or "the management" as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a
2542:
2036:
3378:(1866–1936) described the various branches of management and their inter-relationships. In the early 20th century, people like Ordway Tead (1891–1973),
3116:
as a systematic, meritocratic civil service bureaucracy. Like the
British, the development of French bureaucracy was influenced by the Chinese system.
6431:
7124:
3838:
The missions, objectives, strengths, and weaknesses of each department must be analyzed to determine their roles in achieving the business's mission.
3299:
2558:(CFO) has increased. In 2013, a survey of over 160 CEOs and directors of public and private companies found that the top weaknesses of CEOs were "
5254:
From Higher Aims to Hired Hands: The Social
Transformation of American Business Schools and the Unfulfilled Promise of Management as a Profession
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Designing and implementing reward systems that support cooperative behavior, as well as making decisions and sharing ideas with top managers
5599:
3091:
and other scholars find the influence of
Chinese administration in Europe by the 12th century. Thomas Taylor Meadows, Britain's consul in
6276:
2744:
2366:(1868–1933), allegedly defined management as "the art of getting things done through people". She described management as a philosophy.
2054:
6377:
4558:
Kleiman, Lawrence S. "Management and Executive Development."Reference for Business: Encyclopedia of Business(2010): n.p. 25 Mar 2011.
2049:
Management is taught across different disciplines at colleges and universities. Prominent major degree programs in management include
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While one person can begin an organization, "it is lasting when it is left in the care of many and when many desire to maintain it".
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1904:
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in public administration in some universities), for students aiming to become managers or executives in the public service and the
2870:(M.Sc.) in business administration or management, which is typically taken by students aiming to become researchers or professors.
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in a field related to administration or management, or in the case of business jobs, a Bachelor of Commerce or a similar degree.
1510:
1369:
986:
296:
264:
5335:
Jacoby, S.M. (1985). "Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945".
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Griffin, Ricky W. CUSTOM Management: Principles and Practices, International Edition, 11th Edition. Cengage Learning UK, 08/2014
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skills" and "board engagement", and 10% of companies never evaluated the CEO. The board may also have certain employees (e.g.,
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Management, Labour, and Industrial Politics in Modern Europe: The Quest for Productivity Growth During the Twentieth Century
4205:
3281:
By about 1900 one finds managers trying to place their theories on what they regarded as a thoroughly scientific basis (see
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237:
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Herrlee G. Creel, 1974 p.119. Shen Pu-Hai: A Secular Philosopher of Administration, Journal of Chinese Philosophy Volume 1.
4726:
Spring B (July 2007). "Evidence-based practice in clinical psychology: what it is, why it matters; what you need to know".
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approach to solving decision problems and can apply directly to multiple management problems, particularly in the areas of
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An organization is more stable if members have the right to express their differences and solve their conflicts within it.
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or CEO). The CEO typically hires other positions. However, board involvement in the hiring of other positions such as the
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2517:, and so on. They are responsible for controlling and overseeing the operations of the entire organization. They set a "
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2980:). Others, however, detect management-like thought among ancient Sumerian traders and the builders of the pyramids of
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2255:
1967:
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35:
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The Psychology of Management: The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching and Installing Methods of Least Waste
3644:
3688:, management operates through five basic functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling.
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6005:
3512:
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2235:(1841–1925) stated: "To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to control".
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A manager seeking to change an established organization "should retain at least a shadow of the ancient customs".
2953:
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2651:
Some front-line managers may also provide career planning for employees who aim to rise within the organization.
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may be considered to embody a rare premodern example of abstract theory of administration. American philosopher
2677:
Higher education has been characterized as a necessary factor in the managerial revolution in the 20th century.
398:
respectively. It is the process of managing the resources of businesses, governments, and other organizations.
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One of the oldest examples of a merit-based civil service system existed' in the imperial bureaucracy of China.
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2709:. However, many managers and executives have completed some type of business or management training, such as a
2514:
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1235:
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They give mid and lower-level managers a good idea of the future plans for each department in an organization.
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2988:, given their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. However,
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There are also specialized master's degrees in administration for individuals aiming at careers outside of
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3449:(1890–1962), and Thornton C. Fry introduced statistical techniques into management studies. In the 1940s,
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3045:) and day-to-day managers (independent specialists in planning and control) gradually became more common.
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4824:. Social and Politic Theory from Polity Press. Vol. 1. University of California Press. p. 125.
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Administration industrielle et générale – prévoyance organization – commandment, coordination – contrôle
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Langfred, Claus (2000). "The paradox of self-management: individual and group autonomy in work groups".
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or the Bachelor of Public Administration (B.P.A), a degree designed for individuals aiming to work as
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concept. It requires a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach. People cannot be managed.
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The field of management originated in ancient China, including possibly the first highly centralized
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uses the phrase "Short-Term Wins" to express the same idea. As in all work, achieving an appropriate
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Waring, S.P., 2016, Taylorism transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books.
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Manager l'essentiel : ce que font vraiment les managers ... et ce qu'ils pourraient faire mieux
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Waring, S.P., 2016. Taylorism Transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books.
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2976:) conceptualization. On those terms it cannot have a pre-modern history – only harbingers (such as
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4572:"Human Capital and the Managerial Revolution in the United States: Evidence from General Electric"
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China not only produced the world's first "bureaucracy", but also the world's first "meritocracy"
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2334:, but this applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective,
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3695:: Deciding what needs to happen in the future and generating action plans (deciding in advance).
2893:, for students aiming to become managers or executives in the health care and hospital sector.
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executives. Different organizations have various members in their C-suite, which may include a
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5148:
5121:
4945:
4916:
Tucker, Mary Evelyn (2009). "Touching the Depths of Things: Cultivating Nature in East Asia".
4899:
4895:
4825:
4788:
4753:
4706:
4701:
Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths And Total Nonsense: Profiting From Evidence-Based Management
4587:
4485:
4419:
4369:
4236:
4219:
Wood, Robert; Bandura, Albert (1989). "Social Cognitive Theory of Organizational Management".
4174:
4121:
4073:
3988:
3936:
3926:
3648:
3606:
3379:
3356:
2936:
2901:
business administration or management. There are several types of management doctorates: the
2886:
2867:
2840:
2775:
2734:
2282:
1984:
1658:
1520:
1515:
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1449:
1423:
1404:
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1187:
1143:
1069:
942:
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819:
756:
550:
391:
387:
379:
336:
242:
89:
85:
45:
5510:
5144:
Servants of the State: Managing Diversity & Democracy in the Federal Workforce, 1933-1953
3659:
In profitable organizations, management's primary function is the satisfaction of a range of
2301:: an enterprise environment (as opposed to a physical or mechanical mechanism) implies human
6956:
6801:
6776:
6583:
6573:
6563:
6133:
5891:
5881:
5803:
5664:
5378:
5301:
4976:
Creel, 1974 p.4, 119 Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C.
4780:
4745:
4694:
4605:
4579:
4228:
4201:
4164:
4067:
3771:
3214:
3088:
3080:
2977:
2812:
2767:
2755:
2563:
2378:
2122:
2112:
1934:
1690:
1544:
1332:
1150:
1092:
917:
912:
874:
711:
706:
465:
183:
152:
4964:
Creel, 1974 pp. 4–5 Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C.
4418:. Voices in Development Management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. (published 2012). p. 20.
6966:
6733:
6728:
6541:
6245:
6186:
6143:
6138:
6050:
6030:
5847:
5767:
5078:
4690:
4517:
4362:"Chapter Two: Of Poetry and Politics: The Managerial Culture of Sixteenth-Century England"
4284:
3625:
3395:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3197:. Smith described how changes in processes could boost productivity in the manufacture of
2957:
2897:
2816:
2706:
2686:
2660:
2595:
2571:
2518:
2506:
2405:
2098:
2012:
1994:
1819:
1804:
1430:
1285:
1137:
1030:
894:
824:
814:
731:
628:
595:
560:
480:
460:
233:
197:
143:
134:
103:
4112:
Prabbal Frank attempts to make a subtle distinction between management and manipulation:
3516:
3014:
A weak manager can follow a strong one, but not another weak one, and maintain authority.
5071:
3841:
The forecasting method develops a reliable picture of the business's future environment.
3820:
Managers must understand where and how they can implement their policies and strategies.
7081:
6929:
6841:
6836:
6593:
6514:
6509:
6440:
6347:
5413:
5350:
Cruikshank, L (1987). "A Delicate Experiment: The Harvard Business School, 1908-1945".
5248:
3707:(or leading): Determining what must be done in a situation and getting people to do it.
3536:
3532:
3324:
3286:
3075:
2882:
2609:
Designing and implementing effective group and inter-group work and information systems
2498:
2238:
2191:
2062:
1890:
1809:
1763:
1705:
1315:
844:
839:
766:
761:
751:
605:
580:
555:
309:
300:
215:
170:
147:
125:
5011:
Herrlee G. Creel, 1974 p.119. "Shen Pu-Hai: A Secular Philosopher of Administration",
4619:
4120:(2 ed.). New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd (published 2009). pp. 3–7.
3817:
All policies and strategies must be discussed with all managerial personnel and staff.
2007:
7108:
7032:
6988:
6951:
6881:
6856:
6766:
6664:
6610:
6605:
6367:
6312:
6214:
6163:
5398:
5321:
4888:
4699:
4531:
Heavy Vetting: Boards of directors now want to talk to would-be CFOs — and vice versa
3776:
3614:
3580:
3446:
3421:
3411:
3407:
2981:
2401:
2374:
2311:
2298:
2290:
2261:
2108:
1814:
1792:
1767:
1597:
1290:
726:
573:
287:
273:
260:
3860:
Mid and lower-level management may add their own plans to the business's strategies.
6831:
6771:
6519:
6477:
4987:
https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_
4323:
3963:
3787:
3439:
3431:
3391:
3262:
3198:
3142:
3100:
2536:
The board of directors is typically primarily composed of non-executives who owe a
2382:
2319:
2151:
1577:
869:
746:
736:
448:
318:
188:
5543:
5476:
5430:
5252:
5215:
5142:
4819:
4479:
4413:
4368:. Jepson Studies in Leadership. Palgrave Macmillan (published 2013). p. 17.
4361:
4115:
3713:: Creating a structure through which an organization's goals can be accomplished.
6983:
6871:
6796:
6713:
6632:
6625:
6482:
6191:
5187:
4941:
3685:
3371:
3336:
3230:
3058:
3054:
3042:
2932:
2852:
2583:
2546:
2420:
2335:
2232:
2186:
1881:
1846:
1749:
1737:
1602:
1438:
1325:
864:
505:
490:
485:
224:
107:
3701:(or staffing): Making sure the human and nonhuman resources are put into place.
7076:
7037:
6718:
6676:
6620:
6196:
5472:
4784:
4450:
3868:
3793:
3664:
3520:
3464:, initially for military operations. Operations research, sometimes known as "
3403:
3387:
3383:
3234:
3210:
3177:
3152:
3140:
listed several leadership traits in AD 900. Other examples include the Indian
3084:
2989:
2836:
2783:
2702:
2698:
2628:
2323:
2310:
point of view, because management is an essential function in improving one's
2302:
2269:
2241:(1944– ) defines management as "the transformation of resources into utility".
2175:
1971:
1961:
1956:
1695:
1557:
1434:
418:
192:
179:
138:
5390:
5313:
4591:
4240:
4178:
3940:
3796:: ability to communicate a vision and inspire people to embrace that vision.
2477:
The top or senior layer of management is a small group which consists of the
6811:
6708:
6637:
6531:
6504:
6098:
5941:
5566:
4876:
India and China: twenty centuries of civilization interaction and vibrations
3496:
3477:
3415:
3399:
3340:
3282:
3092:
3037:
2973:
2956:
is an emerging movement to use the current, best evidence in management and
2793:
To manage technological areas, one often needs an undergraduate degree in a
2559:
2537:
2530:
2458:
2437:
2265:
2201:
1856:
1754:
1637:
1592:
1572:
1397:
799:
701:
694:
4792:
4757:
3964:"What Is Evidence-Based Management? – Center for Evidence-Based Management"
5554:
4571:
3872:
2754:
Many other undergraduate degrees include the study of management, such as
1352:
17:
4583:
4530:
3780:
3362:
The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920. The
3332:
3181:
3147:
3137:
3117:
3069:
as providing lessons for civilian managers. For example, Chinese general
3029:
theory and practice contributed approaches to managing the newly popular
3026:
2985:
2874:
2393:
2294:
2181:
1979:
1939:
1622:
1607:
1587:
1456:
635:
590:
371:
76:
53:
5382:
5305:
2131:
can also mean to rule the horses. These three terms derive from the two
6558:
4985:
Paul R. Goldin, p.16 Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism.
4749:
3802:: the ability to understand the effects of culture on leadership style.
3624:
Many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from
3546:
3473:
3457:
3328:
3226:
3070:
3030:
2575:
1894:
1552:
470:
165:
5437:. Marrickville, NSW: Elsevier Australia (published 2006). p. 13.
5367:"A "Good Mixer": University Placement in Corporate America, 1890–1940"
5290:"A "Good Mixer": University Placement in Corporate America, 1890–1940"
4248:
2743:
At the undergraduate level, the most common business programs are the
3617:
organizations have also spawned programs in nonprofit management and
3184:
2526:
2306:
1944:
1886:
1784:
4467:– "Meaning 'governing body' (originally of a theater) is from 1739."
4169:
4152:
2172:
for "household"), also encompasses taking care of domestic animals.
4232:
4206:
10.1002/1099-1379(200008)21:5<563::AID-JOB31>3.0.CO;2-H
4069:
Management Principles and Practices by Lallan Prasad and SS Gulshan
3515:(so-named from 2001), as well as group-management theories such as
3424:(1909–2005) wrote one of the earliest books on applied management:
2423:. Historically this use of the term often contrasted with the term
6409:
3829:
Contingency plans must be devised in case the environment changes.
3743:: roles that involve handling, sharing, and analyzing information.
3344:
3133:
2914:
2436:
2132:
1273:
435:
4153:"Competitive advantage: logical and philosophical considerations"
3832:
Top-level managers should carry out regular progress assessments.
3732:: roles that involve coordination and interaction with employees.
3057:
state, and the earliest (by the second century BC) example of an
3254:
2466:
2331:
2327:
322:
278:
6413:
5581:
5182:
Gomez-Mejia, Luis R.; David B. Balkin; Robert L. Cardy (2008).
5118:
The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform
4936:
Gomez-Mejia, Luis R.; David B. Balkin; Robert L. Cardy (2008).
4705:(first ed.). Boston, Mass: Harvard Business Review Press.
4399:
Vocational Business: Training, Developing and Motivating People
3241:(1728–1809) developed elements of technical production such as
6600:
6241:
Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering
4999:
Ewan Ferlie, Laurence E. Lynn, Christopher Pollitt 2005 p.30,
4299:"Managerial Skills - 3 Types of Skills Each Manager Will Need"
3132:" books, which aimed to advise new monarchs on how to govern.
2502:
879:
5577:
5177:
5175:
5173:
4918:
Ecology and the Environment: Perspectives from the Humanities
4023:
3925:(8th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson Business & Economics.
2615:
Diagnosing and resolving problems within and among workgroups
2449:
shows the hierarchy of managerial roles in that organization.
2195:
370:) is the administration of organizations, whether they are a
5429:
Legge, David; Stanton, Pauline; Smyth, Anne (October 2005).
4401:
by Richard Barrett – Business & Economics – 2003. p. 51.
4324:"Management is Universal Process and Phenomenon (Explained)"
3857:
A framework is created whereby plans and decisions are made.
3442:. Drucker went on to write 39 books, many in the same vein.
3285:
for perceived limitations of this belief). Examples include
4022:
Real Academia Española, Diccionario de la lengua española.
3414:(born 1923) approached the phenomenon of management from a
3402:(1864–1920), who saw what he called the "administrator" as
3120:
claimed that the Chinese had "perfected moral science" and
2972:
Some see management as a late-modern (in the sense of late
2373:, the shifting nature of definitions and the connection of
4854:
Ewan Ferlie, Laurence E. Lynn, Christopher Pollitt (2005)
2612:
Defining and monitoring group-level performance indicators
2388:
One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to "
2216:) influenced the semantic development of the English word
2111:
language "to hold in hand the reins of a horse". Also the
3835:
The business requires team spirit and a good environment.
3758:
Entrepreneur, negotiator, allocator, disturbance handler
2939:
for self and others is an important management practice.
2264:(1909–2005) saw the basic task of management as twofold:
2228:
Views on the definition and scope of management include:
2121:(to handle, especially tools or a horse) is possible. In
3483:
Some of the later 20th-century developments include the
5478:
Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution
3770:
Political: used to build a power base and to establish
5431:"Learning management (and managing your own learning)"
4415:
The Dominance of Management: A Participatory Critique
4264:"Chapter 1: Introducing Organizational Communication"
3597:
Branches of management theory also exist relating to
3542:
Business management includes the following branches:
3128:
Various ancient and medieval civilizations produced "
3097:
Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China
5147:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 8, 200–201.
4938:
Management: People, Performance, Change, 3rd edition
3382:(1869–1955) and J. Mooney applied the principles of
2338:(1841–1925) considers management to consist of five
7013:
6997:
6744:
6470:
6300:
6269:
6233:
6205:
6177:
6089:
6063:
5991:
5965:
5922:
5890:
5846:
5835:
5781:
5716:
5709:
5698:
5633:
3826:
Policies and strategies must be reviewed regularly.
3823:
An action plan must be devised for each department.
2081:. In recent decades, there has been a movement for
4887:
4698:
4821:A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism
3217:(1806–1873) provided a theoretical background to
3193:discussed efficient organization of work through
3004:for management assessment, planning and control.
2731:Business education § Undergraduate education
2392:" and thus excludes management in places outside
5037:Otto B. Van der Sprenkel, "Max Weber on China",
5024:Creel, "The Origins of Statecraft in China, I",
2996:(5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of
2807:Business education § Postgraduate education
2305:and implies some sort of successful progress or
5435:Managing Health Services: Concepts and Practice
3849:Policies and strategies in the planning process
5217:Accounting for Slavery: Masters and Management
4478:Melling, Joseph; McKinlay, Alan, eds. (1996).
2566:) report to them or directly hire independent
30:"Manager" redirects here. For other uses, see
6425:
5593:
5116:Mark W. Huddleston; William W. Boyer (1996).
4878:. University of Michigan Press. p. 128.
4024:"manejar | Diccionario de la lengua española"
3539:than with scientific theories of management.
3531:to peddle their wares. In this context, many
3327:'s charts (1910s). J. Duncan wrote the first
3229:issues. About the same time, innovators like
2126:
2116:
2030:
1377:
344:
8:
5481:. Perennial Library. Vol. 7184. Knopf.
5120:. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 15.
4511:Board of Directors: Duties & Liabilities
4007:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3136:described job specialization in 350 BC, and
2960:. It is part of the larger movement towards
2896:Management doctorates are the most advanced
2211:
2205:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2102:
1400:levels of managers, in a pyramid structure:
5072:Full text of the Northcote-Trevelyan Report
2412:) use that name, while others (such as the
2248:– along with machines, materials and money.
2142:
2136:
6432:
6418:
6410:
5843:
5713:
5706:
5600:
5586:
5578:
3747:Nerve centre, disseminator, spokesperson
3613:. Further, management programs related to
3355:". His son Ichiro Ueno pioneered Japanese
2543:directors and officers liability insurance
2258:, institutional and environmental levels".
2037:
2023:
1444:
1396:Larger organizations generally have three
1384:
1370:
400:
351:
337:
40:
5257:. Princeton University Press. p. 3.
4867:Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman (2010), 142.
4739:
4648:Five benefits of walking the 'shop floor'
4168:
3812:Implementation of policies and strategies
3438:until 1956) commissioning a study of the
5052:
5050:
5001:The Oxford Handbook of Public Management
4856:The Oxford Handbook of Public Management
4117:People Manipulation: A Positive Approach
2416:) employ the broader term "management".
5184:Management: People, Performance, Change
4910:China is the world's oldest meritocracy
4549:. Stanford Graduate School of Business.
4520:. Stanford Graduate School of Business.
4262:Julie Zink, Ph D.; Zink, Julie (2017).
4053:"Home : Oxford English Dictionary"
3913:
3529:popularised systems of management ideas
3300:The Principles of Scientific Management
2634:Front-line managers typically provide:
2408:". Some such institutions (such as the
2097:has its roots in the fifteenth-century
1455:
403:
52:
5365:Groeger, Cristina V. (February 2018).
5288:Groeger, Cristina V. (February 2018).
4890:Unsettled: an anthropology of the Jews
4547:2013 CEO Performance Evaluation Survey
4280:
4269:
4000:
3430:(published in 1946). It resulted from
3386:to management. Other writers, such as
2570:; for example, the board (through the
4665:The 8-Step Process for Leading Change
3790:appropriate responses to a situation.
3754:: roles that require decision-making.
2244:Management is included as one of the
7:
7063:
4678:14 Ways To Improve Work-Life Balance
3103:. Influenced by the ancient Chinese
3021:With the changing workplaces of the
2843:, entertainment, global management,
2429:– referring to those being managed.
2281:Management involves identifying the
6277:Bachelor of Business Administration
4874:Tan, Chung; Geng, Yinzheng (2005).
4620:"The Role of HR in Uncertain Times"
3253:, interchangeability of parts, and
2745:Bachelor of Business Administration
2457:These managers are classified in a
27:Coordinating the efforts of persons
6378:Organizational behavior management
4576:Review of Economics and Statistics
4366:Leadership and Elizabethan Culture
4194:Journal of Organizational Behavior
4072:. Excel Books India. pp. 6–.
3719:: Checking progress against plans.
3370:degree (MBA) in 1921. People like
2778:(PoliSci) with a concentration in
25:
6292:Doctor of Business Administration
6282:Master of Business Administration
3887:Certificate in Management Studies
3562:information technology management
3453:worked in the development of the
3368:Master of Business Administration
2907:Doctor of Business Administration
2860:Master of Business Administration
2715:Master of Business Administration
2647:Performance feedback and guidance
1905:Biology and political orientation
1358:Business and economics portal
7086:
7075:
7062:
7051:
7050:
6393:
5565:
5553:
4364:. In Kaufman, Peter Iver (ed.).
4221:The Academy of Management Review
3871:
3025:in the 18th and 19th centuries,
2881:(MPA) degree (also offered as a
2289:, rules and manipulation of the
2220:in the 17th and 18th centuries.
2006:
1351:
60:
7005:List of social science journals
4360:Jones, Norman L. (2013-10-02).
2911:Doctor of Public Administration
2891:Master of Health Administration
2879:Master of Public Administration
6962:Science and technology studies
6256:Chartered Management Institute
5371:History of Education Quarterly
5294:History of Education Quarterly
4728:Journal of Clinical Psychology
4412:Holmes, Leonard (2012-11-28).
3902:Outline of business management
3566:management information systems
3468:" (but distinct from Taylor's
2069:, investigating areas such as
1900:Theories of political behavior
1526:Political history of the world
1:
5509:Jean-Louis Peaucelle (2015).
5418:– via Internet Archive.
5352:Harvard Business School Press
5013:Journal of Chinese Philosophy
4606:"AOM Placement Presentations"
3879:Business and economics portal
3736:Figurehead, leader, liaison
3535:may have had more to do with
3209:Classical economists such as
3161:
3150:(written around 300 BC), and
3059:administration based on merit
2180:is the French translation of
1915:Critique of political economy
1013:management information system
664:Chief human resources officer
5625:Index of management articles
5433:. In Harris, Mary G. (ed.).
5220:. Harvard University Press.
5090:Walker, David (2003-07-09).
5059:"China: A Teaching Workbook"
4157:Strategic Management Journal
3667:, shareholders vote for the
3501:management by walking around
3065:. Some theorists have cited
2669:College of Arts and Sciences
2362:In another way of thinking,
1496:Outline of political science
1007:Enterprise resource planning
835:Financial statement analysis
7125:Majority–minority relations
6261:Critical management studies
6124:Full range leadership model
5515:. Routledge. pp. 55–.
4973:Creel, What Is Taoism?, 94
4627:Economist Intelligence Unit
4456:Online Etymology Dictionary
3983:Mintzberg, Henry,. (2014).
3766:Management skills include:
3630:critical management studies
3601:and to government: such as
3114:Her Majesty's Civil Service
3073:in his 6th-century BC work
2200:) on household matters and
36:Management (disambiguation)
7141:
6251:Certified Business Manager
5412:Gilbreth, Lillian Moller.
5141:Rung, Margaret C. (2002).
4894:. Viking Compass. p.
4773:Clinical Psychology Review
4151:Powell, Thomas C. (2001).
3921:DuBrin, Andrew J. (2009).
3643:(sometimes referred to as
3513:agile software development
3427:Concept of the Corporation
3265:eclipsed chattel slavery.
3169:
3109:Northcote–Trevelyan Report
2946:
2804:
2728:
2658:
2638:Training for new employees
2196:
2166:("to keep house"; compare
2107:, which often referred in
1501:Index of politics articles
29:
7046:
6447:
6391:
6119:Evidence-based management
5615:
5337:Columbia University Press
4785:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.008
3800:cross-cultural leadership
3552:human resource management
3519:(1972) and the notion of
3511:-driven theories such as
3353:Japanese management style
3112:led to implementation of
2998:double-entry book-keeping
2954:Evidence-based management
2949:Evidence-based management
2943:Evidence-based management
2605:Their functions include:
2505:and other members of the
2447:United States Coast Guard
2414:Yale School of Management
2083:evidence-based management
2079:organizational leadership
2075:organizational adaptation
669:Chief information officer
501:Limited liability company
6373:Organization development
6129:Management by objectives
5542:, and library resources
5512:Henri Fayol, the Manager
5186:(3 ed.). New York:
5077:22 December 2014 at the
4680:, accessed 11 March 2023
4667:, accessed 11 March 2023
4654:, accessed 11 March 2023
4437:carried out by managers.
3923:Essentials of management
3645:Workers' self-management
3491:(systematized in 1954),
3489:management by objectives
3309:Psychology of Management
3295:Frederick Winslow Taylor
2962:evidence-based practices
2762:degrees with a major in
2574:) typically selects the
2515:chief technology officer
2377:with the existence of a
682:Chief technology officer
616:Mergers and acquisitions
586:Constitutional documents
411:Management of a business
32:Manager (disambiguation)
6650:international relations
6154:Social entrepreneurship
6114:Earned value management
5026:The Western Chou Empire
4886:Konner, Melvin (2003).
4114:Frank, Prabbal (2007).
3786:Diagnostic: ability to
3779:: used to communicate,
3634:anti-corporate activism
3619:social entrepreneurship
3364:Harvard Business School
2825:organizational behavior
2764:business administration
2695:Bachelor of Engineering
2556:chief financial officer
2552:chief executive officer
2511:chief financial officer
2483:non-executive directors
2469:and likely job titles.
2410:Harvard Business School
2390:business administration
2065:study management as an
2055:Business Administration
1910:Political organisations
1673:International relations
1511:Politics by subdivision
1413:chief executive officer
742:Environmental economics
722:International economics
673:Chief marketing officer
659:Chief financial officer
654:Chief operating officer
650:Chief executive officer
611:International trade law
405:Business administration
384:business administration
7120:Management occupations
6977:Quantum social science
6400:Systems science portal
6343:Management development
6338:Management cybernetics
6323:Executive compensation
6159:Sustainable management
6021:Information technology
6001:Environmental resource
5570:Quotations related to
5061:. Columbia University.
4570:Nicholas, Tom (2024).
4279:Cite journal requires
3892:Engineering management
3783:, mentor and delegate.
3611:educational management
3557:Management cybernetics
3509:information-technology
3487:(introduced in 1984),
3472:), attempts to take a
3223:production (economics)
3067:ancient military texts
2992:such as the spread of
2821:international business
2766:or management and the
2655:Training and education
2627:Line managers include
2450:
2346:planning (forecasting)
2212:
2206:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2143:
2137:
2127:
2117:
2103:
1311:International business
1296:Business judgment rule
641:Chief business officer
541:Annual general meeting
521:State-owned enterprise
511:Privately held company
376:nonprofit organization
7014:Other categorizations
6867:International studies
6852:History of technology
6787:Communication studies
6670:public administration
6363:Managerial psychology
6328:Management consulting
6149:Scientific management
5932:Customer relationship
5620:Outline of management
5457:manager as bureaucrat
3897:Outline of management
3603:public administration
3577:operations management
3485:theory of constraints
3470:scientific management
3349:management consultant
3347:and became the first
3291:Science of management
3190:The Wealth of Nations
3170:Further information:
3023:Industrial Revolution
2851:, sustainability and
2849:investment management
2845:healthcare management
2829:organizational theory
2805:Further information:
2780:public administration
2739:Public administration
2729:Further information:
2659:Further information:
2491:independent directors
2440:
2246:factors of production
2059:Public Administration
1990:Political campaigning
1730:Public administration
1563:Collective leadership
987:Customer relationship
923:Business intelligence
885:Financial institution
860:International finance
810:Cash conversion cycle
717:Development economics
678:Chief product officer
426:Management accounting
396:public administration
306:Business Model Canvas
283:Managerial grid model
220:Competitive advantage
6847:Historical sociology
6358:Managerial economics
6318:Corporate governance
6225:Oliver E. Williamson
6104:Collaborative method
5562:at Wikimedia Commons
4584:10.1162/rest_a_01400
4350:, Paris: Dunod, 1966
3639:As one consequence,
3587:strategic management
3572:marketing management
3547:financial management
3507:(1972), and various
3321:Applied motion study
3105:imperial examination
2903:Doctor of Management
2864:Master of Management
2833:strategic management
2749:Bachelor of Commerce
2711:Bachelor of Commerce
2665:Public policy school
2375:managerial practices
2150:The French word for
1840:Separation of powers
1711:Political psychology
1686:Comparative politics
1664:political scientists
1651:Academic disciplines
1531:Political philosophy
928:Business development
772:Economic development
534:Corporate governance
431:Financial accounting
388:nonprofit management
315:Strategic Grid Model
255:Frameworks and tools
130:Rita Gunther McGrath
81:Strategic management
7027:Geisteswissenschaft
7021:Behavioral sciences
6947:Political sociology
6862:Information science
6807:Development studies
6220:Eliyahu M. Goldratt
5383:10.1017/heq.2017.48
5306:10.1017/heq.2017.48
3641:workplace democracy
3521:"thriving on chaos"
3505:Viable system model
3495:(the early 1990s),
3462:operations research
3455:applied-mathematics
3392:Mary Parker Follett
3219:resource allocation
3176:Written in 1776 by
3172:Mirrors for princes
3158:Niccolò Machiavelli
3130:mirrors for princes
2772:Bachelor of Science
2760:Bachelor of Science
2487:executive directors
2364:Mary Parker Follett
2071:social organization
2067:academic discipline
2013:Politics portal
1862:Election commission
1833:Government branches
1716:Political sociology
1568:Confessional system
1506:Politics by country
1338:Business statistics
1321:International trade
1306:Business operations
1002:Electronic business
907:Types of management
795:Financial statement
777:Economic statistics
645:Chief brand officer
601:Corporate liability
516:Sole proprietorship
496:Joint-stock company
292:Growth–share matrix
236: •
229:Performance effects
227: •
218: •
191: •
182: •
175:Alfred Thayer Mahan
173: •
164: •
162:Carl von Clausewitz
155: •
146: •
137: •
128: •
106: •
97: •
88: •
79: •
7082:Society portal
6569:auxiliary sciences
6383:Pointy-haired Boss
6333:Management control
6169:Virtual management
5548:in other libraries
5212:Rosenthal, Caitlin
5039:History and Theory
5028:, Chicago, pp.9–27
4750:10.1002/jclp.20373
4529:DeMars L. (2006).
4516:2014-03-24 at the
3987:. Paris: Vuibert.
3669:board of directors
3466:management science
3366:offered the first
3195:division of labour
3156:by Italian author
2691:Doctor of Medicine
2479:board of directors
2451:
2443:organization chart
2252:Ghislain Deslandes
2204:. The French word
1696:Political analysis
1628:Semi-parliamentary
1409:board of directors
1407:roles include the
1301:Consumer behaviour
1103:Product life-cycle
890:Capital management
855:Managerial finance
546:Board of directors
321: •
317: •
308: •
299: •
290: •
281: •
272: •
270:Balanced scorecard
263: •
238:Generic strategies
99:Strategic thinking
95:Strategic planning
7102:
7101:
6942:Political economy
6937:Political ecology
6792:Community studies
6782:Cognitive science
6745:Interdisciplinary
6645:Political science
6407:
6406:
6353:Management system
6287:PhD in management
6059:
6058:
5918:
5917:
5831:
5830:
5799:Product lifecycle
5558:Media related to
5522:978-1-317-31939-9
5473:Peters, Thomas J.
5444:978-0-7295-3759-9
5264:978-1-4008-3086-2
5197:978-0-07-302743-2
4979:Creel 1964: 155–6
4951:978-0-07-302743-2
4831:978-0-520-04490-6
4712:978-1-59139-862-2
4491:978-1-85898-016-4
4476:See for examples
4449:Harper, Douglas.
4425:978-1-4094-8866-8
4375:978-1-137-34029-0
4303:Entrepreneurs Box
4127:978-81-207-4352-6
4079:978-93-5062-099-1
4037:Xenophon (1734).
3994:978-2-311-40094-6
3932:978-0-324-35389-1
3649:command hierarchy
3607:public management
3564:(responsible for
3410:(1903–1981), and
3357:quality assurance
3335:in 1911. In 1912
3237:(1736–1819), and
3185:moral philosopher
2937:work-life balance
2887:Master of Science
2868:Master of Science
2841:corporate finance
2776:political science
2735:Political science
2719:bachelor's degree
2641:Basic supervision
2590:Middle management
2564:internal auditors
2396:, for example in
2277:Theoretical scope
2093:The English verb
2063:Social scientists
2047:
2046:
1995:Political parties
1935:Electoral systems
1659:Political science
1633:Semi-presidential
1545:Political systems
1521:Political history
1516:Political economy
1424:Middle management
1405:Senior management
1394:
1393:
1281:Business analysis
850:Corporate finance
820:Capital budgeting
757:Knowledge economy
551:Supervisory board
392:political science
361:
360:
243:Mission statement
90:Strategic studies
86:Military strategy
16:(Redirected from
7132:
7090:
7080:
7079:
7066:
7065:
7054:
7053:
6957:Regional science
6802:Cultural studies
6777:Business studies
6434:
6427:
6420:
6411:
6397:
6134:Management style
5844:
5714:
5707:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5579:
5569:
5557:
5550:about Management
5527:
5526:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5452:
5451:
5426:
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5285:
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5234:
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5201:
5179:
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5158:
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4882:
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4845:
4839:
4838:
4816:Giddens, Anthony
4812:
4806:
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4544:
4538:
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4521:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4484:. Edward Elgar.
4474:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4463:
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4433:
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4402:
4396:
4390:
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4383:
4382:
4357:
4351:
4345:
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4338:
4336:
4335:
4328:www.iedunote.com
4320:
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4049:
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4034:
4028:
4027:
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3971:
3970:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3918:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3480:and operations.
3451:Patrick Blackett
3376:Alexander Church
3374:(1841–1925) and
3317:Lillian Gilbreth
3305:Lillian Gilbreth
3215:John Stuart Mill
3213:(1723–1790) and
3166:
3163:
3122:François Quesnay
3095:, argued in his
3089:Herrlee G. Creel
3081:Chinese Legalist
3000:(1494) provided
2898:terminal degrees
2813:entrepreneurship
2768:Bachelor of Arts
2756:Bachelor of Arts
2596:general managers
2527:company policies
2467:responsibilities
2406:business schools
2379:managerial cadre
2215:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2179:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2146:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2106:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2011:
2010:
1801:
1746:
1701:Political theory
1691:Election science
1681:
1667:
1445:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1356:
1355:
1333:Business process
875:Financial market
712:Labour economics
707:Public economics
466:Corporation sole
401:
353:
346:
339:
184:Adrian Slywotzky
71:Analysis methods
64:
41:
21:
7140:
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7135:
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7133:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7074:
7042:
7009:
6993:
6967:Science studies
6751:Administration
6740:
6466:
6443:
6441:Social sciences
6438:
6408:
6403:
6387:
6296:
6265:
6246:Business school
6229:
6207:
6201:
6187:Decision-making
6179:
6173:
6144:Micromanagement
6139:Macromanagement
6091:
6085:
6055:
6011:Human resources
6006:Field inventory
5987:
5961:
5924:
5914:
5886:
5839:
5837:
5827:
5777:
5720:
5702:
5700:
5694:
5636:of organization
5635:
5629:
5611:
5606:
5544:in your library
5536:
5531:
5530:
5523:
5508:
5507:
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5493:
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5334:
5333:
5329:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5249:Khurana, Rakesh
5247:
5246:
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5230:
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5210:
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5139:
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5110:
5101:
5099:
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5088:
5084:
5079:Wayback Machine
5070:
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4741:10.1.1.456.9970
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4541:
4528:
4524:
4518:Wayback Machine
4509:
4505:
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4461:
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4170:10.1002/smj.173
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4093:Ann Viola Ulvin
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3910:
3877:
3870:
3867:
3851:
3814:
3764:
3726:
3682:
3677:
3657:
3626:business-ethics
3595:
3533:management fads
3396:Chester Barnard
3275:
3259:mass production
3251:cost-accounting
3247:quality-control
3243:standardization
3239:Matthew Boulton
3207:
3174:
3164:
3051:
2994:Arabic numerals
2970:
2958:decision-making
2951:
2945:
2924:
2817:human resources
2809:
2803:
2788:government jobs
2741:
2727:
2707:Mark Zuckerberg
2687:Bachelor of Law
2683:
2671:
2661:Business school
2657:
2625:
2623:Line management
2592:
2586:communication.
2572:audit committee
2523:strategic plans
2519:tone at the top
2475:
2435:
2322:, motivational
2279:
2226:
2184:'s famous book
2160:, derived from
2091:
2043:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1930:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1877:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1835:
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1825:
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1820:Public interest
1805:Domestic policy
1795:
1788:
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1776:
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1740:
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1481:
1450:Politics series
1437:and front-line
1431:Line management
1390:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1286:Business ethics
1276:
1266:
1265:
1206:
1198:
1197:
908:
900:
899:
895:Venture capital
825:Commercial bank
815:Insider dealing
790:
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732:Planned economy
697:
687:
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631:
629:Corporate title
621:
620:
596:Corporate crime
576:
566:
565:
561:Audit committee
536:
526:
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481:Holding company
461:Corporate group
456:
449:Business entity
441:
440:
421:
380:government body
357:
328:
327:
256:
248:
247:
234:Core competency
211:
203:
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198:Henry Mintzberg
144:Candace A. Yano
135:Bruce Henderson
121:
113:
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104:Decision theory
72:
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6914:
6913:
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6910:social science
6907:
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6897:
6892:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
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6854:
6849:
6844:
6842:Global studies
6839:
6837:Gender studies
6834:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6820:social science
6816:Environmental
6814:
6809:
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6799:
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6789:
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6515:macroeconomics
6512:
6510:microeconomics
6502:
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6348:Management fad
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6308:Administration
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6194:
6189:
6183:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6095:
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6087:
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6018:
6013:
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5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
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5969:
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5959:
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5939:
5934:
5928:
5926:
5920:
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5916:
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5913:
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5907:
5902:
5896:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5858:
5852:
5850:
5841:
5836:On activity or
5833:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5791:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5711:
5704:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5563:
5551:
5535:
5534:External links
5532:
5529:
5528:
5521:
5501:
5487:
5464:
5443:
5421:
5404:
5357:
5342:
5327:
5280:
5263:
5240:
5226:
5203:
5196:
5190:. p. 20.
5169:
5160:
5153:
5133:
5126:
5108:
5082:
5064:
5057:Bodde, Derke.
5046:
5030:
5017:
5004:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4966:
4957:
4950:
4944:. p. 19.
4928:
4926:
4925:
4913:
4904:
4883:
4860:
4847:
4830:
4807:
4798:
4779:(7): 883–900.
4763:
4718:
4711:
4697:(March 2006).
4682:
4669:
4656:
4652:People Puzzles
4639:
4611:
4597:
4562:
4551:
4539:
4522:
4503:
4490:
4469:
4441:
4424:
4403:
4391:
4374:
4352:
4340:
4315:
4290:
4281:|journal=
4254:
4233:10.2307/258173
4227:(3): 361–384.
4211:
4200:(5): 563–585.
4184:
4163:(9): 875–888.
4143:
4126:
4105:
4096:
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3696:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3656:
3655:Nature of work
3653:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3537:pop psychology
3493:re-engineering
3436:General Motors
3325:Henry L. Gantt
3293:in the 1890s,
3287:Henry R. Towne
3274:
3271:
3206:
3203:
3076:The Art of War
3050:
3047:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
2969:
2966:
2947:Main article:
2944:
2941:
2923:
2922:Good practices
2920:
2883:Master of Arts
2877:, such as the
2802:
2799:
2726:
2723:
2682:
2679:
2656:
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2588:
2541:insured under
2521:" and develop
2499:vice-president
2474:
2473:Top management
2471:
2434:
2431:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2330:, and meeting
2278:
2275:
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2259:
2249:
2242:
2239:Fredmund Malik
2236:
2225:
2222:
2090:
2087:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1884:
1878:
1875:Related topics
1874:
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1865:
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1836:
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1810:Foreign policy
1807:
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1708:
1706:Policy studies
1703:
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1498:
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1489:Primary topics
1488:
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1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1453:
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1443:
1442:
1433:roles include
1428:
1421:
1392:
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1389:
1388:
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1374:
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1361:
1360:
1345:
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1340:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1316:Business model
1313:
1308:
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1298:
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1288:
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1025:Human resource
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
967:Communications
964:
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952:
951:
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940:
935:
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887:
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845:Public finance
842:
840:Financial risk
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832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
791:
788:
787:
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783:
780:
779:
774:
769:
767:Macroeconomics
764:
762:Microeconomics
759:
754:
752:Market economy
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
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661:
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626:
623:
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619:
618:
613:
608:
606:Insolvency law
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
581:Commercial law
577:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
558:
556:Advisory board
553:
548:
543:
537:
532:
531:
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527:
524:
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508:
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498:
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457:
447:
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428:
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408:
407:
359:
358:
356:
355:
348:
341:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
312:
310:Kraljic matrix
303:
301:MECE principle
294:
285:
276:
267:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
231:
222:
216:Business model
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
186:
177:
171:Julian Corbett
168:
159:
150:
148:C. K. Prahalad
141:
132:
126:Michael Porter
122:
120:Major thinkers
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
101:
92:
83:
73:
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69:
66:
65:
57:
56:
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49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7137:
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7110:
7095:
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7089:
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7078:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7033:Human science
7031:
7029:
7028:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7012:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6989:Vegan studies
6987:
6985:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6952:Public health
6950:
6948:
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6938:
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6926:
6923:
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6918:
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6911:
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6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6886:Philosophies
6885:
6883:
6882:Media studies
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6857:Human ecology
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
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6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
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6823:
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6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6767:Anthrozoology
6765:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6735:
6732:
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6717:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6692:developmental
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6665:public policy
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6616:legal systems
6614:
6612:
6611:legal history
6609:
6607:
6606:jurisprudence
6604:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6368:Managerialism
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6313:Collaboration
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6215:Peter Drucker
6213:
6212:
6210:
6204:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6176:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6164:Team building
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6088:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5834:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:Communication
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5598:
5596:
5591:
5589:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5524:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5505:
5502:
5490:
5488:9780394560618
5484:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5446:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5425:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5408:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5358:
5353:
5346:
5343:
5338:
5331:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5276:corporations.
5266:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5229:
5227:9780674988576
5223:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5199:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5137:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5109:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4929:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4905:9780670032440
4901:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4833:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4734:(7): 611–31.
4733:
4729:
4722:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4628:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4493:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4473:
4470:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4377:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4341:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4286:
4273:
4265:
4258:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4033:
4030:
4026:(in Spanish).
4025:
4018:
4015:
4010:
4004:
3996:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3914:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3777:Interpersonal
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3742:
3741:Informational
3739:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3730:Interpersonal
3728:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3684:According to
3679:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:civil society
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3503:(1970s), the
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3447:Ronald Fisher
3443:
3441:
3437:
3434:(chairman of
3433:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3422:Peter Drucker
3419:
3418:perspective.
3417:
3413:
3412:Chris Argyris
3409:
3408:Rensis Likert
3405:
3401:
3398:(1886–1961),
3397:
3394:(1868–1933),
3393:
3390:(1880–1949),
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3255:work-planning
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:(1765–1825),
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3168:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:Early writing
3048:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2982:ancient Egypt
2979:
2975:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2866:(MM) and the
2865:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:Undergraduate
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:public sector
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:psychological
2321:
2317:
2316:relationships
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:communication
2296:
2292:
2291:human capital
2288:
2285:, objective,
2284:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:Peter Drucker
2260:
2257:
2256:interpersonal
2253:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2203:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Civil society
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1793:Public policy
1791:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:Parliamentary
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:Hybrid regime
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:Business plan
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Communication
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:administrator
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:administrator
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
972:Configuration
970:
968:
965:
961:
958:
957:
956:
953:
949:
946:
945:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
904:
903:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
786:
785:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
727:Mixed economy
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
696:
691:
690:
683:
679:
676:
674:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
651:
648:
646:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
630:
625:
624:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:Corporate law
570:
569:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
535:
530:
529:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
454:
450:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
420:
415:
414:
410:
409:
406:
402:
399:
397:
394:sub-field of
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
354:
349:
347:
342:
340:
335:
334:
332:
331:
324:
320:
316:
313:
311:
307:
304:
302:
298:
295:
293:
289:
288:PEST analysis
286:
284:
280:
277:
275:
274:Ansoff matrix
271:
268:
266:
262:
259:
258:
252:
251:
244:
241:
239:
235:
232:
230:
226:
223:
221:
217:
214:
213:
207:
206:
199:
196:
194:
190:
187:
185:
181:
178:
176:
172:
169:
167:
163:
160:
158:
154:
151:
149:
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
131:
127:
124:
123:
117:
116:
109:
105:
102:
100:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
82:
78:
75:
74:
68:
67:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
7091:
7067:
7055:
7025:
6876:
6832:Food studies
6772:Area studies
6525:mathematical
6520:econometrics
6478:Anthropology
6398:
5952:Supply chain
5925:relationship
5923:On aspect or
5816:Construction
5782:On component
5703:organization
5675:Intelligence
5608:
5574:at Wikiquote
5540:Online books
5511:
5504:
5492:. Retrieved
5477:
5467:
5456:
5454:
5448:. Retrieved
5434:
5424:
5414:
5407:
5377:(1): 33–64.
5374:
5370:
5360:
5351:
5345:
5336:
5330:
5300:(1): 33–64.
5297:
5293:
5283:
5274:
5268:. Retrieved
5253:
5243:
5231:. Retrieved
5216:
5206:
5183:
5163:
5143:
5136:
5117:
5111:
5100:. Retrieved
5098:. London, UK
5096:The Guardian
5095:
5085:
5067:
5044:(1964), 357.
5041:
5038:
5033:
5025:
5020:
5012:
5007:
5000:
4995:
4969:
4960:
4940:. New York:
4937:
4931:
4921:
4917:
4909:
4889:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4863:
4855:
4850:
4841:
4835:. Retrieved
4820:
4810:
4801:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4700:
4685:
4672:
4663:Kotter, J.,
4659:
4651:
4646:Verity, J.,
4642:
4630:. Retrieved
4626:
4614:
4600:
4575:
4565:
4554:
4542:
4535:CFO Magazine
4534:
4525:
4506:
4495:. Retrieved
4480:
4472:
4460:. Retrieved
4454:
4451:"management"
4444:
4435:
4429:. Retrieved
4414:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4379:. Retrieved
4365:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4332:. Retrieved
4330:. 2018-06-12
4327:
4318:
4307:. Retrieved
4305:. 2021-06-06
4302:
4293:
4272:cite journal
4257:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4160:
4156:
4146:
4137:
4131:. Retrieved
4116:
4108:
4099:
4088:
4068:
4066:SS Gulshan.
4061:
4047:
4032:
4017:
3984:
3978:
3967:. Retrieved
3958:
3949:
3922:
3916:
3772:connections.
3765:
3757:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3716:
3711:Coordinating
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3683:
3661:stakeholders
3658:
3638:
3628:viewpoints,
3623:
3596:
3593:21st century
3541:
3525:
3517:Cog's Ladder
3482:
3444:
3440:organization
3432:Alfred Sloan
3425:
3420:
3416:sociological
3380:Walter Scott
3361:
3323:(1917), and
3320:
3308:
3298:
3290:
3280:
3276:
3273:20th century
3267:
3263:wage slavery
3249:procedures,
3208:
3205:19th century
3188:
3175:
3151:
3143:Arthashastra
3141:
3127:
3101:meritocratic
3096:
3083:philosopher
3074:
3055:bureaucratic
3052:
3043:shareholders
3035:
3020:
2971:
2952:
2929:
2925:
2895:
2872:
2857:
2810:
2792:
2753:
2742:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2650:
2633:
2626:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2580:
2535:
2476:
2456:
2452:
2424:
2418:
2387:
2368:
2361:
2355:coordinating
2320:measurements
2280:
2227:
2217:
2185:
2152:housekeeping
2149:
2094:
2092:
2048:
1743:street-level
1618:Presidential
1578:Dictatorship
1448:Part of the
1439:team leaders
1398:hierarchical
1395:
1211:Architecture
1205:Organization
1171:Supply chain
997:Earned value
870:Stock market
747:Open economy
737:Econometrics
476:Conglomerate
367:
363:
362:
319:Strategy map
189:Sharon Oster
157:Liddell Hart
7093:Wikiversity
6984:Social work
6872:Linguistics
6797:Criminology
6714:criminology
6697:personality
6655:comparative
6633:Linguistics
6626:private law
6483:archaeology
6192:Forecasting
6109:Distributed
6016:Information
5993:On resource
5937:Engineering
5763:Performance
5721:(top-level)
5648:Association
5494:7 September
5188:McGraw-Hill
5092:"Fair game"
4942:McGraw-Hill
4676:Britt, H.,
3724:Basic roles
3717:Controlling
3372:Henri Fayol
3339:introduced
3337:Yoichi Ueno
3331:management
3231:Eli Whitney
3165: 1515
2990:innovations
2986:enterprises
2933:John Kotter
2913:(DPA), the
2909:(DBA), the
2853:real estate
2784:bureaucrats
2681:Requirement
2629:supervisors
2594:Consist of
2584:shareholder
2568:contractors
2547:Fortune 500
2481:(including
2421:corporation
2400:and in the
2371:circularity
2358:controlling
2336:Henri Fayol
2233:Henri Fayol
2224:Definitions
2207:mesnagement
2197:Οἰκονομικός
2187:Oeconomicus
2147:(to act).
2141:(hand) and
1882:Sovereignty
1847:Legislature
1750:Technocracy
1738:Bureaucracy
1603:Meritocracy
1583:Directorial
1435:supervisors
1420:management.
1415:(CEO) or a
1326:Trade route
1241:Engineering
1236:Development
1088:Performance
1031:development
992:Distributed
865:Liquidation
506:Partnership
491:Corporation
486:Cooperative
265:Five forces
225:Value chain
153:Jim Collins
108:Game theory
7115:Management
7109:Categories
7038:Humanities
6972:historical
6905:psychology
6877:Management
6719:demography
6677:Psychology
6660:philosophy
6621:public law
6552:integrated
6197:Leadership
6180:activities
6092:approaches
6046:Technology
5966:On problem
5947:Perception
5900:Accounting
5865:production
5861:Operations
5838:department
5753:Innovation
5728:Capability
5690:Reputation
5670:Healthcare
5658:Restaurant
5609:Management
5572:Management
5560:Management
5450:2014-07-11
5270:2013-08-24
5154:0820323624
5127:0822974738
5102:2003-07-09
4837:2013-12-29
4632:18 January
4497:2015-08-29
4462:2015-08-29
4431:2015-08-29
4381:2015-08-29
4334:2022-06-18
4309:2022-06-18
4133:2015-09-05
3969:2022-03-03
3908:References
3794:Leadership
3705:Commanding
3699:Organizing
3665:governance
3599:nonprofits
3583:management
3581:production
3474:scientific
3445:H. Dodge,
3404:bureaucrat
3388:Elton Mayo
3384:psychology
3235:James Watt
3211:Adam Smith
3178:Adam Smith
3153:The Prince
3085:Shen Buhai
2905:(DM), the
2837:accounting
2747:(BBA) and
2703:Bill Gates
2699:Steve Jobs
2644:Motivation
2352:commanding
2349:organizing
2303:motivation
2295:enterprise
2287:procedures
2270:innovation
2218:management
2213:ménagement
2118:maneggiare
2109:equestrian
2051:Management
1972:Governance
1962:Government
1957:Federalism
1558:City-state
1193:Technology
1075:Operations
955:Commercial
948:innovation
938:Capability
830:Derivative
419:Accounting
364:Management
193:Chris Zook
180:J.C. Wylie
139:Gary Hamel
18:Manageress
6916:Planning
6895:economics
6812:Education
6709:Sociology
6687:cognitive
6638:semiotics
6589:political
6547:technical
6532:Geography
6505:Economics
6234:Education
6206:Pioneers,
6099:Adhocracy
6064:Positions
6036:Materials
6026:Knowledge
5942:Logistics
5856:Marketing
5748:Financial
5718:Strategic
5701:within an
5699:By focus,
5399:149037078
5391:0018-2680
5322:149037078
5314:0018-2680
5251:(2010) .
5233:3 October
5015:Volume 1.
4736:CiteSeerX
4695:Sutton RI
4691:Pfeffer J
4592:0034-6535
4410:Compare:
4387:coercive.
4241:0363-7425
4179:1097-0266
4003:cite book
3941:227205643
3788:visualize
3497:Six Sigma
3478:logistics
3400:Max Weber
3341:Taylorism
3283:scientism
3093:Guangzhou
3031:factories
2974:modernity
2795:STEM area
2560:mentoring
2538:fiduciary
2531:marketing
2495:president
2463:authority
2459:hierarchy
2398:charities
2340:functions
2266:marketing
2202:husbandry
2176:MĂ©nagerie
2157:ménagerie
2089:Etymology
1952:Unitarism
1940:Elections
1928:Subseries
1857:Judiciary
1852:Executive
1755:Adhocracy
1638:Theocracy
1593:Feudalism
1573:Democracy
1417:president
1261:Structure
1246:Hierarchy
1166:Strategic
1053:Materials
1043:Knowledge
1020:Financial
960:Marketing
805:Factoring
800:Insurance
702:Commodity
695:Economics
390:, or the
7057:Category
6925:regional
6920:land use
6755:business
6724:internet
6682:abnormal
6584:military
6574:economic
6564:cultural
6537:physical
6498:physical
6488:cultural
6208:scholars
6090:Methods,
5973:Conflict
5789:Facility
5710:On scope
5680:Military
5653:Business
5643:Academic
5475:(1987).
5214:(2018).
5075:Archived
4818:(1981).
4793:23647856
4758:17551934
4578:: 1–47.
4514:Archived
3865:See also
3781:motivate
3752:Decision
3693:Planning
3523:(1987).
3499:(1986),
3351:of the "
3333:textbook
3311:(1914),
3303:(1911),
3182:Scottish
3148:Chanakya
3138:Alfarabi
3118:Voltaire
3061:through
3027:military
2978:stewards
2875:business
2801:Graduate
2774:(BS) in
2770:(BA) or
2445:for the
2394:commerce
2381:or of a
2182:Xenophon
2104:mesnager
1980:Ideology
1798:doctrine
1759:Service
1623:Republic
1608:Monarchy
1588:Federacy
1477:Category
1457:Politics
1251:Patterns
1231:Conflict
1216:Behavior
1156:Security
1133:Resource
1118:Property
1081:services
1038:Incident
977:Conflict
933:Capacity
636:Chairman
591:Contract
382:through
372:business
368:managing
210:Concepts
77:Strategy
54:Strategy
46:a series
44:Part of
7069:Commons
6900:history
6890:science
6825:studies
6559:History
6471:Primary
6457:History
6452:Outline
6270:Degrees
6178:Skills,
6071:Interim
5910:Records
5875:Quality
5870:Process
5840:managed
5823:Program
5811:Project
5794:Product
5773:Systems
5733:Capital
5634:By type
4858:, p.30.
3458:science
3329:college
3261:before
3227:pricing
3071:Sun Tzu
3063:testing
2968:History
2786:in the
2576:auditor
2507:C-level
2283:mission
2163:ménager
2128:manejar
2123:Spanish
2113:Italian
1985:Culture
1895:Country
1553:Anarchy
1467:Outline
1226:Culture
1176:Systems
1161:Service
1140:
1128:Records
1123:Quality
1113:Project
1108:Product
1098:Process
1077:
1058:Network
1027:
1009:
982:Content
789:Finance
471:Company
378:, or a
166:Sun Tzu
6760:public
6702:social
6594:social
6493:social
6081:Senior
6076:Middle
6041:Skills
5983:Stress
5978:Crisis
5957:Talent
5905:Office
5738:Change
5685:Public
5519:
5485:
5441:
5397:
5389:
5320:
5312:
5261:
5224:
5194:
5151:
5124:
4948:
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4902:
4843:noted.
4828:
4791:
4756:
4738:
4709:
4590:
4488:
4422:
4372:
4249:258173
4247:
4239:
4177:
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4076:
3991:
3939:
3929:
3762:Skills
3680:Basics
3675:Topics
3632:, and
3609:, and
3225:, and
3107:, the
3038:owners
2737:, and
2693:, and
2667:, and
2433:Levels
2307:system
2293:of an
2169:ménage
2135:words
2099:French
2095:manage
2077:, and
1945:voting
1887:Polity
1785:Policy
1764:Public
1678:theory
1411:and a
1188:Talent
1144:crisis
1070:Office
943:Change
6930:urban
6734:urban
6729:rural
6579:human
6542:human
6462:Index
6301:Other
5892:Staff
5882:Sales
5804:Brand
5758:Legal
5665:Court
5395:S2CID
5318:S2CID
4623:(PDF)
4245:JSTOR
3686:Fayol
3345:Japan
3313:Frank
3134:Plato
3002:tools
2915:Ph.D.
2713:or a
2426:labor
2383:class
2332:goals
2328:plans
2192:Greek
2144:agere
2138:manus
2133:Latin
2115:term
2101:verb
1968:forms
1891:State
1768:Civil
1472:Index
1427:them.
1274:Trade
1256:Space
1151:Sales
1093:Power
1048:Legal
918:Brand
913:Asset
436:Audit
6998:List
6051:Time
6031:Land
5848:Line
5768:Risk
5546:and
5517:ISBN
5496:2020
5483:ISBN
5455:The
5439:ISBN
5387:ISSN
5310:ISSN
5259:ISBN
5235:2020
5222:ISBN
5192:ISBN
5149:ISBN
5122:ISBN
4946:ISBN
4900:ISBN
4826:ISBN
4789:PMID
4754:PMID
4707:ISBN
4634:2015
4588:ISSN
4486:ISBN
4420:ISBN
4370:ISBN
4285:help
4237:ISSN
4175:ISSN
4122:ISBN
4074:ISBN
4009:link
3989:ISBN
3937:OCLC
3927:ISBN
3579:and
3315:and
3199:pins
3180:, a
2758:and
2705:and
2503:CEOs
2489:and
2314:and
2312:life
2268:and
2210:(or
2057:and
1138:Risk
453:list
374:, a
366:(or
323:VRIO
279:OGSM
261:SWOT
34:and
6601:Law
5379:doi
5302:doi
4896:217
4781:doi
4746:doi
4580:doi
4229:doi
4202:doi
4165:doi
3460:of
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