56:
1303:, a selection of ten epistles of Paul the Apostle, which were also slightly shorter than the canonical text. Early Christians such as Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Epiphanius claimed that Marcion's editions of Luke and the Pauline epistles were intentionally edited by Marcion to match his theological views, and many modern scholars agree. However, some scholars argue that Marcion's texts were not substantially edited by him, and may in some respects represent an earlier version of these texts than the canonical versions. Like the
390:
1336:). God is thus intimately connected to and part of his creation. Salvation lies in turning away from the physical world (which Gnostics regard as an illusion) and embracing the godlike qualities within oneself. Marcion, by contrast, held that the Heavenly Father (the father of Jesus Christ) was an utterly alien God; he had no part in making the world, nor any connection with it. According to
1314:
The centrality of the
Pauline epistles in Marcion's canon reflects the fact that Marcion considered Paul to be the correct interpreter and transmitter of Jesus' teachings, in contrast to the Twelve Disciples and the early Jerusalem church. In Marcion's view, the other apostles were under the auspices
1119:
and was accordingly excommunicated by his father, prompting him to leave his home town. Some scholars have taken this "seduction of a virgin" as a metaphor for
Marcion's corruption of the Christian Church, with the Church portrayed as the undefiled virgin, and that Marcion apparently has become "the
1875:
Conf. Beyschlag, Karlmann. "Herkunft und
Eigenart der Papiasfragmente." Pages 268–80 in Studia Patristica 4: Papers Presented to the 3rd International Conference on Patristic Studies at Christ Church, Oxford, 21–26 September 1959. Edited by Frank L. Cross. TU 79. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1961, p.
1213:
and entirely opposed to the scriptures of
Judaism. Marcion did not claim that these were false. Instead, he asserted that they were entirely true, but were to be read in an absolutely literalistic manner, one which led him to develop an understanding that Yahweh was not the same God spoken of by
1327:
philosopher. In some essential respects, Marcion proposed ideas which aligned well with
Gnostic thought. Like the Gnostics, he believed that Jesus was essentially a divine spirit who appeared to human beings in human form, but did not actually take on a fleshly human body.
1264:
and who punishes mankind for its sins through suffering and death. In contrast, the God that Jesus professed is an altogether different being, a universal God of compassion and love who looks upon humanity with benevolence and mercy. Marcion also produced a book titled
1344:, not many; he did not think of this world as a cosmic disaster, but as the creation of the Old Testament God; and he did not think divine sparks resided in human bodies that could be set free by understanding the true 'gnosis.' Moreover, his
1131:) that Marcion professed repentance, and agreed to the conditions granted to him — that he should receive reconciliation if he restored to the Church those whom he had led astray — but that he was prevented from doing so by his death.
1331:
However, Marcionism conceptualizes God in a way which cannot be reconciled with broader
Gnostic thought. For Gnostics, some human beings are born with a small piece of God's soul lodged within their spirit (akin to the notion of a
1072:, young men in Marcion's old age, described him as a "mariner" and a "ship-master" respectively. Some time in the late 130s, Marcion traveled to Rome, joined the Roman church, and made a large donation of 200,000
2430:, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 250, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2010 (Spanish translation: Marción. El primer hereje, Biblioteca de Estudios Bíblicos 145, Ediciones Sígueme, Salamanca 2014)
2126:
1194:
system of belief around the year 144. This notion of two gods—a higher transcendent one and a lower world-creator and ruler—allowed
Marcion to reconcile his perceived contradictions between Christian
1311:
and childhood. Interestingly, it did contain some Jewish elements, and material that challenged
Marcion's ditheism—a fact that was exploited by early Christians in their polemics against Marcion.
1150:. After his death, it retained its following and survived Christian controversy and imperial disapproval for several centuries. Several theologians have viewed him as a proto-protestant.
2656:
1648:
2626:
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victim of the historicisation of such a metaphor, even though it contradicts the otherwise firm tradition of his strict sexual probity". Doubtful is
Tertullian's claim in
2193:
The Lost
Edition of the Letters of Paul: A Reassessment of the Text of Pauline Corpus Attested by Marcion (Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series No. 21)
2141:
2641:
2547:
1280:
manner, i.e. that Jesus' body was only an imitation of a material body, and consequently denied Jesus' physical and bodily birth, death, and resurrection.
2512:
2601:
2255:
Peter Richardson & John Collidge Hurd, eds., From Jesus to Paul. Studies in Honour of Francis Wright Beare. Waterloo, ON, 1984. pp. 207–215.
55:
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In contrast to other leaders of the nascent Christian Church, however, Marcion declared that Christianity was in complete discontinuity with
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341:
337:
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Ehrman, Bart D. (2014-03-25). "Chapter 8. After the New Testament: Christological Dead Ends of the Second and Third Centuries".
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and taught that the one who was proclaimed as God by the Law and the Prophets is not the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ" (
2298:
Marcion, on the Restitution of Christianity: An Essay on the Development of Radical Paulist Theology in the Second Century
1269:, which is no longer extant, contrasting the Demiurge of the Old Testament with the Heavenly Father of the New Testament.
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494:
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352:
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969:
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65:
1970:
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934:
2005:
Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God: From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century
2636:
1930:. Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures. Springer Netherlands. p. 21.
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1178:, along with received writings circulating in the nascent Church, led Marcion to conclude that many of the
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A general survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament, during the first four centuries
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The Marcionite church expanded greatly within Marcion's lifetime, becoming a major rival to the
1432:
Eisler, Robert (1938). The Enigma of the Fourth Apostle, Methuen & Co.,p. 158, plate XIII).
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to the congregation there. Conflicts with the church of Rome arose and he was eventually
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1868:
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1340:: "Marcion himself should not be thought of as a Gnostic; he held that there were only
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asking where Adam was, proved that Yahweh inhabited a physical body and was without
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2206:
Dahl, Nils Alstrup. "The Origin of the Earliest Prologues to the Pauline Letters",
2122:
1960:
1754:. Biblical Tools and Studies, 41. Vol. 1 & 2. Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
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88:
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writes that "a certain Cerdo, originating from the Simonians, came to Rome under
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2385:(1914), reprinted in two volumes bound as one, University Books New York, 1964.
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1226:, attributes wholly incompatible with the Heavenly Father professed by Jesus.
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2338:(2008). "The Marcionite Gospel and the Synoptic Problem: A New Suggestion".
1988:
1888:
Marcion and the Making of a Heretic. God and Scripture in the Second Century
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989:
952:
768:
677:
638:
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586:
557:
1483:
Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew
1287:. His canon consisted of only eleven books, grouped into two sections: the
1272:
Marcion held Jesus to be the son of the Heavenly Father but understood the
275:. Marcion published the earliest record of a canon of New Testament books.
1479:"At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Early Christian Ebionites and Marcionites"
2317:
Marcion and the New Testament: An Essay in the Early History of the Canon
1964:
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1234:
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429:
30:"Marcion" redirects here. For the Coptic–English/Czech dictionary, see
17:
2278:. Translated by Steely, John E.; Bierma, Lyle D. Grand Rapids: Baker.
2094:
How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee
1307:, the gospel used by Marcion did not contain elements relating to his
2208:
1563:
1559:
1486:
1296:
1288:
1183:
1116:
1049:
449:
444:
2390:
1746:
Das älteste Evangelium und die Entstehung der kanonischen Evangelien
2247:
and Evan's introduction "Marcion : His Doctrine and Influence"
2383:
Forerunners and Rivals of Christianity, From 330 B.C. to 330 A.D.
1593:
1516:
1254:
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view does not appear to have been the typical view of Gnostics."
263:) who had created the world. He considered himself a follower of
1250:
552:
2540:
2419:
S. Ephraim's Prose Refutations of Mani, Marcion, and Bardaisan
2400:
S. Ephraim's Prose Refutations of Mani, Marcion, and Bardaisan
1548:""The Apostle of the Heretics": Paul, Valentinus, and Marcion"
1104:, 1, 27, 1). Also, according to them, Marcion and the Gnostic
1670:. Praeger Series on the Ancient World. ABC-CLIO. p. 44.
1385:
328:
which historically is claimed to be an edited version of the
227:
1752:
The Oldest Gospel and the Formation of the Canonical Gospels
184:
37:"Marcion of Pontus" redirects here. Not to be confused with
208:
205:
193:
190:
2513:
Joseph B. Tyson, Anti-Judaism in Marcion and his Opponents
2466:
Williams, David Salter. "Reconsidering Marcion's Gospel",
2220:
The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Book 1 (Sects 1-46)
1083:
According to Christian sources, Marcion's teacher was the
297:
or antichrist, and he was excommunicated by the church of
1695:
1693:
2368:
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed.)
1844:
Christianity in Ancient Rome: The First Three Centuries
1613:
1611:
1111:
In 394, Epiphanius claimed that after beginnings as an
347:
This made Marcionism a catalyst in the process of the
211:
202:
196:
187:
2422:. Vol. 2. London: Text and Translation Society.
2403:. Vol. 1. London: Text and Translation Society.
2435:
Il volto del Cristo dualista. Da Marcione ai catari
1630:
1628:
1626:
1295:, a shorter version of the Gospel of Luke, and the
181:
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149:
139:
129:
110:
95:
73:
46:
1667:Early Controversies and the Growth of Christianity
2551:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 691–693.
2577:The Marcionite Prologues to the Pauline Epistles
1966:Saint Paul : the foundation of universalism
2657:Christianity and Judaism related controversies
2568:Marcion: Gospel of the Lord and Other Writings
1186:, characterized as the belligerent god of the
267:, whom he believed to have been the only true
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1056:that Marcion was born the son of a bishop in
1026:
8:
2627:Ancient Christians involved in controversies
2494:, University of South Carolina Press, 2006,
2475:Marcion: A Study of a Second-Century Heretic
2455:. Colorado Springs, CO: David C Cook, 2013.
1283:Marcion was the first to codify a Christian
1214:Jesus. For example, Marcion argued that the
1080:in 144, his donation being returned to him.
259:, who was distinct from the "vengeful" God (
2662:People excommunicated by Christian churches
1538:
1536:
1534:
1407:
2564:Marcion's Writings (at the Gnosis Archive)
2491:Marcion and Luke-Acts: A defining struggle
2233:Evans, Ernest (comments and translation):
2082:, pp. vol. I, 267–313, vol. II, 1–19.
2064:
2028:
1927:Politics of Religion/Religions of Politics
1033:
1019:
362:
54:
43:
2052:
271:of Jesus Christ; his doctrine is called
2079:
2002:Robert J. Wilkinson (5 February 2015).
1830:
1699:
1425:
1374:
365:
27:Early Christian theologian (c.85–c.160)
1732:
1617:
1218:account of Yahweh walking through the
1182:were incompatible with the actions of
349:development of the New Testament canon
60:Apostle John (left) and (according to
2319:. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
1955:
1953:
1229:According to Marcion, the god of the
7:
2276:Marcion: The Gospel of the Alien God
2140:(Fall 2015): 163–179. Archived from
2040:
1818:
1782:
1720:
1634:
1323:Marcion is sometimes described as a
1190:. Marcion responded by developing a
2642:Christianity-related controversies
2397:Mitchell, Charles W., ed. (1912).
1398:115 years and six months from the
64:) Marcion of Sinope (right), from
25:
2602:2nd-century Christian theologians
2437:, Peter Lang, Bern 2008, 368 pp.
2241:(Oxford University Press, 1972).
2222:Frank Williams translator, 1987.
1902:The Prescription Against Heretics
1170:Priority of the Gospel of Marcion
1122:The Prescription Against Heretics
301:around 144. He published his own
2300:. Chico, Calif: Scholars Press.
1748:, Francke Verlag; Translated as
1558:. Pauline Studies. Vol. 9.
829:Gnosticism and the New Testament
388:
332:. Some modern scholars, such as
174:
2266:. Translated by Buchanan, Neil.
2253:Marcion and the Critical Method
338:Marcion's Gospel was the oldest
2622:Ancient Christian anti-Judaism
2506:Marcion: Portrait of a Heretic
2468:Journal of Biblical Literature
1647:Westcott, Brooke Foss (1870).
1443:First Apology of Justin Martyr
1:
1750:Klinghardt, Matthias (2021).
1125:
233:
2212:12 (1978), pp. 233–277.
1297:
1289:
1060:(modern-day Turkey), likely
1050:
2572:Marcionite Research Library
2470:108 (1989), pp. 477–96
1744:Matthias Klinghardt (2015)
975:Neoplatonism and Gnosticism
2693:
2453:How Then Shall We Worship?
1856:Refutation of All Heresies
1386:
1167:
1157:
1138:
970:Gnosticism in modern times
228:
224:
36:
29:
2667:People from Sinop, Turkey
2370:, pp. 1033–34, 1997
2160:Marcion and His Influence
1971:Stanford University Press
1576:10.1163/9789004316690_008
1499:10.1017/s0009640700110273
1108:were companions in Rome.
355:to respond to his canon.
340:, although this has been
318:Epistle to the Laodiceans
163:
122:
53:
2607:2nd-century Greek people
2428:The Arch-Heretic Marcion
2352:10.1163/156853608X257527
2008:. BRILL. pp. 120–.
1711:Bruce 1988, p. 134.
1139:Not to be confused with
935:Wisdom (personification)
251:. Marcion preached that
2548:Encyclopædia Britannica
1886:Lieu, Judith M (2015).
1796:"The Gospel of Marcion"
1491:Oxford University Press
990:Theosophy (Blavatskian)
293:denounced Marcion as a
2477:(London: Clarke) 1933.
2408:Mitchell, Charles W.;
2191:Clabeaux, John James.
2180:. InterVarsity Press.
2178:The Canon of Scripture
1554:; Yoon, David (eds.).
1408:
891:Apocalyptic literature
336:, have theorized that
320:, while excluding the
312:, which contained ten
2647:Founders of religions
2632:Ancient Pontic Greeks
2528:Catholic Encyclopedia
2216:Epiphanius of Salamis
1924:Welchman, A. (2014).
1905:30:3. Tertullian.org.
1233:, whom he called the
1148:other emerging church
958:Esoteric Christianity
824:Clementine literature
801:List of Gnostic texts
521:List of Gnostic sects
353:proto-orthodox Church
140:Tradition or movement
68:MS 748, 11th century.
2336:Klinghardt, Matthias
1969:. Stanford, Calif.:
1664:Kaatz, K.W. (2012).
1570:. pp. 105–118.
1115:, Marcion seduced a
1062:Philologus of Sinope
980:Perennial philosophy
606:Christian Gnosticism
279:Early Church Fathers
2617:2nd-century writers
2433:Riparelli, Enrico,
2414:Burkitt, Francis C.
2366:Livingstone, E. A.
2315:Knox, John (1942).
2294:Hoffmann, R. Joseph
1873:Lost Christianities
1493:. pp. 95–112.
1224:universal knowledge
995:Western esotericism
963:Christian theosophy
911:Paul and Gnosticism
834:Mandaean scriptures
814:Nag Hammadi library
752:Chinese Manichaeism
334:Matthias Klinghardt
85:Bithynia and Pontus
2612:2nd-century Romans
2537:von Harnack, Adolf
2245:Adversus Marcionem
2096:. Harper Collins.
1552:Porter, Stanley E.
1409:Adversus Marcionem
1262:reciprocal justice
1202:proclaimed by the
1180:teachings of Jesus
918:Merkabah mysticism
896:Early Christianity
853:Cologne Mani-Codex
758:Islamic Gnosticism
746:Chinese Gnosticism
727:Persian Gnosticism
574:Samaritan Baptist
547:Judean / Israelite
249:early Christianity
32:Marcion (software)
2488:Joseph B. Tyson,
2461:978-1-4347-0424-5
2443:978-3-03911-490-0
2426:Moll, Sebastian,
2410:Bevan, Anthony A.
2340:Novum Testamentum
2285:978-1-55635-703-9
2251:Grant, Robert M.
2186:978-0-8308-1258-5
2168:978-1-59244-731-2
2127:"The New Marcion"
2103:978-0-06-225219-7
2015:978-90-04-28817-1
1937:978-94-017-9448-0
1761:978-90-429-4310-0
1677:978-0-313-38360-1
1585:978-90-04-31668-3
1544:Dunn, James D. G.
1508:978-0-19-518249-1
1315:of the Demiurge.
1196:Covenant theology
1164:Gospel of Marcion
1135:Marcionite Church
1043:
1042:
495:World of Darkness
326:Gospel of Marcion
322:Pastoral epistles
310:sacred scriptures
170:Marcion of Sinope
167:
166:
158:Nontrinitarianism
117:Gospel of Marcion
48:Marcion of Sinope
39:Marcian of Pontus
16:(Redirected from
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2264:History of Dogma
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1914:Evans 1972 p. ix
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1568:Brill Publishers
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1411:
1406:'s reckoning in
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1390:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1302:
1294:
1241:of the material
1130:
1127:
1101:Against Heresies
1055:
1035:
1028:
1021:
923:Middle Platonism
529:Proto-Gnosticism
399:Gnostic concepts
392:
382:
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314:Pauline epistles
265:Paul the Apostle
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124:Theological work
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2542:"Marcion"
2535:
2517:
2508:by Rob Bradshaw
2485:
2483:Further reading
2480:
2416:, eds. (1921).
2407:
2396:
2381:Francis Legge,
2334:
2327:
2314:
2308:
2292:
2286:
2270:
2258:
2239:Against Marcion
2158:Blackman, E.C.
2150:
2148:
2144:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2071:
2065:Klinghardt 2008
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:, p. 6-10.
2029:Klinghardt 2008
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2023:
2016:
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1842:Bernard Green,
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2147:on 2019-05-25
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1980:0-8047-4470-X
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513:Gnostic sects
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2672:Roman Pontus
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2449:Sproul, R.C.
2434:
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2252:
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2238:
2219:
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2192:
2177:
2174:Bruce, F. F.
2159:
2149:. Retrieved
2142:the original
2137:
2133:
2093:
2087:
2080:Harnack 1900
2067:, p. 7.
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2004:
1997:
1965:
1941:. Retrieved
1926:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1896:
1890:. Cambridge.
1887:
1881:
1872:
1864:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1831:Harnack 1921
1826:
1821:, p. 5.
1814:
1803:. Retrieved
1799:
1790:
1785:, p. 3.
1778:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1707:
1700:Harnack 1921
1681:. Retrieved
1666:
1659:
1649:
1642:
1637:, p. 7.
1555:
1482:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1394:
1377:
1334:Divine Spark
1330:
1322:
1313:
1282:
1271:
1266:
1247:tribal deity
1228:
1208:
1188:Hebrew Bible
1176:Hebrew Bible
1173:
1145:
1121:
1110:
1099:
1082:
1044:
947:Influence on
868:Berlin Codex
626:
515:and founders
346:
277:
257:Jesus Christ
169:
168:
123:
112:Notable work
89:Roman Empire
2597:160s deaths
2523:Marcionites
2463:p. 16.
2346:(1): 1–27.
1859:, XLII, ii.
1733:BeDuhn 2015
1618:BeDuhn 2015
1400:Crucifixion
1363:Manichaeism
1338:Bart Ehrman
1299:Apostolikon
1291:Evangelikon
1274:incarnation
1257:represents
1000:Rene Guenon
901:Christology
863:Bruce Codex
858:Askew Codex
738:Manichaeism
683:Basilideans
672:Alexandrian
583:Simon Magus
420:Anima mundi
410:Adam pagria
2677:Marcionism
2592:80s births
2586:Categories
2243:E-text of
2235:Tertullian
2151:2019-06-21
1943:2023-06-11
1805:2021-08-15
1800:gnosis.org
1770:1238089165
1683:2023-08-12
1594:2016009435
1517:2003053097
1420:References
1404:Tertullian
1319:Gnosticism
1267:Antitheses
1259:legalistic
1200:the gospel
1192:ditheistic
1168:See also:
1160:Marcionism
1129: 200
1106:Valentinus
1070:Tertullian
1046:Epiphanius
794:Scriptures
714:Marcosians
697:Valentinus
666:Sethianism
649:Saturninus
632:Marcionism
568:Elkasaites
541:Thomasines
500:Yaldabaoth
440:Five Seals
405:Adam kasia
380:Gnosticism
324:) and the
291:Tertullian
273:Marcionism
245:theologian
241: 160
239: – c.
144:Marcionism
2521:(1910). "
2041:Knox 1942
1819:Knox 1942
1783:Knox 1942
1721:Knox 1942
1635:Knox 1942
1602:171394481
1525:152458823
1477:(2005) .
1387:Μαρκίωνος
1154:Teachings
1124:(written
1074:sesterces
953:Carl Jung
769:Nusayrism
678:Basilides
639:Nicolaism
617:Cerinthus
587:Simonians
578:Dositheos
558:Mandaeism
536:Maghāriya
342:contested
307:Christian
255:had sent
237: 85
2652:Gnostics
2539:(1911).
2391:64-24125
2360:25442581
2296:(1984).
2274:(1921).
2262:(1900).
2176:(1988).
2125:(2015).
1989:51093150
1963:(2003).
1546:(2016).
1382:Genitive
1352:See also
1342:two gods
1253:, whose
1243:universe
1235:Demiurge
1092:Irenaeus
1085:Simonian
1052:Panarion
906:Docetism
721:Florinus
593:Menander
455:Luminary
435:Demiurge
373:a series
371:Part of
287:Irenaeus
281:such as
261:Demiurge
243:) was a
2115:Sources
1346:docetic
1325:Gnostic
1278:docetic
1249:of the
1239:creator
1216:Genesis
1211:Judaism
1113:ascetic
1096:Hyginus
985:Thelema
841:Codices
661:Ophites
644:Perates
627:Marcion
612:Apelles
598:Quqites
564:Elksai
475:Pleroma
430:Barbelo
295:heretic
269:apostle
229:Σινώπης
225:Μαρκίων
154:Dualism
18:Marcion
2498:
2459:
2441:
2389:
2374:
2358:
2323:
2304:
2282:
2226:
2209:Semeia
2199:
2184:
2166:
2162:2004.
2100:
2012:
1987:
1977:
1934:
1768:
1758:
1674:
1600:
1592:
1582:
1564:Boston
1560:Leiden
1523:
1515:
1505:
1487:Oxford
1448:XXVI.5
1237:, the
1184:Yahweh
1117:virgin
1058:Pontus
775:Modern
709:Marcus
622:Justin
480:Sophia
470:Ogdoad
450:Kenoma
445:Gnosis
425:Archon
367:
289:, and
99:AD 160
81:Sinope
62:Eisler
2356:JSTOR
2195:1989
2145:(PDF)
2134:Forum
2130:(PDF)
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