2190:
484:
2204:
2227:
19:
This article is about groups of scholars who compiled a system of pronunciation and grammatical guides of Jewish texts. For a discussion of the work of the
Mascorderoretes, see
1694:
2084:
767:
406:
259:
2044:
2268:
562:
591:
2090:
1190:
644:
2297:
1185:
420:
273:
231:
138:
al-Fayyumi, had preferred the ben
Naphtali system. It has been suggested that the ben Asher family and the majority of the Masoretes were
1205:
1200:
624:
2017:
894:
378:
343:
196:
2292:
1045:
899:
477:
464:
451:
954:
862:
2119:
1313:
99:) on the external form of the biblical text in an attempt to standardize the pronunciation, paragraph and verse divisions, and
69:
who worked from around the end of the 5th through 10th centuries CE, based primarily in the Jewish centers of the Levant (e.g.
186:
2302:
2261:
995:
555:
2096:
1417:
2159:
2027:
2022:
1210:
1195:
959:
914:
659:
2124:
2109:
990:
850:
364:
2078:
1972:
1623:
1517:
1225:
1158:
719:
609:
529:
501:
490:
426:
370:
279:
147:
2254:
2194:
2134:
2032:
2012:
1882:
1807:
1667:
1534:
1220:
1180:
548:
2114:
1945:
1244:
1119:
2287:
2067:
2056:
1650:
1571:
1276:
1175:
1114:
1094:
1000:
973:
518:
223:
2103:
2073:
1136:
333:
317:
168:
were successors to the
Masoretes in the transmission of the traditional Hebrew text of the Old Testament.
44:
2129:
2050:
1832:
1539:
1422:
1163:
1153:
1146:
1131:
1017:
534:
411:
264:
312:
2164:
2154:
1657:
629:
513:
1812:
1780:
1706:
1615:
1561:
1168:
968:
702:
667:
158:
100:
55:
2144:
2139:
1950:
1672:
1549:
1544:
1529:
1499:
1452:
1375:
1281:
1141:
714:
619:
586:
1427:
1303:
23:. For the Israeli term for "Tradition Keeper" or "Traditionalist" non-Orthodox observance, see
1928:
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1380:
1345:
634:
473:
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217:
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1827:
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1323:
1271:
1239:
1230:
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1089:
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1040:
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524:
294:
2234:
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1711:
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1471:
1442:
1365:
1355:
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1109:
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1079:
1069:
1054:
845:
762:
729:
687:
677:
139:
35:
1605:
2208:
2183:
2004:
1911:
1869:
1849:
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1400:
1390:
1328:
1126:
1074:
985:
980:
742:
737:
672:
601:
119:
118:
family of
Masoretes was largely responsible for the preservation and production of the
89:). Each group compiled a system of pronunciation and grammatical guides in the form of
24:
20:
2281:
1977:
1822:
1749:
1556:
1490:
1463:
1412:
1360:
1333:
1308:
1298:
1059:
1005:
939:
919:
909:
904:
877:
823:
752:
697:
143:
1957:
1754:
1716:
1677:
1266:
1010:
949:
929:
889:
872:
840:
828:
789:
707:
682:
402:
384:
349:
255:
237:
202:
123:
104:
1967:
1482:
1407:
1385:
1288:
882:
811:
806:
794:
784:
135:
90:
82:
78:
2061:
1768:
1350:
944:
692:
614:
131:
1982:
1447:
1338:
1249:
867:
801:
150:
avers that there are "decisive proofs that M. Ben-Asher was not a
Karaite."
115:
74:
818:
134:
endorsed the ben Asher as superior, although the
Egyptian Jewish scholar,
1701:
1643:
1588:
1583:
1254:
415:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 321.
268:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 321.
165:
127:
126:
Masoretes, which has around 875 differences from the ben Asher text. The
86:
70:
1916:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1773:
1593:
1578:
1522:
1457:
1432:
1395:
1259:
934:
833:
757:
649:
575:
66:
1987:
1854:
1790:
154:
108:
95:
62:
59:
540:
2226:
1938:
1933:
1887:
1842:
1763:
1758:
1022:
777:
747:
146:
believes that the ben Asher family was probably not
Karaite, and
2037:
571:
544:
122:, although there existed an alternative Masoretic text of the
219:
A Most
Peculiar Book: The Inherent Strangeness of the Bible
444:
In the
Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language
2242:
157:
for Hebrew that is still widely used, as well as the
49:
2003:
1868:
1740:
1614:
1508:
1039:
728:
658:
600:
366:Karaite Bible Manuscripts from the Cairo Genizah
338:. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 52.
2262:
556:
8:
2045:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
58:'Masters of the Tradition') were groups of
2269:
2255:
725:
563:
549:
541:
592:Index of Jewish history-related articles
2091:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
177:
188:The Journey From Texts to Translations
111:) for the worldwide Jewish community.
7:
2223:
2221:
470:Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah
39:
2241:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
2038:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
2018:American Jewish Historical Society
14:
2225:
2202:
2189:
2188:
482:
525:The Role of the Masoretes (PDF)
335:Early Karaite grammatical texts
293:Louis Ginzberg, Caspar Levias.
191:. Baker Academic. p. 172.
161:symbols used for cantillation.
2110:Relations with other religions
1:
2097:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
457:The Text of the Old Testament
2298:Language of the Hebrew Bible
2233:This article related to the
2028:Leo Baeck Institute New York
2023:American Sephardi Federation
851:Constantinopolitan Karaites
313:"Aaron ben Moses ben Asher"
50:
2319:
2220:
2079:National Library of Israel
720:Zionism, race and genetics
371:Cambridge University Press
153:The Masoretes devised the
18:
2177:
2033:Yeshiva University Museum
2013:Center for Jewish History
582:
216:Swenson, Kristin (2021).
2293:Jewish scribes (soferim)
625:Ancient Israel and Judah
492:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
1001:North African Sephardim
974:Jewish tribes of Arabia
519:The Jewish Encyclopedia
363:Khan, Geoffrey (1990).
332:Khan, Geoffrey (2000).
224:Oxford University Press
2104:Holocaust Encyclopedia
2074:Jewish Virtual Library
318:Jewish Virtual Library
2303:Hebrew language stubs
2051:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1833:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
1018:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
768:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
535:Encyclopaedia Judaica
412:Encyclopaedia Judaica
373:Archive. p. 20.
265:Encyclopaedia Judaica
185:Wegner, Paul (1999).
155:vowel notation system
630:Second Temple period
40:בַּעֲלֵי הַמָּסוֹרָה
16:Medieval Jewish sect
2068:Jewish Encyclopedia
1813:Hekhalot literature
1624:Religious movements
1159:Judeo-Tripolitanian
299:Jewish Encyclopedia
2209:Judaism portal
2145:Jews and Halloween
2140:Jews and Christmas
1530:Rabbinic authority
1282:Judaeo-Piedmontese
715:Xueta Christianity
620:Origins of Judaism
587:Outline of Judaism
399:Berenbaum, Michael
252:Berenbaum, Michael
2250:
2249:
2218:
2217:
2184:extinct languages
2085:YIVO Encyclopedia
1860:Hebrew literature
1828:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
1668:Reconstructionist
1346:Judaeo-Portuguese
1035:
1034:
991:Eastern Sephardim
635:Synagogal Judaism
422:978-0-02-866097-4
275:978-0-02-866097-4
233:978-0-19-065173-2
51:Baʿălēy Hammāsōrā
48:
2310:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2229:
2222:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2192:
2191:
1324:Judeo-Golpaygani
925:Palestinian Jews
900:Alexandrian Jews
856:Crimean Karaites
773:Unterlander Jews
726:
640:Rabbinic Judaism
565:
558:
551:
542:
497:
489:
486:
485:
431:
430:
429:on 27 July 2016.
425:. Archived from
395:
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329:
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322:
309:
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290:
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283:
282:on 27 July 2016.
278:. Archived from
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2203:
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1999:
1864:
1736:
1610:
1504:
1319:Judeo-Borujerdi
1294:Judeo-Malayalam
1240:Judeo-Aragonese
1211:Lishanid Noshan
1043:
1031:
763:Oberlander Jews
724:
654:
596:
578:
569:
510:
495:
487:
483:
440:
438:Further reading
435:
434:
423:
405:, eds. (2007).
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362:
361:
357:
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331:
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258:, eds. (2007).
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28:
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2251:
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2247:
2230:
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2215:
2213:
2212:
2198:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:non-Christian
2149:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2107:
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2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
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1850:Shulchan Aruch
1847:
1846:
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1840:
1838:Sefer Yetzirah
1835:
1830:
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1820:
1818:Pardes Rimonim
1815:
1808:Kabbalah texts
1805:
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1477:Judeo-Alsatian
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1336:
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1329:Judeo-Hamedani
1326:
1321:
1316:
1306:
1304:Judaeo-Occitan
1301:
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1291:
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1284:
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1218:
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1203:
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1193:
1188:
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1176:Judaeo-Aramaic
1173:
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1164:Judeo-Tunisian
1161:
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1154:Judeo-Moroccan
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508:External links
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380:978-0521392273
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295:"Ben Naphtali"
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226:. p. 29.
208:
198:978-0801027994
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120:Masoretic Text
25:Shomer Masoret
21:Masoretic Text
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2135:Protestantism
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1606:Who is a Jew?
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1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Judeo-Shirazi
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:Judeo-Persian
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Judeo-Marathi
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:Judeo-Italian
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
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1199:
1197:
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1189:
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1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
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1162:
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1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:Judeo-Amazigh
1130:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
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1038:
1024:
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1020:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
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1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
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989:
988:
987:
984:
982:
979:
975:
972:
971:
970:
967:
961:
958:
956:
955:Hadhrami Jews
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:Mountain Jews
918:
916:
915:Egyptian Jews
913:
911:
910:Bukharan Jews
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
891:
888:
884:
881:
880:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
844:
842:
839:
835:
832:
831:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
783:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
739:
736:
735:
733:
731:
727:
721:
718:
716:
713:
709:
706:
705:
704:
701:
699:
698:Lists of Jews
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
663:
661:
657:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
605:
603:
599:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
581:
577:
573:
566:
561:
559:
554:
552:
547:
546:
543:
537:
536:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:
515:
512:
511:
507:
503:
499:
493:
481:
479:
478:0-89130-374-X
475:
471:
468:
466:
465:0-8028-0788-7
462:
458:
455:
453:
452:0-8147-3654-8
449:
446:, Chapter 5.
445:
442:
441:
437:
428:
424:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
403:Skolnik, Fred
400:
394:
391:
386:
382:
376:
372:
368:
367:
359:
356:
351:
347:
341:
337:
336:
328:
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314:
308:
305:
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296:
289:
286:
281:
277:
271:
267:
266:
261:
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256:Skolnik, Fred
253:
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229:
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221:
220:
212:
209:
204:
200:
194:
190:
189:
181:
178:
171:
169:
167:
162:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
144:Geoffrey Khan
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
52:
46:
37:
33:
26:
22:
2243:expanding it
2232:
2200:
2193:
2179:
2102:
2095:
2083:
2066:
2049:
1883:perspectives
1717:Samaritanism
1678:Neo-Hasidism
1658:Conservative
1572:Names of God
1481:
1462:
1272:Judaeo-Greek
1267:Judeo-Gascon
1206:Lishán Didán
1201:Lishana Deni
1169:Judeo-Yemeni
1137:Judeo-Arabic
1011:Meshuchrarim
930:Persian Jews
863:Kurdish Jews
841:Kaifeng Jews
790:Beta Abraham
753:Galitzianers
708:Antisemitism
683:Israeli Jews
668:Assimilation
533:
517:
491:
469:
456:
443:
427:the original
410:
393:
385:Google Books
383:– via
365:
358:
350:Google Books
348:– via
334:
327:
316:
307:
298:
288:
280:the original
263:
246:
238:Google Books
236:– via
218:
211:
203:Google Books
201:– via
187:
180:
163:
152:
124:ben Naphtali
113:
105:Hebrew Bible
101:cantillation
94:
31:
29:
2125:Catholicism
1707:Hellenistic
1545:Eschatology
1483:Lachoudisch
1408:Lotegorisch
1386:Lachoudisch
1376:Koiné Greek
1289:Judeo-Latin
1226:Palestinian
1120:Palestinian
969:Mustaʿravim
895:Afghan Jews
883:Berber Jews
807:Bene Israel
795:Falash Mura
785:Beta Israel
703:Persecution
645:Middle Ages
142:. However,
136:Saadya Gaon
91:diacritical
79:Mesopotamia
2282:Categories
2120:Anabaptism
2062:Jew (word)
1929:Leadership
1742:Literature
1727:Secularism
1673:Humanistic
1540:Conversion
1510:Philosophy
1351:Judeo-Urdu
1115:Babylonian
960:Saada Jews
945:Adeni Jews
738:Ashkenazim
693:Samaritans
660:Population
615:Israelites
172:References
148:Aron Dotan
132:Maimonides
130:authority
2182:indicate
2130:Mormonism
2115:Christian
1995:Symbolism
1983:Synagogue
1963:Mythology
1924:Education
1895:Astronomy
1878:Astrology
1695:relations
1500:Zarphatic
1448:Galitzish
1250:Yeshivish
1127:Catalanic
1090:Samaritan
1065:Ashkenazi
1046:Diasporic
1041:Languages
986:Sephardim
981:Romaniote
868:Krymchaks
802:Desi Jews
678:Buddhists
530:"Masorah"
514:"Masorah"
407:"Masorah"
260:"Masorah"
116:ben Asher
75:Jerusalem
45:romanized
32:Masoretes
2195:Category
2165:Hinduism
2155:Buddhism
2057:Genetics
1973:Politics
1946:Marriage
1905:Holidays
1900:Calendar
1781:Rabbinic
1757:/Hebrew
1702:Haymanot
1629:Orthodox
1616:Branches
1589:Kabbalah
1584:Haskalah
1562:Holiness
1438:dialects
1418:Shassagh
1381:Krymchak
1361:Kayliñña
1255:Yinglish
1231:Galilean
1221:Talmudic
1216:Biblical
1191:Betanure
1110:Biblical
1105:Mishnaic
1100:Medieval
1085:Tiberian
1080:Yemenite
1070:Sephardi
1006:Paradesi
950:Ḥabbanim
940:Teimanim
905:Baghdadi
878:Maghrebi
846:Karaites
824:Gruzínim
812:Kochinim
730:Diaspora
688:Karaites
673:Atheists
610:Timeline
166:nakdanim
140:Karaites
128:halakhic
87:Nehardea
71:Tiberias
67:scholars
2180:Italics
2005:Studies
1951:Divorce
1917:Kashrut
1912:Cuisine
1870:Culture
1801:Midrash
1796:Tosefta
1786:Mishnah
1774:Ketuvim
1769:Nevi'im
1732:Schisms
1722:Science
1712:Karaite
1683:Renewal
1644:Litvaks
1639:Hasidic
1594:Sefirot
1579:Halakha
1550:Messiah
1523:Mitzvah
1518:Beliefs
1472:Western
1458:Poylish
1453:Litvish
1443:Eastern
1433:Yiddish
1428:Shuadit
1413:Qwareña
1401:Tetuani
1396:Haketia
1371:Knaanic
1366:Kivruli
1314:Bukhori
1260:Heblish
1196:Hulaulá
1186:Barzani
1142:Yahudic
1075:Mizrahi
935:Urfalim
890:Mizrahi
834:Neofiti
829:Italkim
758:Lita'im
650:Zionism
602:History
576:Judaism
532:in the
103:of the
93:notes (
47::
1988:Hazzan
1978:Prayer
1855:Siddur
1791:Talmud
1755:Tanakh
1690:Neolog
1663:Reform
1651:Modern
1634:Haredi
1557:Ethics
1423:Shassi
1391:Ladino
1356:Karaim
1339:Juhuri
1181:Targum
1095:Signed
1060:Modern
1055:Hebrew
1023:Xuetes
819:Dönmeh
778:Yekkes
496:
488:
476:
463:
450:
419:
377:
342:
272:
230:
195:
109:Tanakh
96:niqqud
81:(e.g.
77:) and
63:scribe
60:Jewish
36:Hebrew
2237:is a
2160:Islam
1968:Names
1958:Music
1939:Rebbe
1934:Rabbi
1888:Monen
1843:Zohar
1764:Torah
1759:Bible
873:Lemba
748:Chuts
159:trope
107:(the
2239:stub
574:and
572:Jews
474:ISBN
461:ISBN
448:ISBN
417:ISBN
375:ISBN
340:ISBN
270:ISBN
228:ISBN
193:ISBN
164:The
114:The
85:and
83:Sura
73:and
56:lit.
30:The
1567:God
516:in
2284::
502:§3
500:,
498:§2
472:.
459:.
409:.
401:;
369:.
315:.
297:.
262:.
254:;
222:.
54:,
42:,
38::
2270:e
2263:t
2256:v
2245:.
1048:)
1044:(
564:e
557:t
550:v
494:,
387:.
352:.
321:.
301:.
240:.
205:.
65:-
34:(
27:.
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