Massachusett - Knowledge (XXG)

1670:

tenements of the "Leaf of Rules" distributed in the Bibles which forbid Indian cultural norms such as consenting pre-marital sex, cracking lice between teeth, avoidance of agriculture by men and re-enforced adoption of Puritan-style modesty and hairstyles. For the colonial government, it brought the Indians fully under the control of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, with the Praying towns occupying a status similar to autonomous English colonial settlements. The traditional power structures remained somewhat intact, as Native peoples recognized both the traditional power systems, but the chiefs and the tribal élite maintained it by adopting the roles of administrators, clerks, translators, teachers, constables, jurors and tax collectors. The confinement benefitted both the desires of Eliot and the colony, and Eliot was often accompanied by

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able to revive their prestige, which they long held prior to English colonial settlement. Many of the Praying towns were established by Native missionaries drawn from Natick's old powerful families, affording them much respect in their adopted communities. The Massachusett began to replace the language of the Nipmuc and greatly leveled dialectal differences across the Massachusett-speaking area, due to the spread of Indian missionaries, but also because Massachusett became the language of literacy, prayer and administration, likely facilitated by its historic use as a regional second language and backed by its use in the translation of the Bible. The Massachusett leaders were also closer to the colonial authorities and thus often chosen to spread official messages, restoring the old power dynamic

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legal system and removed one of the prejudices against them. The Praying Indians of Natick were brought to court several times by colonists living in settlement of Dedham who claimed some of the surrounding land, but with Eliot's assistance, most of these attempts failed. Most of the time, however, the Indians failed, as some of the Indian interpreters and chiefs ceded lands to curry favor from the settlers to maintain special privileges, such as the Nipmuc John Wampas, who betrayed the Nipmuc and Massachusett people by selling land to the settlers to which he had no claim, but these sales were upheld in later court challenges. The Pawtucket sachem

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for many Indians to apprentice under settlers to learn these skills. Natick had an independent congregation with a Christian-style church, but the services were conducted in Massachusett with Indian preachers and the parishioners were called by Native drumming. The Praying Indians maintained many aspects of Indigenous culture, such their customary cuisine and foraging and hunting, but melded them with the European culture and Christian religion they were forced to adopt. The mix of religious, cultural, and political control over the Indians was in many ways a precursor to the Indian Reservations that later developed.

1650:. By the time Eliot began to establish the Indian mission, the Massachusett had lost access to the shellfishing beds along the coast and were soon to lose most of their remaining hunting and foraging lands due to the opening of all unfenced, "unimproved" lands. Eliot petitioned the General Court to set aside grants of lands for the Indians "in perpetuity." Natick was established in 1651, with Ponkapoag following shortly thereafter in 1654. An additional 13 settlements were created, mostly in Nipmuc areas. These communities, settled by Praying Indians, came to be known as "Praying towns" or in Massachusett, 1851: 1061: 324: 1797:, remained neutral during the war but suffered heavy casualties. The Praying Indians were attacked in their fields and harassed by neighboring colonists who had become overwhelmed with panic, hysteria, and anti-Indian sentiment. The Praying towns were also targets of Metacomet's forces, raided for supplies, and persuaded or forced to join the fighting. To appease the settlers, the Praying Indians accepted confinement to the Praying towns, curfews, increased supervision, and voluntarily surrendered their weapons. 84: 1526: 344: 1678: 1777:, seen by the Wampanoag as a very harsh measure for something outside the Plymouth Colony's jurisdiction. In defiance, Metacomet murdered his interpreter to the colonial government, the Massachusett John Sassamon, before fleeing and seeking the support of the disgruntled tribes, culminating in the raid of Swansea in June 1675. Metacomet was able to bring the Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Podunk, Tunxi peoples into his forces, organizing attacks on numerous outposts such as 1133: 1141: 624: 536: 1831:, and any funds set up by the sale of Indian products, but mainly land. As the guardians assumed more power and were rarely supervised, many instances of questionable land sales by the guardians and embezzlement of funds have been recorded. The appointment of the guardians reduced the Indians to colonial wards, as they were no longer able to directly address the courts, vote in town elections and removed the power of the Indian chiefs. 1596:) to sign the 1644 Acts of Submission which forced upon the Indians acceptance of the authority of the colonial government and its protection as well opening their people to missionary activity, with many Indian leaders likely still fearful of the settlers due memories of the Pequot War and the fate of the Pequot. Others converted in hopes of removing the stigma of heathenism to improve relations with the settlers, but due to 1430:

began selling land at a price, often with stipulations allowing the Indians to collect, gather, fish or forage, but these arrangements were seldom honored by the Pilgrims. The colonists also did not understand the Indian concept of leasing land from the sachem, and instead thought of their arrangements as permanent land sales. As a result of the rapid loss of land, the Massachusett and other local tribes sent their leaders to

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through the courts on their own. Some of the Indians were supported by annuities established from the funds generated by land sales or initiated by the guardians for their support. The guardians, however, no longer had to maintain the rigorous lists of people associated with the land, which long had been used to segregate the Indians from the non-Indians especially as rates of intermarriage had increased.

1376:, in Massachusett territory, with the arrival of a new ship of colonists. The new settlers were ill-prepared, even more so than the first Pilgrims, and quickly resorted to trading supplies with the Massachusett. As their situation worsened, the Pilgrims began raiding Massachusett villages for food and supplies. To prevent an attack, Standish ordered a preemptive strike in 1624, which led to the deaths of 199: 1105:

language include the rapid rates of intermarriage with non-Indian spouses outside the speech community in the mid-18th century, the need for English for employment and participation in general society, the lack of prestige regarding the Indian language, and the dissolution of Indian communities and outmigration of people leading to greater isolation of speakers. The Wampanoag on

137: 43: 1639: 1369:(Massachusett, d. 1633), the most powerful Massachusett leader of the time. Unlike Massasoit, who favored increasing ties with the new English settlers to help assist against increasing power struggles with the Pequot and the Narragansett, Chickatawbut and other Massachusett leaders were wary of the Pilgrims and their intentions. 1826:

Instead of being absorbed into the general affairs of the now predominantly European region, the colony appointed a commissioner to oversee the Natick in 1743, but commissioners were later appointed for all the extant tribes in the colony. Originally, the commissioner was charged to manage the timber

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Life in the Praying towns became a mix of European and Indian customs. The Indians were forced to adopt Puritan habits of modesty, hairstyle, dress, and other cultural norms. They were encouraged to learn European methods of woodworking, carpentry, animal husbandry, and agriculture and Eliot arranged

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failed to protect them from settler encroachment of their lands or the novel pathogens to which they lacked resistance. These Indians hoped that the new God of the settlers would protect them the way that it had protected the settlers and often bought into the belief that they were punished for their

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The end of tribal land did not remove the restrictions of the guardians even if it was the original purpose to have stewards of the land on the Native peoples' "behalf." As wards of the colonial and later state government, the Indians were restricted from voting in local elections or seeking redress

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The truce that had existed between the English colonists of the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies and the local Native peoples was tested. The submission of the local chiefs to the respective colonial governments and adoption of Christianity allowed the Indians to seek redress in the colonial

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The Massachusett benefited from clear titles of common land where they could plant, hunt and forage, and this likely attracted even more converts since the Praying towns established safe zones away from the constant encroachment, requests for sales of land and harassment. The Massachusett also were

1674:, the Superintendent to the Indians appointed to ensure cordial relations with the Indians and their adherence to the colonial laws, during his tours of the Praying towns. Similar settlements were established in the Plymouth Colony, such as the Massachusett Praying towns of Titicut and Mattakeeset. 1834:

Loss of land continued. As forest lands were lost, the Indians could no longer resort to seasonal movements on their land or eke out a living, forcing many into poverty. Land was their only commodity and was often sold by the guardians to pay for treatments for the sick, care of orphans, and debts

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The establishment of the Praying towns accomplished several goals. It helped facilitate the goals of Christianization and acculturation as it allowed for easier distribution of the Massachusett-language translations of Eliot's Bible and other works. The inhabitants were forced to observe the eight

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of 1628, "according to the Courſe of other Corporations in this our Realme of England ... whereby our ſaid People, Inhabitants thee ... maie wynn and incite the Natives of Country, to the Knowledg and Obedience of the onlie true God and Savior of Mankinde, and the Chriſtian Fayth, which ... is the

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of it was also used as a regional language of trade and intertribal communication. By the 1750s, Massachusett was no longer the predominant language of the community, and by 1798 only one Massachusett elder of advanced age spoke the language at Natick. Factors that led to the decline of the spoken

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The Massachusett sachems gave many land deeds to the Pilgrims since they served to rebuff attacks from other tribes. In most cases, it was because the land had already been opened to English colonial settlement, often because the Indians living there had already died off from disease. The sachems

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The Pilgrims feared the Native presence, as they were a numerical majority when all the different groups of New England were taken together and were dependent on them for survival and trade and the colonists were unable to expand. The Native populations continued to fall, with diseases such as

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for the 1644 Acts of Submission, bringing the Indians under the control of the colonial government and subject to both its laws and conversion attempts from Christian missionaries. By the time of the submission, the Massachusett, a coastal people, had lost access to the sea and their shellfish

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epidemic in 1633 and 1634 also took a very heavy toll, afflicting not only peoples of the coast still recovering from the losses of 1617-1619 but far inland. The Massachusett population dwindled to fewer than two thousand individuals. Other epidemics occurred in 1648 and 1666, although not as

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The reaction to Christianity was mixed, with many Native leaders continuing to be wary of the Pilgrims and urging their people to remain traditionalists whereas many wholeheartedly embraced it. Those that did embrace the new religion often did so because the traditional medicines and rituals

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guide and his "Massachusett-speaking"—wife who helped translate. Despite mapping the region to promote French interest, colonization support was deterred by the dense population and resistance to contact by some of the Massachusett leaders The region was later mapped as "New England" by

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and others to which the indigenous people lacked natural immunity. Their territories, on the more fertile and flat coastlines, with access to coastal resources, were mostly taken over by English colonists, as the Massachusett were too few in number to put up any effective resistance.

1551:, "Apostle to the Indians", arrived in the colony and attained considerable success before colonial authorities truly began to invest in the project. Eliot began to learn the language, employing the help of two Indian indentured servants fluent in English, including 1889:

and also writes, "There are some others, who claim to be of the Natick Tribe, but the claim appears to have no foundation other than that one of their ancestors formerly resided in Natick, but it is believed that he never was supposed to belong to the tribe."

1719:, through kinship and family ties laid claim to much of Massachusett territory, and tried several times to petition the courts for lands lost in the turbulence of the 1633 epidemic that took both of his brothers to no avail, with most cases simply dismissed. 1154:

The Massachusett occupied fertile flatlands. Men and women cleared fields first by burning trees, then by removing stumps. Women grew food crops, but men were involved in tobacco cultivation. Women used clamshell hoes. Women cultivated crops such as northern

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resources, as most of the forests of New England had been felled to make way for farm and pasture, making the timber on Indian lands a valuable commodity. Very quickly, the guardian of Natick came to control the exchange of land, once the domain of the

1109:, with its more secure land base and larger population, held onto Massachusett as the communal language into the 1770s and went extinct with the death of the last Wampanoag dialect — and last speakers of any Massachusett dialect — in the 1890s. 1380:, Wituwamat, and other Massachusett warriors who were lured under the pretense of peace and negotiation to meet with the colonists. Standish further angered the Massachusett when he led his men deep into their territory to suppress the nascent 1417:

was legally established, with a claim over the lands north of the Plymouth Colony. The boundary between the two colonies mirrored the traditional boundary between the Massachusett and Wampanoag, although many Massachusett, such as those at

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In the 105 years between the Massachusetts Enfranchisement Act of 1869 and the creation of the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs by legislative act in 1974, records on the Massachusett people are very few. In 1928, anthropologist

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Earle writes, "Of all the tribes which held reservations, and were placed under guardianship by the States, the Natick Tribe is nearest extinct. ... nly two families remain, and one of these is descended equally from the Naticks and the

1885:. Their whole number is twelve. ..." He continues, "This tribe has no common lands," and recommends their remain funds be divided equally among the two surviving families. Earle observes that a few Natick descendants merged into the 509:

The last of Massachusett common lands were sold in the early 19th century, loosening the community and social bonds that held the Massachusett families together, and most of the Massachusett were forced to settle amongst neighboring

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Original seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony depicting a Massachusett Indian proclaiming "Come over and help us"—a plea for conversion—inspired from Acts 16:19. Many contemporary Massachusett support initiatives to replace the

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As the war progressed, the settlers decided to recruit some of the Praying Indians as scouts, guides and to fill the ranks of the colonial militia, with a regiment of Praying Indians, including many Massachusett, recruited by

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principall Ende of this Plantation." The colonists were more occupied with their survival and propagation of a Puritan refuge. Although not the first to attempt to Christianize the Natives, it was not until the missionary

1451:." By the end of 1640, the colonial population, more than doubled to almost twenty thousand due to the continued arrival of ships bearing Puritan settlers fleeing the increasing levels of religious persecution during the 1789:

and other colonial settlements, leading many settlers to flee their lands for fortified towns. The settlers quickly responded by organizing units to attack the Indians loyal to Metacomet, leading to further conflict.

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incurred by Indians, but Indians were also the victims of unfair credit schemes that often forced the land out of their hands. Without land to farm or forage, Indians were forced to seek employment and settle in the

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The appointment of guardians to administer the assets of the Praying Indians and represent them before the colony in 1743 ended the authority of local chiefs and the last vestiges of traditional tribal organization.

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Most of the remaining lands set aside "in perpetuity" for the Native peoples had been alienated, leaving a messy patchwork of a few remaining common lands, individual allotments, leased lands, and numerous colonial

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sent to face Metacomet's warriors at Swansea, but it is known that other Massachusett aided the colonial militias in Lancaster, Brookfield and Mount Hope battles of the war. Metacomet was ultimately killed.

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The Massachusett were unable to isolate themselves from the English settlers. Despite cutting off relations with the Pilgrim settlers, dissenting English settlers, mostly Puritans who wished to reform the

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and cryto-traditional practices conducted in secret by some, the Puritans continued to mistreat the Indians and cast suspicions on the sincerity of the new believers who came to be referred to as "

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The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ordered reports on the condition of the Indians, including the Briggs Report (1849), also known as the Bird Report. These did not mention the Massachusett or the

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The Native peoples of New England faced increasing pressures with the increasing levels of colonists in New England. In 1630, the Massachusetts Bay Colony greatly expanded with the arrival of the

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of southern New England, slowly faded, ceasing to serve as the primary language of the Massachusett communities by the 1750s. The language likely went extinct by the dawn of the 19th century.

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With increasing levels of contact with European fishermen and explorers, the Massachusett and neighboring tribes were increasingly affected by infectious diseases. With minimal livestock,

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in Massachusett. The base structure of curved wooden support beams was covered with woven mats in the winter or chestnut bark in the summer. Inside, possessions were stored in

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in 1620 near the site of the former Wampanoag village of Patuxet, just a short distance south of the historic boundary with the Massachusett. In 1621, the Pilgrims, led by

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As some of the first people to make contact with European explorers in New England, the Massachusett and fellow coastal peoples were severely decimated from an outbreak of

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Eliot urged Waban and the other newly converted Massachusett to settle along a bend of the Quinobequin River but were immediately sued as squatters by the residents of

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Order Accepting the Report in Regard to the Timber and Land of Natick Indians and Appointing a Committee Thereon, Province of Massachusetts. Session Laws § 257.

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The historic territory of the Massachusett people consisted mainly of the hilly, heavily forested and comparatively fertile coastal plain along the southern side of

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wickedness. Other Indians likely joined because they thought they had to. The colonial government had forced the tribal leaders of Indians as far west as Quabaug (

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which included 17th-century Massachusett history. At Ponkapoag, Speck met Mrs. Chapelle (died 1919) who identified as a Massachusett Indian and whose husband was

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and the Pilgrims. Metacomet maintained the peace of his father but turned after the never-ending requests for land, but especially the execution of his brother

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in Massachusett, a variety of brands, squashes, and pumpkins. They planted corn in mounds, then planted beans that grew up the cornstalks, and finally the

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devastating, outbreaks of disease continued to inflict heavy tolls well into the 19th century. With so many areas depopulated, the Pilgrims believed that

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and which had friendly relations with neighboring Indian tribes. These activities caused the Massachusett to halt trade with the Pilgrims for many years.

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The Massachusett put up little armed resistance to colonial settlement, but other Native peoples of New England who did were subjugated during and after

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to European culture, yet they were allowed to use their language. Through intermediaries, Eliot learned the Massachusett language and even published a

3064: 1945: 1935: 1354:(Wampanoag), a local sachem loyal to Massasoit. The colonists signed a peace treaty with Obbatinewat, who in turn, introduced the Pilgrims to the 515: 1178:

Other regional plant foods included grapes, strawberries, blackberries, currants, cherries, plums, raspberries, acorns, hickory nuts, chestnuts,

1511:. The war resulted in the complete destruction of the Pequot as a tribal entity, opening up further land in New England to colonial settlement. 2225:(2002). ""towns they have none:" Diverse Subsistence and Settlement Strategies in New England". In Hart, John P.; Rieth, Christina B. (eds.). 2962: 2941: 2918: 1496:

had cleared New England for their colonization efforts. By the 1630s, the Indians of New England were already a minority in their own lands.

1113: 440: 1911:. Speck estimated that in 1921 a dozen Massachusett and Narragansett descendants of the Ponkapoag praying town lived in what is now Canton. 2424: 2952: 2908: 2153: 1503:

in 1638. The colonists aided local Indian tribes in subduing the Pequot, resulting in massacres of Pequot non-combatants, such as in the

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which preserves most elements of the colonial original and has long been held offensive to many of the Native groups of the region.

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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

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Historical marker standing on the northern boundary of what was once the Praying town of Ponkapoag, now contained in the town of

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Goddard, Ives. 1996. "Introduction." Ives Goddard, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages, pp. 1–16.

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The index and first page of Genesis from Eliot's translation of the Bible into the Natick speech of Massachusett in 1663, the

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where he conducted trade and met with the chiefs, and helped promote further English colonial settlement in the region.

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circa 1619, which had mortality rates as high as 90 percent in these areas. This was followed by devastating impacts of

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Massachusett people lived in conditional sedentary villages built along rivers. Families lived in domed houses, called

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for the name for the people, language, and ultimately as the name of their colony which became the American state of

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in 1646 but was rebuffed. Later, after resuming more language studies, Eliot preached to the Nonantum tribe led by

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of 1633 further decimated Native populations, as did subsequent smallpox outbreaks, occurring almost every decade.

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Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society: Gookin's Historical Collections of the Indians in New England

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Salwen, Bert (1978). "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Late Period". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.).

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diseases carried by Europeans and the animals they brought. These introduced diseases quickly became a series of

1030: 1009: 989: 695: 2827:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs" 2762:

Report to the Governor and Council, Concerning the Indians of the Commonwealth, Under the Act of April 6, 1859.

1940: 1850: 1782: 1543: 1414: 1385: 1306: 1060: 905: 831: 819: 719: 711: 706:), previously controlled by Wampanoag. In contrast, contemporary source Daniel Gookin lumps present day Salem ( 703: 499: 323: 249: 1745:

had begun to address Daniel Gookin and warn of the increasing discontent of the interior Indians such as the

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from a Neponset family. Once confident in his abilities, Eliot tried to preach to the Neponset tribe led by

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from 1675 until 1676 was disastrous for both the Indians and colonists of New England. By the early 1670s,

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D.R. Mandell, "The Saga of Sarah Muckamugg: Indian and African Intermarriage in Colonial New England" in

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and natural increase, as settlers often arrived as family units and raised large numbers of children.

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English settlers established their first permanent foothold in New England with the founding of the

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Devastation by disease and European encroachment upset political balances among New England tribes.

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may have been killed by infectious diseases, known as the "Great Dying," in the early 17th century.

1320:. This epidemic killed between 33 and 90 percent of the Native American population of New England. 1240: 1232: 1101: 993: 852: 791: 612: 407: 1642:

The Eliot Church in South Natick. The church was built in 1828 where the Indian Church once stood.

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A bog near Ponkapoag pond. Now Canton, Massachusetts, this was part of the Ponkapoag praying town

1373: 1168: 1088:), was an important language of New England as it was also the native language of the Wampanoag, 511: 427: 1140: 1132: 1100:

people. Due to its similarity with other closely related languages of the region, a simplified

938: 623: 2993: 2958: 2937: 2914: 2893: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2406: 2235: 1993: 1398: 1148: 1121: 1093: 632: 519: 62: 2321: 2125:"Territorial Subdivisions and Boundaries of the Wampanoag, Massachusett, and Nauset Indians." 1914:

Several organizations claim descent from historical Massachusett peoples; however, these are

2396: 2388: 2297: 1666:. Ponkapoag, also spelled Punkapog, had 60 residents including Massachusett people in 1674. 1256: 403: 1305:

that devastated populations. Up to an estimated 90 percent of the Native population of the

710:) with the Pawtucket, but extends the authority of the Massachusett sachem as far north as 535: 2975:

Territorial subdivisions and boundaries of the Wampanoag, Massachusett, and Nauset Indians

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Territorial subdivisions and boundaries of the Wampanoag, Massachusett, and Nauset Indians

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Territorial subdivisions and boundaries of the Wampanoag, Massachusett, and Nauset Indians

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Massachusett people settled in villages; however, these were organized into larger bands.

707: 687: 655: 578: 539: 256: 2142:, ed. Martha Elizabeth Hodes (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1999). pp. 72–83. 1280: 494:, where the converted Native Americans were expected to submit to the colonial laws and 2401: 2376: 2348:

Original Narratives of Early American History: Voyages of Samuel de Champlain 1604–1618

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bags and baskets of all sizes. Men carved wooden bowls and spoons as dining utensils.

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John Milton Earle launched a far more detailed report in 1859 and published in 1861.

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Brasser, T.J. (1978). "Early Indian-European Contacts". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.).

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World Epidemics: A Cultural Chronology of Disease from Prehistory to the Era of Zika

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Lawmakers vote to change Mass. state seal, motto long offensive to Native Americans

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Vaughan, A. T. (1995). "Pequots and Puritans: The Causes of the War of 1637," in

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and had better success, bringing Waban and most of the tribe into Christianity.

1564: 1351: 1026: 959: 675: 198: 950:, north of the Charles River. His territory was divided between his three sons: 702:. He wrote later they claimed lands in the Great Cedar Swamp (near present-day 1908: 1708: 1556: 1500: 1285: 1239:

The first known European encounter may have been in 1605 when French explorer

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as opposed to separate from it, began arriving, with the first settling in

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Neponset River in Dorchester, within historic homelands of the Massachusett

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Behind the Frontier: Indians in Eighteenth-Century Eastern Massachusetts.

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Behind the Frontier: Indians in Eighteenth-Century Eastern Massachusetts.

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Chickatawbut's fears were confirmed when the Plymouth Colony expanded to

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who followed in many of Champlain's footsteps, but also made landfall at

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Location of the Massachusett and related peoples of southern New England.

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This article is about the Native American tribe. For the U.S. state, see

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Pilgrims and Puritans: The Story of the Planting of Plymouth and Boston

2350:. W. L. Grant (ed.) (pp. 49-71.) New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2036:

Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island," p. 161.

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converted the majority of the Massachusett to Christianity and founded

386: 2425:"1633-34 — Smallpox Epidemic, New England Natives, Plymouth Colonists" 2024:

Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island," p. 172

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The Massachusett, all of whom had become Praying Indians confined to

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American History from the Revolution to Reconstruction and Beyond.

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Earle, J. M. (1861). pp. (supplementary list) XLI-XLVII, LXI-LXII.

2641:." Nipmuc Association of Connecticut. Retrieved 26 September 2021. 2637:

Copy of Eliot's "Leaf of Rules" in English in Prindle, T. (1994) "

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The deadly epidemic of 1616 through 1619 may have been caused by

2234:. Albany: The University of the State of New York. p. 293. 941:; Massachusett territory south of the Charles River and west of 690:

wrote that their territory extended as far north as what is now

2930:"Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period" 2502:' Weymouth, MA: 350th Anniversary Committee Town of Weymouth. 2139:

Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History

2127:

Frank Hodge (ed). Lancaster, PA: Lancaster Press. p. 46. (PDF)

1559:

originally from Long Island that also spoke Massachusett, and

1493: 192: 130: 77: 36: 2957:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 177–189. 2936:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 160–176. 1447:

of 11 ships and almost one thousand colonists beginning the "

2562:

Roots of American Racism: Essays on the Colonial Experience.

2528:

John Eliot's Mission to the Indians before King Philip's War

2365:(pp. 120–123). Lebanon, NH: University of New England Press. 1874:, where Massachusett people had joined in the 17th century. 1808:

died from exposure to the elements, starvation, and disease.

1749:

people. However, the rebellion was started by the Wampanoag

1247:. Champlain met with Massachusett leaders on several of the 322: 2928:

Conkey, Laura E.; Boissevain, Ethel; Goddard, Ives (1978).

2913:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 78–88. 2429:

Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-of-Life Events

1967:"Historic and Archaeological Resources of the Boston Area" 639:. Major watersheds in Massachusett territory included the 577:). It translates as "at the great hill," referring to the 2712:(pp. 170–171). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 2362:

The Sea Mark: Captain John Smith's Voyage to New England.

1507:, and the selling of many of the Indians into slavery in 1235:'s depiction of "Almouchiquois," a coastal woman and man. 2530:. (pp. 23-51). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2114:

Goddard, I., & Bragdon, K. (1988). (185 ed., p. 20).

3013:. Mansfield, CT: University of Connecticut. p. 73. 2981:. New York: Museum of the American Indian. p. 103. 2456:. Mansfield, CT: University of Connecticut. p. 73. 2055:. Robarts - University of Toronto. Boston p. 160. 744:

Swanton lists the following: Massachusett settlements.

154: 2954:

Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast, Vol. 15

2934:

Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast, Vol. 15

2910:

Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast, Vol. 15

2833:. Federal Register. January 29, 2021. pp. 7554–58 1992:(2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 59. 1392:

Relations with the Massachusett Bay Colony (1629-1676)

1316:, a lethal blood infection, likely spread by invasive 2469:

T.J. Brasser, "Early Indian-European Contacts," p. 82

1804:

Most of the Praying Indians exiled to Deer Island in

920:

Swanton writes about six major bands named for their

2699:(p. 151). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 2322:"Samuel de Camplain's Expeditions: Port Saint Louis" 2228:

Northeast Subsistence–Settlement Change: AD 700–1300

1167:, which protected roots and discouraged weeds. This 937:

and subsequent heirs, additional region/band led by

2551:. (pp. 255-256). New York, NY: Infobase Publishing. 1765:, son of Massasoit who had welcomed and befriended 393: 372: 359: 335: 223:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2564:pp. 190–98. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1255:to conduct trade. Champlain was accompanied by an 27:Historic Native American tribe from Massachusetts 2889:Native People of Southern New England, 1500–1650 2375:Marr, John S.; Cathey, John T. (February 2010). 2209:Native People of Southern New England, 1500–1650 1289:magnified 200-fold with a dark-field microscope. 1756: 1750: 1657: 1651: 1611: 1605: 1582: 1426:, were under the claim of the Plymouth Colony. 1112:Efforts to revitalize the language include the 1079: 1073: 594: 572: 566: 556: 550: 455:term for "At the Great Hill," referring to the 1358:(Massachusett, c. 1590–1650), another leader. 1334:Relations with the Plymouth Colony (1620–1626) 1136:The "Three Sisters" of maize, beans and squash 2292: 2290: 2176: 2174: 8: 2465: 2463: 2081:Swanton, 'The Indian Tribes of North America 1965:Massachusetts Historical Commission (1982). 316: 3010:Gender in 17th Century Southern New England 2992:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 2453:Gender in 17th Century Southern New England 2064: 2062: 2032: 2030: 2020: 2018: 2016: 1981: 1979: 658:lived north of the Massachusett tribe, the 71:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2627:. New York: Museum of the American Indian. 2485:. Boston: Ginn & Company. p. 172. 2092: 2090: 1206:Water transport was by both either carved 873:Topeent, northern coast of Plymouth County 459:overlooking Boston Harbor from the south. 443:from the region in and around present-day 315: 2857:National Conference of State Legislatures 2765:(pp. 7–8). Boston, MA: W. White Printers. 2400: 729:By the 1660s the Massachusett moved into 542:, namesake of the Massachusett tribe, in 301:Learn how and when to remove this message 283:Learn how and when to remove this message 181:Learn how and when to remove this message 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 3070:Native American history of Massachusetts 2892:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 2651: 2649: 2647: 1223:European exploration of the 16th century 3075:Native American tribes in Massachusetts 3024:Encyclopedia of North American Indians: 2494: 2492: 1957: 1946:Native American tribes in Massachusetts 1936:Southern New England Algonquian cuisine 1066:Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God 2549:Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence 2299:Native People of Southern New England 2282:Native People of Southern New England 2269:Native People of Southern New England 2256:Native People of Southern New England 2195:Native People of Southern New England 2182:Native People of Southern New England 1413:in Pawtucket territory. In 1628, the 1114:Wopanaak Language Reclamation Project 7: 2677:. Charleston, SC: The History Press. 2044: 2042: 336:Regions with significant populations 221:adding citations to reliable sources 2599:Cogley, R. W. (1999). pp. .105-107. 2538:Bragdon, K. J. (2005). pp. 130-133. 2989:The Indian Tribes of North America 2655:Cogley, R. W. (1999). pp. 111–113. 2070:The Indian Tribes of North America 1401:to conform with their view of the 1295:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 802:Nahapassumkeck, northern coast of 593:English settlers adopted the term 25: 2588:Charter of Massachusetts Bay 1629 718:) and as far west as present day 502:. The language, related to other 52:This article has multiple issues. 2686:Drake, J. D. (1999). pp. 87–105. 2608:Cogley, R. W. (1999). pp. 37-43. 2577:. WCVB. Last visited 9 May 2021. 1384:, which had been established by 863:Titicut, praying town, possibly 342: 197: 135: 82: 41: 2152:Hilleary, Cecily (8 May 2019). 1722: 1487:taking large tolls. However, a 1409:in 1623 and later expanding to 1325:Massachusetts smallpox epidemic 208:needs additional citations for 60:or discuss these issues on the 3065:Extinct Native American tribes 2932:. In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.). 1986:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2017). 1863:in between Indian households. 1575:conducted by healers known as 615:called the tribe Massachêuck. 1: 2886:Bragdon, Kathleen J. (1999). 2739:US Department of the Interior 2664:Cogley, R. W. (1999). p. 234. 2573:Lisinski, C. (2021, 11 Jan). 1723:King Philip's War (1675-1676) 686:to the south. Anthropologist 544:Norfolk County, Massachusetts 449:Commonwealth of Massachusetts 2381:Emerging Infectious Diseases 1020:Nahaton, around the area of 504:Eastern Algonquian languages 3007:Willison, Megan K. (2016). 2450:Willison, Megan K. (2016). 1920:federally recognized tribes 1918:, meaning they are neither 1822:Guardianship of the Indians 1532:Great Seal of Massachusetts 1072:The Massachusett language, 857:Seccasaw, northern part of 549:The native name is written 161:the claims made and adding 3091: 2675:An Early History of Malden 2590:. University of Groningen. 1726: 1702:Humiliation of the Indians 1627: 1518: 1453:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1086:/məhsatʃəwiːsiːənãtəwaːãk/ 1053: 762:Magaehnak, six miles from 451:. The name comes from the 29: 2986:Swanton, John R. (2003). 2853:"State Recognized Tribes" 1634:Praying Indians of Natick 1624:Praying towns (1651–1675) 1594:Brookfield, Massachusetts 1521:Praying Indians of Natick 1081:Muhsachuweesee unôtuwôâôk 830:Pequimmit, praying town, 607:first published the term 398: 377: 364: 340: 321: 2972:Speck, Frank G. (1928). 2813:Territorial subdivisions 2618:Speck, Frank G. (1928). 2500:Weymouth Indian History. 1941:History of Massachusetts 1544:Massachusetts Bay Colony 1515:Adoption of Christianity 1415:Massachusetts Bay Colony 1307:Massachusetts Bay Colony 1297:lacked immunity to many 720:Deerfield, Massachusetts 712:Lancaster, Massachusetts 500:translation of the Bible 385:), Indigenous religion, 2759:Earle, John M. (1861). 2708:Mandell, D. R. (2000). 2695:Mandell, D. R. (2000). 2346:Jameson, J. F. (1907). 2328:. National Park Service 2258:, pp. 66, 72, 104, 112. 2049:Gookin, Daniel (1674). 1924:state-recognized tribes 1894:20th and 21st centuries 1757: 1751: 1717:Squaw Sachem of Mistick 1658: 1652: 1612: 1606: 1583: 1356:Squaw Sachem of Mistick 1182:, and leafy greens and 1118:Jessie Little Doe Baird 1080: 1074: 933:, later led by his son 635:in what is now eastern 595: 573: 567: 557: 551: 91:Some of this article's 2523:Cogley, R. W. (1999). 2498:Tremblay, R. (1972). ' 2393:10.3201/eid1602.090276 2359:Lawson, R. M. (2015). 1872:Praying Town of Natick 1855: 1809: 1686: 1643: 1618:/pəjãhtamwiːəntʃansak/ 1535: 1403:Protestant Reformation 1290: 1276:17th-century epidemics 1236: 1151: 1137: 1075:Massachusee unontꝏwaok 1069: 770:Blue Hills Reservation 628: 546: 327: 2831:Indian Affairs Bureau 2123:Speck, F. G. (1928). 1853: 1803: 1683:Canton, Massachusetts 1680: 1664:/pəjãhtamwiːuːtaːnaʃ/ 1641: 1613:puyôhtamwee Indiansak 1528: 1303:virgin soil epidemics 1283: 1249:Boston Harbor Islands 1230: 1171:method is called the 1143: 1135: 1063: 1056:Massachusett language 759:, Charles River falls 626: 538: 468:virgin soil epidemics 453:Massachusett language 441:Native American tribe 394:Related ethnic groups 367:Massachusett language 326: 3050:Algonquian ethnonyms 3035:The Menotomy Journal 2547:Kohn, G. C. (2010). 2479:Moore, Nina (1888). 2311:Bragdon, pp. 105–06. 2223:Elizabeth S. Chilton 1842:sections of cities. 1773:for selling land to 1382:colony of Merrymount 1361:The Wampanoag chief 692:Salem, Massachusetts 670:to the southwest in 217:improve this article 2673:Russel, F. (2018). 2326:Archaeology Program 1659:Puyôhtamwee 8tânash 1607:peantamwe Indiansog 1439:Demographic changes 1241:Samuel de Champlain 1233:Samuel de Champlain 1004:Manatahqua, around 792:Charlestown, Boston 772:, on the border of 613:Narragansett people 563:/məhsat͡ʃəwiːsiːak/ 387:Algonquian religion 318: 3055:Algonquian peoples 2863:on 25 October 2022 2506:2018-01-08 at the 1856: 1810: 1687: 1644: 1536: 1435:collection sites. 1291: 1237: 1169:companion planting 1152: 1138: 1070: 1014:Cato, east of the 892:Wessagusset, near 876:Toant, in or near 629: 547: 512:European Americans 428:Algonquian peoples 365:English, formerly 328: 146:possibly contains 2964:978-0-1600-4575-2 2943:978-0-1600-4575-2 2920:978-0-1600-4575-2 2068:John R. Swanton, 1735:King Philip's War 1729:King Philip's War 1653:Peantamwe Otanash 1538:As stated in the 1399:Church of England 1251:and anchored off 1149:Fruitlands Museum 1128:Early subsistence 1122:Mashpee Wampanoag 633:Massachusetts Bay 433: 432: 311: 310: 303: 293: 292: 285: 267: 191: 190: 183: 148:original research 129: 128: 121: 75: 16:(Redirected from 3082: 3014: 3003: 2982: 2980: 2968: 2947: 2924: 2903: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2859:. Archived from 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2823: 2817: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2787:Earle, pp. 72–73 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2736: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2706: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2578: 2571: 2565: 2558: 2552: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2524: 2519: 2510: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2404: 2372: 2366: 2357: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2278: 2272: 2265: 2259: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2233: 2219: 2213: 2204: 2198: 2191: 2185: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2158:Voice of America 2149: 2143: 2134: 2128: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2066: 2057: 2056: 2046: 2037: 2034: 2025: 2022: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1983: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1962: 1760: 1754: 1733:The outbreak of 1665: 1661: 1655: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1590: 1586: 1231:French explorer 1087: 1083: 1077: 904:Wonasquam, near 882:Unquatiquisset, 845:, praying town, 598: 576: 570: 564: 560: 558:Muhsachuweeseeak 554: 348: 346: 345: 319: 306: 299: 288: 281: 277: 274: 268: 266: 225: 201: 193: 186: 179: 175: 172: 166: 163:inline citations 139: 138: 131: 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 86: 78: 67: 45: 44: 37: 21: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3040: 3039: 3021: 3006: 3000: 2999:978-0-806317304 2985: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2950: 2944: 2927: 2921: 2906: 2900: 2899:978-0-806131269 2885: 2882: 2877: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2816:(1928), 138–41. 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2703: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2555: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2522: 2513: 2508:Wayback Machine 2497: 2490: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2461: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2295: 2288: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2262: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2231: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2205: 2201: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2135: 2131: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2067: 2060: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2014: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1985: 1984: 1977: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1932: 1896: 1848: 1824: 1731: 1725: 1704: 1636: 1628:Main articles: 1626: 1602:Praying Indians 1523: 1517: 1505:Mystic Massacre 1449:Great Migration 1441: 1394: 1340:Plymouth Colony 1336: 1278: 1225: 1220: 1130: 1058: 1052: 915: 910: 859:Plymouth County 804:Plymouth County 694:, and south to 688:John R. Swanton 682:, now known as 621: 591: 579:Great Blue Hill 540:Great Blue Hill 533: 528: 520:Black Americans 343: 341: 331: 314: 307: 296: 295: 294: 289: 278: 272: 269: 226: 224: 214: 202: 187: 176: 170: 167: 152: 140: 136: 125: 114: 108: 105: 102: 87: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3088: 3086: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3026:Massachusett] 3020: 3019:External links 3017: 3016: 3015: 3004: 2998: 2983: 2969: 2963: 2948: 2942: 2925: 2919: 2904: 2898: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2844: 2818: 2803: 2799:Earle, pp. 773 2791: 2779: 2767: 2752: 2723: 2714: 2701: 2688: 2679: 2666: 2657: 2643: 2630: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2579: 2566: 2553: 2540: 2531: 2511: 2488: 2471: 2459: 2442: 2431:. January 1632 2416: 2387:(2): 281–286. 2367: 2352: 2339: 2313: 2304: 2286: 2273: 2260: 2247: 2240: 2214: 2199: 2186: 2170: 2144: 2129: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2058: 2038: 2026: 2012: 1998: 1975: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1928: 1901:Frank G. Speck 1895: 1892: 1883:Hassanamiscoes 1847: 1844: 1823: 1820: 1787:Turner's Falls 1775:Roger Williams 1767:Edward Winslow 1727:Main article: 1724: 1721: 1703: 1700: 1694:other tribes. 1625: 1622: 1516: 1513: 1485:whooping cough 1445:Winthrop Fleet 1440: 1437: 1393: 1390: 1348:Myles Standish 1335: 1332: 1277: 1274: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1147:recreation at 1129: 1126: 1054:Main article: 1051: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1024: 1018: 1012: 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 997: 996: 983: 970: 952: 951: 945: 943:Ponkapoag Pond 914: 911: 909: 908: 902: 896: 890: 880: 874: 871: 861: 855: 849: 840: 834: 828: 822: 816:Neponset River 812: 811:, Praying town 806: 800: 794: 788: 766: 760: 753: 746: 645:Neponset River 620: 617: 590: 587: 574:Muhsachuweesee 532: 529: 527: 524: 445:Greater Boston 431: 430: 396: 395: 391: 390: 375: 374: 370: 369: 362: 361: 357: 356: 338: 337: 333: 332: 329: 312: 309: 308: 291: 290: 232:"Massachusett" 205: 203: 196: 189: 188: 143: 141: 134: 127: 126: 93:listed sources 90: 88: 81: 76: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3087: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3031:"Massachuset" 3029: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2977: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2753: 2740: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2639:Praying towns 2634: 2631: 2623: 2622: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2443: 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