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1476:— as its capital city. All this happened in accordance with Roman interest, as they wanted to give Carthage more problems with its neighbours. Masinissa's chief aim was to build a strong and unified state from the semi-nomadic Numidian tribes. To that end, he introduced Carthaginian agricultural techniques and forced many Numidians to settle as peasant farmers. Masinissa and his sons possessed large estates throughout Numidia, to the extent that Roman authors attributed to him, quite falsely, the sedentarization of the Numidians. Major towns included Capsa,
1254:, who wrote extensively about the Punic Wars and is reputed to have met Masinissa, described him as "the best man of all the kings of our time", writing that "his greatest and most divine achievement was this: Numidia had been before his time universally unproductive, and was looked upon as incapable of producing any cultivated fruits. He was the first and only man who showed that it could produce cultivated fruits just as well as any other country". In the following centuries, Numidia would become known as the
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1387:, Masinissa commanded the cavalry (6,000 Numidian and 3,000 Roman) on Scipio's right wing, Scipio delayed the engagement long enough to allow for Masinissa to join him. With the battle hanging in the balance, Masinissa's cavalry, having driven the fleeing Carthaginian horsemen away, returned and immediately fell onto the rear of the Carthaginian lines. This decided the battle and at once
1309:
1360:
Scipio in the invasion of
Carthaginian territory in Africa. This decision was aided by the move by Scipio Africanus to free Masinissa's nephew, Massiva, whom the Romans had captured when he had disobeyed his uncle and ridden into battle. Having lost the alliance with Masinissa, Hasdrubal started to look for another ally, which he found in Syphax, who married
1364:, Hasdrubal's daughter, who until the defection had been betrothed to Masinissa. The Romans supported Masinissa's claim to the Numidian throne against Syphax, who was nevertheless successful in driving Masinissa from power until Scipio invaded Africa in 204. Masinissa joined the Roman forces and participated in the victorious
1380:
humiliation, Masinissa sent her poison, with which she killed herself. Masinissa was now accepted as a loyal ally of Rome, and was confirmed by Scipio as the king of the
Massylii. Following the capture of Syphax, the King Bokkar, ruler of what is now Morocco with his capital based in Tingis, had become a vassal of Masinissa.
1532:(149–146 BC). Masinissa showed his displeasure when the Roman army arrived in Africa in 149 BC, but he died early in 148 BC without a breach in the alliance. Ancient accounts suggest Masinissa lived beyond the age of 90 and was apparently still personally leading the armies of his kingdom when he died.
1963:
Morocco. Direction des affaires indigènes: “Les rois indigènes . Bokkar . Au début du troisième siècle avant JésusChrist , le Maroc obéissait à Bokkar , qui résidait à Tanger , capitale du royaume , et qui était un lieutenant du roi de
Numidie Syphax. En 202 avant Jésus - Christ , après la capture de
1359:
quarreled about the inheritance, and Syphax was able to conquer considerable parts of eastern
Numidia. Meanwhile, with the Carthaginians having been driven from Hispania, Masinissa concluded that Rome was winning the war against Carthage and therefore decided to defect to Rome. He promised to assist
1527:
advocated among the Romans, finally with success, the destruction of
Carthage. Based on descriptions from Livy, the Numidians began raiding around seventy towns in the southern and western sections of Carthage's remaining territory. Outraged with their conduct, Carthage went to war against them, in
1230:
After inheriting a larger, more powerful kingdom now backed by Rome, Masinissa played a decisive role in provoking
Carthage into triggering the Third Punic War, which ended in the city's complete destruction, and left Numidia the sole power in northwest Africa. He ruled for 54 years until his death
1495:
All through his reign, Masinissa extended his territory, and he was cooperating with Rome when, towards the end of his life, he provoked
Carthage to go to war against him. The Punic city answered in kind, even though it could not legally declare war due to its treaty with Rome. In one occasion,
1379:
and
Masinissa followed Syphax to Cirta, where he was captured and handed over to Scipio. After the defeat of Syphax, Masinissa married Syphax's wife Sophonisba, but Scipio, suspicious of her loyalty, demanded that she be taken to Rome and appear in the triumphal parade. To save her from such
1211:. As the son of a Numidian chieftain allied to Carthage, he fought against the Romans in the Second Punic War, but later switched sides upon concluding that Rome would prevail. With the support of his erstwhile enemy, he united the eastern and western Numidian tribes and founded the
1301:), who had allied himself with the Romans. Masinissa, then about 17 years old, led an army of Numidian troops and Carthaginian auxiliaries against Syphax's army and won a decisive victory (215–212 BC). He was betrothed to the daughter of the Carthaginian general
1976:
Coissac de
Chavrebière Payot: “ La guerre tourna à l'avantage de Massinissa , allié des Romains . Syphax fut fait prisonnier ( 202 ) et Bokkar devint le vassal du vainqueur . « Massinissa , dit St. Gsell , rêvà d'être pour la civilisation punique ce que le
1989:
Prosper Ricard
Hachette: “En 202 avant J.-C. , elle était la résidence , disent les Anciens , de Bokkar , roi du Maroc , lieutenant de Syphax le numide , vassal de Massinissa . En 105 avant J.-C. , Bokkus [ er , allié de Sylla , livre aux Romains son
1398:
and the Masaesyli. He showed unconditional loyalty to Rome, and his position in Africa was strengthened by a clause in the peace treaty of 201 between Rome and Carthage prohibiting the latter from going to war even in self-defense without
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and Hasdrubal Gisco levied and trained new forces. In c.206 BC, with fresh reinforcements, Mago and Hasdrubal Gisco—supported by Masinissa's Numidian cavalry—met Scipio at the
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as he had offered them a shipload of grain. A statue of Masinissa was set up in Delos in honour of him as well as an inscription dedicated to him in Delos by a native from
1523:
in 151 BC. In any case, animated probably by an irrational fear of a Carthaginian revival, but possibly by suspicion of the victorious Masinissa's ambitions, the elderly
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at age 90. He was regarded as a staunch ally of Rome, and an unusually vigorous ruler, leading troops until his death and fathering some 44 sons. His tomb in
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1391:'s army began to collapse. The Second Punic War was over and for his services Masinissa received the Kingdom of Syphax, and became King of Numidia.
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Fage, John Donnelly; Fage, J. D.; Clark, John Desmond; Oliver, Roland Anthony; Gray, Richard; Flint, John E.; Roberts, A. D. (1975).
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departed for Italy, Masinissa was placed in command of all the Carthaginian cavalry in Spain, where he fought a successful
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1508:, who has been speculated to have been in league with Carthage. The city certainly capitalized to sack Masinissa's lands.
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permission. This enabled Masinissa to encroach on the remaining Carthaginian territory as long as he judged that
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Law, R.C.C. (1979), "North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305", in Fage, J.D. (ed.),
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In addition to his legacy as a major figure in the Punic Wars, Masinissa is largely viewed as an icon by the
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to decide the territorial dispute between Masinissa and Carthage. He defeated the Punics, however, at the
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in 202 BC that effectively ended the war in Carthage's defeat; he also allowed his wife
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against the Romans in Spain, where he was involved in the Carthaginian victories of
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1543:. His sons too had statues of them erected on the island of Delos and the King of
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Masinissa had to march to assist one of his sons to fight off an attack of
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was forever broken in arguably Scipio Africanus's most brilliant victory.
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In 179 B.C. Masinissa received a golden crown from the inhabitants of
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2002:
War, Warlords, and Interstate Relations in the Ancient Mediterranean
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Any hopes Masinissa may have had of extending his rule right across
1950:. London: Spottiswoode and Co. – via Perseus Digital Library.
1867:
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Central wall depicting Sophonisba requesting help from Massinissa
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1961:
Villes et tribus du Maroc: documents et renseignements, Volume 7
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1316:
After his victory over Syphax, Masinissa commanded his skilled
1760:, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 148–209,
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With Roman backing, Masinissa established his own kingdom of
1355:
When Gaia died in 206 BC, his son Masinissa and his brother
1789:"MASSINISSA ou MASINISA (-240 env.--149) roi des Numides"
1716:(in Arabic and French). AlgeriePresseService. 22 May 2013
1515:
were dashed, however, with the Roman commissions sent to
1964:
Syphax , il devint le vassal de Massinissa” H. Champion
1948:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology
1547:, Nicomedes, had also dedicated a statue to Masinissa.
1215:. As a Roman ally, Masinissa took part in the decisive
1194:. Much of what is known about Masinissa comes from the
2000:Toni Ñaco del Hoyo, Fernando López Sánchez (2017).
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1340:(Scipio Africanus) throughout 208 and 207, while
1736:"Libyan' Inscriptions in Numidia and Mauretania"
1610:(1914), classic Italian silent film directed by
1554:succeeded to the throne, Micipsa had two sons,
1265:, many of whom consider him their forefather.
1285:, an ally of his father. At the start of the
1096:
8:
1174:king best known for leading a federation of
1751:
1749:
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1745:
1182:(218–201 BC), ultimately uniting them into
29:First King of Numidia from 202 BC to 148 BC
2085:
1826:OCR Ancient History GCSE Component 2: Rome
1103:
1089:
305:
38:
1566:. Some of his descendants were the elder
1407:wished to see Carthage further weakened.
1444:, Algeria), and the completely restored
1307:
1289:, Masinissa fought for Carthage against
1705:
1648:
1273:Masinissa was the son of the chieftain
319:
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239:
1897:Can North Africa unite over couscous?
7:
2091:Himself (as King of the Massylii),
1658:Scipio at the deathbed of Masinissa
1394:Masinissa was now king of both the
1068:List of people on stamps of Algeria
1854:Walsh, P.G. (1965). "Massinissa".
1823:; Melville, James (13 July 2017).
1599:(1680), a German mourning play by
1239:in Algeria) bears the inscription
25:
2147:2nd-century BC monarchs in Africa
1626:(1971), Italian film directed by
32:For the later Numidian king, see
2167:People from Constantine, Algeria
1682:Scipio Africanus freeing Massiva
1675:
1663:
1651:
1446:Libyco-Punic Mausoleum of Dougga
1440:The tomb of Masinissa above (in
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1419:
1297:of western Numidia (present day
1277:of a Numidian tribal group, the
1205:and to a lesser extent Cicero's
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1914:The Cambridge History of Africa
1158:238 BC – 148 BC), also spelled
2051:. New York: Penguin Classics.
1588:(late 1330s), an epic poem by
1348:, where Carthage's power over
1055:List of wars involving Algeria
1:
1799:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
1766:10.1017/CHOL9780521215923.005
2157:3rd-century BC Berber people
2152:2nd-century BC Berber people
1942:Smith, William, ed. (1873).
1856:The Journal of Roman Studies
1630:. Masinissa is portrayed by
1614:. Masinissa is portrayed by
1601:Daniel Casper von Lohenstein
2172:Second Punic War commanders
1758:Cambridge History of Africa
1578:In literature, art and film
1452:, Tunisia), which may be a
1049:Military history of Algeria
201:Queen Sophonisba of Numidia
2188:
2095:(as King of the Masaesyli)
1919:Cambridge University Press
1570:(85 BC–46 BC) and younger
1366:Battle of the Great Plains
1336:against the Roman general
1123:
31:
2107:
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2088:
1468:, west of Carthage, with
1062:Postal history of Algeria
1001:Insurgency in the Maghreb
824:SĂ©tif and Guelma massacre
249:
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81:
72:
1794:Encyclopædia Universalis
1694:List of kings of Numidia
1338:Publius Cornelius Scipio
1714:"Tombeau de Massinissa"
1281:. He was brought up in
1075:History of North Africa
875:Independence referendum
814:Attack on Mers-el-KĂ©bir
190:Royal tomb of El Khroub
88:Coin of King Massinissa
2079:31 August 2013 at the
2074:Livius.org: Massinissa
1500:, possibly the 153 BC
1313:
1176:Massylii Berber tribes
357:Iberomaurusian Culture
180:148 BC (aged about 90)
2049:The War With Hannibal
1831:Bloomsbury Publishing
1312:Massinissa of Numidia
1311:
981:High Council of State
761:(19th–20th centuries)
722:Emirate of Beni Abbas
709:(16th–19th centuries)
413:Archeology of Algeria
2045:Aubrey de SĂ©lincourt
2025:Itineraria Phoenicia
1821:Grocock, Christopher
1644:David Anthony Durham
1250:The Greek historian
1186:that became a major
531:Early African Church
512:Prefecture of Africa
496:Kingdom of the Aurès
130:King of the Massylii
1642:(2005), a novel by
1525:Marcus Porcius Cato
1504:invasion headed by
1373:Battle of Bagbrades
739:Barbary Slave Trade
520:Exarchate of Africa
488:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
1623:Scipio the African
1521:Battle of Oroscopa
1334:guerrilla campaign
1314:
1293:, the king of the
1213:Kingdom of Numidia
1044:Outline of Algeria
952:Algerian Civil War
751:Second Barbary War
707:Regency of Algiers
160:as King of Numidia
2125:
2124:
2108:Succeeded by
2027:- Edward Lipiński
2011:978-90-043540-5-0
1974:Histoire du Maroc
1775:978-1-139-05456-0
1639:Pride of Carthage
1616:Vitale Di Stefano
1612:Giovanni Pastrone
1568:Juba I of Numidia
1550:After his death,
1328:in 211 BC. After
1247:or "Their Lord".
1170:, was an ancient
1113:
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1025:COVID-19 pandemic
746:First Barbary War
715:Ottoman governors
575:Umayyad Caliphate
504:Kingdom of Altava
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16:(Redirected from
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1921:. p. 180.
1917:. Vol. 2.
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1574:(52 BC–AD 24).
1530:Third Punic War
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1456:for him, below.
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1330:Hasdrubal Barca
1303:Hasdrubal Gisco
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1840:9781350015210
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1797:(in French).
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868:
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567:Arab conquest
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139:206 BC–202 BC
138:
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107:
104:202 BC–148 BC
103:
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62:
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40:
35:
27:
19:
2099:
2093:Archobarzane
2048:
2035:Bibliography
2020:
2001:
1995:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1947:
1937:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1825:
1814:
1792:
1783:
1757:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1708:
1637:
1632:Woody Strode
1621:
1605:
1594:
1583:
1549:
1534:
1513:North Africa
1510:
1494:
1490:Hippo Regius
1463:
1461:
1393:
1382:
1370:
1354:
1315:
1272:
1260:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:(modern-day
1229:
1206:
1199:
1192:North Africa
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1115:
1114:
1007:
1006:
991:Black Spring
941:
940:
911:
831:Algerian War
829:
828:
785:Pacification
757:
756:
705:
702:Modern times
618:(800–909 AD)
610:(789–828 AD)
602:(776–909 AD)
594:(771–793 AD)
578:(703–744 AD)
570:(647–709 AD)
523:(585–698 AD)
515:(534–585 AD)
507:(578–708 AD)
499:(484–703 AD)
491:(477–578 AD)
483:(435–534 AD)
462:(111–106 BC)
454:(264–146 BC)
372:Rock art in
157:
112:
73:
34:Masinissa II
26:
2105:202–148 BC
1944:"Masinissa"
1628:Luigi Magni
1486:Bulla Regia
1474:Constantine
1256:breadbasket
1237:Constantine
1178:during the
1015:Arab Spring
892:Oujda Group
882:Pieds-noirs
865:1961 putsch
860:1958 crisis
840:Nationalism
833:(1954–1962)
591:Muhallabids
560:Middle Ages
446:(202–46 BC)
368:(10,000 BC)
360:(20,000 BC)
352:(80,000 BC)
321:History of
244:Regnal name
144:Predecessor
109:Predecessor
2131:Categories
2119:Mastanabal
2069:Massinissa
2047:) (1965).
1802:Retrieved
1700:References
1596:Sophonisbe
1556:Hiempsal I
1502:Lusitanian
1450:TĂ©boursouk
1411:Later life
1362:Sophonisba
1342:Mago Barca
1269:Early life
1245:Mas'n'sen,
1221:Sophonisba
1160:Massinissa
935:1988 riots
780:Resistance
655:Almoravids
468:Mauretania
451:Punic Wars
342:Prehistory
228:Mastanabal
18:Massinissa
2004:. Brill.
1900:Gulf News
1884:250349824
1804:1 October
1720:20 August
1498:Hispanics
1442:El Khroub
1295:Masaesyli
1258:of Rome.
1227:in Rome.
1184:a kingdom
1116:Masinissa
962:Massacres
912:1960s–80s
687:Ziyyanids
647:Hammadids
631:Maghrawas
615:Aghlabids
599:Rustamids
433:Phoenicia
426:Antiquity
411:Related:
399:Madghacen
172:c. 238 BC
154:Successor
148:Lacumazes
119:Successor
42:Masinissa
2077:Archived
2043:(trans.
1987:Le Maroc
1688:See also
1590:Petrarch
1564:Jughurta
1560:Adherbal
1545:Bithynia
1506:Caucenus
1480:(modern
1454:cenotaph
1396:Massylii
1389:Hannibal
1357:Oezalces
1350:Hispania
1283:Carthage
1279:Massylii
1252:Polybius
1172:Numidian
1120:Numidian
957:Timeline
671:Marinids
663:Almohads
623:Fatimids
607:Idrisids
583:Ifranids
546:Gemellae
536:Partenia
312:a series
310:Part of
289:Massylii
2115:Gulussa
2111:Micipsa
1990:gendre”
1607:Cabiria
1572:Juba II
1552:Micipsa
1465:Numidia
1383:At the
1371:At the
1368:(203).
1322:Castulo
1299:Algeria
1263:Berbers
1225:triumph
1164:Massena
1152:Masnsen
679:Hafsids
443:Numidia
386:Ahaggar
382:Tassili
323:Algeria
223:Gulussa
218:Micipsa
158:Himself
123:Micipsa
2055:
2008:
1925:
1882:
1876:297437
1874:
1837:
1772:
1585:Africa
1541:Rhodes
1517:Africa
1482:Dougga
1478:Thugga
1448:(near
1326:Ilorca
1291:Syphax
1241:MSNSN,
1168:Massan
942:1990s–
887:Harkis
639:Zirids
472:Africa
466:Roman
404:Jedars
394:Roknia
378:Djelfa
314:on the
295:Father
197:Spouse
185:Burial
1880:S2CID
1872:JSTOR
1537:Delos
1470:Cirta
1401:Roman
1243:read
1233:Cirta
944:2000s
284:Tribe
208:Issue
136:Reign
101:Reign
2117:and
2053:ISBN
2041:Livy
2006:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1835:ISBN
1806:2018
1770:ISBN
1722:2017
1558:and
1488:and
1405:Rome
1324:and
1275:Gaia
1196:Livy
1166:and
855:GPRA
845:RCUA
470:and
384:and
374:Oran
299:Gaia
177:Died
169:Born
1864:doi
1762:doi
1484:),
1198:'s
1190:in
976:GIA
971:FIS
850:FLN
2133::
2113:,
1946:.
1878:.
1870:.
1860:55
1858:.
1829:.
1791:.
1768:,
1744:^
1492:.
1305:.
1162:,
1156:c.
1154:;
1150:,
1122::
380:,
376:,
2014:.
1931:.
1886:.
1866::
1843:.
1808:.
1764::
1738:.
1724:.
1634:.
1618:.
1203:,
1118:(
1104:e
1097:t
1090:v
1071:)
1065:(
1058:)
1052:(
36:.
20:)
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