1998:
1970:
1896:
1631:
1962:
63:
77:
541:
2023:
1444:
1786:
1512:, allied himself with Rome, and Syphax of the Masaesyli switched his allegiance to the Carthaginian side. At the end of the war, Numidia was under the rule of Masinissa of the Massylii. At the time of his death in 148 BC, Masinissa's territory extended from the Moulouya to the boundary of the Carthaginian territory, and also southeast as far as
2666:
Morocco. Direction des affaires indigènes: “Les rois indigènes . Bokkar . Au début du troisième siècle avant JésusChrist , le Maroc obéissait à Bokkar , qui résidait à Tanger , capitale du royaume , et qui était un lieutenant du roi de
Numidie Syphax. En 202 avant Jésus - Christ , après la capture de
2173:
Punic and Neo-Punic was especially dominant during the early era of the
Numidian kingdom. Several official Punic inscriptions survive, and Numidian coins were minted in Punic at first, likely because it was the most influential language when it came to trade in the area. Some historians even consider
2306:
Punic was employed as the official language of the
Numidian kingdom, as is shown by monumental inscriptions and coin legends. Numidia even became something of a centre of Punic literary culture. In 146 BC the Romans presented to Micipsa the captured library of Carthage, and in the following century,
2018:
and returned to
Numidia and gave it as a prize to Massinissa. When the king knew about the origin of the gift, he prepared a nimble fleet of five ships and sent it back to where it came from. This funny story tells us that not only Massinissa had enough ships to perform tasks at will but also these
1598:
Among the wheat imports of Rome, is light wheat imported from Gallia which does not surpass the weight of a bushel (Boisseau) 20 livres. The weight of the wheat of
Sardinia supasses that of Gallia by half a livre, the wheat of Biossia surpasses that of Gallia by an entire livre, wheras the wheat of
1677:
By 112 BC, Jugurtha resumed his war with
Adherbal. He incurred the wrath of Rome in the process by killing some Roman businessmen who were aiding Adherbal. After a brief war with Rome, Jugurtha surrendered and received a highly favourable peace treaty, which raised suspicions of bribery once more.
2101:
Berber tribes of the desert, and which was gradually occupied in its whole extent by the Romans under the Empire. Including these towns, there were altogether twenty that are known to have received at one time or another the title and status of Roman colonies; and in the 5th century, the
1655:
These numbers only represent a fraction from the reserves of the kingdom of
Massinissa. His contributions to the Romans in 170 BC appear to be only a fraction of the kingdom's total production, as he was upset by Rome's decision to pay for the provided wheat that
2682:
Coissac de
Chavrebière Payot: “ La guerre tourna à l'avantage de Massinissa , allié des Romains . Syphax fut fait prisonnier ( 202 ) et Bokkar devint le vassal du vainqueur . « Massinissa , dit St. Gsell , rêvà d'être pour la civilisation punique ce que le
2192:
During the later eras of
Numidia, Latin started replacing Punic as the dominant secondary language inside Numidia. Coins were minted in Latin, and inscriptions in Latin began appearing, however, many of those Latin inscriptions may have been from the Roman era
2030:
Unlike the
Carthaginians who closed trade in face of the Greeks to large parts of North africa, Massinissa opened trade with the Greek, Egyptian, Syrian as well as Italic merchants, Massinissa used to provide to the population of Rhodes Toja wood and Ivory, in
2698:
Prosper Ricard Hachette: “En 202 avant J.-C. , elle était la résidence , disent les Anciens , de Bokkar , roi du Maroc , lieutenant de Syphax le numide , vassal de Massinissa . En 105 avant J.-C. , Bokkus [ er , allié de Sylla , livre aux Romains son gendre”
1682:. Jugurtha was also forced to come to Rome to testify against the Roman commander, where Jugurtha was completely discredited once his violent and ruthless past became widely known, and after he had been suspected of murdering a Numidian rival.
1615:. His sons, too, had statues erected on the island of Delos; the King of Bithynia, Nicomedes, had also dedicated a statue to Masinissa. By 143 AD, the export of olive oil from Numidia rivaled its grain export throughout the Roman Empire.
3093:
Quinn, J. (2013). Monumental power: ‘Numidian Royal Architecture’ in context. In J. Prag & J. Quinn (Eds.), The Hellenistic West: Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean (pp. 179-215). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1977:
The term “Royal Numidian Architecture” was coined for the monuments that were constructed by the Numidian kings. These monuments consist of tombs, tumuli and sanctuaries. Some examples of these structures are the
1622:
received 17,508 hectoliters of Numidian wheat; in 198 BC, the Roman Army in Greece was sent, once again, the same amount of wheat. In 191 BC, Rome received 26,262 hectoliters of wheat and 21,885 hectoliters of
3307:
1634:
Numidia (in blue) at its largest extent after capturing Syphax in Tingitania and vassalizing Bokkar. surrounding Carthage (Yellow) and neighoring Ptolemaic Egypt (deep purple) and the Roman Republic (Red)
3257:
1663:) nor the great plains full of fertile soil yet; generally, barley was his kingdom's main produce, as they grew barley in light, mountainous and hilly soil which is suitable for its cultivation.
2014:
tells us that the Numidian king had a war navy to protect his trade, in one story, the fleet of Massinissa sailed to Malta and confiscated large ivory elephant pillars from the temple of
1562:, who was very popular among the Numidians. Hiempsal and Jugurtha quarrelled immediately after the death of Micipsa. Jugurtha had Hiempsal killed, which led to open war with Adherbal.
923:
1693:. The war dragged out into a long and seemingly endless campaign as the Romans tried to defeat Jugurtha decisively. Frustrated at the apparent lack of action, Metellus' lieutenant
1627:; Greece, the same year, received 43,770 hectoliters of wheat and 26,262 hectoliters of barley. Then, in 171 BC, the Roman army in Macedonia received 87,540 hectoliters of wheat.
988:
3282:
1170:
1063:
2276:
Numidic kings and elites spoke and used Punic as the official language while peasants spoke Berber. The Carthaginian idiom was in use until the third century CE
1204:
1209:
2337:
The Punic language and religion survived the cataclysm too. Many if not most Libyan communities used Punic for official purposes, as did the Numidian kingdom.
1311:
1270:
2787:
1455:
The Greek historians referred to these peoples as "Νομάδες" (i.e. Nomads), which by Latin interpretation became "Numidae" (but cf. also the correct use of
1126:
1053:
2010:
Numidia took over most of the famous Carthaginian ports which were one of the most important in the mediterranean, the famous Roman orator and historian
3262:
3219:
Quinn, Josephine Crawley (2013). "Monumental power: 'Numidian Royal Architecture' in context". In Jonathan R. W. Prag, Josephine Crawley Quinn (ed.).
3121:
2619:
Histoire des Romains depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la fin du règne des Antonins: Depuis les Gracques jusqu'à la fin du règne de Claude
1740:). The kings of the east minted coins, while no known coins of the western kings survive. The western kings may have been vassals of the eastern.
1194:
634:
2232:
3277:
1697:
returned to Rome to seek election as Consul. Marius was elected, and then returned to Numidia to take control of the war. He sent his Quaestor
1679:
1083:
3131:
3073:
2866:
2841:
2577:
2552:
2496:
2469:
2360:
2330:
2299:
2269:
2242:
1705:
of Mauretania, Sulla captured Jugurtha and brought the war to a conclusive end. Jugurtha was brought to Rome in chains and was placed in the
1611:, as he had offered them a shipload of grain. A statue of Masinissa was erected in Delos in his honor, with an inscription by a native from
1528:, 106) except towards the sea. Furthermore, after the capture of Syphax the king of the Masaessyli (West Algeria) with his capital based in
3292:
1690:
2831:
1058:
981:
3200:
Kuttner, Ann (2013). "Representing Hellenistic Numidia, in Africa and at Rome". In Jonathan R. W. Prag, Josephine Crawley Quinn (ed.).
1115:
3233:
3209:
1165:
2320:
2289:
2978:
2953:
2259:
2035:
multiple Rhodian amphorae from the 2nd century B.C were found in burial sites and one of them carries the inscription (Sodamos).
76:
1979:
1304:
775:
582:
550:
1223:
3267:
2708:
1950:
1189:
720:
2712:
1131:
473:
459:
434:
420:
406:
3302:
3190:
3171:
1263:
1184:
2593:
2043:
Numidia became highly romanized and was studded with numerous towns. The chief towns of Roman Numidia were: in the north,
1997:
1987:
1582:
already consumed by Berbers since the dawn of time, Numidia was very productive when it came to its famously high-quality
586:
62:
2663:
2544:
Les villes de l'Algérie antique Tome I: Au travers des sources arabes du Moyen Âge (Province de la Maurétanie Césarienne)
1276:
2459:
2206:, and gained traction and influence by the end of the kingdom when the Numidian dynasty intermarried and mixed with the
1233:
1032:
2801:
3220:
2350:
1849:
In AD 40, the western portion of Africa Proconsularis, including its legionary garrison, was placed under an imperial
1725:
1619:
1498:
1297:
1257:
520:
137:
1426:, 106) except towards the sea. before Masinissa expanded past the Moulouya and vassalizing Bokkar, and reaching the
3061:
1555:
1022:
976:
225:
1969:
3287:
1712:
Jugurtha was executed by the Romans in 104 BC, after being paraded through the streets in Gaius Marius' Triumph.
2695:
2679:
1532:
and after losing Siga had relocated to a temporary capital in Tinga, Bokkar, had become a vassal of Massinissa.
1505:, were allied with Rome. The Kingdom of Masaesyli under Syphax extended from the Moulouya river to Oued Rhumel.
3297:
2134:
2117:
1780:
452:
158:
20:
3146:
2129:
1403:
1283:
1179:
1005:
993:
768:
704:
680:
676:
1895:
1759:, while the eastern kingdom became a Roman province. The remainder of the western kingdom plus the city of
1994:
and Kbor Klib. All of these monuments were built within the area ruled by Massinissa and his descendants.
1908:
1771:, who killed Sittius and took his place. He involved himself in Rome's civil wars and was himself killed.
1736:
in 88 BC, the kingdom was divided into a larger, eastern land and a smaller, western kingdom (roughly the
1199:
1073:
1000:
2083:(Lambessa) with extensive Roman remains, connected by military roads with Cirta and Hippo, respectively.
1678:
The local Roman commander was summoned to Rome to face corruption charges brought by his political rival
1982:, the tomb of Beni Rhenane, a tomb at Henchur Burgu in Djerba as well as two tumulus tombs known as the
1916:
930:
621:
24:
1961:
1744:
1630:
3107:
Histoire d'Algérie: S[tephane] Gsell-G. Marçais-G. Yver. Ouvrage illustré de grav. hors texte
2486:
2048:
1924:
1830:
1048:
739:
377:
94:
1857:
of Numidia remained nominally subordinate to the proconsul of Africa until AD 203. In 193 AD, under
1752:
947:
728:
696:
2633:
2183:
Used especially in funerary and votive steles, with a few surviving "official" royal inscriptions.
1748:
2403:
2104:
2072:
1862:
1252:
1160:
1143:
959:
915:
529:
2094:
1881:
590:
3229:
3205:
3186:
3167:
3127:
3069:
3065:
2974:
2949:
2862:
2837:
2725:
2648:
2618:
2573:
2548:
2492:
2465:
2440:
2395:
2356:
2326:
2295:
2265:
2238:
2207:
2087:
1934:
1885:
1873:
1858:
1701:
to neighbouring Mauretania in order to eliminate their support for Jugurtha. With the help of
1411:
954:
871:
863:
783:
712:
594:
119:
31:
1919:
reunited the two provinces into a single one, administered from Cirta, which was now renamed
1763:, which may have belonged to either kingdom, became briefly an autonomous principality under
3252:
3025:
2737:
2430:
2422:
2385:
2154:
2139:
2015:
1494:
1360:
1152:
1078:
895:
807:
749:
646:
411:
2377:
1659:
year. Massinissa hadn't laid his hands yet on the fertile lands of the Emporia (North West
3272:
1942:
1825:
1764:
1591:
1228:
1068:
1027:
1015:
942:
935:
879:
815:
791:
573:
335:
2894:
Oeuvres de Tite-Live: Histoire romaine avec la traduction en français. Livres XXVII à XLV
2019:
fleets were functioning outside of African shorelines towards the central mediterranean.
2307:
as has been seen, a Numidian king (Hiempsal II) wrote a history of his country in Punic.
540:
2996:
The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier
2781:
2488:
The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier
1737:
1686:
1672:
1546:
After the death of the long-lived Masinissa around 148 BC, he was succeeded by his son
1427:
1399:
1388:
1010:
967:
887:
688:
667:
565:
273:
141:
127:
123:
109:
2022:
1767:. Between 44 and 40 BC, the old western kingdom was once again under a Numidian king,
1747:
brought an end to independent Numidia in 46 BC. The western kingdom between the Sava (
1463:, however, disputes this claim, favoring instead a local African origin for the term.
1443:
3246:
3054:
3030:
3013:
2776:
2435:
2407:
2068:
1660:
1460:
1138:
847:
309:
2881:
Historical Dictionary of Morocco Aomar Boum, Thomas K. Park Rowman & Littlefield
2390:
1689:
and several legions were dispatched to North Africa under the command of the Consul
2923:
2060:
1946:
1820:
1733:
1694:
1392:
1384:
1039:
358:
249:
1732:
continued to be governed by native princes. It appears that, on the death of King
1599:
Africa surpasses the weight of wheat of Gallia by a whole livre and three fourths.
3105:
2892:
2542:
2512:
2149:
1798:
1100:
1090:
799:
285:
1861:, Numidia was separated from Africa Proconsularis, and governed by an imperial
1720:
After the death of Jugurtha, the far-west of Numidia was added to the lands of
2931:
2907:
2802:
History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.
2203:
2108:
enumerates no fewer than 123 sees whose bishops assembled at Carthage in 479.
1929:
1869:
1756:
1729:
1551:
1383:
in present-day Algeria. The kingdom began as a sovereign state and an ally of
659:
466:
213:
201:
3126:(in French). Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. 2005.
3017:
2791:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 868–869.
2444:
2399:
2833:
The Grain Market in the Roman Empire: A Social, Political and Economic Study
2741:
2144:
2080:
2052:
1983:
1889:
1721:
1706:
1702:
1604:
1513:
1509:
1490:
1448:
1407:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1352:
1328:
855:
823:
641:
607:
439:
261:
177:
2093:, and the most important strategic centre. It commanded the passes of the
1785:
1331:
in northwest Africa, initially comprising the territory that now makes up
2076:
1570:
The Numidian kingdom was very famous for its agricultural yield; besides
1559:
1486:
1471:
1467:
1344:
839:
831:
754:
744:
425:
237:
151:
1842:) ruled as a client king of Numidia on the territory of former province
1550:. When Micipsa died in 118 BC, he was succeeded jointly by his two sons
2813:
2636:. Muḥammad Masʻūd Fushaykah. Stabilimento poligrafico editoriale Maggi.
2098:
1991:
1938:
1904:
1835:
1571:
1547:
1536:
1376:
1336:
1332:
557:
504:
494:
321:
189:
98:
19:
This article is about the ancient kingdom. For the Roman province, see
2202:
Greek first appeared in the region through trade routes opened up by
2064:
2056:
2011:
1839:
1811:
1768:
1624:
1612:
1579:
1575:
1540:
1521:
1502:
1501:, were allied with Carthage, while the western Masaesyli, under king
1475:
1419:
1415:
1368:
612:
602:
297:
1535:
Massinissa had also penetrated as far south beyond the Atlas to the
2421:
Camps, G.; Claudot-Hawad, H.; Chaker, S.; Abrous, D. (1996-08-01).
1586:, very similar to the wheat farmed along the banks of the Egyptian
1474:
including the entire north of Algeria as far as the river Mulucha (
2097:(Mons Aurasius), a mountain block that separated Numidia from the
2044:
2032:
2026:
Rhodean Greek amphora that dates to circa 180 B.C. in Cirta Museum
2021:
1996:
1968:
1960:
1933:
in 320, and the province remained one of the six provinces of the
1900:
1894:
1877:
1853:, and in effect became a separate province of Numidia, though the
1784:
1760:
1698:
1629:
1608:
1583:
1517:
1470:(second century BC) to indicate the peoples and territory west of
1442:
1348:
1340:
1095:
499:
90:
38:
2664:
Villes et tribus du Maroc: documents et renseignements, Volume 7
1587:
1529:
1479:
1356:
1508:
However, in 206 BC, the new king of the eastern Massylii,
2780:
2174:
it the official language of Numidia during its early/mid eras.
1648:
in 191 BC: 56,000 tonnes of wheat and 28,900 tonnes of barley.
1642:
in 200 BC: 14,000 tonnes of wheat and 10,500 tonnes of barley.
2634:
Storia della Libia dai tempi piu' remoti ad oggi: compendio
2547:(in French). Presses Académiques Francophones. p. 226.
1888:, "Military Numidia", with capital at the legionary base of
1485:
The Numidians were composed of two great tribal groups: the
2969:
Connolly, Peter; Gillingham, John; Lazenby, George (2016).
2914:, (The Colonial Press, Massachusetts, 1958), ch. III, p. 94
2231:
Quinn, Josephine Crawley; Vella, Nicholas C. (2014-12-04).
1607:
of Numidia received a golden crown from the inhabitants of
1418:
to the south so that Numidia entirely surrounded Carthage (
3222:
The Hellenistic West. Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean
3202:
The Hellenistic West. Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean
3162:
Daho, Keltoum Kitouni; Filah, Mohamed El Mostéfa (2003).
2971:
The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare
1872:, Numidia was divided in two provinces: the north became
3308:
States and territories established in the 3rd century BC
1927:) in his honour. Its governor was raised to the rank of
2667:
Syphax , il devint le vassal de Massinissa” H. Champion
2258:
Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (2007-01-01).
2075:. To the south in the interior military roads led to
1814:, in 40 BC, and subsequently the province (except of
1796:
was annexed in 46 BC to create a new Roman province,
3258:
1st-century BC disestablishments in the Roman Empire
2651:
Aomar Boum, Thomas K. Park Rowman & Littlefield
1335:, but later expanding across what is today known as
3183:Die Numider. Reiter und Könige nördlich der Sahara
1941:in 428, which began its slow decay, accompanied by
487:
372:
355:
345:
331:
315:
303:
291:
279:
267:
255:
243:
231:
219:
207:
195:
183:
171:
157:
147:
133:
115:
105:
86:
46:
16:
Berber kingdom in North Africa from 202 BC to 46 AD
3053:
30:"Numidian" redirects here. For the language, see
3181:Horn, Heinz Günter; Rüger, Christoph B. (1979).
1520:, so that Numidia entirely surrounded Carthage (
1398:Numidia, at its foundation, was bordered by the
1343:. The polity was originally divided between the
1596:
2804:Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, UNESCO,
1478:), about 160 kilometres (100 mi) west of
1305:
8:
3024:, Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, pp. 831–34,
2458:Hirst, Anthony; Silk, Michael (2017-05-15).
2322:Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War
2288:Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975).
3052:Fage, J.D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975).
2294:. Cambridge University Press. p. 184.
1990:. There are also altars that were built at
3228:. Cambridge University. pp. 179–215.
3204:. Cambridge University. pp. 216–272.
3022:Encyclopédie berbère, 6: Antilopes–Arzuges
2771:
2352:Le numide, langue populaire de la Berbérie
1945:. It was restored to Roman rule after the
1493:in the west. During the first part of the
1312:
1298:
514:
75:
43:
3029:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2434:
2389:
1806:was also annexed as part of the province
1497:, the eastern Massylii, under their king
3164:L'Algérie au temps des royaumes numides
3089:
3087:
3085:
3008:
3006:
2934:Company, New York, 1903), ch. IV, pp. 35
2861:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 168–169.
2726:"Les Numides et la civilisation punique"
2325:. Oxford University Press. p. 277.
1375:to unify Numidia into the first unified
3283:Ancient Greek geography of North Africa
2595:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
2223:
2166:
2118:Numidia (Roman province)#Episcopal sees
1868:In the reorganization of the empire by
1618:In 200 BC, the Roman Army stationed in
1558:and Masinissa's illegitimate grandson,
528:
517:
104:
2261:Language Planning and Policy in Africa
1880:, while the south, which included the
1685:War broke out between Numidia and the
2691:
2689:
2675:
2673:
2659:
2657:
2644:
2642:
2629:
2627:
2614:
2612:
2536:
2534:
1834:. During the brief period (30–25 BC)
1828:in 25 BC, to create the new province
1387:and later alternated between being a
354:
344:
340:
314:
302:
290:
278:
266:
254:
242:
230:
218:
206:
194:
182:
170:
166:
156:
7:
3166:(in French). Somogy Editions d'Art.
2570:Encyclopedia of the Developing World
2264:. Multilingual Matters. p. 38.
1884:and was threatened by raids, became
1691:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus
2378:"Libyque : écriture et langue"
1745:civil war between Caesar and Pompey
1277:List of people on stamps of Algeria
81:Map of Numidia after the Punic Wars
1810:after the death of its last king,
1651:in 170 BC: 70,000 tonnes of wheat.
1645:in 198 BC: 14,000 tonnes of wheat.
1347:state in the east (Capital :
14:
2998:, New York: Routledge, p. 25
2830:Erdkamp, Paul (3 November 2005).
2349:Boutammina, Nas E. (2022-01-06).
1965:The Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania
1949:, when it became part of the new
1367:, king of the Massylii, defeated
23:. For the Pennsylvanian CDP, see
3263:1st-century BC disestablishments
3094:doi:10.1017/CBO9781139505987.008
3031:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2569
2649:Historical Dictionary of Morocco
2541:Abed, Bakhta Moukraenta (2015).
2436:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2125
2384:(in French) (28–29): 4395–4409.
1789:Northern Africa under Roman rule
539:
471:
457:
432:
418:
404:
61:
3056:The Cambridge History of Africa
2621:. Victor Duruy. Hachette et cie
2485:Roller, Duane W. (2004-02-24).
2391:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.344
2291:The Cambridge History of Africa
1951:Praetorian prefecture of Africa
1590:. According to Roman historian
1327:was the ancient kingdom of the
69:Numidian coins under Massinissa
2946:Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered
2836:. Cambridge University Press.
2355:(in French). Books on Demand.
2237:. Cambridge University Press.
2086:Lambaesis was the seat of the
1264:List of wars involving Algeria
1:
3278:3rd-century BC establishments
3147:Detailed map of Roman Numidia
2461:Alexandria, Real and Imagined
2429:(in French) (17): 2564–2585.
2051:, the capital, with its port
1988:Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania
1903:inscription mentioning king
1489:in eastern Numidia, and the
3293:Countries in ancient Africa
1818:) was united with province
1258:Military history of Algeria
3324:
3062:Cambridge University Press
2973:. Routledge. p. 171.
2897:(in French). Firmin-Didot.
2572:. Routledge. p. 169.
2568:Thomas M. Leonard (2013).
1937:until the invasion of the
1778:
1670:
1466:The name appears first in
1447:The Numidian mausoleum of
36:
29:
18:
2376:Chaker, S. (2008-01-01).
2319:Hoyos, B. Dexter (2015).
1271:Postal history of Algeria
1210:Insurgency in the Maghreb
1033:Sétif and Guelma massacre
383:
368:
341:
327:
167:
74:
58:
53:
3185:(in German). Rheinland.
3104:Gsell, Stéphane (1929).
2994:Duane W. Roller (2003),
2857:Edward Lipiński (2004).
2135:List of Kings of Numidia
1781:Numidia (Roman province)
1638:In total Rome received:
1543:was part of his domain.
453:Numidia (Roman province)
37:Not to be confused with
21:Numidia (Roman province)
2944:Telford, Lynda (2014).
2788:Encyclopædia Britannica
2742:10.3406/antaf.1979.1016
2724:Camps, Gabriel (1979).
2234:The Punic Mediterranean
2130:Africa (Roman province)
1284:History of North Africa
1084:Independence referendum
1023:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
106:Official languages
3268:200s BC establishments
2891:Livius, Titus (1882).
2027:
2002:
1974:
1966:
1912:
1790:
1635:
1601:
1452:
1414:to the north, and the
1355:in the west (Capital:
566:Iberomaurusian Culture
357:• Annexed by the
3303:Roman client kingdoms
3123:Antiquités africaines
2730:Antiquités africaines
2067:), well known as the
2025:
2000:
1972:
1964:
1917:Constantine the Great
1915:Subsequently Emperor
1898:
1788:
1633:
1446:
1190:High Council of State
970:(19th–20th centuries)
931:Emirate of Beni Abbas
918:(16th–19th centuries)
622:Archeology of Algeria
116:Common languages
25:Numidia, Pennsylvania
3110:(in French). Boivin.
2859:Itineraria Phoenicia
2427:Encyclopédie berbère
2382:Encyclopédie berbère
1831:Africa Proconsularis
1451:photographed in 2000
1404:Africa Proconsularis
740:Early African Church
721:Prefecture of Africa
705:Kingdom of the Aurès
378:carthagenian coinage
185:• 148 – 118 BC
2912:The History of Rome
1980:mausoleum of Thugga
1973:Mausoleum of Thugga
1755:) rivers passed to
1430:ocean to the west.
948:Barbary Slave Trade
729:Exarchate of Africa
697:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
347:• Established
2105:Notitia Dignitatum
2028:
2003:
1975:
1967:
1913:
1876:, with capital at
1791:
1726:King of Mauretania
1636:
1453:
1253:Outline of Algeria
1161:Algerian Civil War
960:Second Barbary War
916:Regency of Algiers
376:Numidian Coinage,
233:• 118–105 BC
221:• 118–112 BC
209:• 118–117 BC
197:• 148–140 BC
173:• 202–148 BC
48:Kingdom of Numidia
3133:978-2-271-06342-7
3075:978-0-521-21592-3
2948:. Pen and Sword.
2868:978-90-429-1344-8
2843:978-1-139-44768-3
2680:Histoire du Maroc
2579:978-1-135-20508-9
2554:978-3-8381-7852-3
2498:978-1-134-40296-0
2471:978-1-351-95959-9
2362:978-2-322-41710-0
2332:978-0-19-986010-4
2301:978-0-521-21592-3
2271:978-1-84769-011-1
2244:978-1-107-05527-8
2208:Ptolemaic dynasty
2161:Explanatory notes
1935:Diocese of Africa
1886:Numidia Militiana
1874:Numidia Cirtensis
1859:Septimius Severus
1412:Mediterranean Sea
1410:to the east. the
1322:
1321:
1234:COVID-19 pandemic
955:First Barbary War
924:Ottoman governors
784:Umayyad Caliphate
713:Kingdom of Altava
513:
512:
483:
482:
479:
478:
445:
444:
245:• 105–88 BC
32:Numidian language
3315:
3288:Berber dynasties
3239:
3227:
3215:
3196:
3177:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3080:
3079:
3059:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2941:
2935:
2928:Caesar- A Sketch
2921:
2915:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2827:
2821:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2773:
2746:
2745:
2721:
2715:
2706:
2700:
2693:
2684:
2677:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2393:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2228:
2211:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2155:Shawiya language
2140:Numidian cavalry
1603:In 179 BC, King
1495:Second Punic War
1361:Second Punic War
1314:
1307:
1300:
1279:
1266:
1217:2010s to present
1132:1965 coup d'état
1116:Contemporary era
982:French governors
900:
892:
884:
876:
868:
860:
852:
844:
836:
828:
820:
812:
804:
796:
788:
780:
750:Fossatum Africae
733:
725:
717:
709:
701:
693:
685:
672:
664:
656:
647:Ancient Carthage
578:
570:
562:
543:
533:
515:
475:
474:
461:
460:
449:
448:
436:
435:
422:
421:
412:Ancient Carthage
408:
407:
401:
400:
385:
384:
317:• 44–40 BC
305:• 81–46 BC
293:• 60–46 BC
281:• 88–60 BC
269:• 84–82 BC
257:• 88–81 BC
79:
65:
44:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3298:Former kingdoms
3243:
3242:
3236:
3225:
3218:
3212:
3199:
3193:
3180:
3174:
3161:
3158:
3156:Further reading
3153:
3152:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3083:
3076:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2922:
2918:
2906:
2902:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2782:"Numidia"
2775:
2774:
2749:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2687:
2678:
2671:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2302:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2126:
2114:
2095:Aurès Mountains
2041:
2008:
1959:
1943:desertification
1882:Aurès Mountains
1816:Western Numidia
1804:Western Numidia
1794:Eastern Numidia
1783:
1777:
1775:Roman provinces
1765:Publius Sittius
1751:) and Ampsaga (
1718:
1716:Divided kingdom
1675:
1669:
1592:Pliny the elder
1568:
1516:to the gulf of
1441:
1436:
1318:
1289:
1288:
1275:
1273:
1262:
1260:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1214:
1148:
1118:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1028:Operation Torch
1016:Cheikh Bouamama
1001:Emir Abdelkader
977:French conquest
964:
943:Barbary pirates
936:Emirate of Kuku
912:
904:
903:
898:
890:
882:
874:
866:
858:
850:
842:
834:
826:
818:
810:
802:
794:
786:
778:
771:
761:
760:
759:
731:
723:
715:
707:
699:
691:
684:(146 BC–590 AD)
683:
670:
662:
654:
637:
627:
626:
617:
576:
574:Capsian culture
568:
560:
558:Aterian Culture
553:
531:
524:
509:
472:
458:
433:
419:
405:
361:
348:
318:
306:
294:
282:
270:
258:
246:
234:
222:
210:
198:
186:
174:
126:
122:
82:
70:
67:
66:
49:
42:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3235:978-1107032422
3234:
3216:
3211:978-1107032422
3210:
3197:
3191:
3178:
3172:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3139:
3132:
3113:
3096:
3081:
3074:
3044:
3002:
2986:
2979:
2961:
2954:
2936:
2916:
2900:
2883:
2874:
2867:
2849:
2842:
2822:
2818:Jugurthine War
2806:
2794:
2779:, ed. (1911).
2777:Chisholm, Hugh
2747:
2716:
2701:
2685:
2683:Macédonien...”
2669:
2653:
2638:
2623:
2608:
2585:
2578:
2560:
2553:
2530:
2504:
2497:
2477:
2470:
2450:
2413:
2368:
2361:
2341:
2331:
2311:
2300:
2280:
2270:
2250:
2243:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2195:
2185:
2176:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2113:
2112:Episcopal sees
2110:
2079:(Tebessa) and
2040:
2037:
2007:
2006:Navy and trade
2004:
1958:
1955:
1779:Main article:
1776:
1773:
1738:Petite Kabylie
1717:
1714:
1687:Roman Republic
1673:Jugurthine War
1671:Main article:
1668:
1665:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1567:
1564:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1400:Moulouya River
1389:Roman province
1363:(218–201 BC),
1359:). During the
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1268:
1255:
1249:
1247:Related topics
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1229:Hirak Movement
1226:
1220:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1011:Mokrani Revolt
1008:
1006:Fatma N'Soumer
1003:
997:
996:
991:
985:
984:
979:
973:
968:French Algeria
963:
962:
957:
951:
950:
945:
939:
938:
933:
927:
926:
920:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
899:(1235–1556 AD)
893:
891:(1229–1574 AD)
885:
883:(1215–1465 AD)
877:
875:(1121–1269 AD)
869:
867:(1040–1147 AD)
861:
859:(1014–1152 AD)
853:
845:
837:
829:
821:
813:
805:
797:
789:
781:
772:
767:
766:
763:
762:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
736:
735:
734:
726:
718:
710:
702:
694:
689:Vandal Kingdom
686:
673:
668:Jugurthine War
665:
657:
649:
644:
638:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
616:
615:
610:
605:
599:
598:
597:
579:
571:
563:
554:
549:
548:
545:
544:
536:
535:
526:
525:
518:
511:
510:
508:
507:
502:
497:
491:
489:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
469:
463:
462:
455:
446:
443:
442:
437:
429:
428:
423:
415:
414:
409:
397:
396:
391:
381:
380:
374:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
356:
353:
352:
349:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
333:
332:Historical era
329:
328:
325:
324:
319:
316:
313:
312:
307:
304:
301:
300:
295:
292:
289:
288:
283:
280:
277:
276:
271:
268:
265:
264:
259:
256:
253:
252:
247:
244:
241:
240:
235:
232:
229:
228:
223:
220:
217:
216:
211:
208:
205:
204:
199:
196:
193:
192:
187:
184:
181:
180:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
161:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
142:Punic Religion
135:
131:
130:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
88:
84:
83:
80:
72:
71:
68:
60:
59:
56:
55:
51:
50:
47:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3320:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3237:
3231:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3048:
3045:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3014:Gabriel Camps
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2980:9781135936747
2976:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2955:9781473834507
2951:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:(c. 40 BCE),
2815:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:(in French).
2731:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2519:. 23 Sep 2020
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2491:. Routledge.
2490:
2489:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2464:. Routledge.
2463:
2462:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
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1800:
1795:
1787:
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1774:
1772:
1770:
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1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:Oued-el-Kebir
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1680:Gaius Memmius
1674:
1667:War with Rome
1666:
1664:
1662:
1661:Ancient Libya
1657:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:
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1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1461:Gabriel Camps
1459:). Historian
1458:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:to the west,
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
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1315:
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1272:
1269:
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1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:Peace Charter
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Civil Concord
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:Berber Spring
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:FFS rebellion
1125:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:Évian Accords
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
992:
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987:
986:
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978:
975:
974:
972:
971:
969:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
949:
946:
944:
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940:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
925:
922:
921:
919:
917:
908:
907:
897:
894:
889:
886:
881:
878:
873:
870:
865:
862:
857:
854:
851:(973–1152 AD)
849:
846:
843:(970–1068 AD)
841:
838:
835:(909–1171 AD)
833:
830:
825:
822:
817:
814:
809:
806:
801:
798:
795:(742–1066 AD)
793:
790:
785:
782:
777:
776:Arab conquest
774:
773:
770:
765:
764:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
730:
727:
722:
719:
714:
711:
706:
703:
698:
695:
690:
687:
682:
678:
674:
669:
666:
661:
658:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
636:
631:
630:
623:
619:
618:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
572:
567:
564:
559:
556:
555:
552:
547:
546:
542:
538:
537:
534:
527:
522:
516:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
490:
488:Today part of
486:
470:
468:
465:
464:
456:
454:
451:
450:
447:
441:
438:
431:
430:
427:
424:
417:
416:
413:
410:
403:
402:
399:
398:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
382:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
350:
337:
334:
330:
326:
323:
320:
311:
310:Massinissa II
308:
299:
296:
287:
284:
275:
272:
263:
260:
251:
248:
239:
236:
227:
224:
215:
212:
203:
200:
191:
188:
179:
176:
162:
160:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
78:
73:
64:
57:
52:
45:
40:
33:
26:
22:
3221:
3201:
3182:
3163:
3142:
3122:
3116:
3106:
3099:
3055:
3047:
3035:, retrieved
3021:
2995:
2989:
2970:
2964:
2945:
2939:
2927:
2924:J. A. Froude
2919:
2911:
2903:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2858:
2852:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2797:
2786:
2736:(1): 43–53.
2733:
2729:
2719:
2704:
2599:. Retrieved
2594:
2588:
2569:
2563:
2543:
2521:. Retrieved
2516:
2507:
2487:
2480:
2460:
2453:
2426:
2416:
2381:
2371:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2260:
2253:
2233:
2226:
2198:
2188:
2179:
2169:
2115:
2103:
2089:
2085:
2061:Hippo Regius
2042:
2039:Major cities
2029:
2009:
1976:
1957:Architecture
1947:Vandalic War
1928:
1920:
1914:
1899:Marble with
1867:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1829:
1821:Africa Vetus
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1749:Oued Soummam
1742:
1730:rump kingdom
1719:
1711:
1695:Gaius Marius
1684:
1676:
1658:
1654:
1637:
1617:
1602:
1597:
1578:, and other
1569:
1545:
1534:
1525:
1507:
1484:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1439:Independence
1423:
1397:
1393:client state
1391:and a Roman
1324:
1323:
1216:
1215:
1200:Black Spring
1150:
1149:
1120:
1040:Algerian War
1038:
1037:
994:Pacification
966:
965:
914:
911:Modern times
827:(800–909 AD)
819:(789–828 AD)
811:(776–909 AD)
803:(771–793 AD)
787:(703–744 AD)
779:(647–709 AD)
732:(585–698 AD)
724:(534–585 AD)
716:(578–708 AD)
708:(484–703 AD)
700:(477–578 AD)
692:(435–534 AD)
671:(111–106 BC)
663:(264–146 BC)
651:
581:Rock art in
394:Succeeded by
393:
388:
359:Roman Empire
54:202 BC–25 BC
3037:13 February
2601:16 February
2150:Roman Libya
2049:Constantine
1925:Constantine
1921:Constantina
1844:Africa Nova
1824:by Emperor
1808:Africa Nova
1799:Africa Nova
1566:Agriculture
1224:Arab Spring
1101:Oujda Group
1091:Pieds-noirs
1074:1961 putsch
1069:1958 crisis
1049:Nationalism
1042:(1954–1962)
800:Muhallabids
769:Middle Ages
655:(202–46 BC)
577:(10,000 BC)
569:(20,000 BC)
561:(80,000 BC)
530:History of
389:Preceded by
286:Hiempsal II
95:Constantine
3247:Categories
3192:3792704986
3173:2850566527
3064:. p.
2932:A. L. Burt
2908:T. Mommsen
2423:"Écriture"
2218:References
2204:Massinissa
2088:Legio III
2047:or modern
1930:consularis
1870:Diocletian
1863:procurator
1757:Bocchus II
1552:Hiempsal I
1379:state for
1144:1988 riots
989:Resistance
864:Almoravids
677:Mauretania
660:Punic Wars
551:Prehistory
467:Mauretania
274:Hiarbas II
214:Hiempsal I
202:Mastanabal
148:Government
138:Numitheism
3018:"Arabion"
3016:(1989) ,
2513:"Numidia"
2445:1015-7344
2408:161729616
2400:1015-7344
2145:Numidians
2081:Lambaesis
2073:Augustine
2053:Russicada
2001:Madghacen
1992:Simitthus
1984:Madghacen
1907:found in
1890:Lambaesis
1722:Bocchus I
1707:Tullianum
1703:Bocchus I
1620:Macedonia
1605:Masinissa
1514:Cyrenaica
1510:Masinissa
1491:Masaesyli
1449:El-Khroub
1408:Cyrenaica
1381:Numidians
1373:Masaesyli
1365:Masinissa
1353:Masaesyli
1351:)and the
1329:Numidians
1171:Massacres
1121:1960s–80s
896:Ziyyanids
856:Hammadids
840:Maghrawas
824:Aghlabids
808:Rustamids
642:Phoenicia
635:Antiquity
620:Related:
608:Madghacen
440:Masaesyli
336:Antiquity
262:Masteabar
178:Masinissa
134:Religion
2820:XI–XIII.
2696:Le Maroc
2124:See also
2077:Theveste
2055:(Modern
1986:and the
1923:(modern
1838:(son of
1826:Augustus
1560:Jugurtha
1556:Adherbal
1487:Massylii
1472:Carthage
1468:Polybius
1428:Atlantic
1345:Massylii
1166:Timeline
880:Marinids
872:Almohads
832:Fatimids
816:Idrisids
792:Ifranids
755:Gemellae
745:Partenia
521:a series
519:Part of
426:Massylii
373:Currency
238:Jugurtha
226:Adherbal
152:Monarchy
120:Numidian
3253:Numidia
2814:Sallust
2099:Gaetuli
2090:Augusta
2071:of St.
2059:); and
1939:Vandals
1905:Micipsa
1855:legatus
1851:legatus
1836:Juba II
1572:lettuce
1548:Micipsa
1537:Gaetuli
1457:Nomades
1434:History
1371:of the
1337:Tunisia
1333:Algeria
1325:Numidia
888:Hafsids
652:Numidia
595:Ahaggar
591:Tassili
532:Algeria
505:Tunisia
495:Algeria
322:Arabion
190:Gulussa
99:Algeria
93:(today
87:Capital
3273:202 BC
3232:
3208:
3189:
3170:
3130:
3072:
2977:
2952:
2865:
2840:
2709:Numida
2576:
2551:
2517:Livius
2495:
2468:
2443:
2406:
2398:
2359:
2329:
2298:
2268:
2241:
2193:itself
2063:(near
2057:Skikda
2012:Cicero
1840:Juba I
1812:Arabio
1769:Arabio
1625:barley
1613:Rhodes
1580:grains
1541:Fezzan
1526:Punica
1522:Appian
1503:Syphax
1476:Muluya
1424:Punica
1420:Appian
1416:Sahara
1377:Berber
1369:Syphax
1151:1990s–
1096:Harkis
848:Zirids
681:Africa
675:Roman
613:Jedars
603:Roknia
587:Djelfa
523:on the
351:202 BC
298:Juba I
163:
3226:(PDF)
2713:Nomas
2523:2 Aug
2404:S2CID
2045:Cirta
2033:Cirta
1901:Punic
1878:Cirta
1761:Cirta
1734:Gauda
1699:Sulla
1609:Delos
1584:wheat
1576:beans
1518:Sirte
1349:Cirta
1341:Libya
1153:2000s
500:Libya
364:25 BC
250:Gauda
128:Greek
124:Latin
110:Punic
91:Cirta
39:Nubia
3230:ISBN
3206:ISBN
3187:ISBN
3168:ISBN
3128:ISBN
3070:ISBN
3039:2017
2975:ISBN
2950:ISBN
2863:ISBN
2838:ISBN
2711:and
2603:2020
2574:ISBN
2549:ISBN
2525:2024
2493:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2441:ISSN
2396:ISSN
2357:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2266:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2116:See
2065:Bône
2016:Juno
1743:The
1728:. A
1588:Nile
1554:and
1539:and
1530:Siga
1499:Gala
1480:Oran
1406:and
1385:Rome
1357:Siga
1339:and
1064:GPRA
1054:RCUA
679:and
593:and
583:Oran
159:King
3066:199
3026:doi
2930:, (
2738:doi
2431:doi
2386:doi
2069:see
1909:Iol
1185:GIA
1180:FIS
1059:FLN
3249::
3084:^
3068:.
3060:.
3020:,
3005:^
2926:,
2910:,
2785:.
2750:^
2734:14
2728:.
2688:^
2672:^
2656:^
2641:^
2626:^
2611:^
2533:^
2515:.
2439:.
2425:.
2402:.
2394:.
2380:.
2335:.
2304:.
2274:.
2120:.
1953:.
1892:.
1865:.
1846:.
1802:.
1724:,
1709:.
1594::
1574:,
1524:,
1482:.
1422:,
1395:.
589:,
585:,
140:,
97:,
3238:.
3214:.
3195:.
3176:.
3136:.
3078:.
3042:.
3028::
3000:.
2983:.
2958:.
2871:.
2846:.
2744:.
2740::
2605:.
2582:.
2557:.
2527:.
2501:.
2474:.
2447:.
2433::
2410:.
2388::
2365:.
2247:.
2210:.
1911:.
1313:e
1306:t
1299:v
1280:)
1274:(
1267:)
1261:(
101:)
41:.
34:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
