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Carignan Crni, Carignan
Frances, Carignan Mouillan, Carignan noir, Carignane Mouilla, Carignane noir, Carignane noire, Carignane violette, Carignanne, Carignano, Carignano di Carmignano, Carignena, Carinena, Carinena Mazuela, Carinena negra, Cencibel, Crignane, Crinana, Crusillo, Girard, Girarde, Grenache du Bois, Grenache du Bois Dur, Karinjan, Karinyan, Kek Carignan, Legno Duro, Legno Duro di Portoferraio, Manuelo Tinto, Manzuela (in Rioja), Marocain, Mazuela, Mollard (in Rioja), Mounesteou, Pinot d'Evora, Plant d'Espagne, Plant de Ledenon, Pokovec, Pokovez, Samso, Samso Crusillo, Sanso, Soptna blau, Tinto Mazuela, and Uva di Spagna.
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1358:. In Chile, old vines of plantings of Carignan are grown without irrigation in the Maule region which accounted for the majority of the country's 675 hectares (1,670 acres) plantings of the grape in 2008. In Argentina there was just 30 hectares (74 acres) of the grape while Uruguay had 486 hectares (1,200 acres) planted in 2009.
552:(410,000 acres) and was France's most widely planted grape variety. However, as France's wine lake problem became more of a concern, authorities within the French government and European Union started an aggressive vine pull scheme where vineyard owners were offered cash subsidies in exchange for pulling up their vines.
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Other recognized synonyms for
Carignan include: Axina de Spagna, Babonenc, Babounenc, Blaue Shopatna, Blaue Sopatna, Blauer Carignan, Blauer Carignant, Boi Dur, Bois de Fer, Bois dure, Bovale Grande di Spagna, Bovale Mannu, Bove Duro, Bove Duro di Spagna, Cafalan Cagnolaro, Cagnolaro tinto, Calignan,
1079:
In 2004, Spain had around 7,000 ha (17,300 acres) of
Carignan planted. By 2008 that number has dropped to around 6,130 hectares (15,100 acres), and to 5,644 hectares (13,950 acres) in 2015. The grape (traditionally called Cariñena, but now officially called Mazuelo, but also spelled Mazuela) has seen
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region. First discovered in the early 20th century, there were 1,652 hectares (4,080 acres) of the grape planted in France in the 1960s but by 2009 that figure had dropped to 411 hectares (1,020 acres). In Spain, Carignan blanc (known as Cariñena blanca throughout most of the country, Samsó blanco in
644:
In 2003, DNA evidence confirmed that
Carignan/Cariñena was the same variety as the Mazuelo (or Mazuela) grape of Rioja. This was followed by the discovery in 2007 that the Bovale di Spagna and Bovale Grande grapes of Sardinia were also identical to Carignan. DNA profiling was also able to distinguish
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wines. In the late 1990s, there were over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of the grape planted in the Aude and Hérault departments alone but by 2009 the total plantings of
Carignan throughout France had dropped to 53,155 hectares (131,350 acres). While plantings of the grape in France were more than
1401:
it is known as Cariñena (particularly in Aragon), with Cariñano (also in Aragon), Mazuelo, Tinto
Mazuelo, Crujillon (in Aragon) and Samsó (in Catalonia) also being used in Spain. The recent use of Samsó has been controversial because this seems to be an error, as there is a different grape called
469:
Ampelographers do believe that
Carignan is likely a very old variety due to its widespread plantings and the proliferation of numerous different synonyms that give testament to the grape's long history in different wine regions. The grape likely originated in the Aragon region of northwest Spain
551:
devastated French vineyards in the mid to late 19th century, plantings of
Carignan grew in popularity on the French mainland. Plantings increased even more when Algeria gained independence in 1962. The grape's prominence in France hit a high point in 1988 when it accounted for 167,000 hectares
611:
for blending varieties or grapes destined for lower priced box and jug wines often do not work well with the expense and labor cost of hand-harvesting. Among the viticultural hazards that
Carignan is susceptible to include powdery mildew and infestation of the vine from grape worms and the
429:
In the mid-15th century, the Crown of Aragon stretched from
Eastern Spain, across Sardinia and mainland Italy all the way to the eastern Mediterranean. It is during this time that ampelographers believe that Carignan, which likely originated in Aragon, may have been introduced to these
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dispute the 2006 findings and believe that the DNA profiles of both grapes are too distinct to have a close parent-offspring relationship at all. It is more likely, Vouillamoz and others suggest, that Carignan and Graciano were the result of two separate spontaneous
212:
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In California it is spelled with an extra vowel on the end as Carignane. In Italy it is known as Gragnano while in Sardinia it is known as Bovale Grande and Carignano. In Portugal it is known as Pinot Evara even though it has no relation to the
1167:, do make varietal examples of the grape. In 2008, there were 1,193 hectares (2,950 acres) of the grape in Rioja. In 2009, there were 697 hectares (1,720 acres) and 515 hectares (1,270 acres) of Carignan planted in the nearby wine regions of
322:'s red wine blend. The grape's prominence in France hit a high point in 1988 when it accounted for 167,000 hectares (410,000 acres) and was France's most widely planted grape variety. That year, in a drive to increase the overall quality of
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producing countries with significant Carignan plantings include Croatia with 210 hectares (520 acres) in 2009, Cyprus with 366 hectares (900 acres), Malta with 10 hectares (25 acres) and Turkey with 134 hectares (330 acres) in 2010.
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and Grenache, Carignan has mutated to produce white-berried and pink-berried color mutations known as Carignan blanc and Carignan gris, respectively. Carignan blanc is a white mutation of the Carignan grape found primarily in the
490:, adding to confusion over Carignan's history in the region. Another Spanish synonym, Mazuelo, which is used in the Rioja wine region, is believed by ampelographers and wine historians to come from the commune of
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where vineyard owners were offered cash subsidies in exchange for pulling up their vines. Out of all the French wine varieties, Carignan was the most widely affected dropping by 2000 to 95,700 ha (236,000
1307:. In the 1970s and 1980s, Californian Carignane was one of the leading "home winemaking" grapes in production. In 2010, there were 1,373 hectares (3,390 acres) of the grape planted in the state with
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9 times higher than the next major Carignan producing country (Spain), this drop in plantings is indicative of the global trend of decline in "workhorse varieties" like Carignan in favor of what the
1263:. His persistence to produce high quality old vine Carignan encourages other producers to follow and today Israel presents an impressive range of faire to excellent examples of this verity
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where the grape is primarily used for blending. In South Africa, there were 80 hectares (200 acres) of the grape planted in 2012 with the majority found on the shale vineyard soils of the
547:. At some point the grape reached Algeria where it became a high yielding "workhorse" variety that was widely exported to France to add color and weight to French wine blends. After the
1295:, Carignane (as it is known there) was the third most widely planted grape variety but has since dropped considerably in production. The majority of the vines were planted in the
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vine, which is similarly prone to diseases, but in recent years Australian winemakers have been able to identify true Carignan. Most Australian plantings of Carignan are found in
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Carignan's tendency to produce short shoots with clusters that grow closely to the trunk of the vine means that it is a difficult variety to harvest mechanically. However, the
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with some positive results. Syrah and Grenache are considered its best blending partners being capable of yielding a softer wine with rustic fruit and perfume. In California,
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Like Carignan noir, both Carignan blanc and Carignan gris are late budding and late ripening varieties that are highly susceptible to powdery mildew. According to
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For many years Carignan was the third most widely planted grape in California where it was a major component in the production of many varieties of jug wines.
776:) is even more rarely found with only 3 hectares (7.4 acres) planted throughout the country in 2008. Here the grape is mostly used for blending with
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Other varieties sometimes confused with Carignan but have been conclusively proven by DNA analysis to be distinct include the Sardinian wine grape
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In 2012, more than 97% of Italy's 1,748 hectares (4,320 acres) of Carignan plantings were in Sardinia with a few scattered plantings throughout
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though it was not yet clear which variety is the parent and which is the offspring. However, some grape geneticist and ampelographers such as
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grape that is also known as Carignan jaune), and Grenache (which is also known as Carignan rouge, Carignane rosso, and Carignane rousse).
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Carignan blanc and Carignan gris can be found to a limited extent in the French wine region of Roussillon along the Spanish border.
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grape which also grown on the island, Cinsault which shares the synonym Samsó in Catalonia with Carignan, the Italian wine grape
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with 800 hectares (2,000 acres) in 2009. The first serious and consistent efforts to produce quality Carignan was at 2002 by
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industry. Though it is not as prominent today, it is still the country's third most widely planted red grape variety after
798:. While the wines tend to be "shy" in the nose, Robinson notes that the palate can be "luscious" with light, citrus notes.
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of grapes. Other French synonyms include Carignan noir, Bois Dur, Catalan, Roussillonen, Monestel, and Plant de Lédenon.
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the grape is called Samsó or Carinyena, though it is not related to Cinsault which is also known as Samsó in Catalonia.
649:(including Graciano which is known on Sardinia as Bovale Sardo and Bovale Cagnulari) as well as the Valencia wine grape
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suggesting a Phoenician or Italian origin. Instead, the evidence points more strongly to a Spanish origin of the grape.
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plantings sharply decline in its ancestral home of Aragon where it was once a secondary component of wine from the
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in small plantings of around 411 hectares (1,020 acres) and 1 hectare (2.5 acres), respectively, reported in 2008.
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462:. Today, ampelographers largely discount this theory due to the lack of historical documentation or evidence from
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but in recent years, it has been reborn as a flagship wine for many cellars in the south of France as well as in
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which requires a lot of skill to produce a wine of finesse and elegance. Some winemakers have experimented with
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form with some exceptions. Carignan can be a difficult variety for winemakers to work due to its naturally high
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715:(a French wine grape that is also known as Carignan de Bedoin, Carignan de Bedouin, and Carignan de Gigondas),
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In 2006, DNA profiling suggested a parent-offspring relationship between Carignan and the Rioja wine grape
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44:"Bois Dur" redirects here. For another wine grape that shares this as well as several other synonyms, see
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Over the years Carignan has been crossed with several varieties to create new wine grapes including with
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Early Italian wine writers speculated that Carignan, known as Carignano in several parts of Italy, was a
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in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Carignan also played an important role in the early development of the
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386:. Carignan is a late budding and ripening grape which requires a warm climate in order to achieve full
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596:. The late ripening nature of the grape means that it rarely achieves full ripeness unless planted in
37:"Plant de Ledenon" redirects here. For another wine grape that is also known as Plant De Ledenon, see
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has found some success with a varietal wine made from Carignan vines that were planted in the 1880s.
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region after Grenache. In 2009, Aragon has just 926 hectares (2,290 acres) dedicated to the grape.
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counties seeing a slight increase in interest while plantings the Central Valley have declined.
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Outside of Catalonia, Mazuelo is mostly a secondary blending variety used to add acidity to the
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of southern France due to the grape's inability to sufficiently ripen much further north in the
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Carignan is a late budding and late ripening variety that is often one of the last grapes to be
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884:(DOC) regions. Elsewhere in Europe and the Middle East, plantings of the grape can be found in
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Synonyms for the white-berried mutation Carignan blanc include: Feher Carignan and Karinjan.
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Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours
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the grape is still generally called, 'Carinyena') being claimed by the DO body in Aragon.
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Carignan was likely introduced to Sardinia sometime between 1323 and 1720 when the island
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1228:. Here the grape is known as Bovale Grande and is also featured in the DOC wines of
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Despite sharing several synonyms, such as Samsó in Catalonia, Carignan and Cinsault
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have also experimented with growing Carignan in some of their warmer wine regions.
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The popularity of Carignan was largely tied to its ability to produce very large
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Synonyms for the pink-berried mutation Carignan gris include: Szuerke Carignan.
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in the 9th century BC. From there the grape is believed to have spread to other
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390:. The vine also develops very thick stalk around the grape clusters which makes
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Carignan is found around the globe with the vast majority of plantings in
576:. The vine is very vigorous and high yielding, able to easily produce 200
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white wines that can have high acid and alcohol levels with very little
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2007:
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1047:. Other departments with significant plantings of Carignan include the
904:. In Africa, plantings of Carignan are also found in the north African
777:
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where the grape originated in or the hot Central Valley of California.
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581:
573:
491:
355:
133:
17:
1921:
1916:
1071:
Old bushvine plantings of Carignan can be found in the Priorat region
983:
Carignan is most widely found in southern France, particularly in the
695:
Grapes that are also unrelated to Carignan but share synonyms include
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2399:
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1351:
1252:
943:. Elsewhere in North America, plantings of the grape can be found in
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difficult. It has an upright growth habit and can be grown without a
340:
307:
295:
113:
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of the grape that are more than 100 years old that are used to make
632:
265:, it was considered one of the main grapes responsible for France's
959:. In recent years, plantings of the grape have slowly increased in
2424:
2379:
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2002:
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More than 97% of Italian Carignan plantings are found in Sardinia
1182:
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1025:
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712:
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424:
60:
711:(a Spanish wine grape that is also known as Carignan d'Espagne),
1976:
1932:
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of the northern half of the appellation. Around the villages of
992:
988:
584:(approximately 10.4 tons/acres), if not kept in check by winter
363:
336:
2712:
1949:
1930:
616:. The vine has some slight resistance to the fungal disease of
1326:
Outside of California, plantings of the grape can be found in
359:
2708:
645:
Carignan as a distinct variety from other varieties known as
1346:
In Mexico, plantings of Carignan are found in the states of
486:
which is also used as a synonym for the French wine grape
1406:
but this change was implemented due to name Cariñena (in
684:
wine regions of central Italy and the Spanish wine grape
535:. Here the grape developed in isolation to form distinct
1945:
1031:
Plantings of Carignan are mostly limited to the warm
1093:
The grape has found an increasing prominence in the
524:
parents that occurred somewhere in northeast Spain.
326:
and to reduce the growing wine lake phenomenon, the
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1983:
1520:Third Edition pg 139 Oxford University Press 2006
1361:In Australia the grape was often confused with the
182:
159:
143:
119:
105:
94:
86:
53:
1767:
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1763:
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866:where it is a permitted grape variety in several
814:component in blends, rather than being made in a
438:grape variety that was brought to the island of
370:hazards with significant sensitivity to several
1191:where the grape is also known as Bovale Grande.
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1128:wines. The grape is also found in the DOPs of
780:, with a very few varietal examples produced.
318:. The variety was historically a component of
2724:
1961:
1809:Miquel Hudin & Elia Varela Serra (2012),
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1547:
1545:
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1541:
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257:but is widely planted throughout the western
8:
1016:designates as "improving varieties" such as
628:Relationship and confusion with other grapes
290:believe that the grape likely originated in
979:French departments where Carignan is grown.
947:. In South America, Carignan is planted in
2731:
2717:
2709:
2214:
1968:
1954:
1946:
1927:
1744:Third Edition pg 101 Abbeville Press 2003
1595:J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz
478:. However, in Zaragoza and other parts of
470:where it possibly named after the town of
75:
50:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1483:
1481:
1479:
2909:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1452:
1393:The grape is known under a variety of
1101:, where it is the main variety in the
772:Catalonia, and Carinyena blanc in the
253:origin that is more commonly found in
1889:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1864:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1839:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1716:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1691:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1666:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1641:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1616:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
204:
7:
1259:, the Bordeaux trained Enologist of
1213:Denominazione di origine controllata
881:Denominazione di origine controllata
790:, Carignan blanc tends to produce
600:in very warm climates such as the
366:). The vine does face significant
343:as the most widely planted grape.
269:and was a substantial producer in
261:and around the globe. Along with
25:
1993:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1775:pg 143-145 Mitchell Beazley 1986
1039:of central France or in the damp
927:, Carignan is planted in several
2972:
2680:
1438:
1216:(DOC) features a Carignan-based
1163:though a few producers, such as
1083:denominación de origen protegida
482:, the grape is sometimes called
81:Carignan in Viala & Vermorel
869:appellation d'origine contrôlée
810:, the grape is often used as a
529:was under the Spanish influence
1239:The grape is still popular in
1220:from the Sardinian islands of
450:, including the settlement at
298:and was later transplanted to
1:
2935:Glossary of viticulture terms
1799:, Accessed: August 14th, 2013
1742:Jancis Robinson's Wine Course
1299:and used to make inexpensive
2940:Glossary of winemaking terms
1599:pgs 616-619 Allen Lane 2012
1518:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1462:"The Grand Carignan Tasting"
1203:, where it is often used in
834:and adding small amounts of
1309:American Viticultural Areas
929:American Viticultural Areas
502:region of northwest Spain.
178:. Late budding and ripening
3026:
2860:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1491:pg 58 Harcourt Books 2001
999:where it is often made as
43:
36:
29:
2968:
2950:History of the wine press
2840:Sparkling wine production
2674:
1943:
1904:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1879:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1854:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1773:Vines, Grapes & Wines
1731:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1706:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1681:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1656:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1631:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1402:Samsó, which is France's
1293:California's wine history
640:are genetically distinct.
339:) and being surpassed by
74:
58:
32:Carignan (disambiguation)
3010:Red wine grape varieties
3005:Grape varieties of Spain
2945:Wine tasting descriptors
2666:Wine tasting descriptors
2595:Phenolic content in wine
2487:Alternative wine closure
2071:Great French Wine Blight
906:wine-producing countries
2835:Malolactic fermentation
1342:Other New World regions
1179:Other Old World regions
750:Carignan blanc and gris
668:that is related to the
614:European Grapevine Moth
1922:Carignan at Wine on VI
1489:Encyclopedia of Grapes
1397:through the world. In
1390:
1288:
1192:
1076:
1033:Mediterranean climates
980:
875:denominación de origen
759:
641:
602:Mediterranean climates
565:
431:
388:physiological ripeness
330:started an aggressive
27:Red wine grape variety
2636:Wine and food pairing
1791:Appellation American
1388:
1286:
1230:Campidano di Terralba
1186:
1118:province of Tarragona
1070:
978:
757:
688:that is grown in the
676:that is grown in the
635:
563:
428:
392:mechanical harvesting
202:French pronunciation:
2287:Muscat of Alexandria
1917:Carignan Renaissance
1209:Carignano del Sulcis
620:, downy mildew, and
476:province of Zaragoza
372:viticultural hazards
350:in the range of 200
30:For other uses, see
2865:Yeast in winemaking
2817:Carbonic maceration
1199:, particularly the
1189:(vineyard pictured)
1165:Marqués de Murrieta
1073:(vineyard pictured)
1049:Pyrénées-Orientales
1037:continental climate
832:carbonic maceration
674:Tintilia del Molise
670:Pascale di Cagliari
653:which is sometimes
549:phylloxera epidemic
539:under the synonyms
456:Mediterranean basin
448:Phoenician colonies
409:and a pink-berried
155:but little used now
87:Color of berry skin
2855:Traditional method
2656:Wine personalities
2360:Cabernet Sauvignon
1899:2015-12-22 at the
1874:2012-05-13 at the
1849:2014-09-11 at the
1726:2013-12-14 at the
1701:2014-09-10 at the
1676:2016-03-03 at the
1651:2014-09-11 at the
1626:2014-09-10 at the
1391:
1289:
1273:Chinese winemakers
1249:Cabernet Sauvignon
1193:
1077:
981:
935:, particularly in
760:
728:Cabernet Sauvignon
642:
618:botrytis bunch rot
566:
496:province of Burgos
432:
314:, and much of the
2992:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2756:Late harvest wine
2706:
2705:
2443:
2442:
2340:Alicante Bouschet
2088:Judgment of Paris
1826:978-0-983-77184-5
1812:Vinologue Empordà
1696:Alicante Bouschet
1621:Carignan Bouschet
1605:978-1-846-14446-2
1516:J. Robinson (ed)
1169:Castile-La Mancha
1130:Costers del Segre
717:Alicante Bouschet
206:[kaʁiɲɑ̃]
195:
194:
16:(Redirected from
3017:
2977:
2976:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2685:
2684:
2600:Proteins in wine
2267:Grüner Veltliner
2215:
1970:
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1328:Washington State
1291:At one point in
1207:winemaking. The
1159:-based wines of
1045:Southwest France
1041:maritime climate
941:Washington State
697:Carignan Boushet
609:economy of scale
590:green harvesting
541:Bovale di Spagna
500:Castile and León
332:vine pull scheme
217:; also known as
216:
215:
214:
208:
203:
100:list of synonyms
79:
68:
63:
51:
21:
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2979:Wine portal
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2955:History of wine
2913:
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2784:Deacidification
2770:
2742:
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2687:Wine portal
2679:
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2609:
2571:
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2326:
2307:Sauvignon blanc
2242:Cayetana blanca
2210:
2208:grape varieties
2201:
2094:
2022:
1979:
1974:
1939:
1913:
1908:
1901:Wayback Machine
1887:
1883:
1876:Wayback Machine
1862:
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1851:Wayback Machine
1837:
1833:
1827:
1819:, p. 360,
1808:
1807:
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1790:
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1728:Wayback Machine
1714:
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1703:Wayback Machine
1689:
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1664:
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1653:Wayback Machine
1639:
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1628:Wayback Machine
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1367:South Australia
1344:
1281:
1181:
1065:
973:
852:
844:Ridge Vineyards
804:
788:Jancis Robinson
752:
736:Portuguese wine
661:with Carignan.
630:
558:
533:Crown of Aragon
511:José Vouillamoz
436:Phoenician wine
423:
413:also exists in
374:including rot,
302:, elsewhere in
211:
210:
209:
201:
121:Notable regions
82:
66:
59:
49:
42:
35:
28:
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22:
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2605:Sugars in wine
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2577:Wine chemistry
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2355:Cabernet Franc
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2322:Welschriesling
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1911:External links
1909:
1907:
1906:
1881:
1869:Carignan blanc
1856:
1831:
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1801:
1784:
1753:
1733:
1721:Garnacha Tinta
1708:
1683:
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1475:
1460:Miquel Hudin.
1451:
1450:
1449:
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1382:
1379:
1348:Aguascalientes
1343:
1340:
1330:as well as in
1297:Central Valley
1280:
1277:
1268:Old World wine
1180:
1177:
1175:respectively.
1106:vineyard soils
1064:
1061:
1014:European Union
985:Languedoc wine
972:
969:
931:(AVA)s of the
916:as well as in
858:, followed by
851:
848:
803:
800:
785:Master of Wine
751:
748:
701:Petit Bouschet
692:DO of Aragon.
629:
626:
598:vineyard soils
594:growing season
564:Carignan leaf.
557:
554:
521:Vitis vinifera
460:ancient Romans
422:
419:
407:Carignan blanc
403:grape mutation
376:powdery mildew
328:European Union
288:Ampelographers
278:Central Valley
273:production in
193:
192:
187:
180:
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168:powdery mildew
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2449:Major regions
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1894:Carignan gris
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1781:1-85732-999-6
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837:
833:
829:
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821:
817:
813:
812:deep coloring
809:
801:
799:
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793:
789:
786:
781:
779:
775:
770:
765:
756:
749:
747:
745:
741:
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734:and with the
733:
732:Ruby Cabernet
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
659:Cariñena (DO)
656:
655:field blended
652:
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623:
619:
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605:
603:
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583:
579:
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562:
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546:
545:Bovale Grande
542:
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411:Carignan gris
408:
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324:European wine
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268:
264:
260:
259:Mediterranean
256:
252:
248:
247:grape variety
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Bovale Grande
220:
213:
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199:
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188:
185:
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177:
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150:
147:Historically
146:
144:Notable wines
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40:
33:
19:
2970:
2827:Fermentation
2678:
2661:Wine tasting
2364:
2282:Muscat blanc
2252:Chenin blanc
2049:Ancient Rome
1892:
1884:
1867:
1859:
1842:
1834:
1811:
1804:
1792:
1787:
1772:
1771:J. Robinson
1741:
1740:J. Robinson
1736:
1719:
1711:
1694:
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1669:
1661:
1644:
1636:
1619:
1611:
1596:
1517:
1488:
1466:. Retrieved
1464:. Wine on VI
1455:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:Pinot family
1412:
1392:
1360:
1345:
1325:
1313:Contra Costa
1290:
1265:
1245:Israeli wine
1241:North Africa
1238:
1222:Sant'Antioco
1217:
1211:
1194:
1188:
1154:
1095:Catalan wine
1092:
1081:
1078:
1075:of Catalonia
1072:
1030:
1006:
1005:and in some
1000:
982:
922:
918:South Africa
879:
873:
867:
853:
850:Wine regions
805:
782:
774:Empordà (DO)
761:
725:
694:
663:
643:
637:
606:
567:
544:
540:
526:
519:
504:
483:
468:
464:DNA analysis
433:
410:
406:
400:
380:downy mildew
368:viticultural
345:
286:
275:California's
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
197:
196:
172:downy mildew
65:
2930:Wine bottle
2902:Other steps
2893:Wine cellar
2850:Süssreserve
2542:Wine cellar
2532:Wine bottle
2473:accessories
2471:Packaging,
2430:Tempranillo
2059:Noah's wine
2039:Phoenicians
1985:Viticulture
1446:Wine portal
1234:Mandrolisai
1157:Tempranillo
1008:Vin de pays
987:regions of
963:as well as
828:astringency
792:full-bodied
742:to produce
592:during the
578:hectoliters
556:Viticulture
518:of unknown
444:Phoenicians
384:grape worms
255:French wine
245:) is a red
176:grape worms
95:Also called
2999:Categories
2809:Maceration
2799:Wine press
2789:Destemming
2740:Winemaking
2646:Wine fraud
2641:Wine fault
2626:Oenophilia
2562:Wine label
2557:Wine glass
2522:Port tongs
2420:Sangiovese
2415:Pinot noir
2375:Douce noir
2302:Rkatsiteli
2247:Chardonnay
2237:Catarratto
2211:by acreage
2185:Biodynamic
2148:Aromatized
1937:winemaking
1487:Oz Clarke
1468:11 January
1432:References
1373:region in
1371:Paardeberg
1226:San Pietro
1146:Terra Alta
1097:region of
937:California
808:winemaking
802:Winemaking
769:Roussillon
764:Pinot noir
721:teinturier
638:(pictured)
415:Roussillon
2761:Noble rot
2651:Winemaker
2631:Sommelier
2567:Wine rack
2547:Wine cork
2537:Wine cave
2527:Screw cap
2497:Corkscrew
2462:New World
2457:Old World
2435:Zinfandel
2410:Mourvèdre
2317:Trebbiano
2257:Colombard
2158:Noble rot
2138:Fortified
2116:Sparkling
2083:New World
1817:Vinologue
1389:Carignan.
1375:Swartland
1356:Zacatecas
1317:Mendocino
1305:jug wines
1257:Assaf Paz
1142:Tarragona
1122:bushvines
1103:schistous
1086:(DOP) of
1022:Mourvedre
965:Australia
949:Argentina
925:New World
878:(DO) and
796:aromatics
705:Morrastel
690:Somontano
686:Parraleta
622:phomopsis
572:during a
570:harvested
516:crossings
480:Catalonia
405:known as
316:New World
282:Catalonia
267:wine lake
243:Carignano
239:Carignane
231:Carinyena
138:Catalonia
126:Languedoc
39:Mourvèdre
2776:Pressing
2698:Glossary
2614:Industry
2507:Jug wine
2502:Decanter
2492:Box wine
2390:Isabella
2385:Grenache
2365:Carignan
2312:Sémillon
2297:Riesling
2292:Palomino
2035:Ancient
2018:Vineyard
2013:Veraison
1998:Oenology
1897:Archived
1872:Archived
1847:Archived
1844:Carignan
1795:Carignan
1724:Archived
1699:Archived
1674:Archived
1649:Archived
1624:Archived
1404:Cinsault
1395:synonyms
1381:Synonyms
1363:Bonvedro
1332:Missouri
1134:Montsant
1126:varietal
1110:Poboleda
1088:Cariñena
1057:Vaucluse
1018:Grenache
840:Grenache
836:Cinsault
816:varietal
730:to give
719:(French
707:cross),
666:Nieddera
507:Graciano
488:Cinsault
472:Cariñena
440:Sardinia
401:A white
300:Sardinia
292:Cariñena
271:jug wine
227:Cariñena
198:Carignan
149:Cariñena
130:Sardinia
110:Cariñena
54:Carignan
46:Graciano
2960:Terroir
2918:Related
2766:Vintage
2748:Harvest
2693:Outline
2517:Muselet
2479:storage
2370:Cinsaut
2345:Barbera
2272:Macabeo
2232:Aligoté
2190:Organic
2180:Natural
2133:Dessert
2078:Georgia
2028:History
2008:Terroir
2003:Species
1891:(VIVC)
1866:(VIVC)
1841:(VIVC)
1718:(VIVC)
1693:(VIVC)
1668:(VIVC)
1643:(VIVC)
1618:(VIVC)
1408:Catalan
1399:Spanish
1173:Navarra
1150:Catalan
1138:Penedès
1116:in the
1114:Porrera
1099:Priorat
997:Hérault
957:Uruguay
923:In the
914:Tunisia
910:Morocco
886:Croatia
872:(AOC),
824:tannins
820:acidity
778:Macabeo
744:Argaman
657:in the
586:pruning
582:hectare
574:vintage
531:of the
498:in the
494:in the
492:Mazuela
474:in the
458:by the
442:by the
421:History
396:trellis
312:Algeria
251:Spanish
219:Mazuelo
160:Hazards
134:Algeria
18:Mazuelo
2925:Winery
2888:Solera
2512:Kvevri
2400:Merlot
2395:Malbec
2195:Kosher
2171:Other
2126:Orange
2099:Styles
2066:France
1823:
1779:
1748:
1603:
1524:
1495:
1354:, and
1352:Sonora
1321:Sonoma
1319:, and
1266:Other
1253:Merlot
1144:, and
1055:, and
1024:, and
995:, and
971:France
955:, and
945:Mexico
902:Israel
900:, and
898:Turkey
890:Cyprus
856:France
826:, and
740:Souzão
738:grape
682:Molise
647:Bovale
537:clones
452:Sulcis
430:lands.
382:, and
348:yields
341:Merlot
308:France
296:Aragon
263:Aramon
241:, and
186:number
114:Aragon
106:Origin
2875:Aging
2425:Syrah
2380:Gamay
2350:Bobal
2262:Glera
2227:Airén
2219:White
2175:Table
2163:Straw
2153:Fruit
2111:White
2054:China
1933:Wines
1671:Aubun
1646:Bobal
1336:Texas
1218:rosso
1197:Lazio
1161:Rioja
1148:. In
1063:Spain
1026:Syrah
961:China
953:Chile
894:Malta
864:Italy
860:Spain
762:Like
713:Aubun
709:Bobal
678:Lazio
651:Bobal
484:Samsó
337:acres
320:Rioja
304:Italy
235:Samsó
153:Rioja
67:Vitis
61:Grape
2477:and
2206:Top
2121:Rosé
1977:Wine
1935:and
1821:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1470:2018
1334:and
1303:and
1251:and
1232:and
1224:and
1205:rosé
1171:and
1120:are
1112:and
993:Gard
989:Aude
939:and
912:and
862:and
838:and
703:and
680:and
543:and
364:acre
360:tons
358:(11
190:2098
184:VIVC
174:and
151:and
136:and
98:See
90:Noir
2883:Oak
2332:Red
2143:Ice
2106:Red
1311:in
1301:box
1053:Var
1043:of
908:of
806:In
699:(a
588:or
249:of
164:Rot
3001::
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1756:^
1532:^
1503:^
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1377:.
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378:,
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284:.
237:,
233:,
229:,
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2732:e
2725:t
2718:v
2475:,
1969:e
1962:t
1955:v
1797:"
1793:"
1472:.
580:/
362:/
354:/
200:(
70:)
64:(
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41:.
34:.
20:)
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