411:, Violetta receives a letter from Alfredo's father where he writes that Alfredo now knows why she parted from him and that he forgives her ("Teneste la promessa..."). In her speaking voice, she intones the words of what is written, while the orchestra recapitulates the music of their first love from Act I: this is technically melodrama. In a few moments, Violetta bursts into a passionate despairing aria ("Addio, del passato"): this is opera again.
49:
87:. Melodramas are typically set in the private sphere of the home, focusing on morality and family issues, love, and marriage, often with challenges from an outside source, such as a "temptress", a scoundrel, or an aristocratic villain. A melodrama on stage, filmed, or on television is usually accompanied by dramatic and suggestive music that offers further cues to the audience of the dramatic beats being presented.
4823:
4833:
993:
876:
1124:
94:
are
Victorian dramas in which orchestral music or song was used to accompany the action. The term is now also applied to stage performances without incidental music, novels, films, television, and radio broadcasts. In modern contexts, the term "melodrama" is generally pejorative, as it suggests that
973:
argues that 1930s
Britain saw civilization as melodramatically under threat - "In this great melodrama Hitler's Germany was the villain; democratic civilization the menaced heroine"; - while Winston Churchill provided the necessary larger-than-life melodramatic hero to articulate back-to-the-wall
163:
choices, such as a man being encouraged to leave his family by an "evil temptress". Other stock characters are the "fallen woman", the single mother, the orphan, and the male who is struggling with the impacts of the modern world. The melodrama examines family and social issues in the context of a
1246:
Most film melodramas from the 1930s and 1940s, at the time known as "weepies" or "tearjerkers", were adaptations of women's fiction, such as romance novels and historical romances. Drawing from a shared history with women's fiction, melodramatic films often concentrate on female perspectives and
1053:
Classic melodrama is less common than it used to be on television and in movies in the
Western world. However, it is still widely popular in other regions, particularly in Asia and in Hispanic countries. Melodrama is one of the main genres (along with romance, comedy and fantasy) used in Latin
198:
Melodrama arose in the second half of the 18th century as a genre intermediate between play and opera. It combined spoken recitation with short pieces of accompanying music. Music and spoken dialogue typically alternated in such works, although the music was sometimes also used to accompany
151:
is complex. The protagonists of melodramatic works may be ordinary (and hence realistically drawn) people who are caught up in extraordinary events or highly exaggerated and unrealistic characters. With regard to its high emotions and dramatic rhetoric, melodrama represents a "victory over
152:
repression". Late
Victorian and Edwardian melodrama combined a conscious focus on realism in stage sets and props with "anti-realism" in character and plot. Melodrama in this period strove for "credible accuracy in the depiction of incredible, extraordinary" scenes. Novelist
171:
in the 19th century. French romantic drama and sentimental novels were popular in both
England and France. These dramas and novels focused on moral codes in regards to family life, love, and marriage, and they can be seen as a reflection of the issues brought up by the
352:
Further letters patent were eventually granted to one theatre in each of several other
English towns and cities. Other theatres presented dramas that were underscored with music and, borrowing the French term, called it melodrama to get around the restriction. The
719:: the hero, the villain, the heroine, an aged parent, a sidekick, and a servant of the aged parent engaged in a sensational plot featuring themes of love and murder. Often the good but not very clever hero is duped by a scheming villain, who has eyes on the
533:
or plot – synchronized to the accompaniment of music (usually piano). It was looked down on as a genre for authors and composers of lesser stature (probably also why virtually no realizations of the genre are still remembered) - though there are examples by
528:
By the end of the 19th century, the term melodrama had nearly exclusively narrowed down to a specific genre of salon entertainment: more or less rhythmically spoken words (often poetry) – not sung, sometimes more or less enacted, at least with some
164:
private home, with its intended audience being the female spectator; secondarily, the male viewer can enjoy the onscreen tensions in the home being resolved. Melodrama generally looks back at ideal, nostalgic eras, emphasizing "forbidden longings".
211:. It also sometimes appeared as a scene within a play or an opera. It was only later, in the nineteenth century, that the term lost its association with music and began to be used for plays with sentimental and sensational plots typical of popular
845:(1867) by Watts Phillips, while prison melodrama, temperance melodrama, and imperialist melodrama also appeared – the latter typically featuring the three categories of the 'good' native, the brave but wicked native, and the treacherous native.
560:
in London. It was probably also at this time when the connotation of cheap overacting first became associated with the term. As a cross-over genre-mixing narration and chamber music, it was eclipsed nearly overnight by a single composition:
276:(1775). The sensational success of Benda's melodramas led others to compose similar works, including Mozart who spoke approvingly of Benda's music and later himself used two long melodramatic monologues in his opera
184:
being a metaphor for class conflict. The melodrama reflected post-industrial revolution anxieties of the middle class, who were afraid of both aristocratic power brokers and the impoverished working class "mob".
723:
until fate intervenes at the end to ensure the triumph of good over evil. Two central features were the coup de théà tre, or reversal of fortune, and the claptrap: a back-to-the-wall oration by the hero which
438:) due to the cost of hiring an orchestra. Modern recording technology is producing a certain revival of the practice in theatre, but not on the former scale.) A particularly complete version of this form,
475:
opens with a melodrama delivered by the character of "Public
Opinion"; and other pieces from operetta and musicals may be considered melodramas, such as the "Recit and Minuet" in Gilbert and Sullivan's
944:
603:, whose melodramas had nevertheless been in German). Such sentiments provoked a large number of Czech composers to produce melodramas based on Czech romantic poetry, such as the
414:
In a similar manner, Victorians often added "incidental music" under the dialogue to a pre-existing play, although this style of composition was already practiced in the days of
518:
1965:
75:
and for a very strong emotional appeal, takes precedence over detailed characterization. Melodramas typically concentrate on dialogue that is often bombastic or excessively
1231:
A common point of plot tension sees characters feeling trapped by the typical melodramatic settings of the domestic sphere of the home or small town. Filmmakers often add
1243:
Feminists have noted four categories of themes in the film melodrama: those with a female patient, a maternal figure, an "impossible love", and the paranoid melodrama.
180:
and the shift to modernization. Many melodramas were about a middle-class young woman who experienced unwanted sexual advances from an aristocratic miscreant, with the
2105:
936:, at the age of 50, transferred to the screen the Victorian melodramas in which he had played a villain in his earlier theatrical career. These films, which include
852:
of the 1860s, and 1870s not only provided fertile material for melodramatic adaptations but are melodramatic in their own right. A notable example of this genre is
655:
Following the examples of Fibich and Suk, many other Czech composers set melodramas as stand-alone works based on the poetry of the
National Revival, among them
750:
5438:
4641:
377:("The Magic Harp"), setting music behind the play written by G. von Hofmann. It was unsuccessful, like all Schubert's theatre ventures, but the melodrama
3389:
4177:
889:
The villain is often the central character in melodrama, and crime was a favorite theme. This included dramatizations of the murderous careers of
95:
the work in question lacks subtlety, character development, or both. By extension, language or behavior which resembles melodrama is often called
3576:
938:
465:(itself a parody of melodramas in the modern sense) has a short "melodrame" (reduced to dialogue alone in many productions) in the second act;
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1850:
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restrictions on the inclusion of "licentious" content in films would restrict the portrayal of female desire in the
American film melodrama.
1220:). These characters are faced with tremendous social pressures, threats, repression, fears, improbable events or difficulties with friends,
3037:
2826:
1134:
1228:, lovers, or family. Following the typical melodramatic format, the characters work through their difficulties and surmount the problems.
1145:
1596:
Brooks, Peter (1995). The
Melodramatic Imagination: Balzac, Henry James, Melodrama, and the Mode of Excess. Yale University Press. p. 41.
381:
was at the time a popular one. In an age of underpaid musicians, many 19th-century plays in London had an orchestra in the pit. In 1826,
1881:
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of the interwar period. This new understanding of the melodrama stemmed primarily from such nineteenth-century scholars and critics as
591:, the melodrama took on a specifically nationalist meaning for Czech artists, beginning roughly in the 1870s and continuing through the
4624:
3394:
2048:
1906:
1307:
522:
1289:, who was influenced by Sirk, contributed to the genre by engaging with issues within the cultural subconscious, addressing class in
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2002:
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1282:(1956), are representative of the genre. Many later melodramatic filmmakers cite Sirk and his works as significant influences.
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is noted for his attention to accuracy in detail (e.g. of legal matters) in his works, no matter how sensational the plot.
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2379:
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1212:. The stock characters present in melodrama films include victims, couples, virtuous and heroic characters, and suffering
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1291:
680:
628:(1883) use rhythmic durations to specify the alignment of spoken word and accompaniment. Fibich's main achievement was
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Other later and better-known examples of the melodramatic style in operas are the grave-digging scene in Beethoven's
599:, who considered the genre to be a uniquely "Czech" contribution to music history (based on the national origins of
5603:
5598:
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5447:
4881:
4515:
4122:
3965:
2610:
1014:
868:
212:
31:
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1007:
500:, both in the 19th and 20th centuries, and continued also to be used as a "special effect" in opera, for instance
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1670:, Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
471:
326:
317:
ban on theatre, most British theatres were prohibited from performing "serious" drama but were permitted to show
266:
575:
was used instead of rhythmically spoken words, and which took a freer and more imaginative course regarding the
513:
In Paris, the 19th century saw a flourishing of melodrama in the many theatres that were located on the popular
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1978:
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833:(Rowell 1953). Melodramas based on urban situations became popular in the mid-nineteenth century, including
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1342:(1989). On television, the miniseries was a popular format for lavish, female-centric melodramas such as
496:
are delivered over an accompaniment of evocative music. The technique is also frequently used in Spanish
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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548:
310:
253:
228:
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in particular championed the genre as a means of setting Czech declamation correctly: his melodramas
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saw both advertising and propaganda as melodramatic forms which the cultivated cannot take seriously.
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English melodrama evolved from the tradition of populist drama established during the Middle Ages by
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795:
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390:
306:
84:
60:
4832:
749:
drama and Parisian melodrama of the post-Revolutionary period. A notable French melodramatist was
236:
in 1770. Rousseau composed the overture and an Andante, but the bulk of the music was composed by
5545:
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5369:
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1317:
910:
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451:, is available online, complete with several melodramas, for instance, No. 12 found here. A few
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2019:
1998:
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1110:. Expatriate communities in the diaspora of these countries give viewership a global market.
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Some 30 other monodramas were produced in Germany in the fourth quarter of the 18th century.
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had similar themes. Later, after silent films were superseded by the 'talkies', stage actor
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366:
248:
80:
5022:
1898:
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Supplanting the Gothic, the next popular subgenre was the nautical melodrama, pioneered by
640:'s main contributions at the turn of the century include melodramas for two-stage plays by
521:. All this came to an end, however, when most of these theatres were demolished during the
5344:
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72:
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adapted, in two different versions, by George Roberts and C.H. Hazlewood. The novels of
218:
The earliest known examples of melodrama are scenes in J. E. Eberlin's Latin school play
325:
to permit only two London theatre companies to perform "serious" drama. These were the
48:
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4992:
4987:
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being regarded by some modern critics as "the most brilliant melodrama of the period".
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has also taken many inspirations from the melodramatic genre and directors like Sirk.
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1440:
1188:. Melodramatic films commonly use plots that involve crises of human emotion, failed
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963:
933:
825:
736:
712:
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with multiple actors and orchestra, composed in an advanced Wagnerian musical style.
447:
272:
160:
2240:
1497:
The Melodramatic Imagination: Balzac, Henry James, Melodrama, and the Mode of Excess
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exhibit melodrama in the sense of music played under spoken dialogue, for instance,
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5108:
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4584:
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1405:
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1302:
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1213:
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made many such settings, some of which were performed at the first season of the
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The Age of Melodramatic Miniseries: When Glamour Ruled on Television, 1980-1995
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345:). The two patent theatres closed in the summer months. To fill the gap, the
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38:
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1324:
The 1980s saw a resurgence in American "women's pictures" melodramas such as
59:
between 1855 and 1860, depicting a typical Parisian scene as was the case on
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913:. The misfortunes of a discharged prisoner are the theme of the sensational
557:
461:
434:). (This type of often-lavish production is now mostly limited to film (see
430:
204:
200:
27:
Dramatic work that exaggerates plot and characters to appeal to the emotions
17:
3261:
969:
Politics at the time calls on melodrama to articulate a world-view. Thus
687:
as melodrama (most notably the opening prologue of the anti-Fascist farce
365:
In the early 19th century, opera's influence led to musical overtures and
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632:(1888–1891), a trilogy of full-evening staged melodramas on the texts of
497:
452:
386:
208:
159:
Melodramas put most of their attention on the victim. A struggle between
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was performed in Weimar in 1772, and Goethe wrote of it approvingly in
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1995:
The New Cambridge History of English Literature: The Victorian Period
1865:
Fisk, Deborah Payne (2001). "The Restoration Actress", in Owen, Sue,
1416:(2023) are more recent takes on the melodrama. Contemporary director
1312:
1184:
characterized by plots that appeal to the heightened emotions of the
1103:
1083:
1071:
1059:
696:
605:
318:
482:. As an example from the American musical, several long speeches in
760:
The first English play to be called a melodrama or 'melodrame' was
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1608:
Melodrama and Modernity: Early Sensational Cinema and Its Contexts
1370:
targeted audiences of American women by portraying the effects of
1235:
to expand the otherwise constant settings of melodramatic films.
1099:
1087:
1079:
874:
378:
278:
1997:, ed. Kate Flint, Cambridge University Press (2012), pp. 193–219
361:
19th century: operetta, incidental music, and salon entertainment
5219:
5124:
5058:
3500:
2293:
1379:
233:
232:, the text of which was written in 1762 but was first staged in
5420:
4851:
2266:
2262:
1117:
986:
1796:, "Melodrama". In Sadie, Stanley; John Tyrrell, eds. (2001).
1512:, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved September 15, 2024,
1576:(Fourth ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 1095.
1135:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
866:
have the characteristics of melodrama, his best-known work
699:
rhythm). Czech melodramas' practice tapered off after the
1979:
3 Ballads for Declamation, Opp.106, 122 (Schumann, Robert)
1054:
American television dramas (telenovelas), particularly in
1106:
and (in a fusion of the Hispanic and Asian cultures) the
1747:(1992). "Rousseau, Jean-Jacques", vol. 4, pp. 72–73, in
1574:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2199:"Outgrowing Melodrama: On Todd Haynes's "May December""
1547:
Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds. (2010).
1141:
107:
The term was first used in English in 1784 (in 1782 as
1610:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 44–53.
652:(1901), both of which had a long performance history.
819:(1829). Other nautical melodramas included Jerrold's
398:, and later supplied the play with incidental music.
1731:(with the author's name given as Anne Dhu McLucas),
5398:
5117:
5051:
4975:
4889:
4420:
4338:
3931:
3177:
2303:
1551:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1091.
1839:Milling, Jane; Thomson, Peter (23 November 2004).
772:genre, a previous theatrical example of which was
349:became a third patent theatre in London in 1766.
1845:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 439, 440.
1641:Hayward, Susan. "Melodrama and Women's Films" in
954:(1937) are a unique record of a bygone art-form.
675:included portions of melodrama in his 1923 opera
357:finally allowed all the theatres to play drama.
71:is a dramatic work in which the plot, typically
1800:, 2nd edition. New York: Grove's Dictionaries.
1798:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
1382:and the like. Typical of the 90's melodrama is
683:composed key scenes for the stage plays of the
264:was particularly successful with his duodramas
2018:. Yale University Press. pp. 11 and 174.
1247:desires. From the 1930s until the late 1960s,
945:Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
90:In scholarly and historical musical contexts,
41:, used for opera, or the Andrea Bocelli song "
5432:
4863:
2278:
2016:The Literary Churchill: Author, Reader, Actor
1789:
1787:
1701:(1992), "Melodrama", vol. 3, pp. 324–327, in
1549:New Oxford American Dictionary, Third Edition
8:
2104:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
909:in the Red Barn and the bizarre exploits of
291:(1805) and the incantation scene in Weber's
194:18th-century origins: monodrama and duodrama
134:
112:
2090:Collins, Wilkie, ed. Julian Symons (1974).
2043:. Cambridge University Press. p. 151.
1989:
1987:
1645:(Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p.236-242
1021:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
128:
79:, rather than action. Characters are often
5439:
5425:
5417:
4870:
4856:
4848:
2285:
2271:
2263:
1694:
1692:
885:(1914), a classic melodramatic film series
243:A different musical setting of Rousseau's
167:Melodrama was associated with the rise of
147:The relationship of melodrama compared to
1524:Random House Webster's College Dictionary
1164:Learn how and when to remove this message
1041:Learn how and when to remove this message
37:Not to be confused with the Italian term
1966:The golden age of the Boulevard du Crime
1888:from Gilbert and Sullivan online archive
1842:The Cambridge History of British Theatre
1637:
99:; this use is nearly always pejorative.
47:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1526:. New York: Random House. p. 845.
1487:
321:or plays with music. Charles II issued
2223:Evans, Peter William (December 2013).
2097:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
939:Maria Marten or Murder in the Red Barn
691:(1933), delivered by the character of
523:rebuilding of Paris by Baron Haussmann
222:(1753). The first full melodrama was
83:, and written to fulfill established
7:
1757:. London & New York: Macmillan.
1711:. London & New York: Macmillan.
1499:. Yale University Press. p. xv.
1019:adding citations to reliable sources
1993:Williams, Carolyn. "Melodrama", in
1311:(1972) and racism, xenophobia, and
337:, the latter of which moved to the
4625:List of American independent films
2065:Naploleon: The Myth of the Saviour
1943:Gilbert, W. S.; Sullivan, Arthur.
1920:Gilbert, W. S.; Sullivan, Arthur.
1909:from the original on 3 April 2018.
1308:The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant
1074:, and in Asian television dramas,
782:. Other Gothic melodramas include
25:
2092:The Woman in White (Introduction)
1949:: No. 4: Recitative & Minuet"
1750:The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
1704:The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
1522:Costello, Robert B., ed. (1991).
4831:
4822:
4821:
1899:"The Foresters - Act I Scene II"
1867:A Companion to Restoration Drama
1643:Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts
1572:Pickett, Joseph P., ed. (2006).
1266:In the 1950s, films by director
1263:were successful with audiences.
1196:, strained familial situations,
1122:
991:
739:, under influences from Italian
2241:10.1179/1468273713Z.00000000063
2162:. Jefferson: McFarland and Co.
2039:Booth, Michael Richard (1991).
1301:(1975), sexual orientation and
671:, Emil Axman, and Jan Zelinka.
133:("song" or "music") and French
1968:Theatre online.com (in French)
1259:During the 1940s, the British
1:
2184:"Agnes Browne (period drama)"
1451:Serial (radio and television)
1363:Melodramas like the 1990s TV
1298:Mother KĂĽsters Goes to Heaven
768:. This was an example of the
715:stage melodrama featured six
552:(1897). The English composer
118:
2182:Levy, Emanuel (31 May 1999)
2041:Theatre in the Victorian Age
1953:Gilbert and Sullivan Archive
1930:Gilbert and Sullivan Archive
1926:: Dialogue following No. 24"
1903:Gilbert and Sullivan Archive
1292:The Merchant of Four Seasons
1208:, or emotional and physical
926:Early silent films, such as
339:Theatre Royal, Covent Garden
2225:"All that AlmodĂłvar Allows"
2203:Los Angeles Review of Books
1668:Harvard Dictionary of Music
593:First Czechoslovak Republic
203:. With one actor, the term
5625:
5448:History of Western theatre
4516:Classical Hollywood cinema
3705:Commedia sexy all'italiana
2613:Exploitation film template
2557:Commedia sexy all'italiana
2146:I Heard My Country Calling
1753:, four volumes, edited by
1707:, four volumes, edited by
1255:Notable melodramatic films
1239:Feminism in film melodrama
587:Within the context of the
301:English Restoration comedy
36:
32:Melodrama (disambiguation)
29:
5454:
4817:
4083:German underground horror
4038:Documentary Film Movement
3946:American eccentric cinema
2229:Hispanic Research Journal
2158:Humphries, Scott (2023).
2067:. London, Methuen: 213-14
1821:Anne Dhu McLucas (2001),
728:the audience to applaud.
472:Orpheus in the Underworld
395:A Midsummer Night's Dream
369:for many plays. In 1820,
327:Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
313:in 1660 which lifted the
129:
1287:Rainer Werner Fassbinder
546:for narrator and piano (
347:Theatre Royal, Haymarket
4018:Cinema of Transgression
3152:Cinema of Transgression
2014:Rose, Jonathan (2015).
1431:List of melodrama films
1261:Gainsborough melodramas
951:The Ticket of Leave Man
916:The Ticket-of-Leave Man
540:Ballads for Declaration
207:may be used; with two,
124:), itself derived from
111:) from the French word
4103:Hollywood on the Tiber
2133:The Literary Churchill
2122:(Princeton 1971) p. 47
2078:The Literary Churchill
1495:Brooks, Peter (1995).
1273:All That Heaven Allows
1176:Melodrama films are a
1144:by rewriting it in an
886:
821:The Mutiny at the Nore
784:The Miller and his Men
616:The romantic composer
589:Czech National Revival
507:Die Frau ohne Schatten
135:
113:
64:
5365:Stile rappresentativo
4093:Grupo Cine LiberaciĂłn
4033:Czechoslovak New Wave
4028:Commedia all'italiana
2375:Commedia all'italiana
1812:, Grove Music Online.
929:The Perils of Pauline
882:The Perils of Pauline
878:
835:The Streets of London
780:Matthew Gregory Lewis
755:La Femme Ă deux maris
385:wrote his well-known
254:Dichtung und Wahrheit
224:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
178:Industrial Revolution
51:
5584:19th-century theatre
4620:Guerrilla filmmaking
4283:Kitchen sink realism
4238:Praška filmska škola
4168:New French Extremity
4078:German Expressionist
3986:Kitchen sink realism
3851:Contemporary Western
3631:Environmental issues
3162:New French Extremity
3120:New French Extremity
2945:Softcore pornography
2940:Hardcore pornography
2807:New French Extremity
2120:Anatomy of Criticism
2080:(Yale 2015) p. 11-13
1869:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1606:Singer, Ben (2001).
1471:Very special episode
1015:improve this section
899:The String of Pearls
855:Lady Audley's Secret
517:, especially in the
457:Gilbert and Sullivan
442:incidental music to
416:Ludwig van Beethoven
335:Lincoln's Inn Fields
331:Lisle's Tennis Court
85:character archetypes
30:For other uses, see
5481:English Renaissance
5038:Tragédie en musique
4907:Concert performance
4356:Children and family
4330:Yugoslav Black Wave
4203:Nuevo Cine Mexicano
4088:Nigerian Golden Age
4053:European art cinema
3956:Australian New Wave
2131:Quoted in J. Rose,
2063:Jean Tulard (1985)
1810:2001 online reprint
1775:2002 online reprint
1729:2002 online reprint
1327:Terms of Endearment
1279:Written on the Wind
897:(first featured in
611:Karel JaromĂr Erben
373:wrote a melodrama,
307:English Restoration
61:Boulevard du Temple
5486:Spanish Golden Age
5475:Commedia dell'arte
5370:Tenore contraltino
4654:Major film studios
4248:Pure Film Movement
4228:Polish Film School
4128:Italian neorealist
4108:Hong Kong New Wave
3710:Mexican sex comedy
2767:German underground
2135:(Yale 2015) p. 291
1884:2006-09-03 at the
1827:Grove Music Online
1779:Grove Music Online
1773:(1998 paperback);
1733:Grove Music Online
1727:(1998 paperback);
1318:Fear Eats the Soul
1146:encyclopedic style
1133:is written like a
974:resistance during
911:Spring Heeled Jack
903:George Dibdin Pitt
887:
869:The Woman in White
792:The Woodsman's Hut
775:The Castle Spectre
757:was very popular.
743:as well as German
741:commedia dell'arte
721:damsel in distress
685:Osvobozené divadlo
634:Jaroslav VrchlickĂ˝
531:dramatic structure
515:Boulevard du Crime
65:
5604:Theatrical genres
5599:Opera terminology
5566:
5565:
5414:
5413:
4845:
4844:
4784:Socialist realist
4496:Behind-the-scenes
4273:Socialist realist
4268:Spaghetti Western
4258:Romanian New Wave
4133:Japanese New Wave
3799:Sword and sorcery
3715:Nazi exploitation
3297:Mumbai underworld
3053:Planetary romance
1981:', score at IMSLP
1852:978-0-521-65040-3
1583:978-0-618-70173-5
1558:978-0-19-539288-3
1533:978-0-679-40110-0
1376:domestic violence
1174:
1173:
1166:
1051:
1050:
1043:
958:Generic offshoots
905:), the murder of
860:Elizabeth Braddon
762:A Tale of Mystery
701:Nazi Protectorate
665:Ladislav Vycpálek
467:Jacques Offenbach
383:Felix Mendelssohn
355:Theatres Act 1843
343:Royal Opera House
341:in 1720 (now the
267:Ariadne auf Naxos
174:French Revolution
16:(Redirected from
5616:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5418:
5375:Tenore di grazia
5130:Aria di sorbetto
4872:
4865:
4858:
4849:
4835:
4825:
4824:
4804:Vulgar auteurism
4632:Interstitial art
4610:Hyperlink cinema
4325:Vulgar auteurism
4320:Toronto New Wave
4310:Telefoni Bianchi
4305:Sword-and-sandal
4123:Italian futurist
4118:Iranian New Wave
3981:British New Wave
3794:Sword-and-sandal
3675:Rape and revenge
3616:Mouth of Garbage
3462:Tentacle erotica
3410:Goona-goona epic
3390:Extraterrestrial
3277:Heroic bloodshed
2911:Occult detective
2742:Christmas horror
2594:Sword-and-sandal
2326:Hong Kong action
2321:Heroic bloodshed
2287:
2280:
2273:
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1911:
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1895:
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1876:
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1836:
1830:
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1813:
1794:Peter Branscombe
1791:
1782:
1742:
1736:
1699:Anne Dhu Shapiro
1696:
1687:
1661:
1646:
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1612:
1611:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1519:
1513:
1510:"melodrama (n.)"
1507:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1026:
995:
987:
850:sensation novels
816:Black-Eyed Susan
800:The Broken Sword
717:stock characters
646:RadĂşz a Mahulena
597:Otakar HostinskĂ˝
558:Henry Wood Proms
367:incidental music
249:Anton Schweitzer
138:
132:
131:
123:
120:
116:
21:
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5415:
5410:
5394:
5345:Soprano sfogato
5113:
5064:Gesamtkunstwerk
5047:
4971:
4885:
4876:
4846:
4841:
4813:
4754:Semidocumentary
4679:Minimalist film
4669:Message picture
4664:Maximalist film
4558:Database cinema
4541:Computer screen
4501:Black-and-white
4426:
4424:
4422:
4416:
4334:
4290:Soviet parallel
4213:Parallel cinema
4208:Pan-Indian film
4138:Kammerspielfilm
4073:French New Wave
3993:Budapest school
3976:Brighton School
3951:New Objectivity
3933:
3927:
3896:Science fiction
3528:Bruceploitation
3437:Girls with guns
3383:Turksploitation
3257:Gentleman thief
3173:
3008:Science fiction
2854:Minimalist film
2849:Maximalist film
2827:Science fiction
2787:Japanese horror
2584:Social guidance
2299:
2291:
2261:
2256:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2113:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1886:Wayback Machine
1877:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1820:
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1792:
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1697:
1690:
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1649:
1640:
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1605:
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1600:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1426:
1418:Pedro Almodovar
1401:Far from Heaven
1384:Anjelica Huston
1366:Moment of Truth
1339:Steel Magnolias
1257:
1241:
1170:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1142:help improve it
1139:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1012:
996:
985:
960:
839:Dion Boucicault
831:Edward Fitzball
811:Douglas Jerrold
766:Thomas Holcroft
746:Sturm und Drang
709:
673:VĂtÄ›zslav Novák
669:Otakar Jeremiáš
657:Karel Kovařovic
585:
568:Pierrot Lunaire
544:Richard Strauss
536:Robert Schumann
502:Richard Strauss
375:Die Zauberharfe
363:
303:
213:Victorian drama
196:
191:
145:
143:Characteristics
121:
105:
73:sensationalized
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5622:
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5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4993:Divertissement
4990:
4988:Coup de glotte
4985:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4922:Insertion aria
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4843:
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4840:
4839:
4829:
4818:
4815:
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4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4739:Reverse motion
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:Modernist film
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4551:midnight movie
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
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4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
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4430:
4428:
4418:
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4415:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4339:By demographic
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4278:Social realist
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4233:Poliziotteschi
4230:
4225:
4223:Poetic realist
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4178:New generation
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4153:Modernist film
4150:
4145:
4143:L.A. Rebellion
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4008:Cinéma du look
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3921:Zapata Western
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3901:Singing cowboy
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3856:Dacoit Western
3853:
3848:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3737:Shoshimin-eiga
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3725:Nunsploitation
3722:
3720:Pornochanchada
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3395:Food and drink
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3373:Blaxploitation
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3302:Poliziotteschi
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3157:Extreme cinema
3154:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
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2918:
2913:
2898:
2897:
2896:
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2881:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:Chinese horror
2734:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
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2648:
2643:
2638:
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2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2576:
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2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2549:
2548:
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2535:
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2510:
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2503:
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2468:
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2372:
2367:
2357:
2352:
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2342:
2341:
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2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2259:External links
2257:
2255:
2254:
2235:(6): 477–484.
2215:
2190:
2175:
2168:
2150:
2137:
2124:
2111:
2082:
2069:
2056:
2050:978-0521348379
2049:
2031:
2024:
2006:
1983:
1970:
1958:
1935:
1912:
1890:
1871:
1858:
1851:
1831:
1814:
1783:
1737:
1688:
1666:, ed. (1969).
1647:
1613:
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1589:
1582:
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1539:
1532:
1514:
1502:
1486:
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1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1285:In the 1970s,
1256:
1253:
1240:
1237:
1172:
1171:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1049:
1048:
999:
997:
990:
984:
981:
980:
979:
967:
959:
956:
891:Burke and Hare
864:Wilkie Collins
843:Lost in London
804:William Dimond
737:morality plays
708:
705:
681:Jaroslav JeĹľek
661:Otakar OstrÄŤil
584:
581:
571:(1912), where
554:Stanley Hawley
426:Franz Schubert
371:Franz Schubert
362:
359:
323:letters patent
302:
299:
294:Der FreischĂĽtz
238:Horace Coignet
195:
192:
190:
187:
182:sexual assault
154:Wilkie Collins
144:
141:
104:
101:
57:Honoré Daumier
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5621:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
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5582:
5580:
5577:
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5574:
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5509:
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5502:
5499:
5497:
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5489:
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5470:
5467:
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5462:
5460:
5457:
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5453:
5449:
5442:
5437:
5435:
5430:
5428:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5388:
5386:
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5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
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5361:
5358:
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5353:
5351:
5348:
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5338:
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5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:Mezzo-soprano
5278:
5276:
5275:Messa di voce
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
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5228:
5226:
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5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
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5198:
5196:
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5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5084:Literaturoper
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5074:Kapellmeister
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:Breeches role
4895:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4828:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4734:Postmodernist
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:Participatory
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Musical short
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4605:Found footage
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4511:Cinéma vérité
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:or production
4419:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:Prussian film
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:New Nollywood
4186:
4184:
4183:New Hollywood
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:Cannibal boom
4001:
3999:
3998:Calligrafismo
3996:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:Berlin School
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Weird Western
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3747:Slice of life
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:Bavarian porn
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:Sexploitation
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Partisan film
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Muslim social
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3602:Zombie comedy
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Giant monster
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Mexploitation
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:Coming-of-age
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3147:Transgressive
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Psychological
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Slice of life
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
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2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Psychological
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Korean horror
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Found footage
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
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2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Magic realism
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
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2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Sexploitation
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Calligrafismo
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:City symphony
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
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2298:
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2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2169:9781476691626
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2025:9780300212341
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:9780521846257
2000:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:The Foresters
1875:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:1-56159-239-0
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:9780195221862
1768:
1764:
1763:9780935859928
1760:
1756:
1755:Stanley Sadie
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:Daniel Heartz
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1725:9780195221862
1722:
1718:
1717:9780935859928
1714:
1710:
1709:Stanley Sadie
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:0-674-37501-7
1673:
1669:
1665:
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1638:
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1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:Newgate novel
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1386:'s 1999 film
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
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1262:
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1238:
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1234:
1229:
1227:
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1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1168:
1165:
1157:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1131:This section
1129:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1000:This section
998:
994:
989:
988:
982:
977:
972:
971:Richard Overy
968:
965:
964:Northrop Frye
962:
961:
957:
955:
953:
952:
947:
946:
941:
940:
935:
934:Tod Slaughter
931:
930:
924:
922:
918:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
883:
877:
873:
871:
870:
865:
861:
857:
856:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:
826:The Red Rover
822:
818:
817:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
796:Samuel Arnold
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
722:
718:
714:
706:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Zdeněk Fibich
614:
612:
608:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
580:
579:prerogative.
578:
574:
570:
569:
564:
559:
555:
551:
550:
545:
542:, 1850s) and
541:
537:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
494:
489:
485:
481:
480:
474:
473:
468:
464:
463:
458:
454:
450:
449:
448:The Foresters
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
422:
417:
412:
410:
409:
404:
399:
397:
396:
392:
391:Shakespeare's
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
358:
356:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
300:
298:
296:
295:
290:
289:
283:
281:
280:
275:
274:
269:
268:
263:
258:
256:
255:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
230:
226:'s monodrama
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
193:
188:
186:
183:
179:
175:
170:
165:
162:
161:good and evil
157:
155:
150:
142:
140:
137:
127:
115:
110:
102:
100:
98:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5589:Drama genres
5551:20th century
5526:19th century
5520:
5496:Neoclassical
5473:
5335:Solita forma
5215:Da capo aria
5109:Sprechgesang
5069:Kammersänger
5008:Haute-contre
4962:Sung-through
4931:
4573:Experimental
4568:Ethnofiction
4315:Third Cinema
4218:Persian Film
3961:Auteur films
3932:By movement
3789:Swashbuckler
3648:Ozploitation
3643:Outlaw biker
3523:Martial arts
3518:Magical girl
3368:Exploitation
3363:Ethnographic
3292:Mafia comedy
2935:Pornographic
2812:Psycho-biddy
2797:Lovecraftian
2631:Contemporary
2612:
2606:Exploitation
2601:Experimental
2537:
2481:Mockumentary
2350:Biographical
2232:
2228:
2218:
2207:. Retrieved
2205:. 2024-02-15
2202:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2159:
2153:
2148:(2014) p. 68
2145:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2040:
2034:
2015:
2009:
1994:
1973:
1961:
1952:
1947:The Sorcerer
1946:
1938:
1929:
1923:
1915:
1902:
1893:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1841:
1834:
1817:
1797:
1748:
1740:
1702:
1667:
1642:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1573:
1567:
1548:
1542:
1523:
1517:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1476:Woman's film
1413:May December
1411:
1410:(2015), and
1406:
1399:
1394:
1389:Agnes Browne
1387:
1365:
1362:
1355:
1354:(1984), and
1349:
1343:
1338:
1336:(1988), and
1332:
1326:
1323:
1316:
1306:
1303:codependency
1296:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1268:Douglas Sirk
1265:
1258:
1245:
1242:
1230:
1214:protagonists
1175:
1160:
1151:
1132:
1052:
1037:
1028:
1013:Please help
1001:
949:
943:
937:
927:
925:
914:
907:Maria Marten
898:
895:Sweeney Todd
888:
880:
867:
853:
847:
842:
834:
824:
820:
814:
808:
799:
791:
788:Isaac Pocock
783:
773:
761:
759:
754:
744:
730:
725:
710:
688:
676:
654:
649:
645:
642:Julius Zeyer
629:
625:
621:
615:
604:
586:
573:Sprechgesang
566:
547:
539:
527:
512:
505:
491:
479:The Sorcerer
477:
470:
460:
446:
429:
419:
413:
406:
400:
393:
374:
364:
351:
304:
292:
286:
284:
277:
271:
265:
259:
252:
244:
242:
227:
219:
217:
197:
166:
158:
146:
108:
106:
97:melodramatic
96:
91:
89:
68:
66:
52:
18:Melodramatic
5594:Film genres
5516:Romanticism
5501:Restoration
5315:Prima donna
5290:Opera seria
5210:Convenienze
5200:Comprimario
5190:Chiaroscuro
4952:Patter song
4947:Opera house
4902:Chest voice
4799:Video nasty
4794:Underground
4779:Slow cinema
4749:Sceneggiata
4637:Live action
4615:Independent
4595:Film Ă clef
4563:Docufiction
4531:Compilation
4506:Blockbuster
4474:Traditional
4469:Stop-motion
4405:Chick flick
4263:Slow cinema
4253:Remodernist
4068:Free Cinema
4048:Erra Cinema
4013:Cinema Novo
3891:Revisionist
3400:Gendai-geki
3336:Psychedelic
3324:Apocalyptic
3190:Beach party
3085:Slow cinema
3058:Space opera
3023:Fantastique
2894:Sceneggiata
2884:Musicarello
2757:Fantastique
2636:Fantastique
2579:Educational
2506:Video essay
2461:Documentary
1823:"Monodrama"
1461:Space opera
1436:Legal drama
1396:Todd Haynes
1295:(1971) and
1276:(1955) and
1182:drama films
1108:Philippines
1076:South Korea
948:(1936) and
879:Poster for
823:(1830) and
751:Pixérécourt
689:Osel a stĂn
650:Pod JablonĂ
648:(1898) and
624:(1874) and
601:Georg Benda
549:Enoch Arden
408:La Traviata
270:(1775) and
262:Georg Benda
220:Sigismundus
139:("drama").
122: 1772
77:sentimental
55:painted by
5579:Melodramas
5573:Categories
5546:Postmodern
5536:Naturalism
5491:Classicism
5406:HovsĂĄngare
5325:Ritornello
5320:Recitative
5310:Portamento
5270:Melodramma
5245:Intermezzo
5240:Impresario
5230:Falsettone
5195:Coloratura
5023:Répétiteur
4917:Head voice
4719:Paracinema
4704:Neorealist
4699:Mythopoeia
4684:Mockbuster
4649:Low-budget
4590:Featurette
4423:technique,
4421:By format,
4300:Surrealist
4295:Structural
4173:New German
4163:Neorealist
4158:Mumblecore
4098:Heimatfilm
4058:Film d'art
4023:Cinéma pur
3757:South Seas
3730:Sex report
2996:Paranormal
2959:Propaganda
2859:Mumblecore
2646:Historical
2528:Historical
2417:Remarriage
2407:Mo lei tau
2209:2024-09-03
2094:. Penguin.
1664:Willi Apel
1483:References
1466:Telenovela
1456:Soap opera
1372:alcoholism
1270:, such as
1233:flashbacks
1194:friendship
921:Tom Taylor
919:(1863) by
901:(1847) by
837:(1864) by
829:(1829) by
802:(1816) by
794:(1814) by
786:(1813) by
778:(1797) by
764:(1802) by
630:Hippodamie
622:Štědrý den
563:Schoenberg
444:Tennyson's
440:Sullivan's
436:film score
311:Charles II
305:After the
169:capitalism
109:melo drame
92:melodramas
43:Melodramma
39:melodramma
5541:Modernism
5521:Melodrama
5380:Tessitura
5305:Pasticcio
5300:Passaggio
5235:Fioritura
5205:Contralto
5175:Cantabile
5165:Cabaletta
5145:Bel canto
5104:Spieloper
5099:Sitzprobe
5094:Singspiel
5089:Regieoper
5079:Leitmotif
5013:Intermède
5003:Entr'acte
4967:Surtitles
4937:Monodrama
4932:Melodrama
4927:Mad scene
4884:by origin
4709:No-budget
4674:Meta-film
4642:animation
4600:Film-poem
4536:Composite
4481:Anthology
4444:Animation
4439:Actuality
4425:approach,
4193:New Queer
4113:Indiewood
4063:Film gris
3934:or period
3911:Spaghetti
3834:Submarine
3814:Vigilante
3779:Superhero
3533:Chopsocky
3479:Jidaigeki
3348:Dystopian
3247:Detective
3205:Buddy cop
3195:Body swap
3125:Political
3105:Financial
3068:Tokusatsu
3063:Steampunk
2979:Bromantic
2951:Malayalam
2930:Crossover
2906:Detective
2874:Backstage
2822:Religious
2678:Tech noir
2673:Pulp noir
2663:Film noir
2538:Melodrama
2476:Docudrama
2449:Cyberpunk
2442:Slapstick
2432:Screwball
2392:Gross out
2355:Christian
2333:Adventure
2249:1468-2737
2144:J. Webb,
2118:N. Frye,
2100:cite book
2076:J. Rose,
1924:Ruddigore
1446:Pantomime
1360:(1986).
1321:(1974).
1249:Hays Code
1222:community
1216:(usually
1068:Argentina
1056:Venezuela
1031:July 2015
1002:does not
976:The Blitz
713:Victorian
707:Victorian
638:Josef Suk
525:in 1862.
493:Brigadoon
462:Ruddigore
453:operettas
431:Rosamunde
245:Pygmalion
229:Pygmalion
205:monodrama
201:pantomime
114:mélodrame
103:Etymology
69:melodrama
67:A modern
53:MĂ©lodrame
5556:timeline
5506:Augustan
5469:Medieval
5360:Stagione
5330:Sinfonia
5255:Libretto
5225:Falsetto
5185:Cavatina
5180:Castrato
5160:Burletta
5155:Brindisi
5043:Travesti
5018:Overture
4957:Prompter
4912:Duodrama
4827:Category
4714:One-shot
4578:Abstract
4464:Computer
4148:Lettrist
4043:Dogme 95
3971:Bourekas
3941:Absolute
3881:Northern
3876:Meat pie
3829:Euro War
3824:Anti-war
3690:Rumberas
3611:Mountain
3513:Luchador
3469:Homeland
3457:Shotacon
3430:Suburban
3358:Economic
3319:Disaster
3252:Gangster
3227:Colonial
3217:Cannibal
3178:By theme
3135:Romantic
3090:Thriller
3048:New Wave
3043:Military
3001:Thriller
2969:Romantic
2916:Whodunit
2889:Operetta
2869:Arthouse
2837:Splatter
2732:Cannibal
2722:Arthouse
2705:Suburban
2695:Southern
2668:Neo-noir
2572:Thriller
2466:Animated
2454:Japanese
2422:Romantic
2412:Thriller
2338:Survival
2316:Arthouse
2304:By style
1907:Archived
1882:Archived
1424:See also
1404:(2002),
1398:' films
1348:(1980),
1345:Scruples
1330:(1983),
1218:heroines
1210:hardship
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1154:May 2019
1096:Thailand
1092:Pakistan
1064:Colombia
942:(1935),
693:Dionysus
498:zarzuela
387:overture
297:(1821).
282:(1780).
209:duodrama
5609:Tragedy
5531:Realism
5390:Vibrato
5385:Verismo
5355:Squillo
5340:Soprano
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5260:Licenza
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5118:Italian
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3572:Monster
3543:Kung fu
3484:Samurai
3452:Lolicon
3420:Romance
3267:Gong'an
3237:Concert
3222:Chicano
3185:Animals
3073:Western
3028:Fantasy
2986:Fantasy
2964:Reality
2901:Mystery
2879:Jukebox
2864:Musical
2842:Satanic
2832:Slasher
2802:Natural
2782:Holiday
2690:Romance
2656:Science
2621:Fantasy
2523:Dramedy
2387:Dramedy
2187:Variety
1333:Beaches
1202:illness
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1190:romance
1140:Please
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1008:sources
813:in his
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677:Lucerna
315:Puritan
288:Fidelio
149:realism
5511:Weimar
5350:Spinto
5285:Musico
5250:Legato
5135:Arioso
5052:German
5033:Timbre
4998:Encore
4983:Claque
4976:French
4942:Number
4837:Portal
4774:Silent
4764:Shinpa
4759:Serial
4744:Satire
4729:Poetry
4659:Masala
4388:ShĹŤnen
4371:Seinen
3886:Ostern
3871:Horror
3804:Travel
3762:Sports
3685:Rubble
3658:Prison
3626:Nature
3597:Zombie
3538:Gun fu
3474:Isekai
3447:Hentai
3415:Gothic
3341:Stoner
3307:Yakuza
3262:GokudĹŤ
3210:Female
3140:Techno
3110:Giallo
3100:Erotic
3095:Comedy
3038:Horror
3033:Gothic
3018:Comedy
2991:Gothic
2974:Comedy
2923:Giallo
2777:Giallo
2747:Comedy
2717:Horror
2685:Gothic
2626:Comedy
2552:Erotic
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2501:Travel
2491:Pseudo
2437:Silent
2402:Parody
2397:Horror
2365:Action
2360:Comedy
2311:Action
2297:genres
2247:
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1368:movies
1313:ageism
1104:Turkey
1084:Taiwan
1072:Brazil
1060:Mexico
983:Modern
841:; and
770:Gothic
753:whose
726:forces
697:bolero
679:, and
626:VodnĂk
606:Kytice
484:Lerner
424:) and
421:Egmont
319:comedy
176:, the
5464:Roman
5459:Greek
5399:Other
5295:Ossia
5140:Banda
4882:terms
4879:Opera
4789:Sound
4769:Short
4526:Color
4449:Anime
4410:Josei
4400:Women
4393:ShĹŤjo
4361:Anime
4351:Black
4346:Adult
3906:Space
3809:Trial
3752:Snuff
3663:Women
3638:Opera
3587:Mummy
3582:Kaiju
3565:Anime
3560:Mecha
3553:Wuxia
3548:Ninja
3496:LGBTQ
3491:KaitĹŤ
3442:Harem
3425:Space
3405:Ghost
3353:Ecchi
3314:Dance
3287:Mafia
3272:Heist
3242:Crime
3200:Buddy
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1684:21452
1407:Carol
1100:India
1088:China
1080:Japan
583:Czech
519:Gaîté
488:Loewe
403:Verdi
379:genre
279:Zaide
273:Medea
189:Types
136:drame
130:ÎĽÎλος
126:Greek
5220:Diva
5125:Aria
5059:Fach
4546:Cult
4383:Teen
4376:Stag
4367:Men
3846:Acid
3680:Road
3670:Race
3506:Yuri
3501:Yaoi
3331:Drug
3282:Hood
2727:Body
2641:High
2611:see
2589:Epic
2562:Pink
2496:Semi
2380:Sexy
2294:Film
2245:ISSN
2164:ISBN
2106:link
2045:ISBN
2020:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1802:ISBN
1767:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1680:OCLC
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1226:work
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1070:and
1006:any
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735:and
711:The
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