653:
but that the level of evidence supporting these surgical procedures is low with further higher quality investigations being suggested. There is a risk in these types of surgical procedures that the shunts used in these surgeries are at risk of becoming displaced or misplaced. For those with severe cases who are eligible for endolymphatic sac decompression, a 2014 systematic review reported that in at least 75% of people, EL sac decompression was effective at controlling vertigo in the short term (>1 year of follow-up) and long term (>24 months).
440:
388:
345:. It affects between 0.3 and 1.9 per 1,000 people. It typically starts in people 40 to 60 years old. Females are more commonly affected than males. After 5 to 15 years of symptoms, the episodes of the world spinning sometimes stop and the person is left with loss of balance, poor hearing in the affected ear, and ringing or other sounds in the affected ear or ears.
451:
420:) of the inner ear are affected, but some cases occur where EH affects only one of the two systems enough to cause symptoms. The corresponding subtypes of the disease are called vestibular Ménière's disease, showing symptoms of vertigo, and cochlear Ménière's disease, showing symptoms of hearing loss and tinnitus.
291:, but likely involves both genetic and environmental factors. A number of theories exist for why it occurs, including constrictions in blood vessels, viral infections, and autoimmune reactions. About 10% of cases run in families. Symptoms are believed to occur as the result of increased fluid buildup in the
733:
From 3 to 11% of diagnosed dizziness in neuro-otological clinics are due to Ménière's disease. The annual incidence rate is estimated to be about 15 cases per 100,000 people and the prevalence rate is about 218 per 100,000, and around 15% of people with Ménière's disease are older than 65. In around
552:
No cure for Ménière's disease is known, but medications, diet, physical therapy, and counseling, and some surgical approaches can be used to manage it. More than 85% of patients with Ménière's disease get better from changes in lifestyle, medical treatment, or minimally invasive surgical procedures.
652:
is one surgical approach that is sometimes suggested. Three methods of surgical endolymphatic sac decompression are sometimes suggested – simple decompression, insertion of a shunt, or removal of the sac. There is some very weak evidence that all three methods may be useful for reducing dizziness,
610:
People with MD are often advised to reduce their sodium intake. Reducing salt intake, however, has not been well studied. Based on the assumption that MD is similar in nature to a migraine, some advise eliminating "migraine triggers" such as caffeine, but the evidence for this is weak. There is no
724:
Ménière's disease usually starts confined to one ear; it extends to both ears in about 30% of cases. People may start out with only one symptom, but in Ménière's disease all three appear with time. Hearing loss usually fluctuates in the beginning stages and becomes more permanent in later stages.
65:
823:
In 2015, the
International Classification for Vestibular Disorders Committee of the Barany Society published consensus diagnostic criteria in collaboration with the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, the European Academy of Otology and Neurootology, the Japan Society for
801:
In 1985, this list changed to alter wording, such as changing "deafness" to "hearing loss associated with tinnitus, characteristically of low frequencies" and requiring more than one attack of vertigo to diagnose. Finally in 1995, the list was again altered to allow for degrees of the disease:
284:, and a feeling of fullness in the ear. Typically, only one ear is affected initially, but over time, both ears may become involved. Episodes generally last from 20 minutes to a few hours. The time between episodes varies. The hearing loss and ringing in the ears can become constant over time.
677:
are irreversible and involve removing entire functionality of most, if not all, of the affected ear; as of 2013, almost no evidence existed with which to judge whether these surgeries are effective. The inner ear itself can be surgically removed via labyrinthectomy, although hearing is always
423:
The mechanism of Ménière's disease is not fully explained by EH, but fully developed EH may mechanically and chemically interfere with the sensory cells for balance and hearing, which can lead to temporary dysfunction and even to death of the sensory cells, which in turn can cause the typical
619:
While use of physical therapy early after the onset of MD is probably not useful due to the fluctuating disease course, physical therapy to help retraining of the balance system appears to be useful to reduce both subjective and objective deficits in balance over the longer term.
591:, are widely used to manage MD on the theory that it reduces fluid buildup (pressure) in the ear. Based on evidence from multiple but small clinical trials, diuretics appear to be useful for reducing the frequency of episodes of dizziness but do not seem to prevent hearing loss.
353:
Ménière's is characterized by recurrent episodes of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus; episodes may be preceded by a headache and a feeling of fullness in the ears. People may also experience additional symptoms related to irregular reactions of the
725:
Ménière's disease has a course of 5–15 years, and people generally end up with mild disequilibrium, tinnitus, and moderate hearing loss in one ear. As of 2020, there has been no recent major breakthrough in the pathogenesis research of Ménière's disease.
3236:
3221:
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Tinnitus (ringing in the ears, from mild to severe) is accompanied often by ear pain and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear; usually, the tinnitus is more severe before a spell of vertigo and lessens after the vertigo
454:
Loudness discomfort levels (LDLs) – data of people with hyperacusis without hearing loss. Upper line: average hearing thresholds. Lower long line: LDLs of this group. Lower short line: LDLs of a reference group with normal
409:(EH) is strongly associated with developing Ménière's disease, but not everyone with EH develops Ménière's disease: "The relationship between endolymphatic hydrops and Meniere's disease is not a simple, ideal correlation."
378:
The cause of Ménière's disease is unclear, but likely involves both genetic and environmental factors. A number of theories exist including constrictions in blood vessels, viral infections, and autoimmune reactions.
776: – Head and Neck Surgery Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium set criteria for diagnosing MD, as well as defining two subcategories – cochlear (without vertigo) and vestibular (without deafness).
2633:"Efficacy and safety of betahistine treatment in patients with Meniere's disease: Primary results of a long term, multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, dose defining trial (BEMED trial)"
573:
caused by vertigo. For longer-term treatment to stop progression, the evidence base is weak for all treatments. Although a causal relation between allergy and Ménière's disease is uncertain,
769:, who in an 1861 article described the main symptoms and was the first to suggest a single disorder for all of the symptoms, in the combined organ of balance and hearing in the inner ear.
366:, which are typically symptoms of vertigo, and not of Ménière's. This includes a sensation of being pushed sharply to the floor from behind. Sudden falls without loss of consciousness (
2743:
Syed MI, Rutka JA, Hendry J, et al. (2015). "Positive pressure therapy for
Meniere's syndrome/disease with a Meniett device: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials".
510:(MAV) in many ways, but when hearing loss develops in MAV, it is usually in both ears, and this is rare in MD, and hearing loss generally does not progress in MAV as it does in MD.
472:
Audiometrically documented low- to medium-frequency sensorineural hearing loss in the affected ear on at least one occasion before, during, or after one of the episodes of vertigo
737:
The odds of Ménière's disease are greater for people of white ethnicity, with severe obesity, and women. Several conditions are often comorbid with Ménière's disease, including
628:
The psychological distress caused by the vertigo and hearing loss may worsen the condition in some people. Counseling may be useful to manage the distress, as may education and
685:. The hearing is often mostly preserved; however, the surgery involves cutting open into the lining of the brain, and a hospital stay of a few days for monitoring is required.
640:
If symptoms do not improve with less invasive approaches and for cases where the condition is uncontrolled or persistent and affecting both ears, surgery may be considered.
1371:"Visualization of endolymphatic hydrops with MR imaging in patients with Ménière's disease and related pathologies: current status of its methods and clinical significance"
665:
for improvement in the unsteadiness associated with the disease, conclusions about how effective this surgery is and the potential for side effects and harms is not clear.
358:. These symptoms are not symptoms of Ménière's disease per se, but rather are side effects resulting from failure of the organ of hearing and balance, and include nausea,
2348:
Lee A, Webster KE, George B, Harrington-Benton NA, Judd O, Kaski D, Maarsingh OR, MacKeith S, Ray J, Van Vugt VA, Burton MJ (24 February 2023). Cochrane ENT Group (ed.).
2288:
2729:
3358:
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Surgical implantation of eustachian tubes (ventilation tubes) is not strongly supported by medical studies. There are some tentative evidence of benefit from
334:
may help with anxiety. Injections into the ear or surgery may also be tried if other measures are not effective, but are associated with risks. The use of
1054:
Seemungal B, Kaski D, Lopez-Escamez JA (August 2015). "Early
Diagnosis and Management of Acute Vertigo from Vestibular Migraine and Ménière's Disease".
602:
is injected into the middle ear and kills parts of the vestibular apparatus, may be prescribed. This treatment has the risk of worsening hearing loss.
3197:
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Sood AJ, Lambert PR, Nguyen SA, et al. (July 2014). "Endolymphatic sac surgery for Ménière's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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completely lost in the affected ear with this operation. The surgeon can also cut the nerve to the balance portion of the inner ear in a
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were investigated in three systematic reviews. The data were found to be insufficient to decide if this therapy has positive effects.
3351:
701:
Transtympanic micropressure pulses were investigated in two systematic reviews. Neither found evidence to justify this technique.
397:
The initial triggers of Ménière's disease are not fully understood, with a variety of potential inflammatory causes that lead to
3560:
1295:
991:
746:
3693:
1912:
Crowson MG, Patki A, Tucci DL (May 2016). "A Systematic Review of
Diuretics in the Medical Management of Ménière's Disease".
338:(ventilation tubes) to improve vertigo and hearing in people with Ménière's disease is not supported by definitive evidence.
786:
Episodic, characteristic definitive spells of vertigo lasting 20 minutes to 24 hours with no unconsciousness, vestibular
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33:
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428:
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Huon LK, Fang TY, Wang PC (July 2012). "Outcomes of intratympanic gentamicin injection to treat Ménière's disease".
813:
Definite – Requires two or more definitive episodes of vertigo with hearing loss plus tinnitus and/or aural fullness
3455:
522:
446:
illustrating normal hearing (left) and unilateral low-pitch hearing loss associated with Ménière's disease (right)
2406:
514:
304:
215:
1546:
Chi JJ, Ruckenstein MJ (2010). "Chapter 6: Clinical
Presentation of Ménière's disease". In Ruckenstein M (ed.).
3262:
2461:
1302:(Publication No. 10–3404) (June 1, 2016 ed.). US: National Institutes of Health. July 2010. Archived from
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2402:"Current evidence for endolymphatic sac surgery in the treatment of Meniere's disease: a systematic review"
529:
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206:
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2007:
Pullens B, van
Benthem PP (16 March 2011). "Intratympanic gentamicin for Ménière's disease or syndrome".
1812:
Storper IS, Spitzer JB, Scanlan M (1998). "Use of glycopyrrolate in the treatment of
Meniere's disease".
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is often used as it is inexpensive and safe; but evidence does not justify its use in Ménière's disease.
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537:
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56:
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Ishiyama G, et al. (April 2015). "Meniere's disease: histopathology, cytochemistry, and imaging".
734:
9% of cases, a relative also had Ménière's disease, indicating a genetic predisposition in some cases.
2186:
Clendaniel RA, Tucci DL (December 1997). "Vestibular rehabilitation strategies in
Meniere's disease".
3635:
3555:
3510:
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2878:
Phillips JS, Westerberg B (6 July 2011). "Intratympanic steroids for Ménière's disease or syndrome".
2131:"Restriction of salt, caffeine and alcohol intake for the treatment of Ménière's disease or syndrome"
1204:
Phillips JS, Westerberg B (6 July 2011). "Intratympanic steroids for Ménière's disease or syndrome".
1165:
Phillips JS, Westerberg B (6 July 2011). "Intratympanic steroids for Ménière's disease or syndrome".
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high-quality evidence that changing diet by restricting salt, caffeine or alcohol improves symptoms.
292:
2302:
Greenberg SL, Nedzelski JM (October 2010). "Medical and noninvasive therapy for
Meniere's disease".
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503:. This hypersensitivity is easily diagnosed by measuring the loudness discomfort levels (LDLs).
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318:. Measures to prevent attacks are overall poorly supported by the evidence. A low-salt diet,
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Those procedures include intratympanic steroid therapy, intratympanic gentamicin therapy or
327:
85:
3095:
3540:
932:
674:
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has been found to be a useful vestibular suppressant in patients with Ménière's disease.
3041:
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1573:"A review of hyperacusis and future directions: part I. Definitions and manifestations"
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1272:
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807:
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230:
127:
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Beasley NJ, Jones NS (December 1996). "Menière's disease: evolution of a definition".
2971:"Dizziness and Imbalance in the Elderly: Age-related Decline in the Vestibular System"
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2815:
2786:
Hu A, Parnes LS (2009). "Intratympanic steroids for inner ear disorders: A review".
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2016:
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296:
281:
244:
199:
151:
2935:
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1322:"What is Menière's disease? A contemporary re-evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops"
816:
Probable – Only one definitive episode of vertigo and the other symptoms and signs
3267:
2474:
2051:
1772:
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Two or more episodes of vertigo or dizziness, each lasting 20 minutes to 24 hours
3460:
3413:
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3297:
1428:
1411:
712:
695:
570:
566:
500:
469:
Two or more spontaneous episodes of vertigo, each lasting 20 minutes to 12 hours
367:
183:
3086:[On a form of severe deafness dependent on a lesion of the inner ear].
1550:. San Diego, California Abingdon, England: Plural Publishing, Inc. p. 34.
594:
In cases where hearing loss and continuing severe episodes of vertigo occur, a
491:
Fluctuating aural symptoms (hearing, tinnitus, or fullness) in the reported ear
475:
Fluctuating aural symptoms (hearing, tinnitus, or fullness) in the affected ear
3550:
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310:
No cure is known. Attacks are often treated with medications to help with the
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3084:"Sur une forme de surdité grave dépendant d'une lésion de l'oreille interne"
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911:
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that is characterized by potentially severe and incapacitating episodes of
3137:
2988:
2215:
1833:
459:
The diagnostic criteria as of 2015 define definite MD and probable MD as:
3403:
3319:
754:
363:
359:
277:
147:
1714:
412:
Additionally, in fully developed Ménière's disease, the balance system (
3591:
3380:
3368:
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1981:
1964:
894:
877:
705:
574:
417:
315:
273:
143:
17:
3213:
2799:
2756:
2648:
1135:
3225:
1122:
Harcourt J, Barraclough K, Bronstein AM (2014). "Meniere's disease".
518:
311:
2084:
Espinosa-Sanchez JM, Lopez-Escamez JA (2016). "Menière's disease".
797:
Attacks are characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation.
711:
Evidence does not support the use of alternative medicine such as
449:
438:
386:
3256:
1460:
1248:"Endolymphatic hydrops: pathophysiology and experimental models"
3340:
521:
can present with symptoms similar to MD, and in people at risk
1416:
European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases
103:
3163:
Basura GJ, Adams ME, Monfared A, et al. (8 April 2020).
2919:"Current status on researches of Meniere's disease: a review"
2682:"Positive pressure therapy for Ménière's disease or syndrome"
2231:"The Influence of Psychological Factors in Meniere's Disease"
1761:
Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
882:
Journal of Vestibular Research: Equilibrium & Orientation
819:
Possible – Definitive vertigo with no associated hearing loss
577:
may be helpful. To assist with vertigo and balance problems,
299:. Other conditions that may produce similar symptoms include
779:
In 1972, the academy defined criteria for diagnosing MD as:
528:
Other vestibular conditions that should be excluded include
3094:. republished online at gallica.bnf.fr: 241. Archived from
1965:"Are diuretics useful in the treatment of meniere disease?"
295:
of the inner ear. Diagnosis is based on the symptoms and a
91:
1571:
Tyler RS, Pienkowski M, Roncancio ER, et al. (2014).
876:
Lopez-Escamez JA, Carey J, Chung WH, et al. (2015).
100:
936:(v 1.1). Random House, Inc. Accessed on 9 September 2008
494:
Not better accounted for by another vestibular diagnosis
478:
Not better accounted for by another vestibular diagnosis
2400:
Lim MY, Zhang M, Yuen HW, et al. (November 2015).
427:
An estimated 30% of people with Ménière's disease have
341:
Ménière's disease was identified in the early 1800s by
2512:
2510:
2508:
1410:
Mom T, Pavier Y, Giraudet F, Gilain L, Avan P (2015).
824:
Equilibrium Research, and the Korean Balance Society.
424:
symptoms of MD – vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
2129:
Hussain K, Murdin L, Schilder AG (31 December 2018).
1497:"Audiometric characteristics of hyperacusis patients"
106:
94:
3203:
2631:
Adrion C, Fischer CS, Wagner J, et al. (2016).
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137:
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97:
88:
76:
51:
46:
2680:van Sonsbeek S, Pullens B, van Benthem PP (2015).
765:The condition is named after the French physician
1449:
1447:
3165:"Clinical Practice Guideline: Ménière's Disease"
2517:Pullens B, Verschuur HP, van Benthem PP (2013).
1757:"The Link Between Allergy and Menière's Disease"
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1315:
1313:
783:Fluctuating, progressive, sensorineural deafness
2831:"Intratympanic Therapies for Menière's disease"
2576:"Betahistine for Menière's disease or syndrome"
1456:"Procedures for restoring vestibular disorders"
673:Destructive surgeries such as vestibular nerve
2350:"Surgical interventions for Ménière's disease"
2235:Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research
525:should be conducted to exclude TIA or stroke.
3352:
2287:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
1857:"Diuretics for Ménière's disease or syndrome"
1241:
1239:
8:
3088:Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine
2728:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1320:Gürkov R, Pyykö I, Zou J, Kentala E (2016).
2880:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2580:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2523:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2009:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1861:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1206:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1167:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
878:"Diagnostic criteria for Menière's disease"
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2002:
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1495:Sheldrake J, Diehl PU, Schaette R (2015).
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1980:
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1702:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
1698:"Optimal management of Ménière's disease"
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2304:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
2188:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
1548:Ménière's disease: evidence and outcomes
1252:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
499:A common and important symptom of MD is
2969:Iwasaki S, Yamasoba T (February 2015).
2354:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2135:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1628:Sajjadi H, Paparella MM (August 2008).
1412:"Measurement of endolymphatic pressure"
833:
2917:Liu Y, Yang J, Duan M (October 2020).
2721:
2395:
2393:
2280:
1855:Thirlwall AS, Kundu S (19 July 2006).
370:) may be experienced by some people.
2343:
2341:
1755:Weinreich HM, Agrawal Y (June 2014).
1668:from the original on 15 December 2022
587:, such as the thiazide-like diuretic
7:
3626:Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
3169:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
1914:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
2835:Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports
2092:. Vol. 137. pp. 257–277.
1963:Stern Shavit S, Lalwani AK (2019).
534:recurrent unilateral vestibulopathy
170:20 minutes to few hours per episode
2098:10.1016/B978-0-444-63437-5.00019-4
774:American Academy of Otolaryngology
287:The cause of Ménière's disease is
144:Feeling like the world is spinning
25:
994:from the original on 27 July 2016
1826:10.1097/00005537-199810000-00004
1369:Naganawa S, Nakashima T (2014).
806:Certain – Definite disease with
598:, in which a medication such as
84:
2519:"Surgery for Ménière's disease"
747:gastroesophageal reflux disease
575:medication to control allergies
55:Ménière's syndrome, idiopathic
2888:10.1002/14651858.CD008514.pub2
2698:10.1002/14651858.CD008419.pub2
2535:10.1002/14651858.CD005395.pub3
2366:10.1002/14651858.CD015249.pub2
2147:10.1002/14651858.CD012173.pub2
2090:Handbook of Clinical Neurology
2017:10.1002/14651858.CD008234.pub2
1873:10.1002/14651858.CD003599.pub2
1214:10.1002/14651858.CD008514.pub2
1175:10.1002/14651858.CD008514.pub2
1:
2936:10.1080/00016489.2020.1776385
2829:Miller MW, Agrawal Y (2014).
2200:10.1016/S0030-6665(20)30155-9
1646:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61161-7
1580:American Journal of Audiology
1375:Japanese Journal of Radiology
3506:Auditory processing disorder
2574:James AL, Burton MJ (2001).
2475:10.1097/MAO.0000000000000324
2052:10.1097/MAO.0b013e318259b3b1
1773:10.1097/MOO.0000000000000041
1246:Salt AN, Plontke SK (2010).
669:Other surgical interventions
567:medications to reduce nausea
506:Symptoms of MD overlap with
1429:10.1016/j.anorl.2014.05.004
1124:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
571:drugs to reduce the anxiety
508:migraine-associated vertigo
429:Eustachian tube dysfunction
3725:
3456:Sensorineural hearing loss
2686:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2251:(inactive 24 April 2024).
648:Surgery to decompress the
523:magnetic resonance imaging
501:hypersensitivity to sounds
416:) and the hearing system (
330:may help with balance and
31:
3449:Superior canal dehiscence
3200:, Stanford Ear Institute.
3130:10.1017/S002221510013590X
2847:10.1007/s40136-014-0055-8
2788:Audiology and Neurotology
2592:10.1002/14651858.CD001873
2462:Otology & Neurotology
2407:Singapore Medical Journal
2316:10.1016/j.otc.2010.05.005
2040:Otology & Neurotology
1388:10.1007/s11604-014-0290-4
1338:10.1007/s00415-015-7930-1
1264:10.1016/j.otc.2010.05.007
1068:10.1016/j.ncl.2015.04.008
926:Dictionary.com Unabridged
644:Endolymphatic sac surgery
555:endolymphatic sac surgery
515:transient ischemic attack
405:spaces in the inner ear.
305:transient ischemic attack
216:transient ischemic attack
71:
62:
27:Disorder of the inner ear
3182:10.1177/0194599820909438
2248:10.4103/2141-9248.126601
1926:10.1177/0194599816630733
1592:10.1044/2014_AJA-14-0010
1514:10.3389/fneur.2015.00105
751:irritable bowel syndrome
596:chemical labyrinthectomy
356:autonomic nervous system
72:Diagram of the inner ear
32:Not to be confused with
3669:Vestibulo–ocular reflex
3439:Conductive hearing loss
2745:Clinical Otolaryngology
931:3 December 2010 at the
2420:10.11622/smedj.2015166
1501:Frontiers in Neurology
715:or herbal supplements.
513:People who have had a
497:
456:
447:
401:, a distension of the
394:
268:) is a disease of the
207:Differential diagnosis
3694:Diseases of inner ear
3473:Nonsyndromic deafness
2989:10.14336/AD.2014.0128
630:relaxation techniques
538:vestibular schwannoma
530:vestibular paroxysmia
461:
453:
442:
407:Endolymphatic hydrops
399:endolymphatic hydrops
390:
154:, fullness in the ear
57:endolymphatic hydrops
3636:Labyrinthine fistula
3561:visual reinforcement
3511:Spatial hearing loss
3098:on 16 February 2016.
1326:Journal of Neurology
565:During MD episodes,
540:, or a tumor of the
3704:Otorhinolaryngology
3400:Excessive response
3175:(2 suppl): S1–S55.
3042:2015NYASA1343...49I
1715:10.2147/TCRM.S59023
1630:"Meniere's disease"
1454:Walther LE (2005).
1296:"Ménière's Disease"
984:"Ménière's Disease"
301:vestibular migraine
247:and chronic ringing
212:Vestibular migraine
198:Based on symptoms,
148:ringing in the ears
34:Ménétrier's disease
3289:External resources
3050:10.1111/nyas.12699
1982:10.1002/lary.28040
1696:Foster CA (2015).
1332:(Suppl 1): 71–81.
1062:(3): 619–628, ix.
1056:Neurologic Clinics
895:10.3233/VES-150549
663:tympanostomy tubes
457:
448:
395:
349:Signs and symptoms
336:tympanostomy tubes
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3654:Dix–Hallpike test
3621:Ménière's disease
3571:
3570:
3519:
3518:
3466:Cortical deafness
3334:
3333:
3198:Menière's Disease
3124:(12): 1107–1113.
2976:Aging and Disease
2800:10.1159/000241894
2757:10.1111/coa.12344
2649:10.1136/bmj.h6816
2107:978-0-444-63437-5
1975:(10): 2206–2207.
1820:(10): 1442–1445.
1640:(9636): 406–414.
1557:978-1-59756-620-9
1136:10.1136/bmj.g6544
808:histopathological
657:Ventilation tubes
650:endolymphatic sac
569:are used, as are
542:endolymphatic sac
414:vestibular system
262:Ménière's disease
259:
258:
255:0.3–1.9 per 1,000
194:Diagnostic method
47:Ménière's disease
41:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3716:
3659:Unterberger test
3613:Balance disorder
3582:
3494:Wolfram syndrome
3429:
3386:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3338:
3205:
3194:
3184:
3150:
3149:
3113:
3100:
3099:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3030:Ann N Y Acad Sci
3025:
3019:
3018:
3008:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2938:
2923:Acta Otolaryngol
2914:
2908:
2907:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2727:
2719:
2709:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2469:(6): 1033–1045.
2456:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2310:(5): 1081–1090.
2299:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2278:
2268:
2250:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2194:(6): 1145–1158.
2183:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2141:(12): CD012173.
2126:
2120:
2119:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1814:The Laryngoscope
1809:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1717:
1693:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1602:. Archived from
1577:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1306:on 27 July 2016.
1292:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1119:
1088:
1087:
1051:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
980:
937:
922:
916:
915:
897:
873:
689:Poorly supported
615:Physical therapy
328:Physical therapy
243:After ~10 years
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
67:
44:
21:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3673:
3642:
3601:
3567:
3541:Tone decay test
3515:
3477:
3420:
3375:
3365:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3284:
3283:
3216:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3118:J Laryngol Otol
3115:
3114:
3103:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3027:
3026:
3022:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2929:(10): 808–812.
2916:
2915:
2911:
2882:(7): CD008514.
2877:
2876:
2872:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2720:
2692:(3): CD008419.
2679:
2678:
2674:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2586:(1): CD001873.
2573:
2572:
2568:
2529:(2): CD005395.
2516:
2515:
2506:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2414:(11): 593–598.
2399:
2398:
2391:
2360:(2): CD015249.
2347:
2346:
2339:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2279:
2229:Orji F (2014).
2228:
2227:
2223:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2108:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2011:(3): CD008234.
2006:
2005:
1998:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1867:(3): CD003599.
1854:
1853:
1849:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1695:
1694:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1609:on 27 June 2017
1606:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1208:(7): CD008514.
1203:
1202:
1198:
1169:(7): CD008514.
1164:
1163:
1159:
1121:
1120:
1091:
1053:
1052:
1007:
997:
995:
990:. 1 June 2016.
982:
981:
940:
933:Wayback Machine
923:
919:
875:
874:
835:
830:
790:always present.
767:Prosper Menière
763:
731:
722:
691:
675:labyrinthectomy
671:
659:
646:
638:
626:
617:
608:
563:
550:
437:
385:
376:
351:
343:Prosper Menière
324:corticosteroids
231:corticosteroids
225:Low-salt diet,
117:
87:
83:
42:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3722:
3720:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3664:Romberg's test
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3499:Usher syndrome
3496:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3435:
3433:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3316:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3270:
3259:
3248:
3233:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:Classification
3202:
3201:
3195:
3158:
3157:External links
3155:
3152:
3151:
3101:
3071:
3020:
2958:
2909:
2870:
2841:(3): 137–143.
2821:
2794:(6): 373–382.
2778:
2751:(3): 197–207.
2735:
2672:
2623:
2566:
2504:
2451:
2389:
2337:
2294:
2221:
2178:
2121:
2106:
2073:
2046:(5): 706–714.
2030:
1996:
1955:
1920:(5): 824–834.
1904:
1847:
1804:
1767:(3): 227–230.
1747:
1679:
1620:
1586:(4): 402–419.
1563:
1556:
1538:
1487:
1443:
1402:
1381:(4): 191–204.
1361:
1309:
1287:
1258:(5): 971–983.
1235:
1196:
1157:
1089:
1005:
938:
917:
832:
831:
829:
826:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
799:
798:
795:
791:
784:
762:
759:
730:
727:
721:
718:
717:
716:
709:
704:Intratympanic
702:
699:
690:
687:
670:
667:
658:
655:
645:
642:
637:
634:
625:
622:
616:
613:
607:
604:
579:glycopyrrolate
562:
559:
549:
546:
496:
495:
492:
489:
480:
479:
476:
473:
470:
436:
433:
384:
381:
375:
372:
350:
347:
326:may be tried.
257:
256:
253:
249:
248:
241:
235:
234:
223:
219:
218:
209:
203:
202:
196:
190:
189:
188:Family history
186:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
141:
135:
134:
128:Otolaryngology
125:
119:
118:
116:
115:
80:
78:
74:
73:
69:
68:
60:
59:
53:
49:
48:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3721:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Labyrinthitis
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3489:Deafblindness
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3367:Disorders of
3362:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3090:(in French).
3089:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
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282:hearing loss
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245:hearing loss
200:hearing test
184:Risk factors
152:hearing loss
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3617:Peripheral
3461:Presbycusis
3414:Phonophobia
3409:Hyperacusis
3298:MedlinePlus
1708:: 301–307.
1672:15 December
713:acupuncture
696:betahistine
561:Medications
332:counselling
159:Usual onset
52:Other names
3688:Categories
3551:Audiometry
3546:Weber test
3536:Rinne test
3274:DiseasesDB
2241:(1): 3–7.
1613:19 October
888:(1): 1–7.
828:References
683:neurectomy
680:vestibular
624:Counseling
600:gentamicin
548:Management
444:Audiograms
3699:Audiology
3597:nystagmus
3556:pure tone
3314:emerg/308
3309:eMedicine
3080:Ménière P
2997:2152-5250
2953:219972013
2896:1469-493X
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1934:1097-6817
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1781:1068-9508
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1222:1469-493X
1183:1469-493X
1130:: g6544.
1076:1557-9875
904:1878-6464
788:nystagmus
743:psoriasis
739:arthritis
720:Prognosis
585:Diuretics
517:(TIA) or
435:Diagnosis
392:Inner ear
383:Mechanism
320:diuretics
293:labyrinth
270:inner ear
252:Frequency
239:Prognosis
227:diuretics
222:Treatment
132:Neurology
123:Specialty
3585:Symptoms
3404:Tinnitus
3389:Symptoms
3320:Orphanet
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3146:37842353
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3066:36495592
3058:25766597
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2060:22699980
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1991:31046134
1950:24741244
1942:26932948
1899:16856015
1842:39137575
1799:24573125
1742:25750534
1666:Archived
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1654:18675691
1600:25104073
1533:26029161
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1438:25467202
1397:24500139
1356:27083887
1282:20713237
1230:21735432
1191:21735432
1144:25391837
1084:26231275
992:Archived
929:Archived
912:25882471
755:migraine
706:steroids
483:Probable
464:Definite
455:hearing.
364:sweating
360:vomiting
278:tinnitus
167:Duration
139:Symptoms
3709:Otology
3606:Disease
3592:Vertigo
3577:Balance
3425:Disease
3381:Hearing
3373:balance
3369:hearing
3268:D008575
3138:9015421
3038:Bibcode
3006:4306472
2856:4157672
2773:1025535
2658:4721211
2609:6769057
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998:18 July
794:attack.
761:History
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316:anxiety
289:unclear
274:vertigo
178:Unknown
162:40s–60s
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3524:Tests
3482:Other
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3246:386.0
3231:H81.0
3142:S2CID
3062:S2CID
2949:S2CID
2812:S2CID
2769:S2CID
2495:S2CID
2064:S2CID
1946:S2CID
1838:S2CID
1658:S2CID
1607:(PDF)
1576:(PDF)
1148:S2CID
988:NIDCD
3432:Loss
3371:and
3279:8003
3263:MeSH
3252:OMIM
3241:9-CM
3187:PMID
3134:PMID
3054:PMID
3034:1343
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