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43:
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The shape of the arachnoid does not follow the convolutions of the surface of the brain and so looks like a loosely fitting sac. In particular, in the region of the brain a large number of fine filaments called arachnoid trabeculae pass from the arachnoid through the subarachnoid space to blend with
504:
and vertebrae. The dura mater, the outermost part, is a loosely arranged, fibroelastic layer of cells, characterized by multiple interdigitating cell processes, no extracellular collagen, and significant extracellular spaces. The middle region is a mostly fibrous portion. It consists of two layers:
959:
stages, the latter divides into an internal leaflet: the secondary meninx, and into an external one: the dura mater. Finally, in higher vertebrates, even the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and the pia. In the same animals, Sterzi demonstrated that, while in the spinal medulla the dura
745:
within the leptomeninges along the surface of the brain. Because the arachnoid is connected to the pia by cob-web like strands, it is structurally continuous with the pia, hence the name pia-arachnoid or leptomeninges. They are responsible for the production of beta-trace protein
993:
632:
the tissue of the pia mater. The arachnoid barrier has no extracellular collagen and is considered to represent an effective morphological and physiological meningeal barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space and the blood circulation in the dura.
513:. It is composed of dense fibrous tissue, and its inner surface is covered by flattened cells like those present on the surfaces of the pia mater and arachnoid mater. The dura mater is a sac that envelops the arachnoid mater and surrounds and supports the large
805:, which contains fat and blood vessels. The arachnoid is attached to the dura mater, while the pia mater is attached to the central nervous system tissue. When the dura mater and the arachnoid separate through injury or illness, the space between them is the
708:, the space between the middle reticular meninges and the innermost tender meninges that lie close to the brain. It divides the subarachnoid space into an outer, superficial compartment and an inner, deeper area surrounding the brain.
661:). It is a very thin membrane composed of fibrous tissue covered on its outer surface by a sheet of flat cells thought to be impermeable to fluid. The pia mater is pierced by blood vessels to the brain and spinal cord, and its
1405:
Yamashima, Tetsumori; Sakuda, Kazushige; Tohma, Yasuo; Yamashita, Junkoh; Oda, Hiroshi; Irikura, Daisuke; Eguchi, Naomi; Beuckmann, Carsten T.; Kanaoka, Yoshihide; Urade, Yoshihiro; Hayaishi, Osamu (1 April 1997).
942:
to the human. Contrary to previous reports, the spinal meninges were seen to be very simple, both in the adult lower vertebrates and in the early developmental stages of the more advanced vertebrates. From the
1408:"Prostaglandin D Synthase (β-Trace) in Human Arachnoid and Meningioma Cells: Roles as a Cell Marker or in Cerebrospinal Fluid Absorption, Tumorigenesis, and Calcification Process"
635:
The arachnoid barrier layer is characterized by a distinct continuous basal lamina on its inner surface toward the innermost collagenous portion of the arachnoid reticular layer.
185:
509:
layer, which lies closest to the skull, and the inner meningeal layer, which lies closer to the brain. It contains larger blood vessels that split into the capillaries in the
653:) is a very delicate membrane. It is the meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord, following all of the brain's contours (
278:
1463:
2281:
2324:
624:. This thin, transparent membrane is composed of fibrous tissue and, like the pia mater, has an outer layer of tightly packed flat cells, forming the
1621:
2588:
2573:
197:
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is located in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges is to protect the
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1952:
1569:
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Abbott, NJ; Patabendige, AA; Dolman, DE; Yusof, SR; Begley, DJ (January 2010). "Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier".
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In acute meningitis, an exudate is evident within the leptomeninges over the surface of the brain (Fig. 28-21).
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Diagram of section of spinal cord showing the meninges and spaces. Subarachnoid space coloured blue
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786:. Spaces are formed from openings at different points along the subarachnoid space; these are the
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964:. He also demonstrated the continuity of all meninges with the envelopes of nerves and with the
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is acute bleeding under the arachnoid; it may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma.
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2020:
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974:(as higher vertebrates) retain the dura mater, and the secondary meninx divides into the
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938:, an Italian anatomist, carried out comparative studies on the meninges from the
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563:, vertical infolding; lies inferior to the tentorium cerebelli, separating the
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1469:. Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development. 2004. Archived from
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Diagram of section of top of brain showing the meninges and subarachnoid space
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1302:"A mesothelium divides the subarachnoid space into functional compartments"
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1300:
Møllgård, Kjeld; Beinlich, Felix R. M.; Kusk, Peter; et al. (2023).
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951:, only a single leaflet forms the primitive meninx. In the following
880:
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are torn, usually during an accident, and blood leaks into this area.
450:
176:
1487:
van Gijn J, Kerr RS, Rinkel GJ (2007). "Subarachnoid haemorrhage".
848:
is a hematoma (collection of blood) located in a separation of the
797:, whereas in the spinal cord, the dura mater is separated from the
30:"Meninx" redirects here. For the Tunisian archaeological site, see
1656:
903:
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616:, or arachnoid membrane, so named because of its resemblance to a
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584:
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1599:
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919:
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1383:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 1273.
557:. The falx cerebri attaches to it giving a tentlike appearance.
2073:
368:
337:
36:
1134:
922:, there is a single membrane known as the primitive meninx.
412:
403:
377:
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1295:
1293:
1291:
875:
Other medical conditions that affect the meninges include
334:
1211:"Scalp Anatomy: Structure, Nerve Supply, Arterial Supply"
409:
374:
328:
1564:. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. p. 539.
165:
The meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
1169:"Meninges: anatomía, partes y funciones en el cerebro"
1562:
Vertebrates: Comparative
Anatomy, Function, Evolution
549:, the second largest, crescent-shaped; separates the
418:
415:
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383:
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371:
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meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery
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underneath the pia mater that separates it from the
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2013:
1980:
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Robbins and Cotran
Pathologic Mechanisms of Disease
960:keeps its identity, in the skull it fuses with the
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
825:Injuries involving the meninges, can result in a
517:carrying blood from the brain toward the heart.
500:), is a thick, durable membrane, closest to the
871:, may arise after an accident or spontaneously.
999:Illustration of the work by Antonio Pacchioni
770:is the space that normally exists between the
2089:
1820:
1615:
790:, which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
8:
1528:
1526:
1464:"Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries"
1001:Disquisitio anatomicae de durae meningis ...
934:and mammals have three. In the early 1900s,
527:, the largest, sickle-shaped; separates the
2431:
2312:
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2170:
2096:
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2074:
1901:
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1827:
1813:
1805:
1734:
1622:
1608:
1600:
1167:Castillero Mimenza, Oscar (January 2017).
867:, bleeding between the dura mater and the
612:The middle element of the meninges is the
159:
147:
2325:Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
1431:
153:Image depicting meninges around the brain
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
750:), a major cerebrospinal fluid protein.
1058:
1032:
989:
690:layer that was proposed in 2023 in the
906:) that form elsewhere in the body and
898:that arise from the meninges, or from
669:Subarachnoidal lymphatic-like membrane
520:The dura has four areas of infolding:
289:
198:meningeal branches of vertebral artery
138:
1533:Ostrander, Gary (12 September 2000).
349:
7:
856:that connect the dura mater and the
684:subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane
676:Subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane
65:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Three membranes protecting the brain
531:. Starts from the frontal crest of
1424:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-07-02376.1997
793:The dura mater is attached to the
725:are sometimes together called the
25:
1114:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
1089:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
573:, smallest infolding; covers the
2188:Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
1587:
992:
674:This section is an excerpt from
437: 'membrane') are the three
393:
358:
312:
41:
541:internal occipital protuberance
52:needs additional citations for
1:
1501:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60153-6
1362:Oxford Dictionaries | English
1071:Oxford Learner's Dictionaries
729:, literally "thin meninges" (
2282:Central gelatinous substance
1560:Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995).
686:(SLYM) is a possible fourth
704:The SLYM is located in the
2643:
2226:Posterior thoracic nucleus
1183:"Definition of dura mater"
1135:
673:
642:
597:
485:
190:accessory meningeal artery
29:
2551:Anterior white commissure
2221:Intermediolateral nucleus
1953:Of lateral cerebral fossa
1904:
1730:Peripheral nervous system
1268:"Definition of pia mater"
1238:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.030
852:from the dura mater. The
748:prostaglandin D2 synthase
734:
284:
194:anterior ethmoidal artery
158:
146:
1968:Cerebellopontine cistern
1085:"Definition of meninges"
900:meningeal carcinomatoses
739:meningococcal meningitis
737:"leptos"—"thin"). Acute
2589:Posterior median sulcus
2574:Anterior median fissure
1943:Interpeduncular cistern
1412:Journal of Neuroscience
1328:10.1126/science.adc8810
1226:Neurobiology of Disease
1151:A Greek–English Lexicon
930:have two meninges, and
839:subarachnoid hemorrhage
782:and continues down the
589:Diagram of brain layers
453:, the meninges are the
182:Middle meningeal artery
1639:Central nervous system
1110:"Definition of meninx"
801:by a space called the
763:
650:
649:The pia mater (Latin:
622:central nervous system
609:
590:
565:cerebellar hemispheres
497:
471:central nervous system
286:Anatomical terminology
210:Middle meningeal nerve
2594:Posterolateral sulcus
2175:Posterior grey column
1990:Denticulate ligaments
1924:Subarachnoid cisterns
1909:Arachnoid granulation
1476:on February 27, 2008.
1379:Kumar, Vinay (2015).
1142:Liddell, Henry George
821:Clinical significance
788:subarachnoid cisterns
761:
607:
588:
2579:Anterolateral sulcus
2410:Spinoreticular tract
2236:Anterior grey column
2119:Cervical enlargement
1963:Of lamina terminalis
1914:Arachnoid trabeculae
1596:at Wikimedia Commons
1368:on November 4, 2016.
778:. It is filled with
529:cerebral hemispheres
61:improve this article
2627:Human head and neck
2415:Spino-olivary tract
2213:Lateral grey column
2061:Cerebrospinal fluid
1872:Tentorium cerebelli
1536:The Laboratory Fish
1320:2023Sci...379...84M
1039:Also rarely called
780:cerebrospinal fluid
665:nourish the brain.
547:Tentorium cerebelli
467:Cerebrospinal fluid
2261:Gamma motor neuron
2249:Alpha motor neuron
2154:Terminal ventricle
2124:Lumbar enlargement
2056:Subarachnoid space
2005:Perivascular space
1948:Chiasmatic cistern
768:subarachnoid space
764:
754:Subarachnoid space
706:subarachnoid space
620:. It cushions the
610:
591:
2604:
2603:
2564:External features
2559:
2558:
2539:
2538:
2476:Hypothalamospinal
2423:
2422:
2295:
2294:
2071:
2070:
2034:
2033:
1976:
1975:
1882:Diaphragma sellae
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1592:Media related to
1275:Online Dictionary
1190:Online Dictionary
986:Additional images
910:to the meninges.
865:epidural hematoma
846:subdural hematoma
829:and two types of
626:arachnoid barrier
571:Diaphragma sellae
441:that envelop the
300:
299:
295:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
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2432:
2313:
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2193:Nucleus proprius
2183:Marginal nucleus
2171:
2129:Conus medullaris
2112:General features
2098:
2091:
2084:
2075:
1958:Superior cistern
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1495:(9558): 306–18.
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1418:(7): 2376–2382.
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1364:. Archived from
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947:surrounding the
879:(usually from a
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492:The dura mater (
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2509:Vestibulospinal
2505:Extrapyramidal
2482:
2419:
2396:
2353:Spinocerebellar
2339:
2291:
2287:Gray commissure
2265:
2230:
2207:
2203:Rexed lamina VI
2160:
2134:Filum terminale
2107:
2102:
2072:
2067:
2030:
2021:Filum terminale
2009:
1972:
1938:Pontine cistern
1918:
1897:Arachnoid mater
1891:
1887:Trigeminal cave
1846:
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1785:Parasympathetic
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1358:"leptomeninges"
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1314:(6627): 84–88.
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1273:Merriam-Webster
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1213:. 20 June 2017.
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1006:Acta Eruditorum
997:
988:
966:filum terminale
936:Giuseppe Sterzi
916:
823:
756:
741:can lead to an
715:
710:
709:
679:
671:
647:
641:
614:arachnoid mater
602:
600:Arachnoid mater
596:
594:Arachnoid mater
575:pituitary gland
551:occipital lobes
539:running to the
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484:
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459:arachnoid mater
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214:nervus spinosus
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35:
28:
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2516:
2514:Reticulospinal
2511:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2495:Corticospinal
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2471:Reticulospinal
2468:
2463:
2456:Extrapyramidal
2453:
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2451:
2440:
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2421:
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2387:Posterolateral
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2254:Onuf's nucleus
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2231:
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2223:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
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2200:
2198:Rexed lamina V
2195:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2168:
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2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
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809:. There is a
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72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
32:Meninx (town)
19:
2622:Back anatomy
2301:White matter
2166:Grey columns
2143:
2139:Cauda equina
1867:Falx cerebri
1835:
1762:Spinal nerve
1694:Diencephalon
1646:
1561:
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1539:. Elsevier.
1535:
1492:
1488:
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1471:the original
1458:
1415:
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1400:
1392:
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1366:the original
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1305:
1278:. Retrieved
1271:
1262:
1232:(1): 13–25.
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1225:
1219:
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1193:. Retrieved
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1117:. Retrieved
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1092:. Retrieved
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537:crista galli
533:frontal bone
525:Falx cerebri
519:
498:tough mother
491:
434:
431:
426:), from
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307:
301:
255:A14.1.01.001
230:
192:, branch of
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2529:Olivospinal
2524:Raphespinal
2519:Tectospinal
2466:Raphespinal
2461:Rubrospinal
2392:Spinotectal
2244:Interneuron
2105:Spinal cord
1844:spinal cord
1780:Sympathetic
1752:Motor nerve
1704:Optic nerve
1652:Spinal cord
1280:27 November
1045:pachymeninx
957:ontogenetic
949:neural tube
908:metastasize
896:meningiomas
784:spinal cord
663:capillaries
447:spinal cord
220:Identifiers
2611:Categories
1859:Dura mater
1677:Cerebellum
1067:"meninges"
1054:References
962:periosteum
945:mesenchyme
924:Amphibians
877:meningitis
827:hemorrhage
618:spider web
555:cerebellum
488:Dura mater
482:Dura mater
461:, and the
455:dura mater
87:newspapers
76:"Meninges"
2317:Posterior
1982:Pia mater
1772:Autonomic
1689:Forebrain
1662:Hindbrain
1389:892583347
1344:255440992
980:pia mater
976:arachnoid
892:infection
885:bacterial
858:arachnoid
850:arachnoid
799:vertebrae
776:pia mater
772:arachnoid
723:pia mater
719:arachnoid
688:meningeal
645:Pia mater
639:Pia mater
511:pia mater
507:endosteal
477:Structure
463:pia mater
439:membranes
117:June 2014
18:Meningeal
2617:Meninges
2570:Ventral
2499:Anterior
2488:Anterior
2402:Anterior
2380:anterior
2144:Meninges
2014:Combined
1836:Meninges
1711:Cerebrum
1684:Midbrain
1647:Meninges
1594:Meninges
1517:29126514
1509:17258671
1450:15404074
1336:36603070
1254:14753395
1246:19664713
1015:See also
940:lancelet
928:reptiles
831:hematoma
774:and the
535:and the
435:(mēninx)
308:meninges
231:meninges
142:Meninges
2585:Dorsal
2449:Lateral
2436:Lateral
2375:lateral
2363:ventral
2345:Lateral
2335:Cuneate
2330:Gracile
2309:Sensory
1838:of the
1790:Enteric
1739:Somatic
1667:Medulla
1442:9065498
1433:6573504
1316:Bibcode
1307:Science
1195:22 June
1154:at the
1119:28 July
1094:28 July
972:Mammals
743:exudate
451:mammals
304:anatomy
243:D008578
171:Details
101:scholar
2358:dorsal
2039:Spaces
1851:Layers
1699:Retina
1568:
1543:
1515:
1507:
1489:Lancet
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1387:
1342:
1334:
1252:
1244:
1136:μῆνιγξ
1009:, 1703
904:tumors
894:) and
881:fungal
735:λεπτός
696:humans
457:, the
433:μῆνιγξ
354:meninx
306:, the
279:231572
177:Artery
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2428:Motor
2270:Other
1840:brain
1657:Brain
1513:S2CID
1474:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1446:S2CID
1340:S2CID
1250:S2CID
1027:Notes
932:birds
889:viral
887:, or
869:skull
795:skull
731:Greek
692:brain
659:sulci
553:from
502:skull
494:Latin
449:. In
443:brain
430:
290:[
226:Latin
205:Nerve
108:JSTOR
94:books
2544:Both
1842:and
1672:Pons
1566:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1505:PMID
1438:PMID
1385:OCLC
1332:PMID
1282:2015
1242:PMID
1197:2022
1121:2012
1096:2012
978:and
955:and
926:and
920:fish
766:The
721:and
717:The
700:mice
698:and
682:The
657:and
655:gyri
577:and
505:the
445:and
267:5369
250:TA98
238:MeSH
80:news
1497:doi
1493:369
1428:PMC
1420:doi
1324:doi
1312:379
1234:doi
1043:or
918:In
863:An
694:of
391:or
350:sg.
302:In
274:FMA
262:TA2
63:by
2613::
1525:^
1511:.
1503:.
1491:.
1444:.
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1426:.
1416:17
1414:.
1410:.
1391:.
1360:.
1338:.
1330:.
1322:.
1310:.
1304:.
1290:^
1270:.
1248:.
1240:.
1230:37
1228:.
1185:.
1148:;
1144:;
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833:.
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369:iː
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338:iː
335:dʒ
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419:s
416:k
413:ŋ
410:ɪ
407:n
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384:s
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375:ɪ
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323:ˈ
320:ə
317:m
314:/
310:(
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124:(
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115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
