1363:
472:
853:
937:
1173:
1304:
6552:
3725:
3472:
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1405:
shot leaves small dimples on the surface like a peen hammer does, which cause compression stress under the dimple. As the shot media strikes the material over and over, it forms many overlapping dimples throughout the piece being treated. The compression stress in the surface of the material strengthens the part and makes it more resistant to fatigue failure, stress failures, corrosion failure, and cracking.
1469:
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27:
457:
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49:
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2138:
hammering of various heavy tools and weapons made from chemically pure copper; 2) a big number of gold decorations and ornaments. Metallurgical revolution and CBMP formation emerged independently from centers of the Proto-Metal area where in the 5th millennium BCE there continued a limited production of primitive handmade copper goods.
1513:, is another valuable tool available to the modern metallurgist. Crystallography allows identification of unknown materials and reveals the crystal structure of the sample. Quantitative crystallography can be used to calculate the amount of phases present as well as the degree of strain to which a sample has been subjected.
1390:
receiving the coating material. Two electrodes are electrically charged and the coating material is stuck to the work piece. It is used to reduce corrosion as well as to improve the product's aesthetic appearance. It is also used to make inexpensive metals look like the more expensive ones (gold, silver).
1438:
through which metals and metal alloys are deposited onto nonconductive surfaces. These nonconductive surfaces include plastics, ceramics, and glass etc., which can then become decorative, anti-corrosive, and conductive depending on their final functions. Electroless deposition is a chemical processes
1404:
Shot peening is a cold working process used to finish metal parts. In the process of shot peening, small round shot is blasted against the surface of the part to be finished. This process is used to prolong the product life of the part, prevent stress corrosion failures, and also prevent fatigue. The
1326:
process softens the metal by heating it and then allowing it to cool very slowly, which gets rid of stresses in the metal and makes the grain structure large and soft-edged so that, when the metal is hit or stressed it dents or perhaps bends, rather than breaking; it is also easier to sand, grind, or
2242:
Egypt and adjacent regions closely mimic the metallurgical trajectories of the nearby Middle East. Egyptian metallurgy started with the working of copper around 4000 BC. (p.17) The earliest evidence for metallurgy in Africa comes from the Nile Delta in Egypt and is associated with the Maadi culture
1141:
Determining the hardness of the metal using the
Rockwell, Vickers, and Brinell hardness scales is a commonly used practice that helps better understand the metal's elasticity and plasticity for different applications and production processes. In a saltwater environment, most ferrous metals and some
2137:
The general area of the
Carpatho-Balkan Metallurgical Province (CBMP) equaled approximately 1.5 million sq. km spread from the Danubian basin in the Western flank to the Mid and Lower Volga basin in the Eastern flank of this province. The most characteristic features of the CBMP are 1) casting and
1389:
to the surface of the product. This is done by selecting the coating material electrolyte solution, which is the material that is going to coat the workpiece (gold, silver, zinc). There needs to be two electrodes of different materials: one the same material as the coating material and one that is
917:
Tailings of a previous process may be used as a feed in another process to extract a secondary product from the original ore. Additionally, a concentrate may contain more than one valuable metal. That concentrate would then be processed to separate the valuable metals into individual constituents.
906:
After mining, large pieces of the ore feed are broken through crushing or grinding in order to obtain particles small enough, where each particle is either mostly valuable or mostly waste. Concentrating the particles of value in a form supporting separation enables the desired metal to be removed
1419:
Thermal spraying techniques are another popular finishing option, and often have better high temperature properties than electroplated coatings. Thermal spraying, also known as a spray welding process, is an industrial coating process that consists of a heat source (flame or other) and a coating
1420:
material that can be in a powder or wire form, which is melted then sprayed on the surface of the material being treated at a high velocity. The spray treating process is known by many different names such as HVOF (High
Velocity Oxygen Fuel), plasma spray, flame spray, arc spray and metalizing.
2102:
The scale and technical quality of the
Carpathian-Balkan copper industry totally overshadows that of any other contemporary production centre. This, together with the late sixth-millennium date for its beginning, gives strong support to the suggestion that the art of copper smelting was first
1274:– metallic powder is blown through a movable laser beam (e.g. mounted on a NC 5-axis machine). The resulting melted metal reaches a substrate to form a melt pool. By moving the laser head, it is possible to stack the tracks and build up a three-dimensional piece.
629:'. With the Carpatho-Balkan region described as the 'earliest metallurgical province in Eurasia', its scale and technical quality of metal production in the 6th–5th millennia BC totally overshadowed that of any other contemporary production centre.
179:. Metal alloys are often a blend of at least two different metallic elements. However, non-metallic elements are often added to alloys in order to achieve properties suitable for an application. The study of metal production is subdivided into
201:
Modern metallurgists work in both emerging and traditional areas as part of an interdisciplinary team alongside material scientists and other engineers. Some traditional areas include mineral processing, metal production, heat treatment,
2256:
1748:
1343:
Often, mechanical and thermal treatments are combined in what are known as thermo-mechanical treatments for better properties and more efficient processing of materials. These processes are common to high-alloy special steels,
1986:
1490:
In metallography, an alloy of interest is ground flat and polished to a mirror finish. The sample can then be etched to reveal the microstructure and macrostructure of the metal. The sample is then examined in an optical or
2103:
perfected in the
Balkans. The region can also claim to be the first to produce gold, beginning in the mid-fifth millennium, five hundred years or more before the earliest gold objects appear in the Near East.
914:. Leaching dissolves minerals in an ore body and results in an enriched solution. The solution is collected and processed to extract valuable metals. Ore bodies often contain more than one valuable metal.
1983:
H.I. Haiko, V.S. Biletskyi. First metals discovery and development the sacral component phenomenon. // Theoretical and
Practical Solutions of Mineral Resources Mining // A Balkema Book, London, 2015, р.
2338:
1200:, centrifugal casting, both vertical and horizontal, and continuous castings. Each of these forms has advantages for certain metals and applications considering factors like magnetism and corrosion.
1110:
products. This involves production of alloys, shaping, heat treatment and surface treatment of product. The task of the metallurgist is to achieve balance between material properties, such as cost,
1687:
3538:
1982:
1287:
processes, in which the product's shape is altered by rolling, fabrication or other processes, while the product is cold, can increase the strength of the product by a process called
838:, describes the highly developed and complex processes of mining metal ores, metal extraction, and metallurgy of the time. Agricola has been described as the "father of metallurgy".
648:. The artifacts suggest that lead smelting may have predated copper smelting. The earliest confirmed metallurgy of lead has been found in the Balkans, also in the 6th millennium BC.
1146:
conditions may undergo a ductile to brittle transition and lose their toughness, becoming more brittle and prone to cracking. Metals under continual cyclic loading can suffer from
761:
Historical developments in ferrous metallurgy can be found in a wide variety of past cultures and civilizations. This includes the ancient and medieval kingdoms and empires of the
2003:
Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo; Pernicka, Ernst; Šljivar, Dušan; Brauns, Michael; Borić, Dušan (2010). "On the origins of extractive metallurgy: New evidence from Europe".
128:. Chemical metallurgy is chiefly concerned with the reduction and oxidation of metals, and the chemical performance of metals. Subjects of study in chemical metallurgy include
1339:
relieves stresses in the metal that were caused by the hardening process; tempering makes the metal less hard while making it better able to sustain impacts without breaking.
3447:
971:, are also part of the iron-carbon system. Iron-Manganese-Chromium alloys (Hadfield-type steels) are also used in non-magnetic applications such as directional drilling.
3602:
152:
focuses on the mechanical properties of metals, the physical properties of metals, and the physical performance of metals. Topics studied in physical metallurgy include
2308:
3780:
447:
5647:
5538:
5279:
4875:
1333:
is the process of cooling metal very quickly after heating, thus "freezing" the metal's molecules in the very hard martensite form, which makes the metal harder.
198:, while non-ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on other metals. The production of ferrous metals accounts for 95% of world metal production.
2440:
5748:
5494:
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573:
Certain metals, such as tin, lead, and copper can be recovered from their ores by simply heating the rocks in a fire or blast furnace in a process known as
5753:
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5326:
4777:
1725:
1040:
Aluminium alloys and magnesium alloys are commonly used, when a lightweight strong part is required such as in automotive and aerospace applications.
2484:
1315:
to alter the properties of strength, ductility, toughness, hardness and resistance to corrosion. Common heat treatment processes include annealing,
427:
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3388:
3250:
435:
309:
In the late 19th century, metallurgy's definition was extended to the more general scientific study of metals, alloys, and related processes. In
5775:
3524:
1684:
963:(those that contain essentially only carbon as an alloying element) are used in low-cost, high-strength applications, where neither weight nor
689:, approximately 4 km from the city centre, internationally considered one of the key archaeological sites in world prehistory. The oldest
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1933:
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treasure in the world, dating from 4,600 BC to 4,200 BC, was discovered at the site. The gold piece dating from 4,500 BC, found in 2019 in
157:
3495:
2194:
5640:
713:, United Kingdom. The precise beginnings, however, have not be clearly ascertained and new discoveries are both continuous and ongoing.
431:
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The earliest documented use of lead (possibly native or smelted) in the Near East dates from the 6th millennium BC, is from the late
4904:
3810:
3437:
2095:
2068:
451:
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from its ore into a workable metal is much more difficult than for copper or tin. The process appears to have been invented by the
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171:
Historically, metallurgy has predominately focused on the production of metals. Metal production begins with the processing of
101:
and the engineering of metal components used in products for both consumers and manufacturers. Metallurgy is distinct from the
114:
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2785:
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2404:
2300:
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1010:. These metals are most often used as alloys with the noted exception of silicon, which is not a metal. Other forms include:
203:
165:
1923:
1814:
1716:
1663:
577:. The first evidence of copper smelting, dating from the 6th millennium BC, has been found at archaeological sites in
5914:
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423:
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1953:
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2454:
6117:
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6021:
5399:
5200:
3729:
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2805:
2507:"Casting Process, Types of Casting Process, Casting Process Tips, Selecting Casting Process, Casting Process Helps"
1018:
302:
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443:
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626:
1784:"The Question of Meteoritic versus Smelted Nickel-Rich Iron: Archaeological Evidence and Experimental Results"
852:
471:
1495:, and the image contrast provides details on the composition, mechanical properties, and processing history.
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943:, the most common metal used in metallurgy, is shown in different forms, including cubes, chips, and nuggets
1711:
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701:
is another important example. Other signs of early metals are found from the third millennium BC in
652:
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188:
54:
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727:, about 3,500 BC, it was discovered that by combining copper and tin, a superior metal could be made, an
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2012:
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is a chemical surface-treatment technique. It involves bonding a thin layer of another metal such as
618:
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79:
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2361:"Ancient high-carbon steel from southern Tamil Nadu India microstructural and elemental analysis"
1806:
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656:
227:
180:
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2153:
Ex oriente lux? – Ein
Diskussionsbeitrag zur Stellung der frühen Kupfermetallurgie Südosteuropas
1176:
An open-die drop forging with two dies of an ingot, which is then further processed into a wheel
593:. The site of Pločnik has produced a smelted copper axe dating from 5,500 BC, belonging to the
6537:
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2020:
1965:
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1151:
1115:
1106:, metallurgy is concerned with the production of metallic components for use in consumer or
1022:
911:
678:
622:
614:
606:
594:
548:
461:
358:
316:
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300:
signifying a process, especially manufacturing: it was discussed in this sense in the 1797
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698:
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598:
555:, dating from the 7th/6th millennia BC, with the use of copper minerals also found in the
153:
3485:
2621:"Thermal Spray, Plasma Spray, HVOF, Flame Spray, Metalizing & Thermal Spray Coating"
2016:
1280:– Sintering or melting amorphous powder metal in a 3D space to make any object to shape.
1138:
extremes. To achieve this goal, the operating environment must be carefully considered.
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910:
Mining may not be necessary, if the ore body and physical environment are conducive to
829:
562:
Metallurgy likely originated in the
Balkans, with the earliest confirmed metallurgy of
496:
352:
219:
137:
3341:
2560:
2506:
2132:
2117:"Metallurgical Provinces of Eurasia in the Early Metal Age: Problems of Interrelation"
2037:
1969:
1954:"Metallurgical Provinces of Eurasia in the Early Metal Age: Problems of Interrelation"
1303:
899:
are interested in three primary streams: feed, concentrate (metal oxide/sulphide) and
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1523:
1480:
1444:
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875:
and refining the extracted raw metals into a purer form. In order to convert a metal
671:
610:
540:
515:". Small amounts of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves dating to the late
391:
254:
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754:. The secret of extracting and working iron was a key factor in the success of the
706:
536:
512:
508:
415:
106:
5426:
1802:
2263:
Gems and
Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World, By Lance Grande
2085:
2063:. New York University, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. p. 29.
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231:
1896:
1879:
394:
US and is the first-listed variant in various
American dictionaries, including
5560:
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5227:
5190:
5153:
4636:
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4413:
4375:
4276:
4249:
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3967:
3921:
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3800:
3673:
2227:
2024:
1758:
1533:
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1051:
1047:) are used in highly corrosive environments and for non-magnetic applications.
857:
736:
717:
710:
694:
663:
641:
637:
456:
419:
94:
26:
1905:
1216:– a billet is passed through successively narrower rollers to create a sheet.
1085:. In modern electronics, high purity single crystal silicon is essential for
570:
has also been described as the "earliest metallurgical province in Eurasia".
6490:
5792:
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1622:
1472:
Metallography allows the metallurgist to study the microstructure of metals.
1330:
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1229:
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991:
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215:
145:
1928:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 60–61.
1254:
is heated in a non-oxidizing environment after being compressed into a die.
120:
The science of metallurgy is further subdivided into two broad categories:
48:
16:
Field of science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metals
6512:
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4266:
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2477:"Metal Hardness Tests: Difference Between Rockwell, Brinell, and Vickers"
1510:
1382:
999:
983:
900:
794:
782:
751:
747:
682:
582:
574:
566:, copper, gold, bronze, and probably silver. The area of the Balkans and
491:(in grey), iron (in reddish brown), gold (in yellow), silver (in white),
465:
110:
33:
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4239:
4102:
4021:
3974:
3962:
3688:
1880:"Early Balkan Metallurgy: Origins, Evolution and Society, 6200–3700 BC"
1593:
1558:
1357:
1203:
1055:
1007:
880:
702:
556:
480:
411:
211:
207:
90:
2183:. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Wiley. pp. 302–303.
1810:
5372:
5049:
4909:
4887:
4740:
4676:
4621:
4011:
3989:
3957:
3931:
2301:"World's Oldest Gold Object May Have Just Been Unearthed in Bulgaria"
1451:
1434:
Electroless deposition (ED) or electroless plating is defined as the
1378:
1111:
1086:
995:
987:
810:
802:
786:
732:
590:
524:
520:
484:
287:
275:
263:
5438:
5158:
5042:
4892:
4846:
4708:
4563:
4511:
4457:
4087:
4053:
1506:
1467:
1440:
1361:
1302:
1241:
1171:
1044:
975:
952:
935:
931:
927:
884:
876:
851:
822:
818:
814:
798:
778:
774:
728:
667:
470:
455:
176:
113:
relies on medical science for technical advancement. A specialist
102:
98:
83:
72:
37:
716:
In approximately 1900 BC, ancient iron smelting sites existed in
175:
to extract the metal, and includes the mixture of metals to make
6507:
5384:
5345:
5025:
4825:
4681:
4611:
4531:
4403:
3916:
1925:
Roots of Ancient Greek Civilization: The Influence of Old Europe
1479:
study the microscopic and macroscopic structure of metals using
1386:
1374:
1003:
948:
940:
770:
743:
690:
674:. This represents the earliest evidence for smelting in Africa.
645:
563:
552:
532:
504:
492:
195:
5629:
4952:
4591:
3857:
3762:
3520:
2649:
1222:– a hot and malleable metal is forced under pressure through a
535:
can also be found in native form, allowing a limited amount of
296:'s term for the extraction of metals from minerals, the ending
109:. Metalworking relies on metallurgy in a similar manner to how
6517:
4988:
4696:
4462:
4420:
2645:
1142:
non-ferrous alloys corrode quickly. Metals exposed to cold or
872:
528:
488:
373:
337:
172:
2060:
The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC
2057:
Anthony, David (2010). Anthony, David; Chi, Jennifer (eds.).
685:, is a burial site located in the western industrial zone of
503:
The earliest recorded metal employed by humans appears to be
281:
269:
257:
735:. This represented a major technological shift known as the
376:
2222:. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology. Springer. pp. 17–19.
382:
367:
343:
322:
379:
340:
194:
Ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on
1850:. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. p. 296.
331:
1366:
A simplified diagram of electroplating copper on a metal
2180:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
1848:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
1307:
A heat treating furnace at 1,800 °F (980 °C)
625:, which are often grouped together under the name of '
1295:
in the metal, which resist further changes of shape.
1037:
are used, where resistance to corrosion is important.
871:
is the practice of removing valuable metals from an
370:
334:
328:
6449:
6210:
6126:
6047:
5997:
5873:
5816:
5692:
5482:
5295:
5122:
4969:
4834:
4798:
4647:
4604:
4394:
4225:
4198:
4123:
4040:
3945:
3870:
3647:
3616:
3585:
3555:
3413:
3397:
3349:
3113:
3055:
2974:
2899:
2826:
2719:
2706:
2591:"What is Shot Peening – How Does Shot Peening Work"
1878:Radivojević, Miljana; Roberts, Benjamin W. (2021).
364:
361:
325:
319:
71:that studies the physical and chemical behavior of
1058:are used in high-temperature applications such as
2087:By Steppe, Desert and Ocean: The Birth of Eurasia
856:An illustration of a furnace bellows operated by
57:, the process of pouring molten metal into a mold
448:History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent
655:and at the site of Tal-i Iblis in southeastern
5641:
3774:
3532:
2661:
947:Much effort has been placed on understanding
218:). Emerging areas for metallurgists include
8:
1649:Physical Metallurgy: Principles and Practice
390:pronunciation is the more common one in the
351:pronunciation is the more common one in the
2038:Neolithic Vinca was a metallurgical culture
967:are a major concern. Cast irons, including
662:Copper smelting is first documented in the
543:artifacts have been documented at sites in
5648:
5634:
5626:
4966:
4949:
4601:
4588:
4046:
3867:
3854:
3781:
3767:
3759:
3539:
3525:
3517:
2716:
2668:
2654:
2646:
2047:Stonepages from news sources November 2007
1268:and bent and welded into structural shape.
651:Copper smelting is documented at sites in
117:of metallurgy is known as a metallurgist.
1895:
1613:Moore, John Jeremy; Boyce, E. A. (1990).
82:, and their mixtures, which are known as
2090:. Oxford University Press. p. 105.
1842:Potts, Daniel T., ed. (15 August 2012).
1753:. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. ix.
813:, medieval Europe, ancient and medieval
428:Mining and metallurgy in medieval Europe
2243:dating between 4000 and 3200 BC. (p.19)
1605:
1184:– molten metal is poured into a shaped
436:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
206:, and the joining of metals (including
97:of metals, including the production of
3448:Electrical and electronics engineering
2331:"Ancient Smelting in Tamil Nadu India"
2311:from the original on 28 September 2019
2280:from the original on 28 September 2019
2197:from the original on 21 September 2020
2517:from the original on 18 December 2017
2487:from the original on 14 December 2017
2417:The Living World of the Old Testament
2299:Magazine, Smithsonian; Daley, Jason.
2150:Rosenstock, Eva; et al. (2016).
1947:
1945:
1820:from the original on 22 December 2015
951:–carbon alloy system, which includes
750:in about 1200 BC, beginning the
7:
6563:
3736:
3481:
2442:HISTORY of Geology and Palaeontology
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1837:
1835:
1196:, also called the lost wax process,
292:, "work" The word was originally an
191:, also known as colored metallurgy.
40:, Nicaragua in the late 20th century
6587:
3491:
2631:from the original on 14 August 2022
2537:Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist
2341:from the original on 4 October 2022
670:in c. 4000 BC, associated with the
432:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America
1728:from the original on 1 August 2014
1226:, which shapes it before it cools.
883:to a purer metal, the ore must be
601:region were the location of major
14:
4905:Megalithic architectural elements
2601:from the original on 12 June 2018
2571:from the original on 15 June 2019
2377:from the original on 20 June 2023
2133:10.2355/isijinternational.54.1002
2005:Journal of Archaeological Science
1970:10.2355/isijinternational.54.1002
1750:The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold
1666:from the original on 24 June 2021
1443:coatings on various materials by
1077:For extremely high temperatures,
452:Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
69:materials science and engineering
6586:
6574:
6562:
6551:
6550:
3735:
3724:
3723:
3500:
3490:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3340:
499:(in yellow), and tin (in bronze)
475:The mining areas of the ancient
357:
315:
89:Metallurgy encompasses both the
47:
25:
5524:Evolutionary origin of religion
2481:ESI Engineering Specialties Inc
1260:– sheets of metal are cut with
2539:(2nd ed.), ASM International,
1652:(3rd ed.). PHI Learning.
1574:Metallurgical failure analysis
1554:Experimental archaeometallurgy
1188:. Variants of casting include
1134:resistance and performance in
1043:Copper-nickel alloys (such as
559:during the 7th millennium BC.
1:
5915:Interface and colloid science
5669:Glossary of chemical formulae
5137:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
4667:British megalith architecture
1803:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980081
1154:at elevated temperatures can
424:History of ferrous metallurgy
5132:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
4672:Nordic megalith architecture
2698:List of engineering branches
2216:Chirikure, Shadreck (2015).
2156:. Leidorf. pp. 59–122.
1319:, quenching, and tempering:
1244:cut the cold metal to shape.
1081:alloys are used to minimize
507:, which can be found either
288:
276:
264:
144:, and chemical degradation (
6192:Bioorganometallic chemistry
5679:List of inorganic compounds
2595:www.engineeredabrasives.com
1884:Journal of World Prehistory
1747:Yannopoulos, J. C. (1991).
1717:Oxford Learner's Dictionary
1317:precipitation strengthening
1019:Austenitic stainless steels
597:. The Balkans and adjacent
440:Copper metallurgy in Africa
246:Etymology and pronunciation
6636:
6118:Dynamic covalent chemistry
6089:Enantioselective synthesis
6069:Physical organic chemistry
6022:Organolanthanide chemistry
5280:British Isles and Brittany
5201:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
2561:"How electroplating works"
2115:Chernykh, Evgenij (2014).
1952:Chernykh, Evgenij (2014).
1897:10.1007/s10963-021-09155-7
1483:, a technique invented by
1461:
1427:
1412:
1397:
1355:
1165:
925:
845:
409:
396:Merriam-Webster Collegiate
282:
270:
268:, "worker in metal", from
258:
6546:
5707:Electroanalytical methods
5664:
4965:
4948:
4600:
4587:
4049:
3866:
3853:
3796:
3719:
3466:
3338:
2683:
2625:www.precisioncoatings.com
2228:10.1007/978-3-319-11641-9
2043:19 September 2017 at the
2025:10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012
1759:10.1007/978-1-4684-8425-0
1698:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1291:. Work hardening creates
444:Iron metallurgy in Africa
160:, mechanical metallurgy,
158:material characterization
6462:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
6378:Supramolecular chemistry
6017:Organometallic chemistry
3694:Condensed-matter physics
2368:www.currentscience.ac.in
2259:12 February 2020 at the
2219:Metals in Past Societies
2084:Cunliffe, Barry (2015).
1150:. Metals under constant
80:inter-metallic compounds
6400:Combinatorial chemistry
6311:Food physical chemistry
6274:Environmental chemistry
6158:Bioorthogonal chemistry
6084:Retrosynthetic analysis
5905:Chemical thermodynamics
5888:Spectroelectrochemistry
5831:Computational chemistry
5512:Evolutionary musicology
4915:Oldest extant buildings
4842:Archaeological features
4361:Prepared-core technique
3359:Bachelor of Engineering
3201:Engineering mathematics
2535:Arthur Reardon (2011),
2511:www.themetalcasting.com
2451:10.5962/bhl.title.33301
1989:8 December 2015 at the
1722:Oxford University Press
1690:18 January 2015 at the
1623:10.1016/c2013-0-00969-3
1210:is hammered into shape.
828:A 16th century book by
821:, ancient and medieval
817:, ancient and medieval
303:Encyclopædia Britannica
6472:of element discoveries
6318:Agricultural chemistry
6306:Carbohydrate chemistry
6197:Bioinorganic chemistry
6062:Alkane stereochemistry
6007:Coordination chemistry
5836:Mathematical chemistry
5702:Instrumental chemistry
5474:Unchambered long cairn
5322:Mound Builders culture
4655:Neolithic architecture
3790:Prehistoric technology
3458:Structural engineering
3453:Mechanical engineering
3196:Engineering management
2437:Karl Alfred von Zittel
2415:B. W. Anderson (1975)
1844:"Northern Mesopotamia"
1782:E. Photos, E. (2010).
1569:Gold phosphine complex
1473:
1430:Electroless deposition
1424:Electroless deposition
1367:
1308:
1177:
1162:Metalworking processes
1104:production engineering
1089:transistors (MOS) and
944:
865:
500:
468:
189:non-ferrous metallurgy
6467:Timeline of chemistry
6364:Post-mortem chemistry
6349:Clandestine chemistry
6279:Atmospheric chemistry
6202:Biophysical chemistry
6034:Solid-state chemistry
5984:Equilibrium chemistry
5893:Photoelectrochemistry
5149:List of Stone Age art
4351:Microblade technology
4299:Langdale axe industry
3897:Ard / plough
3662:Solid-state chemistry
3438:Aerospace engineering
3351:Engineering education
2335:www.indianexpress.com
2274:"World's oldest gold"
1471:
1436:autocatalytic process
1365:
1348:and titanium alloys.
1306:
1175:
939:
907:from waste products.
869:Extractive metallurgy
855:
848:Extractive metallurgy
474:
459:
238:(semiconductors) and
162:phase transformations
6457:History of chemistry
6412:Chemical engineering
6187:Bioorganic chemistry
5937:Structural chemistry
5674:List of biomolecules
5556:Prehistoric medicine
5551:Prehistoric counting
5534:Prehistoric religion
5529:Paleolithic religion
5507:Behavioral modernity
4864:Causewayed enclosure
4756:Abri de la Madeleine
3880:Neolithic Revolution
3586:Material independent
3379:Graduate certificate
2397:The Bible as History
2305:Smithsonian Magazine
2177:Potts, D.T. (2012).
1646:Raghavan, V (2015).
922:Metal and its alloys
568:Carpathian Mountains
236:electronic materials
232:biomedical materials
134:extraction of metals
6480:The central science
6434:Ceramic engineering
6359:Forensic toxicology
6332:Chemistry education
6230:Radiation chemistry
6212:Interdisciplinarity
6165:Medicinal chemistry
6103:Fullerene chemistry
5979:Microwave chemistry
5848:Molecular mechanics
5843:Molecular modelling
5595:Prehistoric warfare
4341:Magdalenian culture
4304:Levallois technique
4235:Earliest toolmaking
3709:Solid-state physics
3704:Soft-matter physics
3684:Nuclear engineering
3603:Fundamental aspects
3577:Polymer engineering
3568:Ceramic engineering
3364:Bachelor of Science
3206:Engineering physics
3190:Engineering drawing
2712:Interdisciplinarity
2017:2010JArSc..37.2775R
1615:Chemical Metallurgy
1544:Carbonyl metallurgy
1493:electron microscope
1485:Henry Clifton Sorby
1327:cut annealed metal.
1293:microscopic defects
1091:integrated circuits
1087:metal-oxide-silicon
961:Plain carbon steels
666:region of northern
605:cultures including
547:and at the site of
539:in early cultures.
519:period, 40,000 BC.
460:Artefacts from the
240:surface engineering
150:physical metallurgy
126:physical metallurgy
122:chemical metallurgy
6523:Chemical substance
6385:Chemical synthesis
6354:Forensic chemistry
6235:Actinide chemistry
6177:Clinical chemistry
5858:Molecular geometry
5853:Molecular dynamics
5808:Elemental analysis
5761:Separation process
5546:Origin of language
5539:Spiritual drug use
5449:Rectangular dolmen
5351:Dartmoor kistvaens
5164:Carved stone balls
4876:Circular enclosure
4835:Other architecture
4778:Alp pile dwellings
4366:Solutrean industry
4277:Gravettian culture
3927:Secondary products
3679:Mining engineering
2966:Telecommunications
2871:Naval architecture
2627:. Saint Paul, MN.
2565:Explain that Stuff
2121:ISIJ International
1958:ISIJ International
1474:
1454:in a liquid bath.
1448:chemical reduction
1368:
1309:
1194:investment casting
1178:
1033:, or occasionally
974:Other engineering
945:
866:
825:, amongst others.
742:The extraction of
501:
469:
280:, "mine, metal" +
181:ferrous metallurgy
166:failure mechanisms
130:mineral processing
6602:
6601:
6538:Quantum mechanics
6503:Chemical compound
6486:Chemical reaction
6424:Materials science
6342:General chemistry
6337:Amateur chemistry
6265:Photogeochemistry
6250:Stellar chemistry
6220:Nuclear chemistry
6141:Molecular biology
6108:Polymer chemistry
6079:Organic synthesis
6074:Organic reactions
6039:Ceramic chemistry
6029:Cluster chemistry
5959:Chemical kinetics
5947:Molecular physics
5826:Quantum chemistry
5739:Mass spectrometry
5623:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5568:Prehistoric music
5517:music archaeology
5174:Cup and ring mark
4999:Clothing/textiles
4944:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4386:Yubetsu technique
4371:Striking platform
4336:Lithic technology
4221:
4220:
4206:Game drive system
4125:Projectile points
4017:Mortar and pestle
3756:
3755:
3667:Polymer chemistry
3649:Interdisciplinary
3549:materials science
3514:
3513:
3443:Civil engineering
3389:Licensed engineer
3384:Engineer's degree
3336:
3335:
3168:Building services
3151:Health technology
3012:Chemical reaction
2961:Signal processing
2395:W. Keller (1963)
2237:978-3-319-11640-2
2163:978-3-86757-010-7
1935:978-0-7864-7827-9
1857:978-1-4443-6077-6
1791:World Archaeology
1768:978-1-4684-8427-4
1529:Archaeometallurgy
659:from c. 5000 BC.
589:, in present-day
400:American Heritage
253:derives from the
148:). In contrast,
6627:
6590:
6589:
6578:
6566:
6565:
6554:
6553:
6498:Chemical element
6153:Chemical biology
6012:Magnetochemistry
5989:Mechanochemistry
5942:Chemical physics
5883:Electrochemistry
5788:Characterization
5650:
5643:
5636:
5627:
5583:Divje Babe flute
5490:Archaeoastronomy
5233:Petrosomatoglyph
4967:
4950:
4799:Water management
4602:
4589:
4492:Denticulate tool
4314:Lithic reduction
4047:
3868:
3855:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3760:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3726:
3639:Microelectronics
3593:Characterization
3541:
3534:
3527:
3518:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3344:
2931:Electromechanics
2717:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2553:
2547:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2483:. 14 June 2017.
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2453:. Archived from
2433:
2427:
2413:
2407:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2365:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2270:
2264:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2127:(5): 1002–1009.
2112:
2106:
2105:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2054:
2048:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2000:
1994:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1964:(5): 1002–1009.
1949:
1940:
1939:
1920:Haarmann, Harald
1916:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1788:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1708:
1702:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1610:
1584:Mineral industry
1464:Characterization
1458:Characterization
1415:Thermal spraying
1409:Thermal spraying
1238:milling machines
1068:pressure vessels
1023:galvanized steel
893:electrolytically
679:Varna Necropolis
549:Tell Maghzaliyah
462:Varna Necropolis
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
291:
285:
284:
279:
273:
272:
267:
261:
260:
204:failure analysis
185:black metallurgy
142:electrochemistry
51:
29:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6542:
6445:
6439:Polymer science
6395:Click chemistry
6390:Green chemistry
6284:Ocean chemistry
6260:Biogeochemistry
6206:
6122:
6094:Total synthesis
6057:Stereochemistry
6043:
5993:
5910:Surface science
5900:Thermochemistry
5869:
5812:
5783:Crystallography
5688:
5660:
5654:
5624:
5611:
5478:
5464:Stone box grave
5434:Megalithic tomb
5339:Cotswold-Severn
5291:
5196:Guardian stones
5124:Prehistoric art
5118:
4961:
4936:
4925:Timber trackway
4830:
4794:
4790:Wattle and daub
4643:
4622:Standing stones
4596:
4575:
4390:
4217:
4194:
4119:
4036:
3946:Food processing
3941:
3890:New World crops
3862:
3849:
3792:
3787:
3757:
3752:
3715:
3699:Polymer physics
3643:
3629:Surface science
3624:Crystallography
3612:
3581:
3573:Polymer science
3551:
3545:
3515:
3510:
3462:
3409:
3393:
3369:Master's degree
3345:
3332:
3246:Instrumentation
3109:
3051:
3017:Electrochemical
2970:
2956:Radio frequency
2895:
2822:
2786:Municipal/Urban
2710:
2708:
2702:
2679:
2674:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2557:Woodford, Chris
2555:
2554:
2550:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2457:on 4 March 2016
2435:
2434:
2430:
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2337:. 14 May 2022.
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2078:
2071:
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2045:Wayback Machine
2036:
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2002:
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1991:Wayback Machine
1981:
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1692:Wayback Machine
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1607:
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1598:
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1499:Crystallography
1466:
1460:
1432:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1360:
1354:
1301:
1170:
1164:
1100:
1072:heat exchangers
1031:titanium alloys
1017:, particularly
1015:Stainless steel
934:
926:Main articles:
924:
850:
844:
835:De re metallica
785:in present-day
636:settlements of
464:in present-day
454:
408:
360:
356:
318:
314:
248:
224:superconductors
183:(also known as
154:crystallography
67:is a domain of
62:
61:
60:
59:
58:
52:
43:
42:
41:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6633:
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6366:
6361:
6351:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6323:Soil chemistry
6315:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6301:Food chemistry
6298:
6296:Carbochemistry
6293:
6291:Clay chemistry
6288:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6252:
6246:Astrochemistry
6242:Cosmochemistry
6239:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6225:Radiochemistry
6216:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6199:
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6182:Neurochemistry
6179:
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6150:
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6143:
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6113:Petrochemistry
6110:
6105:
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6091:
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6076:
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6066:
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6064:
6053:
6051:
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6036:
6031:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5974:Spin chemistry
5971:
5969:Photochemistry
5966:
5961:
5956:
5954:Femtochemistry
5951:
5950:
5949:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5879:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5766:Chromatography
5763:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5684:Periodic table
5681:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5630:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5573:Alligator drum
5565:
5564:
5563:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5500:lunar calendar
5497:
5486:
5484:
5483:Other cultural
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5387:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5301:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5287:Venus figurine
5284:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5218:Megalithic art
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5176:
5171:
5169:Cave paintings
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5134:
5128:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5007:
5006:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4971:Material goods
4963:
4962:
4953:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
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4932:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4849:
4844:
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4836:
4832:
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4823:
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4808:
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4796:
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4782:
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4765:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4689:
4687:Cliff dwelling
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
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4629:
4619:
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4608:
4606:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4585:
4584:
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4580:
4577:
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4574:
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4572:
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4545:
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4504:
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4455:
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4406:
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4398:
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4391:
4389:
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4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4272:Fire hardening
4269:
4264:
4262:Clovis culture
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4185:Manis Mastodon
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4064:throwing stick
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3876:
3874:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3733:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3653:
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3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3488:
3478:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3398:Related topics
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3318:Sustainability
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3180:Geoengineering
3177:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3161:Rehabilitation
3158:
3156:Pharmaceutical
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:Bioinformatics
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3100:Semiconductors
3097:
3092:
3090:Nanotechnology
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
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2948:
2943:
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2928:
2923:
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2921:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
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2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2806:Transportation
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2612:
2582:
2548:
2545:978-1615038213
2528:
2498:
2468:
2445:. p. 15.
2428:
2408:
2388:
2352:
2322:
2291:
2265:
2247:
2236:
2208:
2190:978-1444360776
2189:
2169:
2162:
2142:
2107:
2096:
2076:
2069:
2049:
2030:
1995:
1975:
1941:
1934:
1911:
1890:(2): 195–278.
1863:
1856:
1831:
1797:(3): 403–421.
1774:
1767:
1739:
1703:
1677:
1659:978-8120351707
1658:
1638:
1632:978-0408053693
1631:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1589:Pyrometallurgy
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1501:, often using
1462:Main article:
1459:
1456:
1428:Main article:
1425:
1422:
1413:Main article:
1410:
1407:
1398:Main article:
1395:
1392:
1371:Electroplating
1356:Main article:
1353:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1311:Metals can be
1300:
1299:Heat treatment
1297:
1289:work hardening
1282:
1281:
1275:
1272:Laser cladding
1269:
1255:
1252:powdered metal
1245:
1227:
1217:
1211:
1201:
1166:Main article:
1163:
1160:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1079:single crystal
1075:
1048:
1041:
1038:
923:
920:
846:Main article:
843:
840:
830:Georg Agricola
497:arsenic bronze
407:
404:
353:United Kingdom
247:
244:
220:nanotechnology
138:thermodynamics
53:
46:
45:
44:
31:
24:
23:
22:
21:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6632:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6595:
6594:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6528:Chemical bond
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6418:
6417:Stoichiometry
6415:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6373:Nanochemistry
6371:
6370:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6098:Semisynthesis
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5932:Sonochemistry
5930:
5928:
5927:Cryochemistry
5925:
5921:
5920:Micromeritics
5918:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5798:Wet chemistry
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5651:
5646:
5644:
5639:
5637:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5459:Simple dolmen
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5444:Passage grave
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5390:Gallery grave
5388:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5305:Burial mounds
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5265:Statue menhir
5263:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5253:Stone carving
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:Sewing needle
5090:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4920:Timber circle
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4869:Tor enclosure
4867:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4857:fulacht fiadh
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:spear-thrower
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4071:Bow and arrow
4069:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Grinding slab
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Domestication
3910:
3908:
3907:Digging stick
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3885:Founder crops
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3826:New Stone Age
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3598:Computational
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3489:
3487:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Manufacturing
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Biomechanical
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2749:Environmental
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Architectural
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2209:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2097:9780199689170
2093:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2070:9780691143880
2066:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1740:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:"Металлургия"
1681:
1678:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:Adrien Chenot
1522:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:metallography
1478:
1477:Metallurgists
1470:
1465:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:autocatalytic
1442:
1437:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:metal fatigue
1145:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:turbochargers
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:Nickel-based
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:copper alloys
1032:
1028:
1027:nickel alloys
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
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6255:Geochemistry
6170:Pharmacology
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5964:Spectroscopy
5863:VSEPR theory
5712:Spectroscopy
5656:Branches of
5400:wedge-shaped
5385:Funeral pyre
5378:Great dolmen
5334:Chamber tomb
5315:Round barrow
5270:Stone circle
5142:Blombos Cave
5070:Grooved ware
4994:Chalcolithic
4898:Thornborough
4816:Flush toilet
4751:Blombos Cave
4746:Rock shelter
4702:Quiggly hole
4594:Architecture
4569:illustration
4211:Buffalo jump
4032:Storage pits
3995:Aşıklı Höyük
3985:Ground stone
3821:Subdivisions
3740:
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3556:Main classes
3547:Branches of
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3268:Mechatronics
3121:Agricultural
3079:
2771:Geotechnical
2739:Construction
2633:. Retrieved
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2455:the original
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1794:
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1715:
1712:"metallurgy"
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1680:
1670:20 September
1668:. Retrieved
1648:
1641:
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1608:
1579:Metalworking
1497:
1489:
1475:
1439:that create
1433:
1418:
1403:
1400:Shot peening
1394:Shot peening
1369:
1342:
1313:heat-treated
1310:
1285:Cold-working
1283:
1206:– a red-hot
1190:sand casting
1168:Metalworking
1140:
1101:
1060:gas turbines
973:
969:ductile iron
946:
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909:
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887:physically,
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862:Yuan Dynasty
833:
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707:Los Millares
705:, Portugal,
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661:
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603:Chalcolithic
572:
561:
537:metalworking
502:
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483:(in brown),
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259:μεταλλουργός
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115:practitioner
107:metalworking
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6593:WikiProject
5818:Theoretical
5803:Calorimetry
5422:unchambered
5417:Long barrow
5407:Grave goods
5363:Court cairn
5358:Clava cairn
5310:Bowl barrow
5248:Rock cupule
5191:Golden hats
5184:Hill figure
5085:Unstan ware
5065:Cord-marked
4930:Sweet Track
4852:Burnt mound
4773:Stilt house
4761:Sibudu Cave
4554:Tally stick
4522:Quern-stone
4507:Hammerstone
4497:Fire plough
4468:Pesse canoe
4426:Bannerstone
4396:Other tools
4309:Lithic core
4257:Aurignacian
4145:Bare Island
4027:Quern-stone
3608:Informatics
3496:Wikiproject
3251:and Control
3241:Information
3065:Biomaterial
2995:Bioresource
2986:/Bioprocess
2984:Biochemical
2936:Electronics
2707:Specialties
2677:Engineering
2635:13 December
2521:13 December
2491:13 December
1564:Goldbeating
1549:Cupellation
1503:diffraction
1346:superalloys
1278:3D printing
1266:gas cutters
1262:guillotines
1258:Fabrication
1198:die casting
1136:temperature
1108:engineering
1052:superalloys
860:during the
858:waterwheels
809:of ancient
791:Ancient Nok
763:Middle East
756:Philistines
517:Paleolithic
477:Middle East
36:workers in
6615:Metallurgy
6609:Categories
6429:Metallurgy
6128:Biological
5694:Analytical
5561:trepanning
5454:Ring cairn
5412:Jar burial
5395:transepted
5327:U.S. sites
5228:Petroglyph
5154:Bird stone
5112:wine press
4785:Stone roof
4768:Roundhouse
4660:long house
4637:Stonehenge
4605:Ceremonial
4549:Stone tool
4376:Tool stone
4346:Metallurgy
4250:Mousterian
4227:Toolmaking
4165:Cumberland
4138:Transverse
4108:Schöningen
4000:Qesem cave
3968:Earth oven
3922:Irrigation
3833:Technology
3801:Prehistory
3674:Mineralogy
3563:Metallurgy
3415:Glossaries
3236:Industrial
3216:Facilities
3211:Explosives
3136:Biomedical
3131:Automation
3080:Metallurgy
2990:Biological
2941:Microwaves
2901:Electrical
2846:Automotive
2828:Mechanical
2801:Structural
2766:Geological
2754:Ecological
2744:Earthquake
2425:0582485983
2419:, p. 154,
2405:034000312X
2399:. p. 156.
2381:27 October
2345:27 October
1732:29 January
1601:References
1534:Blacksmith
1098:Production
957:cast irons
889:chemically
842:Extraction
777:, ancient
773:, ancient
769:, ancient
737:Bronze Age
718:Tamil Nadu
711:Stonehenge
695:Durankulak
642:Arpachiyah
638:Yarim Tepe
627:Old Europe
599:Carpathian
487:(in red),
420:Bronze Age
410:See also:
251:Metallurgy
228:composites
95:technology
65:Metallurgy
6491:Catalysis
5999:Inorganic
5793:Titration
5658:chemistry
5605:symbolism
5469:Tor cairn
5427:Grønsalen
5368:Cremation
5260:Sculpture
5238:Pictogram
5223:Petroform
5043:amber use
5011:Cosmetics
4821:Reservoir
4806:Check dam
4736:Pueblitos
4731:Pit-house
4714:Longhouse
4648:Dwellings
4517:Microlith
4448:Bow drill
4443:Bone tool
4436:prismatic
4245:Acheulean
4160:Cresswell
4133:Arrowhead
4059:Boomerang
3975:Granaries
3937:Terracing
3816:Stone Age
3657:Chemistry
3634:Tribology
3374:Doctorate
3288:Packaging
3258:Logistics
3231:Geomatics
3192:/graphics
3085:Molecular
3075:Corrosion
3057:Materials
3037:Petroleum
3027:Molecular
2909:Broadcast
2891:Tribology
2841:Aerospace
2776:Hydraulic
2605:4 January
2461:1 January
1906:0892-7537
1824:1 January
1511:electrons
1450:of metal
1337:Tempering
1331:Quenching
1324:Annealing
1248:Sintering
1230:Machining
1220:Extrusion
1144:cryogenic
1128:corrosion
1120:toughness
992:magnesium
980:aluminium
965:corrosion
903:(waste).
767:Near East
725:Near East
634:Neolithic
619:Gumelnița
579:Majdanpek
294:alchemist
216:soldering
146:corrosion
6557:Category
6513:Molecule
6450:See also
5875:Physical
5243:Rock art
5206:painting
5179:Geoglyph
5004:timeline
4984:Beadwork
4724:Mehrgarh
4719:Mudbrick
4627:megalith
4502:Fire-saw
4324:debitage
4319:analysis
4287:Hand axe
4267:Cupstone
3845:Glossary
3806:Timeline
3748:Material
3730:Category
3476:Category
3405:Engineer
3313:Software
3308:Security
3283:Ontology
3273:Military
3263:Robotics
3226:Forensic
3146:Clinical
3105:Surfaces
3095:Polymers
3070:Ceramics
3047:Reaction
2976:Chemical
2914:Computer
2836:Acoustic
2791:Offshore
2759:Sanitary
2629:Archived
2599:Archived
2569:Archived
2559:(2017).
2515:Archived
2485:Archived
2439:(1901).
2372:Archived
2339:Archived
2309:Archived
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2257:Archived
2201:19 March
2195:Archived
2041:Archived
1987:Archived
1984:227-233.
1922:(2014).
1815:Archived
1726:Archived
1688:Archived
1664:Archived
1517:See also
1383:chromium
1124:hardness
1116:strength
1000:titanium
984:chromium
978:include
912:leaching
901:tailings
881:sulphide
864:in China
795:Carthage
783:Anatolia
752:Iron Age
748:Hittites
683:Bulgaria
653:Anatolia
623:Hamangia
615:Karanovo
583:Jarmovac
575:smelting
545:Anatolia
466:Bulgaria
277:métallon
271:μέταλλον
111:medicine
93:and the
78:, their
76:elements
73:metallic
34:smelting
6569:Commons
6533:Alchemy
6049:Organic
5600:Symbols
5211:pigment
5097:Weaving
5060:Cardium
5055:Pottery
5050:Mirrors
5038:Jewelry
4979:Baskets
4959:culture
4811:Cistern
4617:Pyramid
4559:Weapons
4537:Scraper
4527:Racloir
4487:Cleaver
4475:Chopper
4381:Uniface
4292:Grooves
4282:Hafting
4240:Oldowan
4199:Systems
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4113:woomera
4103:harpoon
4076:history
4042:Hunting
4022:Pottery
3963:Cooking
3872:Farming
3838:history
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3689:Physics
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3328:Textile
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3278:Nuclear
3042:Process
3000:Genetic
2946:Optical
2926:Control
2919:outline
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2693:Outline
2688:History
2013:Bibcode
1701:. 1979.
1594:Welding
1559:Forging
1539:CALPHAD
1452:cations
1358:Plating
1352:Plating
1214:Rolling
1204:Forging
1182:Casting
1132:fatigue
1056:Inconel
1008:silicon
885:reduced
731:called
723:In the
703:Palmela
697:, near
587:Pločnik
557:Balkans
481:arsenic
412:Alchemy
406:History
311:English
212:brazing
208:welding
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6620:Metals
6581:Portal
5727:UV-Vis
5578:flutes
5373:Dolmen
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4692:Dugout
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525:copper
521:Silver
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