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commonly consumed foods can make an enormous difference. Correcting iodine, vitamin A, and iron deficiencies can improve the population-wide intelligence quotient by 10–15 points, reduce maternal deaths by one-fourth, decrease infant and child mortality by 40 percent, and increase people's work capacity by almost half. The elimination of these deficiencies will reduce health care and education costs, improve work capacity and productivity, and accelerate equitable economic growth and national development. Improved nutrition is essential to sustain economic growth. Micronutrient deficiency elimination is as cost-effective as the best public health interventions and fortification is the most cost-effective strategy.
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is a major strategy for addressing iodine deficiency, which is a major cause of mental health problems. In 1990, less than 20 percent of households in developing countries were consuming iodized salt. By 1994, international partnerships had formed in a global campaign for
Universal Salt Iodization.
127:
Along with a growing understanding of the extent and impact of micronutrient malnutrition, several interventions have demonstrated the feasibility and benefits of correction and prevention. Distributing inexpensive capsules, diversifying to include more micronutrient-rich foods, or fortifying
141:
By 2008, it was estimated that 72 percent of households in developing countries were consuming iodized salt, and the number of countries in which iodine deficiency disorders were a public health concern reduced by more than half from 110 to 47 countries.
156:
worldwide, particularly among children. Global vitamin A supplementation efforts have targeted 103 priority countries. In 1999, 16 percent of children in these countries received two annual doses of vitamin A. By 2007, the rate increased to 62 percent.
106:
Inadequate intake of essential nutrients predisposes humans to various chronic diseases, with some 50% of
American adults having one or more preventable disease. In the United States, foods poor in micronutrient content and high in
115:
intake. One US national survey (National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006) found that persons with high sugar intake consumed fewer micronutrients, especially vitamins A, C, and E, and magnesium.
180:
zinc ratio in grain. People who eat bread prepared from zinc-enriched wheat show a significant increase in serum zinc, suggesting that the zinc fertilizer strategy is a promising approach to address
172:
zinc levels in the population. Other effects such as improving zinc deficiency, children's growth, cognition, work capacity of adults, or blood indicators are unknown. Experiments show that soil and
87:
260:
are cofactors essential for the functioning of many enzymes. For plants, deficiency in these elements often results in inefficient production of chlorophyll, manifested in
224:
is believed to be involved in carbohydrate transport in plants; it also assists in metabolic regulation. Boron deficiency will often result in bud dieback.
119:
A 1994 report by the World Bank estimated that micronutrient malnutrition costs developing economies at least 5 percent of gross domestic product. The
201:
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847:
864:
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Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A has uncertain benefits on reducing the risk of subclinical vitamin A deficiency.
555:
75:
791:"Fortification of staple foods with zinc for improving zinc status and other health outcomes in the general population"
91:
213:
Ca core of the oxygen-evolving site in plants, illustrating one of many roles of the trace mineral, manganese.
962:
300:
290:
120:
365:. Corvallis, OR: Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2023
343:. Corvallis, OR: Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2023
704:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 25 February 2021
395:
879:
596:
479:
921:
Dittmar H, Drach M, Vosskamp R, Trenkel ME, Gutser R, Steffens G (2009). "Fertilizers, 2. Types".
398:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 1 March 2018
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59:
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Some seven trace elements are essential to plant growth, although often in trace quantities.
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In varying amounts supplied through the diet, micronutrients include such compounds as
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Investing in the future: a united call to action on vitamin A and mineral deficiencies
972:
907:
701:
169:
676:
Investing in the future: a united call to action on vitamin and mineral deficiencies
647:
Enriching Lives: Overcoming
Vitamin and Mineral Malnutrition in Developing Countries
806:
757:
632:
95:
419:"Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy worldwide: Health effects and prevention"
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has summarized the benefits of eliminating micronutrient deficiencies as follows:
658:
Asia
Development Bank (October 2000). . TAR: OTH 34014. Retrieved on: 2011-10-13.
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865:"Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å"
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Flour
Fortification Initiative, GAIN, Micronutrient Initiative, USAID, The
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World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
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40:
36:
891:
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468:"Nutrient intake, nutritional status, and cognitive function with aging"
742:"Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency"
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Hombali AS, Solon JA, Venkatesh BT, Nair NS, Peña-Rosas JP (May 2019).
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112:
55:
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Shah D, Sachdev HS, Gera T, De-Regil LM, Peña-Rosas JP (June 2016).
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Gernand AD, Schulze KJ, Stewart CP, West Jr KP, Christian P (2016).
66:, micronutrient requirements are in amounts generally less than 100
51:. Micronutrients support the health of organisms throughout life.
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Blancquaert D, De Steur H, Gellynck X, Van Der
Straeten D (2017).
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Plants tend not to use vitamins, although minerals are required.
79:
396:"Micronutrient Inadequacies in the US Population: an Overview"
176:
application of zinc fertilizer can effectively reduce the
582:"Metabolic engineering of micronutrients in crop plants"
88:
666:
664:
842:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.
521:. US Food and Drug Administration. 27 September 2023
863:Umena Y, Kawakami K, Shen JR, Kamiya N (May 2011).
923:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
840:Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants
519:"Reference Guide: Daily Values for Nutrients"
8:
234:and ionic balance; it also plays a role in
589:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
472:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
168:Fortification of staple foods may improve
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74:are required in gram quantities daily. A
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152:deficiency is a major factor in causing
27:Essential elements required by organisms
746:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
332:
689:The State of the World's Children 2010
7:
558:from the original on 14 October 2022
92:Deficiencies in micronutrient intake
540:World Health Organization (2019).
43:in varying quantities to regulate
25:
649:. Development in Practice Series.
959:Micronutrient Information Center
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321:Manganese deficiency (medicine)
102:Inadequate micronutrient intake
807:10.1002/14651858.CD010697.pub2
758:10.1002/14651858.CD010068.pub2
1:
76:multiple micronutrient powder
691:, Statistical Tables, p. 15.
423:Nature Reviews Endocrinology
995:
795:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
726:, The World Bank, UNICEF,
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111:make up some 27% of daily
37:essential dietary elements
838:Marschner P, ed. (2012).
316:Silicon § Human nutrition
145:Vitamin A supplementation
931:10.1002/14356007.n10_n01
963:Oregon State University
301:Macronutrient (ecology)
45:physiological functions
435:10.1038/nrendo.2016.37
291:List of micronutrients
214:
130:
121:Asian Development Bank
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546:(Technical report).
892:10.1038/nature09913
884:2011Natur.473...55U
645:World Bank (1994).
601:2017NYASA1390...59B
484:2016NYASA1367...38T
205:Structure of the Mn
94:commonly result in
609:10.1111/nyas.13274
493:10.1111/nyas.13062
466:Tucker KL (2016).
310:Mineral (nutrient)
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78:of at least iron,
230:is necessary for
182:zinc deficiencies
86:was added to the
70:per day, whereas
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96:malnutrition
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39:required by
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702:"Vitamin A"
184:in humans.
109:food energy
708:1 December
674:, UNICEF,
672:World Bank
562:14 January
525:1 December
402:1 December
369:1 December
363:"Minerals"
347:1 December
341:"Vitamins"
327:References
254:molybdenum
68:milligrams
979:Nutrition
908:205224374
262:chlorosis
250:manganese
154:blindness
150:Vitamin A
90:in 2019.
84:vitamin A
41:organisms
973:Category
900:21499260
825:27281654
776:31074495
730:, p. 17.
687:UNICEF,
678:, p. 19.
625:27801945
556:Archived
502:27116240
453:27032981
269:See also
228:Chloride
56:vitamins
880:Bibcode
816:8627255
767:6509778
633:9439102
597:Bibcode
480:Bibcode
444:4927329
232:osmosis
178:phytate
113:calorie
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872:Nature
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256:, and
242:Copper
188:Plants
174:foliar
82:, and
62:. For
49:organs
904:S2CID
868:(PDF)
724:USAID
629:S2CID
585:(PDF)
222:Boron
170:serum
935:ISBN
896:PMID
844:ISBN
821:PMID
799:2016
772:PMID
750:2019
710:2023
621:PMID
593:1390
564:2023
527:2023
498:PMID
476:1367
449:PMID
404:2023
371:2023
349:2023
258:zinc
246:iron
164:Zinc
80:zinc
58:and
35:are
927:doi
888:doi
876:473
811:PMC
803:doi
762:PMC
754:doi
613:hdl
605:doi
548:hdl
488:doi
439:PMC
431:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
