235:
294:, the 11th hour, and the northern compass direction, known as Mictlampa, the region of death. He was one of only a few deities held to govern over all three types of souls identified by the Aztecs, who distinguished between the souls of people who died normal deaths (of old age, disease, etc.), heroic deaths (e.g. in battle, sacrifice or during childbirth), or non-heroic deaths. Mictlantecuhtli and his wife were the opposites and complements of
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holes in it. In order to not be mocked, Quetzalcóatl beckons the worms to come out and perforate the shell, thus creating holes. He then calls the bees to enter the shell and to make it sound out like a trumpet. (As an emblem of his power over wind and life, Quetzalcóatl is commonly depicted wearing a cut shell over his chest, this shell represents the same shell that
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262:
Mictlantecuhtli was considered 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and was depicted as a blood-spattered skeleton or a person wearing a toothy skull. Although his head was typically a skull, his eye sockets did contain eyeballs. His headdress was shown decorated with owl feathers and paper banners and he wore a
395:
if he can completely finish what would appear to be a simple test. The god informs
Quetzalcóatl that he has to travel through his kingdom four times, while a shell sounds out like a trumpet. However, in place of giving Quetzalcóatl the shell from Mictlantecuhtl he gives him a normal shell, without
383:
were sent by the other gods to steal the bones of the previous generation of gods from
Mictlantecuhtli. The god of the underworld sought to block Quetzalcoatl's escape with the bones and, although he failed, he forced Quetzalcoatl to drop the bones, which were scattered and broken by the fall. The
270:
He was not the only Aztec god to be depicted in this fashion, as numerous other deities had skulls for heads or else wore clothing or decorations that incorporated bones and skulls. In the Aztec world, skeletal imagery was a symbol of fertility, health and abundance, alluding to the close symbolic
404:
415:
Whilst listening to the roar of the trumpet, Mictlantecuhtl, at first, decides to allow
Quetzalcóatl to take all of the bones from the last creation, but then quickly changes his mind. Nevertheless, Quetzalcóatl is more astute than Mictlantecuhtl and his minions and escapes with the bones.
271:
links between life and death. He was often depicted wearing sandals as a symbol of his high rank as Lord of
Mictlan. His arms were frequently depicted raised in an aggressive gesture, showing that he was ready to tear apart the dead as they entered his presence. In the
423:
Despite the fall
Quetzalcóatl is eventually revived and gathers all of the broken bones. It is for this reason that people today come in all different sizes. Once he has escaped from the underworld, Quetzalcóatl carries the precious cargo to
420:, which causes him to fall into the pit. He falls into the pit and dies (or so it would appear), and is subsequently tormented by the animal (the quail), and the bones he is carrying are scattered. The quail then begins to gnaw on the bones.
387:
When a person died, they were interred with grave goods, which they carried with them on the long and dangerous journey to the underworld. Upon arrival in
Mictlan these goods were offered to Mictlantecuhtli and his wife.
206:, with human flesh being consumed in and around the temple. Other names given to Mictlantecuhtli include Ixpuztec (“Broken Face”), Nextepehua (“Scatterer of Ashes”), and Tzontemoc (“He Who Lowers His Head”).
665:
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shattered bones were collected by
Quetzalcoatl and carried back to the land of the living, where the gods transformed them into the various races of mortals.
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317:, and was regarded as supplying the souls of those who were born on that day. He was seen as the source of souls for those born on the sixth day of the
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Mictlantecuhtli, now very angry, orders his followers to create a very deep pit. While
Quetzalcóatl is running away with the bones he is startled by a
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and is the most prominent of several gods and goddesses of death and the underworld. The worship of
Mictlantecuhtli sometimes involved
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created the world, they put their creation in order and placed
Mictlantecuhtli and his wife, Mictecacihuatl, in the underworld.
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275:, Mictlantecuhtli is often depicted with his skeletal jaw open to receive the stars that descend into him during the daytime.
740:
Klein, Cecelia F. (2000). "The Devil and the Skirt: An iconographic inquiry into the pre-Hispanic nature of the tzitzimime".
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243:
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by Anima Estudios. In the movie the deity is responsible for bringing the dead back to life in the city of Guanajuato.
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and Quetzalcoatl (right), god of wisdom, life, knowledge, morning star, patron of the winds and light, the lord of the
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928:; Jennifer B. Wharton; Jan Marie Olson (2003). "Aztec Feasts, Rituals and Markets". In Tamara L. Bray (ed.).
282:, and together they were said to dwell in a windowless house in Mictlan. Mictlantecuhtli was associated with
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Two life-size clay statues of Mictlantecuhtli were found marking the entrances to the House of
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776:(ed). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. : Oxford University Press, 2001
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An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya
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The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, and History in the Nahua World
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The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, and History in the Nahua World
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Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires
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Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.113. Read & González 2000, p.224.
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In another myth, the shrewd god of death agrees to give the bones to
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Austin, Alfredo López, Guilhem Olivier, and Russ Davidson (2015).
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Alfredo López, Olivier, Davidson, Austin, Guilhem, Russ (2015).
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Luján, Leonardo López, and Scott Sessions. "Death Deities." In
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Luján, Leonardo López, and Scott Sessions. "Death Deities." In
194:(Chicunauhmictlan), the lowest and northernmost section of the
325:. He was also the secondary Week God for the 10th week of the
291:
287:
864:. Handbooks of world mythology series. Santa Barbara, CA:
379:
According to Aztec legend, the twin gods Quetzalcoatl and
436:
Mictlantecuhtli has appeared in the animated movie of
356:
Mictlantecuhtli (left), god of death, the lord of the
604:
Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, pp.54, 458.
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Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, pp.60, 458.
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333:to symbolise the dichotomy of light and darkness.
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517:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
717:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Panorama Editorial.
613:Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.458.
595:Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.434.
556:Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.206.
313:), one of the 20 such signs recognised in the
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482:(in Spanish). Editorial Porrúa. p. 351.
8:
664:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
305:Mictlantecuhtli was the god of the day sign
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860:Read, Kay Almere; Jason González (2000).
364:. Together they symbolize life and death.
198:. He is one of the principal gods of the
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536:
534:
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1900:Romances de los señores de Nueva España
971:. Boulder: U Press of Colorado. Print.
962:The Oxford companion to world mythology
898:(second ed.). Malden, MA; Oxford:
681:The Oxford companion to world mythology
470:
190:, is a god of the dead and the king of
657:
631:Read & González 2000, pp.193, 223.
519:. : Oxford University Press, 2001
263:necklace of human eyeballs, while his
181:
36:
544:Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.113.
7:
696:Tamoanchan, Tlalocan: places of mist
407:Statuette of Mictlantecuhtli in the
246:Mictlantecutli in the Codex Borgia.
964:. New York: Oxford U Press. Print.
60:Mictlantecuhtli as depicted in the
862:Handbook of Mesoamerican Mythology
30:For the comic book character, see
25:
1795:Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II
1040:: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or
934:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishing
654:. Colorado: U Presso of Colorado.
186:, meaning "Lord of Mictlan"), in
1055:
980:
428:, a place of miraculous origin.
233:
183:[mik.t͡ɬaːn.ˈteːkʷ.t͡ɬi]
1970:Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I
1850:Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco
1800:Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas
698:. Niwot, CO: U Pr. of Colorado.
409:Museo de Antropología de Xalapa
400:, the god of the wind, wears).
1810:Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II
715:Dioses Prehispánicos de México
694:Alfredo López, Austin (1997).
480:Diccionario de Mitología Nahoa
321:and was the fifth of the nine
1:
679:Leeming, David Adams (2005).
327:20-week cycle of the calendar
2016:Cannibalism in North America
960:Leeming, David Adams (2005).
574:Fernández 1992, 1996, p.142.
267:were made from human bones.
1945:Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca
1805:Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan
683:. New York: Oxford U Press.
2032:
1905:Codex Santa Maria Asunción
1685:Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel
750:Cambridge University Press
713:Fernández, Adela (1996) .
478:Cecilio A. Robelo (1905).
368:In Aztec mythology, after
29:
1920:Codex Telleriano-Remensis
1710:Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4
1680:Codices Becker I & II
1053:
758:10.1017/S0956536100111010
502:Smith et al. 2003, p.245.
53:
44:
1860:Plano en papel de maguey
1670:Codices Azoyú I & II
781:Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo
583:Smith 1996, 2003, p.206.
438:La leyenda de las Momias
323:Night Gods of the Aztecs
32:Mictlantecuhtli (comics)
1655:Aubin Manuscript no. 20
46:Ruler of the Underworld
1790:Lienzo Antonio de León
412:
365:
329:, joining the sun god
302:, the givers of life.
259:
179:Nahuatl pronunciation:
1950:Codex Totomixtlahuaca
1890:Relación de Michoacán
1840:Códice Maya de México
1825:Matrícula de Tributos
1750:Codex Fejérváry-Mayer
1195:Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli
793:Royal Academy of Arts
406:
355:
257:
27:Aztec god of the dead
1980:Codex Zouche-Nuttall
1930:Anales de Tlatelolco
1820:Codex Magliabechiano
1070:(Four Tezcatlipocas)
989:at Wikimedia Commons
936:. pp. 235–270.
900:Blackwell Publishing
338:Codex Vaticanus 3738
213:to the north of the
1870:Codex Porfirio Díaz
1865:Primeros Memoriales
1780:Codex Ixtlilxochitl
1775:Humboldt fragment 1
1765:Códice de Huichapan
1675:Badianus Manuscript
1629:The Stinking Corpse
835:Thames & Hudson
785:Felipe Solis Olguín
742:Ancient Mesoamerica
622:Klein 2000, pp.3–4.
1835:Crónica Mexicayotl
1720:Codex Chimalpopoca
1309:Itzpapalotlcihuatl
1289:Huitztlampaehecatl
1150:Tezcatlipoca (see
1116:Lords of the Night
432:In popular culture
413:
366:
260:
204:ritual cannibalism
1988:
1987:
1965:Codex Vaticanus B
1925:Tira de Tepechpan
1770:Codex Huexotzinco
1715:Codex Chimalpahin
1634:Use of entheogens
1601:Tlillan-Tlapallan
1495:Centzon Tōtōchtin
1490:Centzonhuītznāhua
1216:Acuecueyotl (see
1071:
985:Media related to
926:Smith, Michael E.
892:Smith, Michael E.
255:
168:
167:
123:(Codex Zumarraga)
16:(Redirected from
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1935:Codex Tlatelolco
1755:Codex Florentine
1695:Codex Borbonicus
1665:Codex Azcatitlan
1660:Aubin Tonalamatl
1591:Thirteen Heavens
1354:Mictlanpachecatl
1314:Itzpapalotltotec
1234:Chalchiuhtotolin
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1915:Mapa Sigüenza
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Codex Ramírez
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Codex Dresden
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Ehecatotontli
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Macuilxochitl
1332:
1330:
1329:Macuiltochtli
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Ilamatecuhtli
1297:
1295:
1294:Huixtocihuatl
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:Cihuatecayotl
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1212:Acolnahuacatl
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1047:
1046:Tōnacācihuātl
1043:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
998:
995:
988:
983:
979:
978:
974:
972:
970:
965:
963:
953:
949:
945:
943:0-306-47730-0
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
909:0-631-23016-5
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
875:1-85109-340-0
871:
867:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
844:0-500-27928-4
840:
836:
831:
830:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
802:1-903973-22-8
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
724:968-38-0306-7
720:
716:
711:
710:
705:
697:
690:
687:
682:
675:
672:
667:
661:
653:
646:
643:
637:
634:
628:
625:
619:
616:
610:
607:
601:
598:
592:
590:
586:
580:
577:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
559:
553:
551:
547:
541:
539:
537:
535:
531:
525:
522:
518:
514:
508:
505:
499:
496:
491:
489:970-07-3149-9
485:
481:
474:
471:
465:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
443:
441:
439:
431:
429:
427:
421:
419:
410:
405:
401:
399:
394:
389:
385:
382:
377:
375:
371:
363:
359:
354:
347:
345:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:His wife was
276:
274:
273:Aztec codices
268:
266:
244:
236:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
176:
172:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
144:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
122:
121:Tezcatlipocas
118:
114:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
57:
52:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1975:Codex Xolotl
1955:Codex Tudela
1940:Mapa Tloztin
1815:Codex Madrid
1700:Codex Borgia
1690:Codex Bodley
1615:Beliefs and
1574:
1530:Xiuhtotontli
1459:Yacatecuhtli
1439:Xōchiquetzal
1399:Tlacotzontli
1389:Temazcalteci
1384:Tēcciztēcatl
1284:Huēhuecoyōtl
1274:Coyolxāuhqui
1244:Chicomecōātl
1217:
1200:Tlaltecuhtli
1168:Xiuhtecuhtli
1152:Creator gods
1151:
1135:
1088:Tezcatlipoca
1083:Quetzalcoatl
1066:Creator gods
968:
966:
961:
959:
932:. New York:
929:
895:
861:
828:
819:Miller, Mary
788:
745:
741:
714:
695:
689:
680:
674:
651:
645:
636:
627:
618:
609:
600:
579:
524:
516:
507:
498:
479:
473:
455:Santa Muerte
435:
422:
414:
393:Quetzalcóatl
390:
386:
378:
374:Tezcatlipoca
370:Quetzalcoatl
367:
335:
306:
304:
277:
269:
261:
219:Tenochtitlan
215:Great Temple
208:
174:
170:
169:
100:Ethnic group
62:Codex Borgia
1910:Selden Roll
1885:Codex Reese
1855:Paris Codex
1845:Codex Osuna
1745:Codex Durán
1730:Codex Cospi
1650:Aubin Codex
1586:Teotihuacan
1561:Chicomoztoc
1520:Tiānquiztli
1464:Zacatzontli
1444:Xochitlicue
1404:Tlalocayotl
1394:Tepoztēcatl
1304:Ītzpāpālōtl
1190:Nanahuatzin
1163:Tlazōlteōtl
1146:Tepēyōllōtl
1031:Primordials
319:13-day week
296:Ometecuhtli
146:Equivalents
94:Mesoamerica
2006:Death gods
2001:Aztec gods
1995:Categories
1895:Codex Ríos
1785:Codex Laud
1581:Tamoanchan
1575:Underworld
1556:Cemanahuac
1525:Tzitzimitl
1505:Cihuateteo
1480:Ahuiateteo
1434:Xōchipilli
1264:Cipactonal
1254:Cihuacōātl
1180:Citlālicue
1093:Xipe Totec
896:The Aztecs
833:. London:
823:Karl Taube
791:. London:
706:References
460:Tzitzimitl
426:Tamoanchan
358:underworld
342:Tzitzimitl
307:Itzcuintli
300:Omecihuatl
225:Attributes
196:underworld
1624:Five Suns
1510:Civateteo
1424:Tonantzin
1419:Toltecatl
1324:Ixtlilton
1269:Cōātlīcue
825:(2003) .
766:162520948
660:cite book
265:earspools
111:Genealogy
1617:practice
1596:Tlālōcān
1500:Cintēteo
1379:Patecatl
1364:Opochtli
1359:Mixcoatl
1344:Mayahuel
1249:Chīmalmā
1239:Chantico
1229:Atlacoya
1205:Tōnatiuh
1131:Cinteotl
1121:Centeōtl
1097:Camaxtle
1038:Ōmeteōtl
952:52165853
918:48579073
894:(2003).
884:43879188
866:ABC-CLIO
853:28801551
811:56096386
787:(2002).
752:: 1–26.
733:59601185
444:See also
331:Tonatiuh
164:Hmüšithü
138:Children
1643:Codices
1571:Mictlān
1546:Anahuac
1429:Xilonen
1409:Tlilhua
1369:Oxomoco
1349:Metztli
1279:Ehecatl
1224:Atlahua
1108:Deities
398:Ehécatl
284:spiders
192:Mictlan
155:Ah Puch
128:Consort
116:Parents
106:(Nahua)
73:Mictlān
1606:Tōllān
1551:Aztlán
1539:Places
1473:Groups
1454:Xolotl
1449:Xocotl
1374:Painal
1158:Tláloc
950:
940:
916:
906:
882:
872:
851:
841:
809:
799:
789:Aztecs
764:
731:
721:
515:(ed).
486:
381:Xolotl
211:Eagles
200:Aztecs
90:Region
80:Gender
1573:(The
762:S2CID
466:Notes
418:quail
348:Myths
104:Aztec
69:Abode
1414:Toci
1095:(or
1044:and
948:OCLC
938:ISBN
914:OCLC
904:ISBN
880:OCLC
870:ISBN
849:OCLC
839:ISBN
807:OCLC
797:ISBN
729:OCLC
719:ISBN
666:link
484:ISBN
372:and
362:West
298:and
292:bats
288:owls
141:None
84:Male
754:doi
344:.
311:dog
217:of
173:or
1997::
946:.
912:.
902:.
878:.
868:.
847:.
837:.
821:;
805:.
795:.
783:;
760:.
748:.
746:11
744:.
727:.
662:}}
658:{{
588:^
561:^
549:^
533:^
290:,
286:,
221:.
1577:)
1220:)
1154:)
1099:)
1048:)
1016:e
1009:t
1002:v
954:.
920:.
886:.
855:.
813:.
768:.
756::
735:.
668:)
492:.
309:(
177:(
34:.
20:)
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