934:
482:
292:
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797:, built between 990 and 1010, which has two minarets at its corners. The two towers have slightly different shapes: both have square bases but one has a cylindrical shaft above this and the other an octagonal shaft. This multi-tier design was only found in the minarets of the great mosques at Mecca and Medina at that time, suggesting a possible link to those designs. Shortly after their construction, the lower sections of the minarets were encased in massive square bastions, for reasons that are not clearly known, and the tops were rebuilt in 1303 by a
421:
769:
386:
1211:, a successor state of the Seljuk Empire, built paired portal minarets from brick that had Iranian origins. In general, mosques in Anatolia had only one minaret and received decorative emphasis while most of the mosque remained plain. Seljuk minarets were built of stone or brick, usually resting on a stone base, and typically had a cylindrical or polygonal shaft that is less slender than later Ottoman minarets. They were sometimes embellished with decorative brickwork or glazed ceramic decoration up the level of their balconies.
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27:
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counterclockwise fashion. Some minarets have two or three narrow staircases fitted inside one another in order to allow multiple individuals to safely descend and ascend simultaneously. At the top of the stairs, a balcony encircles the upper sections of the tower and from here the muezzin may give the call to prayer. Some minaret traditions featured multiple balconies along the tower's shaft. The summit often finishes in a
401:
3122:
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1271:
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372:. Different architectural traditions also placed minarets at different positions relative to the mosque. The number of minarets by mosques was also not fixed: originally only one minaret accompanied a mosque, but some later traditions constructed more, especially for larger or more prestigious mosques.
1217:
followed earlier Seljuk models and continued the
Iranian tradition of cylindrical tapering minaret forms with a square base. Classical Ottoman minarets are described as "pencil-shaped" due to their slenderness and sharply-pointed summits, often topped with a crescent moon symbol. The presence of more
843:
period (late 14th to early 16th centuries) typically had an octagonal shaft for the first tier, a round shaft on the second, and a lantern structure with finial on the third level. The stone-carved decoration of the minaret also became very extensive and varied from minaret to minaret. Minarets with
580:
References on
Islamic architecture since the late 20th century often agree with Bloom's view that the mosques of the Umayyad Caliphate did not have minarets in the form of towers. Instead of towers, some Umayyad mosques were built with platforms or shelters above their roofs that were accessed by a
375:
Minarets are built out of any material that is readily available, and often changes from region to region. In the construction of the tall and slender
Ottoman minarets, molten iron was poured into pre-cut cavities inside the stones, which then solidified and helped to bind the stones together. This
363:
The region's socio-cultural context has influenced the shape, size, and form of minarets. Different regions and periods developed different styles of minarets. Typically, the tower's shaft has a cylindrical, cuboid (square), or octagonal shape. Stairs or ramps inside the tower climb to the top in a
354:
wall. Oftentimes, this placement was not beneficial in reaching the community for the call to prayer. They served as a reminder that the region was
Islamic and helped to distinguish mosques from the surrounding architecture. They also acted as symbols of the political and religious authority of the
993:
The oldest minarets in Iraq date from the
Abbasid period. The Great Mosque of Samarra (848–852) is accompanied by one of the earliest preserved minarets, a 50-metre-high (160 ft) cylindrical brick tower with a spiral staircase wrapped around it, standing outside the walls of the mosque. It is
1131:
rule, is the oldest minaret in North Africa and one of the oldest minarets in the world. It has the shape of a massive tower with a square base, three levels of decreasing widths, and a total height of 31.5 meters. The first two levels are from the original 9th-century construction but the third
2011:
Although the mosques of
Damascus, Fustat and Medina had towers during the Umayyad period it is now generally agreed that the minaret was introduced during the Abbasid period (i.e. after 750 CE). Six mosques dated to the early ninth century all have a single tower or minaret attached to the wall
560:, contributed a major study on the question in 1926 which then became the standard scholarly theory on the origin of minarets for roughly fifty years.Creswell attributed the origin of minaret towers to the influence of Syrian church towers and regarded the spiral or helicoidal minarets of the
648:, at each of the mosque's four corners. However, it is not clear what function these towers served. They do not appear to have been used for the call to prayer and may have been intended instead as visual symbols of the mosque's status. Historical sources also reference an earlier
735:, generally refrained from building them during these early centuries. The earliest evidence of minarets being used for hosting the call to prayer dates to the 10th century and it was only towards the 11th century that minaret towers became a near-universal feature of mosques.
675:
during its
Abbasid reconstruction in the late 8th century. In the 9th century single minaret towers were built in or near the middle of the wall opposite the qibla wall of mosques. These towers were built across the empire in a height to width ratio of around 3:1. One of the
965:, which heavily patronized art and architecture, led to what is now called the "international Timurid" style which spread from Central Asia during and after the 15th century. It is categorized by the use of multiple minarets. Examples of this style include the monuments of
1232:, finished in 1447, was the first sultanic mosque to have multiple minarets with multiple balconies. Of its four minarets, the northwestern minaret was the tallest Ottoman minaret up to that time, rising to 67 metres. Its height was only surpassed by the minarets of the
994:
the tallest of the early minarets of the
Abbasid period and remains the most massive historic minaret in the world, involving over 6000 cubic meters of brick masonry. The Abu Dulaf Mosque, built near Samarra and finished in 861, has a smaller minaret of similar shape.
949:
In later periods, however, minarets in this region became generally less monumental in comparison with the mosques for which they were built. The tradition of building pairs of minarets probably began in the 12th century, but it became especially prominent under the
731:. Their association with the muezzin and the call to prayer only developed later. As the first minaret towers were built by the Abbasids and had a symbolic value associated with them, some of the Islamic regimes opposed to the Abbasids, such as the
564:
period as deriving from local ziggurat precedents, but rejected the possible influence of the Pharos
Lighthouse. He also established that the earliest mosques had no minarets and he suggested that the first purpose-built minarets were built for the
2012:
opposite the mihrab. The purpose of the minaret in these mosques was to demonstrate the power of
Abbasid religious authority. Those opposed to Abbasid power would not adopt this symbol of conformity, thus Fatimid mosques did not have towers.
1236:
in Edirne (1574), which are 70.89 meters tall and are the tallest minarets in Ottoman architecture. Later Ottoman minarets also became plainer and more uniform in design. The trend of multiple minarets culminated in the six minarets of the
792:
imitated the spiral minarets of contemporary Abbasid Samarra, though the current tower was reconstructed later in 1296. Under the Fatimids (10th-12th centuries), new mosques generally lacked minarets. One unusual exception is the
808:(late 12th to mid-13th centuries), the details of minarets borrowed from Fatimid designs. Most distinctively, the summits of minarets had a lantern structure topped by a pointed ribbed dome, whose appearance was compared to a
1005:
period, minarets were typically cylindrical brick towers whose square or polygonal bases were integrated into the structure of the mosque itself. Their main cylindrical shafts were tapered and culminated in
540:. Some scholars, such as A. J. Butler and Hermann Thiersch, agreed that the Syrian minarets were derived from church towers but also argued that the minarets of Egypt were inspired by the form of the
439:
820:. They became very ornate and usually consisted of three tiers separated by balconies, with each tier having a different design than the others. This configuration was particularly characteristic of
577:
published a new study which argued that the first true minaret towers did not appear until the 9th century, under Abbasid rule, and that their initial purpose was not related to the call to prayer.
1152:
and may have also been aimed at defying the rival Fatimid Caliphs to the east who did not endorse the construction of minarets at the time. Other important historic minarets in the region are the
1084:) traditionally have a square shaft and are arranged in two tiers: the main shaft, which makes up most of its height, and a much smaller secondary tower above this which is in turn topped by a
891:). During the Seljuk period minarets were tall and highly decorated with geometric and calligraphic design. They were built prolifically, even at smaller mosques or mosque complexes. The
716:(861). The earlier theory which proposed that these helicoidal minarets were inspired by ancient Mesopotamian ziggurats has been challenged and rejected by some later scholars including
828:(circa 1340) is the first one to have an entirely octagonal shaft and the first one to end with a narrow lantern structure consisting of eight slender columns topped by a bulbous stone
1012:
cornices supporting a balcony, above which is another small cylindrical turret topped by a dome. Two examples of this style are the Mosque of al-Khaffafin and the Mosque of Qumriyya.
2093:
Hillenbrand, Robert; Burton-Page, J.; Freeman-Greenville, G.S.P. (1960–2007). "Manār, Manāra". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
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than one minaret, and of larger minarets, was reserved for mosques commissioned by the Ottoman sultans themselves. Taller minarets often also had multiple balconies (known as
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of copper or brass spheres. Some minarets in the Maghreb have octagonal shafts, though this is more characteristic of certain regions or periods; e.g. the minarets of the
883:
had cylindrical shafts with square or octagonal bases that taper towards their summit. These minarets became the most common style in the eastern Islamic world (in Iran,
400:
727:
Bloom also argues that the early Abbasid minarets were not built to host the call to prayer, but were instead adopted as symbols of Islam that were suited to important
420:
2912:
760:. Its circular shaft and the double staircase arrangement inside it resembles the minarets of Iranian and Central Asian architecture, such as the Minaret of Jam.
385:
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in 665 by the Umayyad provincial governor, but it is not entirely clear if it was a tower or what form it had, though it must have had a monumental appearance.
196:, but they also served as landmarks and symbols of Islam's presence. They can have a variety of forms, from thick, squat towers to soaring, pencil-thin spires.
688:, built in 836 and well-preserved today. Other minarets that date from the same period, but less precisely dated, include the minaret of the Friday Mosque of
303:
call to prayer from the balcony of a minaret, 1878. Usually only one muezzin chants the azan from the balcony, back straight and not leaning on the railing.
4004:
2178:
696:(known as the "Minaret of the Bride"), now the oldest minaret in the region of Syria (though its upper section was probably rebuilt multiple times). In
593:("monk's cell", due to its small size). An example of these platforms is documented during the reconstruction of the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in 673 by
3432:
2039:
Hartmuth, Maximilian (2018). "Mosque-building on the Ottoman-Venetian Frontier, circa 1550–1650: The Phenomenon of Square-Tower Minarets Revisited".
1679:
1973:
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1952:
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has suggested that Abd ar-Rahman III's construction of the minaret – along with his sponsoring of other minarets around the same time in
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More specifically, referring to a small room or cell, with a pointed or tapering form, where a Christian monk would seclude himself.
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remains the most well known of the Seljuk minarets for its use of brick patterned decoration. The tallest minaret of this era, the
609:
above each of the Roman-era towers at its four corners. Historical sources also mention such features in mosques in other parts of
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1327:
is the direction of prayer for Muslims, and "qibla wall" of a mosque refers to the wall towards which Muslims face when praying.
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598:
317:. The call to prayer is issued five times each day: dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and night. In most modern mosques, the
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The origin of the minaret is unclear. Many 19th-century and early 20th-century scholars traced the origin of minarets to the
2261:
Bloom, Jonathan M. (2019). "Minaret". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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is the Tower of Light, also known as the Guangta minaret (1350). The mosque and the minaret merge aspects of Islamic and
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lacked minarets, and the call to prayer was often performed from smaller tower structures. The early Muslim community of
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368:-like structure and/or a small dome, conical roof, or curving stone cap, which is in turn topped by a decorative metal
267:, which has a meaning related to "light". Both words also had other meanings attested during the early Islamic period:
2975:
2740:
Ewert, Christian (1992). "The Architectural Heritage of Islamic Spain in North Africa". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).
1940:
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509:, which doubled as a place for prayer, and this continued to be the practice in mosques during the period of the four
291:
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1225:
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for the Great Mosque of Cordoba in 951–952, which became the model for later minarets in the Maghreb and al-Andalus.
2741:
2118:
Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P., eds. (1991). "Maslama b. Muk̲h̲allad".
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completely square or rectangular shafts reappeared at the very end of the Mamluk period during the reign of Sultan
825:
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985:. Elsewhere in India, some cities and towns along the coast have small mosques with simple staircase minarets.
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20:
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staircase and from which the muezzins could issue the call to prayer. These structures were referred to as a
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1304:
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853:
848:(r. 1501–1516). During al-Ghuri's reign, the lantern summits were also doubled – as with the minaret of the
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566:
340:
164:
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Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002).
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1105:
622:
123:
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Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).
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2694:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers.
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1214:
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757:
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601:, who was given orders by the caliph to add one to each of the mosque's four corners, similar to the
557:
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or al-Ghuri's minaret at the al-Azhar Mosque – or even quadrupled – as with the original minaret of
671:
The first known minarets built as towers appeared under Abbasid rule. Four towers were added to the
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1120:. Inside the main shaft a staircase, and in other cases a ramp, ascends to the top of the minaret.
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The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times: Continuities, Disruptions and Reconnections
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2819:"Challenging the Hagia Sophia: The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne as Ottoman Empire Branding"
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found in Syria in those times. Others suggested that these towers were inspired by the
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183:
31:
1825:
1379:
816:(13th to early 14th century), but soon began to evolve into the shapes distinctive to
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1848:
1787:"Traditional Turkish minarets on the basis of architectural and engineering concepts"
1786:
1002:
840:
813:
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2614:"Islam beyond Empires: Mosques and Islamic Landscapes in India and the Indian Ocean"
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in Medina in the early 8th century, during which he built a tower, referred to as a
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2345:"Fragmentation and the Rival Caliphates of Cordoba, Cairo, and Baghdad (900–1050)"
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Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
1883:(March 1926). "The Evolution of the Minaret, with Special Reference to Egypt-I".
1785:
Doğangün, Adem; İskender Tuluk, Ö; Livaoğlu, Ramazan; Acar, Ramazan. (May 2002).
832:. This style later became the basic standard form of Cairene minarets, while the
692:, now the oldest minaret in Iran, and the minaret opposite the qibla wall at the
3653:
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904:
721:
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1971:(March 1926). "The Evolution of the Minaret, with Special Reference to Egypt".
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purpose. In the early 9th century, the first minarets were placed opposite the
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A possible exception to the absence of tower minarets is documented in Caliph
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427:
336:
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The formal function of a minaret is to provide a vantage point from which the
280:
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1567:
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level was reconstructed at a later period. Another important minaret for the
930:, was built in 1199 and was designed on the same model as the Minaret of Jam.
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1356:
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1148:– was partly intended as a visual symbol of his self-declared authority as
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minaret behind its northern wall. Its design was repeated in the nearby
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2890:
1181:
1177:
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Starting with the Seljuk period (11th and 12th centuries), minarets in
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308:
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1898:
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made the structures more resistant to earthquakes and powerful winds.
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could also mean a "sign" or "mark" (to show one where to go) and both
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3821:
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3769:
3740:
3715:
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3305:
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2207:
Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).
1229:
1201:
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829:
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498:
465:
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179:
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981:(1628-1638), and the four minarets surrounding the mausoleum of the
263:), means "a place of light". Both words derive from the Arabic root
1812:
Architectural and Structural Behavior Domes in Islamic Architecture
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al Safran, Mansour; Ghanaman, Shehdeh; Abu Awward, Bassam (2019).
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954:(13th-14th centuries), who built twin minarets flanking important
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1814:. American Research Institute for Policy Development. p. 43.
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gave the call to prayer from the doorway or roof of the house of
212:. The English word "minaret" originates from the former, via the
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3632:
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3463:
3382:
3198:
3167:
955:
942:
880:
701:
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2717:
Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia
2442:
Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture
2143:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Damascus".
2424:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
1438:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Minaret".
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and features elaborate brick decoration and inscriptions. The
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Example of a lantern structure at the top of a minaret at the
2746:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 85–96.
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period (661–750) and believed that they imitated the church
812:, or incense burner. This design continued under the early
784:
The style of minarets has varied throughout the history of
102:
93:
72:
63:
776:(1340), the earliest example of a style repeated in later
87:
57:
1204:(1574), which features the four tallest Ottoman minarets
973:, such as the minarets on the roof of the south gate in
204:
Two Arabic words are used to denote the minaret tower:
2145:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1440:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
708:
was built in the years 848–852 and featured a massive
700:, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate in present-day
2343:
Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru, eds. (2017).
2286:
Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru, eds. (2017).
169:
96:
90:
60:
51:
2645:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).
2616:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).
2557:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).
2525:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).
346:
Additionally, minarets historically served a visual
327:
319:
182:. Minarets are generally used to project the Muslim
141:
128:
105:
99:
75:
69:
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3446:
3324:
3240:
3191:
3129:
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2825:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 126.
1945:
Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture
1224:in Turkish) along their shafts instead of one. The
493:, one of the oldest surviving minarets in the world
84:
81:
66:
54:
2649:. Vol. 1. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 307–326.
2561:. Vol. 2. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 811–845.
2523:"Turko-Persian Empires between Anatolia and India"
2466:
2294:. Vol. 2. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 622–625.
2374:"THE RESTORATION OF THE AL-ḤĀKIM MOSQUE IN CAIRO"
1590:Islamic Architecture: Form, function, and meaning
2821:. In Krawietz, Birgit; Riedler, Florian (eds.).
2719:(2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF.
1374:
1372:
2767:Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter, eds. (2011).
2422:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide
652:, built of stone, being added to the mosque of
243:. It is assumed to be a derivation of an older
2494:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction
1184:, all from the 12th and early 13th centuries.
2906:
2691:Andalusian Morocco: A Discovery in Living Art
2585:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995).
2555:"The Mughals, Uzbeks, and the Timurid Legacy"
2351:. Vol. 1. Wiley Blackwell. p. 221.
1442:. Oxford University Press. pp. 530–533.
1219:
414:, which has ascending ramps instead of stairs
217:
8:
2288:"Islamic Architecture and Ornament in China"
2026:Minaret building and apprenticeship in Yemen
556:and important early-20th-century scholar of
2647:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
2618:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
2588:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800
2559:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
2527:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
2349:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
2292:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
1380:"Miranet Function, Design & Importance"
1001:period (11th to 13th centuries), after the
548:(which survived up until medieval times).
3670:
3096:
2913:
2899:
2891:
2465:Fraenkel, J.; Sadan, J. (April 24, 2012).
2444:. The American University in Cairo Press.
1703:
1701:
1699:
667:has a distinctive spiral minaret (848–852)
2643:"The Resurgence of the Baghdad Caliphate"
2238:"Minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan"
1941:"Creswell and the Origins of the Minaret"
1552:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
1974:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
1886:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
2870:"The Minaret, Symbol of a Civilization"
2497:. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill.
2486:
2484:
2482:
2213:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press.
1990:
1988:
1592:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1348:
1316:
378:
2668:
2666:
2548:
2546:
2516:
2514:
2473:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2435:
2433:
2431:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2322:. American University of Cairo Press.
2210:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250
2202:
2200:
2120:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2095:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1947:. Vol. 8. Brill. pp. 55–58.
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
2620:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 765–766.
2580:
2578:
2313:
2311:
2232:
2230:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2024:Marchand, Trevor Hugh James (2012) .
1755:
1753:
1680:"Introduction to mosque architecture"
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
230:) originally meant a "lamp stand", a
7:
2743:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain
2677:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
2521:Crane, Howard; Korn, Lorenz (2017).
1611:
1609:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
391:Inside the stairway of a minaret in
178:typically built into or adjacent to
2675:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
2553:Golombek, Lisa; Koch, Ebba (2017).
1241:(also known as the Blue Mosque) in
1134:architectural history of the region
159:
134:
118:
3949:Influences on Western architecture
1997:Dictionary of Islamic architecture
1655:Dictionary of Islamic architecture
903:, in a remote area of present-day
860:Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia
380:Elements of typical minaret design
14:
2796:. New York: Thames & Hudson.
2794:A History of Ottoman Architecture
1040:(region encompassing present-day
926:, the most monumental minaret in
788:. The minaret of the 9th-century
311:can issue the call to prayer, or
4045:
4032:
3120:
2529:. Vol. 1. Wiley Blackwell.
2491:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989).
2440:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007).
2242:Qantara - Mediterranean Heritage
1269:
1255:
1112:minarets of Tunisia such as the
958:such as the mosque's entrance.
613:. In another example, under the
457:
438:
419:
399:
384:
47:
16:Architectural feature of mosques
3918:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2612:Lambourn, Elizabeth A. (2017).
1999:. Routledge. pp. 187–188.
1657:. Routledge. pp. 187–190.
599:Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari
4072:Islamic architectural elements
2883:New International Encyclopedia
680:still standing is that of the
355:Muslim rulers who built them.
1:
2263:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
2028:. Routledge. pp. 22, 37.
1300:2009 Swiss minaret referendum
1032:(second half of 12th century)
908:
4010:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
1912:Netton, Ian Richard (2013).
1855:, pg. 201. Jubilee edition.
1760:Gamm, Niki (March 9, 2013).
1588:Hillenbrand, Robert (1994).
977:(1613), the minarets on the
2852:, Oxford University Press.
2769:Islam: Art and Architecture
2420:Williams, Caroline (2018).
2177:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
2147:. Oxford University Press.
1939:Bloom, Jonathan M. (1991).
1617:"Mosque | place of worship"
1548:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2013).
1090:Great Mosque of Chefchaouen
937:One of the minarets of the
836:-style summit disappeared.
328:
320:
170:
142:
129:
4123:
3378:Islamic geometric patterns
2848:Jonathan M. Bloom (1989),
2053:10.1163/22118993_03501P008
1918:. Routledge. p. 418.
1738:World History Encyclopedia
1468:World History Encyclopedia
625:ordered the addition of a
18:
4023:
3812:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
3118:
2792:Goodwin, Godfrey (1971).
2673:Marçais, Georges (1954).
2591:. Yale University Press.
2183:. Yale University Press.
1995:Petersen, Andrew (1996).
1943:. In Grabar, Oleg (ed.).
1653:Petersen, Andrew (1996).
1362:Dictionary.com Unabridged
426:An ornate balcony at the
3928:Museum with No Frontiers
2850:Minaret, symbol of Islam
2817:Geisler, Philip (2019).
2372:King, James Roy (1984).
2318:O'Kane, Bernard (2016).
1826:"Minaret | architecture"
1762:"How to build a minaret"
1712:. University of Oxford.
1708:Bloom, Jonathan (1989).
1295:List of tallest minarets
1136:is the minaret built by
1125:Great Mosque of Kairouan
975:Akbar's Tomb at Sikandra
694:Great Mosque of Damascus
682:Great Mosque of Kairouan
603:Great Mosque of Damascus
487:Great Mosque of Kairouan
21:Minaret (disambiguation)
4039:Architecture portal
2641:Tabbaa, Yasser (2017).
1830:Encyclopedia Britannica
1710:Minaret Symbol of Islam
1621:Encyclopedia Britannica
1305:List of tallest mosques
1290:List of oldest minarets
706:Great Mosque of Samarra
665:Great Mosque of Samarra
631:Great Mosque of Cordoba
567:Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
359:Construction and design
343:system on the minaret.
4082:Architectural elements
3944:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3344:(multicoloured ashlar)
2122:. Brill. p. 740.
1915:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1220:
1205:
1106:Great Mosque of Asilah
1092:, the Great Mosque of
1033:
1016:Maghreb and al-Andalus
946:
876:
850:Mosque of Qanibay Qara
839:Later minarets in the
781:
729:congregational mosques
724:, and Jonathan Bloom.
668:
494:
304:
218:
151:
38:
3681:Congregational mosque
3139:(four-arch structure)
1195:
1156:-era minarets of the
1127:, built in 836 under
1118:Hammouda Pacha Mosque
1023:
936:
867:
824:. The minaret of the
771:
673:Great Mosque of Mecca
662:
640:'s renovation of the
484:
294:
29:
4102:Architecture in Iran
4005:Ottoman architecture
3995:Moorish architecture
3990:Islamic architecture
3985:Iranian architecture
3408:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
3262:(or müezzin mahfili)
2922:Islamic architecture
2320:The Mosques of Egypt
1861:Stacey International
1215:Ottoman architecture
758:Chinese architecture
718:Richard Ettinghausen
558:Islamic architecture
19:For other uses, see
4097:Islamic terminology
4087:Arabic architecture
4077:Mosque architecture
4042: •
4029: •
4015:Yemeni architecture
4000:Mughal architecture
3980:Berber architecture
3975:Arabic architecture
3639:Salsabil (fountain)
3373:Islamic calligraphy
1766:Hürriyet Daily News
1277:Architecture portal
1239:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
1123:The minaret at the
971:Indian subcontinent
967:Mughal architecture
818:Mamluk architecture
597:'s local governor,
464:Example of a metal
325:is called from the
222:). The Arabic word
3716:Kuttab (or maktab)
1969:Creswell, K. A. C.
1881:Creswell, K. A. C.
1226:Üç Şerefeli Mosque
1209:The Seljuks of Rum
1206:
1114:Youssef Dey Mosque
1108:in Morocco or the
1034:
947:
877:
854:al-Ghuri's madrasa
826:al-Maridani Mosque
795:Mosque of al-Hakim
782:
774:al-Maridani Mosque
750:Huaishengsi Mosque
669:
495:
335:(prayer hall) via
305:
251:. The other word,
39:
4059:
4058:
3906:
3905:
3662:
3661:
3649:Shading Umbrellas
3433:Stucco decoration
3333:For overview, see
3148:Four-centred arch
2858:978-0-19-728013-3
2832:978-3-11-063908-7
1954:978-90-04-09372-0
1925:978-1-135-17960-1
1678:Weisbin, Kendra.
1138:Abd ar-Rahman III
1064:) and historical
550:K. A. C. Creswell
542:Pharos Lighthouse
518:Umayyad Caliphate
299:depiction of the
168:
140:
127:
4114:
4107:Religious towers
4052:Islam portal
4050:
4049:
4048:
4037:
4036:
3671:
3336:Islamic ornament
3215:South Asian dome
3143:Discharging arch
3124:
3097:
2941:Anatolian Seljuk
2915:
2908:
2901:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2837:
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2814:
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2015:
2014:
1992:
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1982:
1965:
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1902:
1893:(276): 134–140.
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1223:
1158:Kutubiyya Mosque
1036:Minarets in the
1026:Kutubiyya Mosque
979:Tomb of Jahangir
961:The rise of the
913:
910:
790:Ibn Tulun Mosque
714:Abu Dulaf Mosque
642:Prophet's Mosque
573:in 673. In 1989
511:Rashidun Caliphs
461:
442:
423:
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388:
333:
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139:romanized:
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4019:
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3954:Moorish Revival
3932:
3902:
3868:Albarrana tower
3856:
3785:
3772:in modern Iran)
3686:Dar al-Muwaqqit
3658:
3609:(fountain type)
3594:
3588:
3551:
3545:
3536:Reflecting pool
3531:Persian gardens
3526:Paradise garden
3494:
3471:(entrance hall)
3442:
3398:Nagash painting
3320:
3242:
3236:
3187:
3158:Lambrequin arch
3125:
3116:
3088:
3059:Sudano-Sahelian
2924:
2919:
2877:"Minaret"
2874:
2866:
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2843:Further reading
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2771:. h.f.ullmann.
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2468:"Manār, Manāra"
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2378:Islamic Studies
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1234:Selimiye Mosque
1198:Selimiye Mosque
1190:
1082:Southern France
1024:Minaret of the
1018:
991:
911:
862:
772:Minaret of the
766:
746:
741:
739:Regional styles
678:oldest minarets
615:Umayyad Emirate
585:("place of the
485:Minaret of the
479:
472:
462:
453:
447:Badshahi Mosque
443:
434:
424:
415:
404:
395:
389:
361:
289:
202:
174:) is a type of
80:
50:
46:
30:Minaret at the
24:
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3516:Islamic garden
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3163:Multifoil arch
3160:
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3153:Horseshoe arch
3150:
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2384:(4): 325–335.
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1062:Western Sahara
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901:Minaret of Jam
893:Kalyan Minaret
869:Kalyan Minaret
861:
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575:Jonathan Bloom
478:
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184:call to prayer
32:Umayyad Mosque
15:
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3521:Mughal garden
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2778:9783848003808
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2598:9780300064650
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2006:9781134613663
2002:
1998:
1991:
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1849:Donald Hawley
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1199:
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1187:
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1162:Kasbah Mosque
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:Kasbah Mosque
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:(present-day
1067:
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1059:
1055:
1051:
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1031:
1027:
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1000:
997:In the later
995:
988:
986:
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842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:Bahri Mamluks
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
791:
787:
779:
775:
770:
763:
761:
759:
755:
751:
743:
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723:
719:
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531:
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512:
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500:
497:The earliest
492:
488:
483:
476:
471:
467:
460:
455:
452:
448:
441:
436:
433:
429:
422:
417:
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402:
397:
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387:
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302:
298:
293:
286:
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282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:reconstructed
242:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
215:
211:
207:
199:
197:
195:
191:
190:
185:
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177:
172:
166:
157:
153:
149:
144:
133:, or Arabic:
131:
125:
116:
110:
44:
37:
33:
28:
22:
4043:
4030:
4027:Islamic arts
3807:Caravanserai
3332:
3300:
3286:Loudspeakers
3211:Persian dome
3173:Pointed arch
2971:Indo-Islamic
2961:Great Seljuk
2881:
2849:
2822:
2812:
2793:
2787:
2768:
2762:
2742:
2735:
2716:
2710:
2690:
2683:
2674:
2646:
2636:
2617:
2607:
2587:
2558:
2526:
2493:
2472:
2460:
2441:
2421:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2348:
2338:
2319:
2291:
2281:
2262:
2256:
2245:. Retrieved
2241:
2209:
2179:
2144:
2138:
2119:
2113:
2094:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2010:
1996:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1944:
1934:
1914:
1907:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1852:
1844:
1833:. Retrieved
1829:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1794:. Retrieved
1791:ResearchGate
1790:
1780:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:
1728:
1709:
1687:. Retrieved
1684:Khan Academy
1683:
1673:
1654:
1624:. Retrieved
1620:
1589:
1549:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:
1458:
1439:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:
1360:
1351:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1263:Islam portal
1213:
1207:
1170:Hassan Tower
1122:
1035:
1007:
996:
992:
960:
948:
907:, was built
885:Central Asia
878:
841:Burji Mamluk
838:
833:
809:
803:
783:
748:Next to the
747:
726:
670:
649:
645:
635:
626:
611:North Africa
606:
605:which had a
590:
586:
582:
579:
515:
496:
374:
362:
345:
326:
318:
312:
306:
279:could mean "
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
238:
227:
223:
209:
205:
203:
187:
42:
40:
3654:Windcatcher
3635:(courtyard)
3388:Mosque lamp
3368:Girih tiles
3325:Decorations
3203:Arabic dome
2047:: 175–192.
1550:The minaret
1110:Ottoman-era
912: 1175
905:Afghanistan
722:Oleg Grabar
554:orientalist
538:Mesopotamia
536:shrines in
513:(632–661).
410:minaret in
406:Inside the
297:orientalist
4066:Categories
3937:Influences
3852:Well house
3623:Mashrabiya
3271:Hussainiya
3207:Onion dome
2998:Indonesian
2986:Qutb Shahi
2803:0500274290
2753:0870996371
2247:2022-04-26
1869:0905743636
1857:Kensington
1835:2018-12-12
1796:2018-12-12
1771:2018-12-12
1743:2022-01-09
1719:0197280137
1689:2018-12-12
1626:2018-12-12
1473:2022-01-09
1389:2022-01-09
1384:Britannica
1344:References
1285:Bell tower
1176:, and the
1104:, and the
1066:al-Andalus
1050:Mauritania
920:Qutb Minar
889:South Asia
871:(left) in
804:Under the
710:helicoidal
619:al-Andalus
589:) or as a
546:Alexandria
530:Babylonian
428:Qutb Minar
337:microphone
281:lighthouse
3911:Resources
3674:Religious
3644:Shabestan
3602:Hypostyle
3584:Shadirvan
3353:Arabesque
3276:Imamzadeh
3241:Religious
3221:Semi-dome
3168:Ogee arch
3137:Chahartaq
3100:Materials
3027:Almoravid
3002:Malaysian
2390:0578-8072
2265:. Brill.
2097:. Brill.
2061:134439335
1734:"Miranet"
1568:856037134
1464:"Miranet"
1357:"minaret"
1166:Marrakesh
1070:Gibraltar
1030:Marrakesh
983:Taj Mahal
952:Ilkhanids
939:Taj Mahal
754:Guangzhou
526:ziggurats
301:muezzin's
287:Functions
255:(plural:
226:(plural:
216:version (
200:Etymology
192:) from a
165:romanized
124:romanized
4092:Minarets
4025:Part of
3861:Military
3797:Baradari
3790:Civilian
3613:Jharokha
3574:Mechouar
3511:Charbagh
3454:Andaruni
3428:Socarrat
3393:Muqarnas
3291:Maqsurah
3183:Vaulting
3112:Tadelakt
3093:Elements
3042:Zayyanid
3022:Aghlabid
2398:20847278
2041:Muqarnas
1863:, 1995.
1249:See also
1243:Istanbul
1160:and the
1129:Aghlabid
1116:and the
1094:Ouazzane
1074:Portugal
1009:muqarnas
846:al-Ghuri
834:makhbara
810:mabkhara
806:Ayyubids
801:sultan.
780:minarets
733:Fatimids
638:al-Walid
633:in 793.
623:Hisham I
595:Mu'awiya
583:mi'dhana
534:Assyrian
522:steeples
507:Muhammad
470:Istanbul
348:symbolic
330:musallah
171:goldaste
135:مِئْذَنة
36:Damascus
3959:Mudéjar
3923:ArchNet
3873:Alcázar
3746:Musalla
3731:Maqbara
3721:Madrasa
3711:Külliye
3706:Khanqah
3696:Gongbei
3595:cooling
3593:Passive
3559:Chhatri
3552:objects
3550:Outdoor
3499:Gardens
3475:Mirador
3413:Shabaka
3403:Qashani
3358:Banna'i
3301:Minaret
3243:objects
3233:(eaves)
3231:Chhajja
3178:Squinch
3079:Umayyad
3074:Timurid
3064:Swahili
3049:Ottoman
3032:Almohad
3017:Moorish
3007:Iranian
2976:Bengali
2956:Fatimid
2951:Chinese
2946:Ayyubid
2936:Abbasid
2886:. 1905.
1182:Seville
1178:Giralda
1154:Almohad
1102:Tangier
1058:Tunisia
1054:Morocco
1042:Algeria
1038:Maghreb
999:Abbasid
969:in the
916:Ghurids
914:by the
897:Bukhara
873:Bukhara
698:Samarra
686:Tunisia
629:to the
627:ṣawma'a
621:, emir
607:ṣawma῾a
591:ṣawma῾a
562:Abbasid
499:mosques
491:Tunisia
477:Origins
412:Seville
408:Giralda
366:lantern
341:speaker
309:muezzin
261:manāyir
257:manā'ir
249:manwara
240:menorah
232:cognate
228:manārāt
214:Turkish
194:muezzin
180:mosques
167::
160:گلدسته
156:Persian
148:Turkish
143:miʾḏana
126::
43:minaret
3883:Kasbah
3832:Kasbah
3822:Hammam
3817:Ghorfa
3802:Bazaar
3781:Zawiya
3770:takyeh
3741:Mosque
3691:Dargah
3618:Kucheh
3564:Eidgah
3490:Zenana
3438:Zellij
3423:Sitara
3418:Shamsa
3306:Minbar
3296:Mihrab
3281:Kiswah
3266:Gonbad
3130:Arches
3084:Yemeni
3054:Somali
3037:Hafsid
3012:Mamluk
2991:Mughal
2981:Deccan
2929:Styles
2856:
2829:
2800:
2775:
2750:
2723:
2698:
2653:
2624:
2595:
2565:
2533:
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2101:
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2003:
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1899:862832
1897:
1867:
1716:
1661:
1596:
1566:
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1230:Edirne
1221:şerefe
1202:Edirne
1188:Turkey
1168:, the
1150:caliph
1096:, the
1086:finial
1080:, and
1060:, and
1003:Seljuk
945:(1643)
887:, and
875:(1127)
830:finial
799:Mamluk
778:Mamluk
704:, the
650:manāra
646:manāra
587:adhān"
571:Fustat
503:Medina
466:finial
451:Lahore
393:Mostar
370:finial
277:manāra
247:form,
236:Hebrew
224:manāra
219:minare
206:manāra
152:minare
130:manāra
115:Arabic
3898:Ribat
3893:Qalat
3878:Amsar
3837:Mahal
3776:Türbe
3766:Takya
3761:Surau
3756:Rauza
3751:Qubba
3736:Mazar
3726:Maqam
3667:Types
3579:Sebil
3469:Liwan
3459:Harem
3447:Rooms
3363:Girih
3348:Alfiz
3342:Ablaq
3316:Zarih
3311:Qibla
3260:Dikka
3255:Bedug
3250:Anaza
3226:Tajug
3192:Roofs
3107:Qadad
3069:Tatar
2966:Hausa
2394:JSTOR
2057:S2CID
1895:JSTOR
1325:qibla
1311:Notes
1174:Rabat
1078:Spain
1046:Libya
956:iwans
928:India
924:Delhi
822:Cairo
786:Egypt
764:Egypt
744:China
690:Siraf
654:Basra
552:, an
432:Delhi
352:qibla
339:to a
321:adhān
314:adhan
273:manār
269:manār
265:n-w-r
253:manār
210:manār
189:adhan
176:tower
119:منارة
3888:Ksar
3847:Souq
3768:(or
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3607:Howz
3569:Fina
3541:Riad
3506:Bagh
3485:Qa’a
3480:Hosh
3464:Iwan
3383:Jali
3199:Dome
2854:ISBN
2827:ISBN
2798:ISBN
2773:ISBN
2748:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2696:ISBN
2651:ISBN
2622:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2563:ISBN
2531:ISBN
2499:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2386:ISSN
2353:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2124:ISBN
2099:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1853:Oman
1714:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1564:OCLC
1554:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1323:The
1196:The
989:Iraq
943:Agra
881:Iran
702:Iraq
663:The
532:and
275:and
208:and
2049:doi
1228:in
1200:in
1180:in
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