Knowledge (XXG)

Mirdita

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ruled by kapedan (captain) Prenk Llesh who died fighting the Ottomans and succeeded by his son Prenk Doda Tusha who partook in wars on side of the Ottomans against the Greeks who were fighting for independence. He was succeeded by his younger brother Nikolla Tusha or Kola Doda Tusha whose uncle Llesh i Zi (Black Llesh) took over, a man with a reputation for bravery and cruelty. Llesh i Zi fought with the empire against the Greeks and later in 1830 backed Mustafa Bushati in his fight against them assisting him at the siege of Shkodër until its capture by the Ottomans on November 1831 who exiled him to
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Dibrri and Fani bajraks. Together these bajraks of Dibrri, Fani, Kushneni, Oroshi and Spaçi composed the larger Mirdita tribal unit. The Mirdita tribe had a flag with a white hand upon a red background and the five fingers represented the bajraks. During 1818, the bajraks of Ohri i Vogël (Little Ohri) composed of Bushkashi, Kthella and Selita seceded from the Mat tribal region located south of Mirdita and four bajraks of Rranza, Manatia, Bulgëri and Vela from the Lezha highlands. Altogether after 1818 the Mirdita tribal region was made up of twelve bajraks.
1664:
son became the next kapedan and with his Mirdita fighters later fled to the Luma region continuing an anti-communist struggle. In early 1946 he was killed in his sleep by his brother in law hoping for a reprieve from communist forces who in turn was killed by Mark's brother. Mark's son, Gjon Markagjoni (1938-2003) spent his years in a communist internment camp, as did other members of the Gjonmarkaj family. With the collapse of communism in Albania (1992), the position of Prince of Mirdita or kapedan has become a memory of a long ago past.
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children of Mir Diti who were Skanda (Skana), Bushi, Qyqa and Lluli (Luli) formed the core of the Kushneni, Oroshi and Spaçi tribal units during the sixteenth century. Overall the Mirdita tribe was more of a federation of different tribal sources with not all fis (clan or tribe) claiming descent from a common male ancestor although the Kushneni, Oroshi and Spaçi and Tusha did trace their origins in those terms. Local Mirdita traditions claim that the Dibrri bajrak is mixed and has southern Albanian
1344:(on the modern Kosovo-Albania border) and lived under a Bulgarian chieftain. In the early history of the Mirdita there exists evidence of Orthodox influence in what later was a Catholic tribe. The arrival of the Ottomans in the region pushed the tribes from Pashtrik toward the westward direction of the mountains. During the time of Skanderbeg around 1450 and after the Ottomans captured Shkodër, the Mirdita fled to their original homeland and returned in 1750 to their present location. 1325: 43: 1289: 1425: 1527: 1539: 1441: 1551: 1453: 1413: 1626: 1503: 1515: 1566: 1646:
claimed the position of kapedan. Many of the Mirdita leaders refused to acknowledge him and he lacked popularity among the tribe due to issues of cowardice shown during the war. By 1921 Marka Gjoni received money from Belgrade and rebelled against the new 'Muslim' Albanian government and he declared
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His son Gjon Markagjoni became the next kapedan and reached an understanding with the Albanian state, later being given prominent government ministries to lead. During the Second World War he collaborated with Italian and later German military forces occupying Albania and by 1944 fled to Italy. His
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The Mirdita tribe claimed descent from a legendary ancestor named Mir Diti, the son of Dit Miri and the grandson of Murr Deti known also as Murr Dedi. The brother of Mir Diti was Zog Diti, the ancestor of the Shoshi tribe and the Shala tribe were descendants from another brother Mark Diti. The male
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Historically Mirdita was the largest tribal region of Albania in terms of geographic spread and population. The region is situated in northern Albania, and it borders the traditional tribal areas of Puka (Berisha, Kabashi, Qerreti) in the north; the Lezha highlands (Vela, Bulgëri, Manatia, Kryeziu)
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which was located very near Shkodër, the patriarchs of these 2 families were Jon Mirdita and Petër Mirdita. Later research done by Milan Šufflay showed that these 2 families migrated from the area of the rivers Mat and Fan where historical Mirdita was located. After this period the word Mirdita is
1238:
and Mat rivers in the west; the river Mat and region of Mat in the south and the area of the Black Drin river in the east. The traditional areas and settlements of Mirdita are: Bisak, Blinisht, Breg, Doç, Domgjon, Fregna, Gojan, Gomsiqja, Gryka e Gjadrit, Gjegjan, Kaçinar, Kalor, Kashnjet-Kaftali,
1705:
Traditionally Mirdita consisted of three bajraks (clans or tribes): Kushneni, Oroshi and Spaçi that claimed an origin from a legendary brother of Shoshi and Shala. Being related to the three bajraks they did not practice endogamy with the Shoshi and Shala tribes and instead intermarried with the
1380:
In comparison to other Albanian tribes the military organisation of Mirdita was better developed and they used their forces to resist incursions from the Ottomans and others in the area and also deploying it for pillaging and raiding. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century they were
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became independent and Mirdita was included in the new country. Prenk Bib Doda with hopes of claiming the Albanian throne gave strong support to government of Ismail Qemali in Vlorë. After World War One Doda was assassinated in 1919 near the marshes of Lezha and as he was childless, a relative
1242:
The current district of Mirdita is located within the Mirdita tribal region that contains the Lesser and Greater Fan rivers. The largest town and administrative centre of the modern period is Rrëshen, and other significant settlements exist in the area such as Rubik, Orosh, Blinisht, Kaçinar,
1475:
In the late Ottoman period, the Mirdita tribe were all devoutly Catholic, had 2,500 households and five bajraktars (chieftains). In times of war the Mirdita could mobilise up to 5,000 irregular troops when expected by the Ottoman state. A general assembly of the Mirdita met often in
1683:
Northern central Albanian tribe and traditional tribal region. The Mirdita region corresponds broadly to the present District of Mirdita, though, as tribal land, it originally referred more specifically to the mountains north of Blinisht. The name was recorded in 1571 as
1492:, the Mirdita were fiercely independent and the most powerful tribe of the province. Alexandre Degrand, the French consul who served in Shkodër during the 1890s noted that for the past twenty years only seven outsiders had been to Orosh with one being the Ottoman 1224:
The name Mirdita derives from a legendary ancestor named Mir Diti from whom the tribe claims descent. Other alternative folk etymologies have been presented. Another folk etymology links the word to the Albanian greeting "mirëdita" meaning hello, "good day".
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Kashnjet, Kalivaç, Kalivarja, Kimza, Kisha e Arstit, Korthpula-Kaftalli, Korthpula, Konaj, Kushnen, Lumbardhë, Mesul, Mnela, Ndërfana, Orosh, Qafa e Malit, Rras, Sukaxhia, Sërriqja, Shkoza, Spaç, Shëngjin, Tejkodra, Tuç, Ungrej, Vig, Vrith and Xhuxha.
1659:
the attempted statelet was put down by Albanian troops on 20 November 1921. Marka Gjoni fled to Yugoslavia which after some time he was allowed to return to Albania and in Mirdita was active in local affairs for a few years before his death.
1616:
In the latter half of the 19th century, there was a cholera outbreak in the region of Mirdita, Albania which caused some clan members to migrate elsewhere. At least one Mirdita member fled to what is current day Ulcinj, Montenegro.
1397:
and ran into difficulties with the Ottoman Empire over an alleged involvement in an uprising and from fellow tribesmen who refused to recognise him as leader after he had not paid them wages for their participation in the
1581:, Prenk Bib Doda as hereditary chief of the Mirdita initiated a rebellion in mid-April 1877 against government control and the Ottoman Empire sent troops to put it down. Following the revolt Doda was exiled and after the 1300: 1393:
against Egyptian forces. The sons of Lleshi i ZI attempted a coup and Nikolla had them murdered leading to a blood feud within the family. By the 1860s, the kapedan of Mirdita was
1696:'good day,' though this is probably a folk etymology. Mirdita is traditionally a staunchly Catholic region, with its religious centre at the church of Saint Alexander in Orosh." 1279: 1585:(1908) was allowed home where his return was celebrated by tribesmen and the new government expected him to secure Mirdita support for the Young Turk regime. During the 1184: 2125: 1385:. His nephew Nikolla was appointed kapedan and he partook in Ottoman military expeditions against the Montenegrins gaining the admiration and support of Grand Vezir 1713:
occupation of Albania, Austro-Hungarian authorities conducted the first reliable census (1918) of the area and Mirdita had 2,376 households and 16,926 inhabitants.
1464: 1369:(1634) as Mireditta, bishop Benedetto Orsini Ragusino (1642) as Miriditi and Pietro Stefano Gaspari (1671) as Miriditi. In a 1689 Italian map by cartographer 1859: përgatitur nga Injac Zamputti, Tiranë: Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë, 1977. p. 280. 1613:
and declared a provisional government. After Ottoman troops entered the area to put down the rebellion, Tocci fled the empire abandoning his activities.
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According to the oral history of tribe, the Mirdita along with the ancestors of the Shala and Shoshi tribes originated from the area of Mount
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as Meredita(i). The area of Mirdita was also known earlier by the name Ndërfandina meaning land between the two Fan rivers.
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to deliberate on important issues relating to the tribe. The position of hereditary prince of the tribe with the title
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briefly visited Mirdita during their wider campaign to quell the uprising within the region. During the
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Mirdita is for the first time cited in 1416 as a surname for 2 families living in the village of
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in the west and southwest; the northern Albanian coastal plain of Lezha and Zadrima between the
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In the English Translation (Robert Elsie, Janice Mathie-Heck) of the Albanian National Epic
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lawyer who had spent year with the tribe gathered the Mirditë chieftains on 26/27 April in
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the tribal name appears as Miriditti in 1610. In a letter from 1621 by Albanian bishop
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or Rruga e Kombit (Nation's highway) linking Albania with Kosovo passes through Mirdita
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by Gjergj Fishta, the Mirdita Tribe, as well as other northern tribes, is mentioned.
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Albanian tribes as of 1918 from Franz Seiner. Mirdita is located in section 6-10.
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The crescent and the eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
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Regjistri i Kadastrës dhe i Koncensioneve për rrethin e Shkodrës 1416-1417,
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Processional cross at the Church of St Alexander in Orosh, Mirdita (1890s)
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it's noted as Mirediti and an ecclesiastical report of 1703 by archbishop
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cited as Mirdita in an Ottoman document of 1571 and in a report by
1651:" at Prizren in Yugoslav territory on 17 July 1921. Recognised by 1624: 1606: 1564: 1488:
Abbot held some influence among the Mirdita tribesmen. Within the
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Mountainous region in northern Albania; historic Albanian tribe
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it is written as Meredita, in the ecclesiastical reports of
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Fishta, Elsei, Mathie-Heck, Gjergj, Robert, Janice (2005).
1573:, Don Domenico, and other armed Mirdita tribesmen (1890s) 1609:
and proclaimed the independence of Albania, raised the
1532:
Kulla (fortified tower house) in Perlat, Mirdita (1908)
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Mirdita male mountain guides and female porters (1908)
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150 Mirdita fighters enter Durrës to support prince
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The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture
42: 1402:. Dying in 1868 he was succeeded by his young son 1389:who appointed him in the imperial vanguard at the 1418:Malet e Shënjtit (holy mountains) close to Orosh 1212:whose territory is synonymous with the historic 1681: 1679:The glossary entry for Mirdita is written as: 16:For the municipality in northern Albania, see 1989: 1987: 1761: 1759: 1328:Traditional house, Domgjon village in Mirdita 1178: 8: 2124:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 2083: 2081: 2056: 2054: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 1913: 1911: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 2104:. I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. p. 443. 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1185: 1171: 947: 895: 815: 793: 55: 25: 1692:and is often said to be related to Alb. 1978: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1722: 1498: 1408: 1245: 718: 678: 658: 575: 536: 511: 481: 425: 370: 304: 255: 220: 156: 58: 33: 2117: 2087: 2072: 2060: 2045: 2033: 1917: 1902: 1881: 1844: 1832: 1805: 1784: 1765: 1750: 1729: 1589:, Ottoman forces and their commander 1458:Young Mirdita man near a cross (1912) 1243:Kalivaç, Kurbinesh, Perlat and Spaç. 7: 2000:. London: IB Tauris. p. 186. 14: 1569:The Ottoman kaimakam of Mirdita, 1549: 1537: 1525: 1513: 1501: 1463: 1451: 1439: 1423: 1411: 1299: 1287: 1272: 1260: 1248: 41: 1470:The rebuilt new church of Orosh 1267:Town centre in Rrëshen, Mirdita 927:Reconciliation Movement in 1990 798:Kanun (Albanian customary law) 1: 2195:Albanian ethnographic regions 2190:Historical regions in Albania 1432:St Alexander church of Orosh 2145:. I.B.Tauris. p. 218. 1371:Giacomo Cantelli da Vignola 1294:Fan Valley at Reps, Mirdita 908:Albanian National Awakening 2216: 1508:Women from Mirdita (1890s) 1496:(governor) of the sanjak. 15: 1255:Munella Mountain, Mirdita 1994:Gawrych, George (2006). 1520:Men from Mirdita (1890s) 1208:is a region of northern 1595:Albanian Revolt of 1911 1587:Albanian revolt of 1910 913:Albanian revolt of 1911 2170:Mirdita Tourism Portal 2139:Elsie, Robert (2015). 1698: 1630: 1629:Prenk Bib Doda (1900s) 1574: 1329: 1202: 1628: 1583:Young Turk Revolution 1568: 1327: 1200: 1153:Traditional tattooing 1768:, pp. 213, 219. 1732:, pp. 214, 222. 1591:Mahmud Shevket Pasha 1579:Great Eastern Crisis 1404:Prenk Bib Doda Tusha 1307:Durrës-Kukës Highway 257:Highlands of Gjakova 2075:, pp. 233–234. 2048:, pp. 232–233. 1870:Serbë dhe shqiptarë 1621:Independent Albania 868:Bukë, Kripë e Zemër 29:Part of a series on 1631: 1575: 1387:Reşid Mehmed Pasha 1330: 1216:of the same name. 1203: 158:Dukagjin highlands 52:Tribes and regions 2152:978-0-85773-932-2 2102:The Highland Lute 2007:978-1-84511-287-5 1868:Shuflaj M.,  1674:The Highland Lute 1655:and supported by 1490:Sanjak of Shkodër 1280:Rrëshen cathedral 1195: 1194: 1160: 1159: 1059:Kângë Kreshnikësh 935: 934: 883: 882: 803: 802: 781: 780: 2207: 2185:Albanian regions 2157: 2156: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2123: 2115: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2012: 2011: 1991: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1921: 1915: 1906: 1900: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1809: 1803: 1788: 1782: 1769: 1763: 1754: 1748: 1733: 1727: 1649:Mirdita Republic 1553: 1541: 1529: 1517: 1505: 1467: 1455: 1443: 1427: 1415: 1375:Vićenco Zmajević 1303: 1291: 1276: 1264: 1252: 1187: 1180: 1173: 948: 896: 816: 794: 56: 45: 44: 26: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2175: 2174: 2166: 2161: 2160: 2153: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2116: 2112: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2032: 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1174: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1084:Sworn virgins 1082: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 991: 988: 987: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 956: 953: 952: 950: 949: 941: 940: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 900: 898: 897: 889: 888: 876: 873: 869: 866: 865: 864: 861: 860: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 841: 838: 836: 833: 829: 826: 825: 824: 821: 820: 818: 817: 809: 808: 799: 796: 795: 787: 786: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 760: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 731: 729: 728: 725: 721: 717: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 690: 689: 685: 681: 677: 671: 668: 667: 665: 664: 661: 657: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 632: 627: 624: 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71: 68: 67: 65: 64: 61: 57: 49: 48: 40: 39: 36: 32: 28: 27: 19: 2141: 2134: 2101: 2095: 2068: 2041: 1996: 1979:Gawrych 2006 1974: 1967:Gawrych 2006 1962: 1955:Gawrych 2006 1950: 1943:Gawrych 2006 1877: 1869: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1840: 1725: 1708: 1704: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1662: 1632: 1615: 1576: 1481: 1474: 1379: 1359:Marino Bizzi 1353: 1351: 1339: 1331: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1205: 1204: 1140: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1027:Gjamë/Vajtim 318: 305:Puka-Mirdita 1709:During the 1701:Ethnography 1644:Marka Gjoni 1635:Balkan Wars 1633:During the 1577:During the 1571:Marka Gjoni 1482:Prenk Pasha 1400:Crimean War 1363:Pjetër Budi 1078:Sword dance 1037:Epic poetry 863:Hospitality 680:Herzegovina 2179:Categories 2088:Elsie 2015 2073:Elsie 2015 2061:Elsie 2015 2046:Elsie 2015 2034:Elsie 2015 1918:Elsie 2015 1903:Elsie 2015 1882:Elsie 2015 1845:Elsie 2015 1833:Elsie 2015 1806:Elsie 2015 1785:Elsie 2015 1766:Elsie 2015 1751:Elsie 2015 1730:Elsie 2015 1717:References 1657:Yugoslavia 1560:(May 1914) 1486:Franciscan 1354:Mensabardi 1113:Fustanella 854:Gjakmarrja 749:Malakasioi 739:Kurveleshi 686:hinterland 640:Palabardhi 596:Bratonishi 426:Zadrimë - 2120:cite book 1694:mire dita 1690:Miriditti 1337:origins. 1282:, Mirdita 1229:Geography 1220:Etymology 1006:Kulshedra 773:Souliotes 670:Goljemadi 616:Malonšići 567:Kakarriqi 548:Pamalioti 489:highlands 430:highlands 417:Kastrioti 362:Dukagjini 143:Lepuroshi 1342:Pashtrik 1137:Xhubleta 1131:Xhamadan 1103:Clothing 955:Paganism 812:Concepts 790:Law code 768:Zenevisi 754:Mazaraki 724:Chameria 700:Mataruga 621:Mataguzi 601:Bytadosi 591:Bukumiri 468:Kryezezi 267:Krasniqi 192:Dushmani 128:Gruemiri 114:Marsheni 99:Kastrati 80:Kelmendi 2200:Mirditë 1686:Mirdita 1639:Albania 1434:in 1903 1320:Origins 1315:History 1210:Albania 1206:Mirdita 1125:Qeleshe 1047:Çifteli 1002:Drangue 944:Culture 892:History 695:Burmazi 684:Ragusan 562:Kryethi 503:Gjonima 498:Progani 473:Manatia 463:Bulgëri 444:Bushati 439:Zadrima 348:Kabashi 343:Qerreti 319:Mirdita 314:Berisha 277:Mërturi 212:Prekali 207:Mazreku 202:Mavriqi 197:Toplana 183:Shllaku 104:Trieshi 90:Rrjolli 85:Shkreli 18:Mirditë 2149:  2108:  2004:  1653:Greece 1383:Yanina 1144:Çorape 1119:Opinga 1074:Dances 1053:Fyelli 1041:Lahutë 1032:Muranë 997:Vitore 985:Zjarri 980:Prende 970:Dielli 965:Qielli 903:Bajrak 875:Honour 835:Muranë 823:Zjarri 720:Epirus 705:Španji 645:Rogami 626:Mugoša 611:Macure 553:Mahine 528:Muzaka 513:Myzeqe 449:Renesi 398:Arrëni 371:Upper 357:Selita 329:Malziu 296:Morina 291:Bytyqi 178:Shoshi 1607:Orosh 1601:, an 1478:Orosh 1089:Kulla 1015:Fatia 990:Vatër 844:Fatia 828:Vatër 763:Spata 744:Losha 710:Kriči 650:Vasaj 635:Pipri 487:Kruja 428:Lezha 403:Dibra 338:Thaçi 282:Gashi 272:Nikaj 242:Xhani 237:Plani 173:Shala 138:Lohja 75:Gruda 2147:ISBN 2126:link 2106:ISBN 2002:ISBN 1558:Wied 1494:vali 1430:The 1335:Tosk 1236:Drin 1107:Brez 1020:Zana 975:Hëna 960:Dheu 849:Besa 606:Kuçi 581:Zeta 577:Brda 523:Lalë 483:Mati 454:Vela 408:Sopa 393:Lura 388:Luma 383:Hasi 373:Drin 324:Puka 247:Suma 232:Kiri 222:Pult 168:Bobi 148:Boga 133:Reçi 119:Tuzi 109:Koja 70:Hoti 1647:a " 1094:Oda 1011:Ora 1004:vs 840:Ora 734:Bua 2181:: 2122:}} 2118:{{ 2080:^ 2053:^ 2016:^ 1986:^ 1925:^ 1910:^ 1889:^ 1813:^ 1792:^ 1773:^ 1758:^ 1737:^ 1637:, 1597:, 1406:. 682:- 485:- 2155:. 2128:) 2114:. 2010:. 1186:e 1179:t 1172:v 1146:) 1141:· 1139:. 1134:· 1128:· 1122:· 1116:· 1110:· 1105:( 1080:) 1076:( 1061:) 1056:· 1050:· 1044:· 1039:( 1013:/ 842:/ 722:/ 579:- 20:.

Index

Mirditë
Albanian tribes
Malësia e Madhe
Hoti
Gruda
Kelmendi
Shkreli
Rrjolli
Kastrati
Trieshi
Koja
Marsheni
Tuzi
Gruemiri
Reçi
Lohja
Lepuroshi
Boga
Dukagjin highlands
Bobi
Shala
Shoshi
Shllaku
Dushmani
Toplana
Mavriqi
Mazreku
Prekali
Pult
Kiri

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