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27:
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618:. The Melon de Bourgogne has adapted well to these condition being very frost resistant and capable of ripening early. Harvest usually takes place in mid to late September but in recent years producers have been experimented with harvesting the grapes several days to a couple weeks later. The traditional method is to harvest early in order to maintain
413:
806:
full winter in contact with the lees and not be bottled until after the third week of March following the harvest. Some wines are kept in contact longer, in order to produce a more full-bodied style, and not bottled till between mid-October to mid-November. Finally the wine must be bottled directly off its lees and not go through any racking or
428:. The ocean's influence makes the climate of the Muscadet region cooler than the rest of the Loire Valley with more precipitation. Wine expert Tom Stevenson notes that the city of Nantes serves as a shield, protecting the region from northwesterly winds. However the closest vineyards to the city in the village of
805:
to only wines that comply with a set guideline. First, while the sub-appellations of
Muscadet-Sèvre et Maine, Muscadet-Coteaux de la Loire and Muscadet-Côtes de Grandlieu are permitted to use the term, any wine labeled with just the generic AOC Muscadet cannot. Second, the wine must spend at least a
516:
aging by AOC regulations. Next come the three sub-appellations representing different micro-climates of the region: Muscadet-Sèvre et Maine; Muscadet-Coteaux de la Loire, which includes the northernmost expanse of the area; and
Muscadet-Côtes de Grandlieu, which is located in the southwestern area
1008:
called
Muscadet "the perfect oyster wine". The moderate alcohol level of Muscadet allows it to complement many types of dishes without overwhelming them. The light, crisp acidity can "cut through" (meaning it stands out against) rich, creamy dishes which can be a refreshing change of pace for the
533:
The
Muscadet-Sèvre et Maine sub-appellation is the most productive and notable region of Muscadet, producing more than three-quarters of the region's entire production. (In contrast, the Muscadet-Coteaux de la Loire AOC only produces around 20% of the amount of wine of Muscadet-Sèvre et Maine) In
723:
that are usually extracted into the wine. The lees act as a sort of buffer between the wines and the oak elements, allowing the wine to maintain its color and not become too harsh and tannic. In the late 1990s, more
Muscadet producers started extending the amount of time that the must spends in
521:
and tend not to have the fruit to balance the acidity. In warmer years, this area tends to produce the most balanced wines. Muscadet-Côtes de
Grandlieu is the most recent AOC promotion, gaining its status in 1996. Prior to gaining its own sub-appellation, this region was responsible for nearly
441:
ranging from gentle slopes near the rivers to rolling hills to flat fertile land near the mouth of the Loire river. The most ideally situated vineyards are in the rolling hills
Muscadet-Sèvre et Maine sub-appellation located south and east of Nantes. The soil in this area is rich in
595:
710:
The late 20th century saw a wave of winemaking innovation and the popularization of several winemaking techniques. The mid-1980s saw increased usage of oak barrels for fermentation over stainless steel fermenting tanks. The process of stirring the lees
193:
937:) states that the wine may not have residual sugar above 5 grams per liter for Blanc and above 3 grams of sugar per liter for Blanc "Sur Lie." Left over carbon dioxide from the bottling process can leave the wines with a slight "prickly" sensation.
384:
By the 20th century, Muscadet began to fall out of favor in the global wine market and earned a reputation for being homogenous and simple. The late 20th century saw a revival in the
Muscadet region as ambitious wine producers experimented with new
862:
region but was eventually prohibited in the region by French authorities. Introduced by Dutch wine traders in the 17th century, the grape came to thrive in the cool, mild climate of the Pays
Nantais. Other varieties are grown in the region-such as
642:
used to produce
Muscadet, Melon de Bourgogne, is a relatively neutral grape. Winemaking techniques have evolved in the region to adapt to the grape's limitation and bring out more flavor and complexity. The most well-known of these techniques is
814:
with. There is a movement among some Muscadet producers to limit the practice to just that done in standard-sized oak barrels, but currently any size barrel or even stainless steel fermentation tanks are allowed to age a wine
835:
At the turn of the 21st century there were over 2,500 vineyards in the Muscadet region tended mostly as small lots by individual farmers who either commercialize their own wine or sell their grapes to one of the forty plus
262:
The sole variety used to produce Muscadet, Melon de Bourgogne, was initially planted in the region sometime in or before the 17th century. It became dominant after a hard freeze in 1709 killed most of the region's vines.
1021:
Most Muscadets should be drunk within three years of production. There are, however, some exceptions to this rule. Depending upon the soils upon which they are produced and vinification, some Muscadets can have an
517:
around the eponymous lake. As the most northern sub-appellation, the quality of wines from the Muscadet-Coteaux de la Loire can vary greatly depending on the vintage. In cooler years the grapes struggle to
1026:
potential of up to and exceeding ten years. The organisation responsible in France for promoting Loire Valley wines suggests that Muscadet should be served at between 9 and 11 °C (48 and 52 °F).
364:
believe that the Melon de Bourgogne grape was introduced to the Pays Nantais region in the 17th century by Dutch trader looking for a sufficient source of neutral, white wines that could be distilled into
655:). The technique was discovered, almost accidentally, in the early 20th century. Traditionally Muscadet producers would set aside a barrel of wine for special occasions, such as a family
494:
while the soils of the Muscadet-Coteaux de la Loire has high concentration of schist and the Muscadet-Côtes de Grandlieu sub-appellation has a mixture of granite and schist based soils.
432:
are located over 9.5 km from the city center and at higher elevation. Winters have the potential to be harsh with deep freezes common and threatening all the way into early spring.
338:
Evidence suggests that Louis XIV ordered the plantings of Melon de Bourgogne in the Muscadet region following the devastating frost of 1709 that wiped out many vineyards.
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regardless of the length of time and manner that it actually spent in contact with the lees. In 1994, French authorities designed regulations that limit the use of
369:. Following the deep freeze of 1709, most of the red grape varieties were severely damaged and replaced by the hardier Melon de Bourgogne. The French ampelographer
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notes that wines carrying this basic designation are normally the most simple examples of Muscadet. Since the late 1990s, this level has been excluded from using
901:
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that is a key characteristic of Muscadet wine. The trend to pick later, and risk the threat of rains and mildew rot, is to give the grapes more time to develop
482:
rock. Throughout the Muscadet region the soils drain well, which is a necessity in a region as damp as the Pays Nantais. In the broader, generic Muscadet AOC (
691:. However, the relative neutrality of the Melon de Bourgogne grape works in the favor of the Muscadet wine and poses minimal risk to developing off flavors.
630:
that can impart more fruit notes and complexity to the wine. However, these grapes that are picked later will usually experience a dramatic drop in acidity.
1432:
307:, officially established in 1936, covering 467 acres (189 hectares) with 24 villages spread across the Loire-Atlantique and Maine-et-Loire departments.
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aging involves the wine staying in constant contact with the dead yeast cells (known as lees) which appear as sediment at the bottom of a wine barrel
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659:. This "honeymoon barrel", as it became known, would take on more flavor and texture due to its contact with the lees. Through this process,
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2311:
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describes Muscadets as fresh and crisp, at their peak drinking ability from release up to three years of age. Muscadet that have been aged
522:
three-quarters of the wine labeled as basic Muscadet AOC. Well made examples from Muscadet-Côtes de Grandlieu are characterized by floral
404:) prior to fermentation. By the 20th century, the use of these techniques created a wide range of styles and quality of Muscadet wine.
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for several months. While in many wines, the lack of racking could have the undesired consequences of developing off flavors or other
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1383:"Loire - vendee rechercher vigneron indépendant vignerons indépendants vins vin france bordeaux champagne CNCP caves particulières"
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The exact origins of Muscadet wine, and its association with the Melon de Bourgogne grape, is not clear. One estate near Nantes,
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1862:
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The proximity of Nantes and the Muscadet growing region to the Atlantic coast brings a strong maritime influence to the region
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can have very subtle "yeasty" aromas. The acidity keeps the wines light and refreshing. Some examples can have a slight "
582:. The wines made in this style tend to be slightly fuller body and can have some of the texture and mouthfeel of a white
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321:. This sub appellation covers 717 hectares with 17 villages in the Loire-Atlantique department and 2 villages in the
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715:) also became more commonplace. By stirring the lees, the dead yeast come into greater contact with the wood-based
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that can come across as a "prickly" sensation to the tongue. This effervescence is rarely seen to the degree of a
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fact, more AOC Muscadet-Sèvre et Maine is produced on a yearly basis than in any other single AOC in the entire
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contact with the grape skins prior to fermentation. This extended maceration allowed the wine to leach more
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1985:
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process. Currently there is no regulation on the size or type of vessel that the wine should be kept in
389:
techniques aimed at bringing out more flavor and complexity in the wine. The 1980s saw a rise in use of
267:
traders, who were major actors in the French wine trade, encouraged the planting of this variety; they
694:
1867:
1619:
910:
538:. The appellation is located east and south around the city of Nantes and is named after the rivers
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The Muscadet growing region lies at the far western reaches of the Loire Valley and is dominated by
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1940:
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293:, officially established in 1936, covering 20,305 acres (8,217 hectares) with 21 villages in the
218:
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The wine-growing tradition in the region where Muscadet is produced dates from an edict of the
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There are four main appellations of the Muscadet region. At the lowest level is the umbrella
356:, claims that the first Melon de Bourgogne vines used to make Muscadet were transported from
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745:) and be released as early as the third Thursday of November. At time of bottling some
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Muscadet which covers the entire 32,000 acres (13,000 hectares) region. Wine expert
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256:
248:
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refers to an alleged characteristic of the wine produced by the melon grape variety:
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26:
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1832:
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370:
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1990:
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stirring while the 1990s introduced the widespread use of extended skin-contact (
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2010:
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Prior to the early 1990s, any producer of Muscadet wine could use the phrase
286:, officially established in 1937, contains three regional sub-appellations:
2341:
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2147:
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2117:
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2015:
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20:
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1965:
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731:
Muscadet wines are usually bottled in the spring or autumn following the
570:. The most ideally situated vineyards are located around the villages of
479:
789:
printed on both the label as well as embossed on the wine bottle itself.
586:. Well made examples will have a balance of fruit, acidity and texture.
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2346:
2097:
1950:
1925:
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1701:
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1507:
989:
985:
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892:
732:
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412:
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Vineyards in the Muscadet region are scattered across a wide range of
2505:
2468:
2092:
1980:
1975:
1010:
993:
969:
611:
575:
567:
555:
471:
467:
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429:
210:
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The only grape variety permitted in any of the AOC Muscadet is the
2005:
1960:
1930:
1583:
959:
872:
826:
780:
693:
593:
411:
333:
25:
247:(wine with a musk-like taste). However, according to wine expert
1557:
1513:
563:
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composition varies throughout the region and can range from the
491:
487:
459:
451:
2293:
1530:
1511:
988:. Other seafood dishes with which Muscadet pairs well include
2289:
19:
For the Italian wine grape also known as Muscadet Aigre, see
578:
Around 45% of the wine made Muscadet-Sèvre et Maine is aged
899:-but must be used under different designations such as the
773:
French wine to have a maximum alcohol content stipulation.
301:
department. This appellation produces 80% of all Muscadets.
144:
135:
74:
68:
683:
of the wine. During this process, the wine is usually not
156:
86:
980:
in the Pays Nantais region is of Muscadet with the local
126:
59:
1152:"INAO - Institut National de l'Origine et de la qualité"
925:
Muscadet wines are often light bodied and almost always
251:, Muscadet wines do not have much, if any, muskiness or
1526:
1294:
1292:
1290:
846:
would blend and bottle the wine under their own label.
1092:. London & New York: Dorling Kindersley. pp.
831:
Vineyard of Melon de Bourgogne in the Muscadet region.
610:
hazards in the Muscadet region are seasonal frost and
360:
and planted in their vineyards in 1740. However, most
1317:
1315:
1267:"Distance from nantes to vertou - Wolfram|Alpha"
1076:
1074:
1072:
749:
may still be present in the wine, giving it a slight
647:
aging, where the wine stays in contact with the dead
373:
found evidence that following that deep freeze, King
171:
162:
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132:
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89:
65:
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from the skin which can add complexity to the wine.
313:, officially established in 1994, benefits from the
141:
71:
2498:
2482:
2454:
2406:
2388:
2355:
2327:
2194:
2156:
2051:
2028:
1911:
1798:
1786:
1679:
1607:
1564:
377:ordered the replanting himself with a grape called
153:
138:
123:
83:
80:
56:
53:
1365:Third Edition pg 399 Oxford University Press 2006
1220:Third Edition pg 463 Oxford University Press 2006
231:wines are named after their growing region, or in
1345:Third Edition pg 54 Oxford University Press 2006
349:who had the first vineyards planted by soldiers.
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
765:of a Muscadet must be no more than 12% (after
2305:
1542:
1473:San Francisco Chronicle, September 28th, 2007
1469:New, old worlds your oyster when pairing wine
381:that was most likely the Melon de Bourgogne.
8:
761:. Under French AOC regulations, the maximum
2312:
2298:
2290:
1795:
1549:
1535:
1527:
1508:
1126:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp.
1302:pg 116 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005
651:cells left over after fermentation (the
2490:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1048:
205:. It is made at the western end of the
1486:Why you should pour a Muscadet tonight
1431:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1424:
1181:"Loire Valley Wine Guide: The Nantais"
858:. The grape was once prevalent in the
667:that may make the wine seem to have a
663:occurs which contributes to a creamy
185:
7:
1449:, pp. 220, Ullmann Publishing, 2008
1245:E. McCarthy & M. Ewing-Mulligan
1325:pg 262-263 Workman Publishing 2001
221:grape, often referred to simply as
902:Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure
14:
1574:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1249:pg 210-211 Wiley Publishing 2001
598:Melon de Bourgogne grapes during
2553:
2261:
558:hillsides around the village of
116:
49:
1088:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia
964:Muscadet has been described by
735:though they can be made in the
484:Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée
271:much of the wine produced into
228:appellation d'origine contrôlée
1363:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1343:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
935:Appellation d'Origine Protégée
1:
2516:Glossary of viticulture terms
1298:H. Johnson & J. Robinson
675:during this process inhibits
2521:Glossary of winemaking terms
1218:The Oxford Companion to Wine
486:) the soil is predominantly
305:Muscadet-Coteaux de la Loire
217:region. It is made from the
785:Wine bottle with the words
679:which may also improve the
311:Muscadet-Côtes de Grandlieu
2607:
2441:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1123:Vintage: The Story of Wine
915:Gros Plant du Pays Nantais
819:and label it accordingly.
354:Château de la Cassemichère
30:A Muscadet-Sèvre et Maine
18:
2549:
2531:History of the wine press
2421:Sparkling wine production
2255:
1524:
1247:"French Wine for Dummies"
929:with very little, if any
777:Sur lie on the wine label
2526:Wine tasting descriptors
2247:Wine tasting descriptors
2176:Phenolic content in wine
2068:Alternative wine closure
1652:Great French Wine Blight
574:, St-Fiacre, Vallet and
297:department and 2 in the
245:vin qui a un goût musqué
2416:Malolactic fermentation
1300:The World Atlas of Wine
1037:List of Vins de Primeur
1002:San Francisco Chronicle
769:)-making it the only un
291:Muscadet-Sèvre et Maine
1490:MSNBC, April 11th 2008
978:food and wine pairings
973:
832:
790:
707:
603:
560:Saint-Fiacre-sur-Maine
546:that flow through it.
417:
339:
35:
2217:Wine and food pairing
1017:Cellaring and service
963:
842:in the region. These
830:
784:
697:
597:
562:to the predominantly
415:
408:Climate and geography
337:
282:The generic Muscadet
29:
1868:Muscat of Alexandria
1168:Culinaire Saisonnier
2446:Yeast in winemaking
2398:Carbonic maceration
942:Mary Ewing-Mulligan
422:maritime influences
209:, near the city of
2436:Traditional method
2237:Wine personalities
1941:Cabernet Sauvignon
974:
877:Cabernet Sauvignon
856:Melon de Bourgogne
833:
791:
743:Beaujolais nouveau
726:phenolic compounds
708:
604:
572:La Chapelle-Heulin
418:
340:
219:Melon de Bourgogne
36:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2337:Late harvest wine
2287:
2286:
2024:
2023:
1921:Alicante Bouschet
1669:Judgment of Paris
1455:978-3-8331-4611-4
1361:J. Robinson (ed)
1341:J. Robinson (ed)
1216:J. Robinson (ed)
907:Coteaux d'Ancenis
671:. The release of
255:-like flavors or
187:[myskadɛ]
16:French white wine
2598:
2558:
2557:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2266:
2265:
2181:Proteins in wine
1848:Grüner Veltliner
1796:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1480:
1474:
1463:
1457:
1445:A. Domine (ed.)
1443:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1410:. Archived from
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1385:. Archived from
1379:
1373:
1359:
1353:
1339:
1333:
1319:
1310:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1243:
1228:
1214:
1189:
1188:
1183:. Archived from
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1091:
1078:
968:as the "perfect
905:(VDQS) wines of
606:The most common
295:Loire-Atlantique
215:Pays de la Loire
197:
196:
195:
189:
184:
178:
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2560:Wine portal
2552:
2545:
2536:History of wine
2494:
2478:
2450:
2402:
2384:
2365:Deacidification
2351:
2323:
2318:
2288:
2283:
2268:Wine portal
2260:
2251:
2190:
2152:
2057:
2047:
2020:
1907:
1888:Sauvignon blanc
1823:Cayetana blanca
1791:
1789:grape varieties
1782:
1675:
1603:
1560:
1555:
1520:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1481:
1477:
1464:
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1444:
1440:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1408:"Archived copy"
1406:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1340:
1336:
1320:
1313:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1244:
1231:
1215:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1170:, hiver 2006/07
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1080:
1079:
1050:
1045:
1033:
1019:
984:, particularly
958:
923:
852:
825:
779:
763:alcohol content
738:vins de primeur
704:(example shown)
698:The process of
681:aging potential
636:
592:
566:based soils of
508:Jancis Robinson
500:
410:
379:Muscadent blanc
332:
277:Northern Europe
192:
191:
190:
182:
176:
172:
149:
119:
110:
109:
102:
79:
52:
43:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2604:
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2594:
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2571:
2570:
2565:
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2466:
2460:
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2452:
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2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:Sugars in wine
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2375:Chaptalization
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
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2333:
2331:
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2319:
2317:
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2309:
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2294:
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2281:
2276:
2271:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2202:Classification
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2186:Sugars in wine
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2158:Wine chemistry
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:Wine dispenser
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:Cabernet Franc
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1903:Welschriesling
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1858:Müller-Thurgau
1855:
1850:
1845:
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1825:
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1815:
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1804:
1802:
1793:
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1671:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:Ancient Greece
1622:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
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1561:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1475:
1458:
1438:
1399:
1374:
1354:
1334:
1323:The Wine Bible
1311:
1286:
1281:"GeoNames.org"
1272:
1258:
1229:
1190:
1187:on 2006-06-18.
1172:
1160:
1143:
1136:
1109:
1102:
1082:Stevenson, Tom
1047:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1018:
1015:
957:
954:
952:" about them.
939:Master of Wine
931:residual sugar
922:
919:
911:Fiefs Vendéens
869:Cabernet franc
851:
848:
824:
821:
778:
775:
767:chaptalization
755:semi-sparkling
747:carbon dioxide
741:style (like a
635:
632:
591:
588:
499:
496:
426:Atlantic Ocean
424:of the nearby
409:
406:
362:ampelographers
331:
328:
327:
326:
308:
302:
299:Maine-et-Loire
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2603:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
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2562:
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2556:
2548:
2542:
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2534:
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2519:
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2514:
2512:
2509:
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2504:
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2296:
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2292:
2280:
2277:
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2258:
2257:
2254:
2248:
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2240:
2238:
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2230:
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2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Acids in wine
2169:
2167:
2166:Aroma of wine
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2030:Major regions
2027:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Montepulciano
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
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1918:
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1914:
1910:
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1901:
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1610:
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1597:
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1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
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1572:
1571:
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1563:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1501:
1500:Vins de Loire
1496:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1414:on 2008-11-13
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1389:on 2009-05-14
1388:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:0-19-860990-6
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:0-19-860990-6
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:1-56305-434-5
1328:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:1-84000-332-4
1305:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:0-7645-5354-2
1252:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:0-19-860990-6
1223:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1137:0-671-68702-6
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:Johnson, Hugh
1113:
1110:
1105:
1103:0-7566-1324-8
1099:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
971:
967:
962:
955:
953:
951:
947:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
920:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:Folle blanche
861:
860:Burgundy wine
857:
849:
847:
845:
841:
840:
829:
823:Wine industry
822:
820:
818:
813:
809:
804:
800:
796:
788:
783:
776:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:wine such as
756:
752:
751:effervescence
748:
744:
740:
739:
734:
729:
727:
722:
718:
714:
705:
701:
696:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
640:grape variety
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
601:
596:
589:
587:
585:
584:Bourgogne AOC
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:Vineyard soil
545:
541:
537:
531:
529:
525:
520:
515:
514:
509:
505:
497:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:, made up of
449:
445:
440:
439:
433:
431:
427:
423:
414:
407:
405:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
345:
344:Roman emperor
336:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
296:
292:
289:
288:
287:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
260:
258:
254:
250:
249:Tom Stevenson
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:
225:. While most
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
194:
188:
180:
179:
167:
113:
107:
106:
97:
46:
40:
33:
28:
22:
2551:
2408:Fermentation
2259:
2242:Wine tasting
1863:Muscat blanc
1833:Chenin blanc
1630:Ancient Rome
1495:
1483:
1478:
1466:
1461:
1446:
1441:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:the original
1402:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:the original
1377:
1362:
1357:
1342:
1337:
1322:
1299:
1275:
1261:
1246:
1217:
1185:the original
1175:
1167:
1163:
1146:
1122:
1112:
1087:
1020:
1004:wine editor
976:The classic
975:
956:Food pairing
945:
924:
900:
885:Chenin blanc
853:
843:
837:
834:
816:
811:
802:
794:
792:
786:
736:
730:
712:
709:
703:
699:
644:
637:
608:viticultural
605:
579:
536:Loire Valley
532:
511:
501:
498:Appellations
436:
434:
419:
394:fermentation
383:
378:
371:Pierre Galet
351:
341:
319:microclimate
310:
304:
290:
281:
275:for sale in
261:
244:
240:
235:after their
226:
222:
207:Loire Valley
38:
37:
31:
2511:Wine bottle
2483:Other steps
2474:Wine cellar
2431:Süssreserve
2123:Wine cellar
2113:Wine bottle
2054:accessories
2052:Packaging,
2011:Tempranillo
1640:Noah's wine
1620:Phoenicians
1566:Viticulture
1321:K. MacNeil
933:. The AOP (
799:wine labels
689:wine faults
669:fuller body
590:Viticulture
325:department.
284:appellation
239:, the name
2586:Loire AOCs
2580:Categories
2390:Maceration
2380:Wine press
2370:Destemming
2321:Winemaking
2227:Wine fraud
2222:Wine fault
2207:Oenophilia
2143:Wine label
2138:Wine glass
2103:Port tongs
2001:Sangiovese
1996:Pinot noir
1956:Douce noir
1883:Rkatsiteli
1828:Chardonnay
1818:Catarratto
1792:by acreage
1766:Biodynamic
1729:Aromatized
1518:winemaking
1482:E. Deitch
1418:2009-05-26
1393:2009-05-26
1043:References
889:Pinot gris
881:Pinot noir
844:négociants
839:négociants
808:filtration
634:Winemaking
626:and riper
528:minerality
402:maceration
391:oak barrel
387:winemaking
367:brandewijn
273:eau de vie
203:white wine
2342:Noble rot
2232:Winemaker
2212:Sommelier
2148:Wine rack
2128:Wine cork
2118:Wine cave
2108:Screw cap
2078:Corkscrew
2043:New World
2038:Old World
2016:Zinfandel
1991:Mourvèdre
1898:Trebbiano
1838:Colombard
1739:Noble rot
1719:Fortified
1697:Sparkling
1664:New World
1006:Jon Bonné
966:Jon Bonné
950:saltiness
797:on their
771:fortified
759:Lambrusco
713:bâtonnage
677:oxidation
665:mouthfeel
661:autolysis
600:flowering
448:potassium
444:magnesium
375:Louis XIV
315:Grandlieu
269:distilled
21:Trebbiano
2357:Pressing
2279:Glossary
2195:Industry
2088:Jug wine
2083:Decanter
2073:Box wine
1971:Isabella
1966:Grenache
1946:Carignan
1893:Sémillon
1878:Riesling
1873:Palomino
1616:Ancient
1599:Vineyard
1594:Veraison
1579:Oenology
1427:cite web
1120:(1989).
1084:(2005).
1031:See also
897:Négrette
721:pigments
480:volcanic
464:subsoils
438:terroirs
358:Burgundy
241:Muscadet
198:) is a
39:Muscadet
2541:Terroir
2499:Related
2347:Vintage
2329:Harvest
2274:Outline
2098:Muselet
2060:storage
1951:Cinsaut
1926:Barbera
1853:Macabeo
1813:Aligoté
1771:Organic
1761:Natural
1714:Dessert
1659:Georgia
1609:History
1589:Terroir
1584:Species
1157:. INAO.
990:lobster
986:oysters
982:seafood
946:sur lie
893:Groslot
817:sur lie
812:sur lie
803:sur lie
795:sur lie
787:sur lie
733:vintage
717:tannins
700:sur lie
673:enzymes
657:wedding
645:sur lie
628:phenols
620:acidity
616:harvest
580:sur lie
552:granite
524:bouquet
513:sur lie
476:granite
330:History
317:lake's
237:variety
213:in the
183:French:
173:MU(U)SK
103:MU(U)SK
32:sur lie
2591:Probus
2506:Winery
2469:Solera
2093:Kvevri
1981:Merlot
1976:Malbec
1776:Kosher
1752:Other
1707:Orange
1680:Styles
1647:France
1465:O. Wu
1453:
1369:
1349:
1329:
1306:
1253:
1224:
1134:
1128:175–80
1100:
1011:palate
998:mullet
994:shrimp
970:oyster
895:, and
850:Grapes
685:racked
624:sugars
612:mildew
576:Vertou
568:Vallet
556:schist
472:schist
468:gneiss
462:above
456:gravel
430:Vertou
347:Probus
323:Vendée
257:aromas
253:Muscat
233:Alsace
211:Nantes
200:French
105:-ə-day
2456:Aging
2006:Syrah
1961:Gamay
1931:Bobal
1843:Glera
1808:Airén
1800:White
1756:Table
1744:Straw
1734:Fruit
1692:White
1635:China
1514:Wines
1155:(PDF)
1096:–01.
1024:aging
972:wine"
921:Wines
873:Gamay
649:yeast
614:near
544:Maine
540:Sèvre
519:ripen
265:Dutch
223:melon
2058:and
1787:Top
1702:Rosé
1558:Wine
1516:and
1451:ISBN
1447:Wine
1433:link
1367:ISBN
1347:ISBN
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